,BOOK #b 
,PR9CIPLES ( ,SOCIETY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

,B,O,O,K ,I,I 

,P,R,9,C,I,P,A,L,S ,( ,S,O,C,I,E,T,Y 

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,9,T,R,O,D,U,C,T,I,O,N 

,9 ! PREC$+ BOOK WE HAVE CLE>$ ! F\NDATIONS = ! REMA9+ 

BRAN*ES ( 9QUIRY1 & %[N :AT >E ! PROSPECTS IT IS REASONABLE TO 

5T]TA9 AS TO FUTURE POLITICAL IMPROVEM5T4 ,! EFFECTS :I* >E PRODUC$ 

BY POSITIVE 9/ITUTIONS HAVE !RE BE5 DEL9EAT$1 AS WELL AS ! EXT5T 

( ! P[]S ( MAN1 CONSID]$ 9 HIS SOCIAL CAPACITY4 ,IT IS TIME ?AT 

WE PROCE$ TO ?OSE DISQUISITIONS :I* >E MORE IMM$IATELY ! OBJECT ( 

! PRES5T WORK4 

,POLITICAL 9QUIRY MAY BE DI/RIBUT$ UND] TWO HEADS3 FIR/1 :AT >E 

! REGULATIONS :I* WILL CONDUCE TO ! WELL BE+ ( MAN 9 SOCIETY2 &1 

SECONDLY1 :AT IS ! AU?ORITY :I* IS COMPET5T TO PRESCRIBE REGULATIONS4 

,! REGULATIONS TO :I* ! CONDUCT ( M5 LIV+ 9 SOCIETY \<T TO 

BE CON=M$ MAY BE CONSID]$ 9 TWO WAYS3 FIR/1 ?OSE MORAL LAWS :I* 

>E 5JO9$ UPON US BY ! DICTATES ( 5LI<T5$ REASON2 &1 SECONDLY1 

?OSE PR9CIPLES A DEVIATION FROM :I* ! 9T]E/ ( ! COMMUNITY MAY 

BE SUPPOS$ TO R5D] IT PROP] TO REPRESS BY SANCTIONS & PUNI%M5T4 

,MORALITY IS ?AT SY/EM ( CONDUCT :I* IS DET]M9$ BY A CONSID]ATION 

( ! GREATE/ G5]AL GOOD3 HE IS 5TITL$ TO ! HI<E/ MORAL APPROBATION 

:OSE CONDUCT IS1 9 ! GREATE/ NUMB] ( 9/ANCES1 OR 9 ! MO/ MOM5T\S 

9/ANCES1 GOV]N$ BY VIEWS ( B5EVOL5CE1 & MADE SUBS]VI5T TO PUBLIC 

UTILITY4 ,9 LIKE MANN] ! ONLY REGULATIONS :I* ANY POLITICAL AU?ORITY 

CAN BE JU/LY 5TITL$ TO 5=CE >E SU* AS >E BE/ ADAPT$ TO PUBLIC 

UTILITY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 JU/ POLITICAL REGULATIONS >E NO?+ MORE ?AN A 

C]TA9 SELECT P>T ( MORAL LAW4 ,! SUPREME P[] 9 A /ATE \<T NOT1 

9 ! /RICTE/ S5SE1 TO REQUIRE ANY?+ ( ITS MEMB]S ?AT AN UND]/&+ 

SUFFICI5TLY 5LI<T5$ W\LD NOT PRESCRIBE )\T SU* 9T]F]5CE47#a"97 

,!SE CONSID]ATIONS SEEM TO LEAD TO ! DETECTION ( A MI/AKE :I* 

HAS BE5 V]Y G5]ALLY COMMITT$ BY POLITICAL WRIT]S ( \R [N C\NTRY4 

,!Y HAVE = ! MO/ P>T CONF9$ !IR RESE>*ES TO ! QUE/ION ( 

,:AT IS A JU/ POLITICAL AU?ORITY OR ! MO/ ELIGIBLE =M ( GOV]NM5T1 

CONSIGN+ TO O!RS ! DEL9EATION ( RI<T PR9CIPLES ( CONDUCT & EQUITABLE 

REGULATIONS4 ,BUT !RE APPE>S TO BE SOME?+ PREPO/]\S 9 ?IS MODE 

( PROCE$+4 ,A WELL CON/ITUT$ GOV]NM5T IS ONLY ! MEANS = 5=C+ 

SUITABLE REGULATIONS4 ,ONE =M ( GOV]NM5T IS PREF]ABLE TO ANO!R 9 

EXACT PROPORTION TO ! SECURITY IT AF=DS ?AT NO?+ %ALL BE DONE 9 

! NAME ( ! COMMUNITY :I* IS NOT CONDUCIVE TO ! WELF>E ( ! :OLE4 

,! QUE/ION !RE=E1 ,:AT IT IS :I* IS ?US CONDUCIVE1 IS UPON EV]Y 

ACC\NT 5TITL$ TO ! FIR/ PLACE 9 \R DISQUISITIONS4 

,ONE ( ! ILL CONSEQU5CES :I* HAVE RESULT$ FROM ?IS DI/ORT$ VIEW 

( ! SCI5CE ( POLITICS IS A NOTION V]Y G5]ALLY 5T]TA9$1 ?AT A 

COMMUNITY1 OR SOCIETY ( M51 HAS A RI<T TO LAY D[N :ATEV] RULES IT MAY 

?9K PROP] = ITS [N OBS]VANCE4 ,?IS WILL PRES5TLY BE PROV$ TO BE 

AN ]RONE\S POSITION47#b"97 ,IT MAY BE PRUD5T 9 AN 9DIVIDUAL TO SUBMIT 9 

SOME CASES TO ! USURPATION ( A MAJORITY2 IT MAY BE UNAVOIDABLE 9 A COMMUNITY 

TO PROCE$ UPON ! IMP]FECT & ]RONE\S VIEWS !Y %ALL *ANCE TO 5T]TA93 

BUT ?IS IS A MIS=TUNE 5TAIL$ UPON US BY ! NATURE ( GOV]NM5T1 & 

NOT A MATT] ( RI<T47#c"97 

,A SECOND ILL CONSEQU5CE ?AT HAS >IS5 FROM ?IS PROCE$+ IS ?AT1 

POLITICS HAV+ BE5 ?US VIOL5TLY SEP>AT$ FROM MORALITY1 GOV]NM5T ITSELF 

HAS NO LONG] BE5 COMP>$ ) ITS TRUE CRIT]ION4 ,9/EAD ( 9QUIR+ 

:AT SPECIES ( GOV]NM5T WAS MO/ CONDUCIVE TO ! PUBLIC WELF>E1 AN UNPR(ITABLE 

DISQUISITION HAS BE5 9/ITUT$ RESPECT+ ! PROBABLE ORIG9 ( GOV]NM5T2 

& ITS DIFF]5T =MS HAVE BE5 E/IMAT$1 NOT BY ! CONSEQU5CES ) 

:I* !Y W]E PREGNANT1 BUT ! S\RCE FROM :I* !Y SPRUNG4 ,H5CE M5 

HAVE BE5 PROMPT$ TO LOOK BACK TO ! FOLLY ( !IR ANCE/ORS1 RA!R ?AN 

=W>D TO ! B5EFITS D]IVABLE FROM ! IMPROVEM5TS ( HUMAN KN[L$GE4 

,H5CE1 9 9VE/IGAT+ !IR RI<TS1 !Y HAVE RECURR$ LESS TO ! GREAT 

PR9CIPLES ( MORALITY ?AN TO ! RECORDS & *>T]S ( A B>B>\S AGE4 

,AS IF M5 W]E NOT 5TITL$ TO ALL ! B5EFITS ( ! SOCIAL /ATE TILL 

!Y C\LD PROVE !IR 9H]IT+ !M FROM SOME BEQUE/ ( !IR DI/ANT 

PROG5ITORS4 ,AS IF M5 W]E NOT AS JU/IFIABLE & M]ITORI\S 9 PLANT+ 

LIB]TY 9 A SOIL 9 :I* IT HAD NEV] EXI/$ AS 9 RE/OR+ IT :]E 

IT C\LD BE PROV$ ONLY TO HAVE SUFF]$ A TEMPOR>Y SUSP5SION4 

,! REASONS H]E ASSIGN$ /RONGLY T5D TO EV9CE ! NECESSITY ( E/ABLI%+ 

! G5U9E PR9CIPLES ( SOCIETY1 BE=E WE 5T] UPON ! DIRECT CONSID]ATION 

( GOV]NM5T4 ,IT MAY BE PROP] 9 ?IS PLACE TO /ATE ! FUNDAM5TAL DI/9CTION 

:I* EXI/S BETWE5 !SE TOPICS ( 9QUIRY4 ,MAN ASSOCIAT$ AT FIR/ = 

! SAKE ( MUTUAL ASSI/ANCE4 ,!Y DID NOT =ESEE ?AT ANY RE/RA9T W\LD 

BE NECESS>Y TO REGULATE ! CONDUCT ( 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S ( ! SOCIETY 

T[>DS EA* O!R1 OR T[>DS ! :OLE4 ,! NECESSITY ( RE/RA9T GREW 

\T ( ! ]RORS & P]V]S5ESS ( A FEW4 ,AN ACUTE WRIT] HAS EXPRESS$ 

?IS IDEA ) PECULI> FELICITY 0,SOCIETY & GOV]NM5T10 SAYS 

HE1 0>E DIFF]5T 9 !MSELVES1 & HAVE DIFF]5T ORIG9S4 ,SOCIETY 

IS PRODUC$ BY \R WANTS1 & GOV]NM5T BY \R WICK$NESS4 ,SOCIETY IS 9 

EV]Y /ATE A BLESS+2 GOV]NM5T EV5 9 ITS BE/ /ATE BUT A NECESS>Y 

EVIL407#d"97 

,N,O,T,E,S3 

#a4 ,*APT] ,V1 ( ! FOLL[+ ,BOOK4 

#b4 ,*APT] ,V1 ( ?IS ,BOOK4 

#c4 ,*APT] ,V4 

#d4 ,PA9E'S ,COMMON ,S5SE1 P4 #a4 

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,( ,J,U,/,I,C,E 

,FROM :AT HAS BE5 SAID IT APPE>S1 ?AT ! SUBJECT ( \R PRES5T 9QUIRY 

IS /RICTLY SPEAK+ A DEP>TM5T ( ! SCI5CE ( MORALS4 ,MORALITY IS ! 

S\RCE FROM :I* ITS FUNDAM5TAL AXIOMS MU/ BE DRAWN1 & !Y WILL BE 

MADE SOME:AT CLE>] 9 ! PRES5T 9/ANCE1 IF WE ASSUME ! T]M JU/ICE 

AS A G5]AL APPELLATION = ALL MORAL DUTY4 

,?AT ?IS APPELLATION IS SUFFICI5TLY EXPRESSIVE ( ! SUBJECT WILL APPE>1 

IF WE EXAM9E M]CY1 GRATITUDE1 TEMP]ANCE1 OR ANY ( ?OSE DUTIES :I*1 

9 LOOS] SPEAK+1 >E CONTRADI/+UI%$ FROM JU/ICE4 ,:Y %\LD ,I P>DON 

?IS CRIM9AL1 REMUN]ATE ?IS FAVOR1 OR AB/A9 FROM ?IS 9DULG5CE8 ,IF 

IT P>TAKE ( ! NATURE ( MORALITY1 IT MU/ BE EI!R RI<T OR WRONG1 JU/ 

OR UNJU/4 ,IT MU/ T5D TO ! B5EFIT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 EI!R )\T 

TR5*+ UPON1 OR ) ACTUAL ADVANTAGE TO ! MASS ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,EI!R 

WAY IT B5EFITS ! :OLE1 BECAUSE 9DIVIDUALS >E P>TS ( ! :OLE4 ,!RE=E 

TO DO IT IS JU/1 & TO =BE> IT IS UNJU/4 -- ,BY JU/ICE ,I UND]/& 

?AT IMP>TIAL TREATM5T ( EV]Y MAN 9 MATT]S ?AT RELATE TO HIS HAPP9ESS1 

:I* IS MEASUR$ SOLELY BY A CONSID]ATION ( ! PROP]TIES ( ! RECEIV]1 

& ! CAPACITY ( HIM ?AT BE/[S4 ,ITS PR9CIPLE !RE=E IS1 ACCORD+ 

TO A WELL KN[N PHRASE1 TO BE 0NO RESPECT] ( P]SONS40 

,CONSID]ABLE LI<T WILL PROBABLY BE ?R[N UPON \R 9VE/IGATION1 IF1 

QUITT+ = ! PRES5T ! POLITICAL VIEW1 WE EXAM9E JU/ICE M]ELY AS 

IT EXI/S AMONG 9DIVIDUALS4 ,JU/ICE IS A RULE ( CONDUCT ORIG9AT+ 9 

! CONNECTION ( ONE P]CIPI5T BE+ ) ANO!R4 ,A COMPREH5SIVE MAXIM 

:I* HAS BE5 LAID D[N UPON ! SUBJECT IS 0?AT WE %\LD LOVE \R 

NEI<BOR AS \RSELVES40 ,BUT ?IS MAXIM1 ?\< POSSESS+ CONSID]ABLE 

M]IT AS A POPUL> PR9CIPLE1 IS NOT MODEL$ ) ! /RICTNESS ( PHILOSOPHICAL 

ACCURACY4 

,9 A LOOSE & G5]AL VIEW ,I & MY NEI<BOR >E BO? ( US M52 & 

( CONSEQU5CE 5TITL$ TO EQUAL ATT5TION4 ,BUT1 9 REALITY1 IT IS PROBABLE 

?AT ONE ( US IS A BE+ ( MORE WOR? & IMPORTANCE ?AN ! O!R4 ,A 

MAN IS ( MORE WOR? ?AN A BEA/2 BECAUSE1 BE+ POSSESS$ ( HI<] FACULTIES1 

HE IS CAPABLE ( A MORE REF9$ & G5U9E HAPP9ESS4 ,9 ! SAME MANN] 

! ILLU/RI\S >*BI%OP ( ,CAMBRAY WAS ( MORE WOR? ?AN HIS VALET1 & 

!RE >E FEW ( US ?AT W\LD HESITATE TO PRON\NCE1 IF HIS PALACE W]E 

9 FLAMES1 & ! LIFE ( ONLY ONE ( !M C\LD BE PRES]V$1 :I* ( 

! TWO \<T TO BE PREF]R$4 

,BUT !RE IS ANO!R GR\ND ( PREF]5CE1 BESIDE ! PRIVATE CONSID]ATION 

( ONE ( !M BE+ FUR!R REMOV$ FROM ! /ATE ( A M]E ANIMAL4 ,WE 

>E NOT CONNECT$ ) ONE OR TWO P]CIPI5T BE+S1 BUT ) A SOCIETY1 

A NATION1 & 9 SOME S5SE ) ! :OLE FAMILY ( MANK9D4 ,( CONSEQU5CE 

?AT LIFE \<T TO BE PREF]R$ :I* WILL BE MO/ CONDUCIVE TO ! G5]AL 

GOOD4 ,9 SAV+ ! LIFE ( ,F5ELON1 SUPPOSE AT ! MOM5T HE CONCEIV$ ! 

PROJECT ( HIS IMMORTAL ,TELEMA*US1 %\LD HAVE BE5 PROMOT+ ! B5EFIT 

( ?\S&S1 :O HAVE BE5 CUR$ BY ! P]USAL ( ?AT WORK ( SOME ]ROR1 

VISE & CONSEQU5T UNHAPP9ESS4 ,NAY1 MY B5EFIT W\LD EXT5D FUR!R ?AN 

?IS2 = EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL1 ?US CUR$1 HAS BECOME A BETT] MEMB] ( SOCIETY1 

& HAS CONTRIBUT$ 9 HIS TURN TO ! HAPP9ESS1 9=MATION1 & IMPROVEM5T 

( O!RS4 

,SUPPOSE ,I HAD BE5 MYSELF ! VALET2 ,I \<T TO HAVE *OS5 TO DIE1 RA!R 

?AN ,F5ELON %\LD HAVE DI$4 ,! LIFE ( ,F5ELON WAS REALLY PREF]ABLE 

TO ?AT ( ! VALET4 ,BUT UND]/&+ IS ! FACULTY ?AT P]CEIVES ! 

TRU? ( ?IS & SIMIL> PROPOSITIONS2 & JU/ICE IS ! PR9CIPLE ?AT 

REGULATES MY CONDUCT ACCORD+LY4 ,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 JU/ 9 ! VALET TO 

HAVE PREF]R$ ! >*BI%OP TO HIMSELF4 ,TO HAVE DONE O!RWISE W\LD HAVE 

BE5 A BREA* ( JU/ICE47#a"97 

,SUPPOSE ! VALET HAD BE5 MY BRO!R1 MY FA!R1 OR MY B5EFACTOR4 ,?IS 

W\LD NOT ALT] ! TRU? ( ! PROPOSITION4 ,! LIFE ( ,F5ELON W\LD /ILL 

BE MORE VALUABLE ?AN ?AT ( ! VALET2 & JU/ICE1 PURE1 UNADULT]AT$ 

JU/ICE1 W\LD /ILL HAVE PREF]R$ ?AT :I* WAS MO/ VALUABLE4 ,JU/ICE 

W\LD HAVE TAU<T ME TO SAVE ! LIFE ( ,F5ELON AT ! EXP5SE ( ! O!R4 

,:AT MAGIC IS !RE 9 ! PRON\N 0MY10 ?AT %\LD JU/IFY US 

9 OV]TURN+ ! DECISIONS ( IMP>TIAL TRU?8 ,MY BRO!R OR MY FA!R 

MAY BE A FOOL OR A PR(LIGATE1 MALICI\S1 LY+ OR DI%ONE/4 ,IF !Y BE1 

( :AT CONSEQU5CE IS IT ?AT !Y >E M9E8 

0,BUT TO MY FA!R ,I AM 9DEBT$ = EXI/5CE2 HE SUPPORT$ ME 9 

! HELPLESSNESS ( 9FANCY40 ,:5 HE FIR/ SUBJECT$ HIMSELF TO ! 

NECESSITY ( !SE C>ES1 HE WAS PROBABLY 9FLU5C$ BY NO P>TICUL> MOTIVES 

( B5EVOL5CE TO HIS FUTURE (FSPR+4 ,EV]Y VOLUNT>Y B5EFIT H[EV] 5TITLES 

! BE/[] TO SOME K9DNESS & RETRIBUTION4 ,:Y8 ,BECAUSE A VOLUNT>Y B5EFIT 

IS AN EVID5CE ( B5EVOL5T 9T5TION1 ?AT IS1 9 A C]TA9 DEGREE1 ( 

VIRTUE4 ,IT IS ! DISPOSITION ( ! M9D1 NOT ! EXT]NAL ACTION SEP>ATELY 

TAK51 ?AT 5TITLES TO RESPECT4 ,BUT ! M]IT ( ?IS DISPOSITION IS EQUAL1 

:E!R ! B5EFIT W]E CONF]R$ UPON ME OR UPON ANO!R4 ,I & ANO!R 

MAN CANNOT BO? BE RI<T 9 PREF]R+ \R RESPECTIVE B5EFACTORS1 = MY 

B5EFACTOR CANNOT BE AT ! SAME TIME BO? BETT] & WORSE ?AN HIS NEI<BOR4 

,MY B5EFACTOR \<T TO BE E/EEM$1 NOT BECAUSE HE BE/[$ A B5EFIT UPON 

ME1 BUT BECAUSE HE BE/[$ IT UPON A HUMAN BE+4 ,HIS DES]T WILL BE 9 

EXACT PROPORTION TO ! DEGREE 9 :I* ?AT HUMAN BE+ WAS WOR?Y ( ! 

DI/9CTION CONF]R$4 

,?US EV]Y VIEW ( ! SUBJECT BR+S US BACK TO ! CONSID]ATION ( 

MY NEI<BOR'S MORAL WOR?1 & HIS IMPORTANCE TO ! G5]AL WEAL1 AS ! 

ONLY /&>D TO DET]M9E ! TREATM5T TO :I* HE IS 5TITL$4 ,GRATITUDE 

!RE=E1 IF BY GRATITUDE WE UND]/& A S5TIM5T ( PREF]5CE :I* 

,I 5T]TA9 T[>DS ANO!R1 UPON ! GR\ND ( MY HAV+ BE5 ! SUBJECT 

( HIS B5EFITS1 IS NO P>T EI!R ( JU/ICE OR VIRTUE47#b"97 

,IT MAY BE OBJECT$1 0?AT MY RELATION1 MY COMPANION1 OR MY B5EFACTOR1 

WILL ( C\RSE 9 MANY 9/ANCES OBTA9 AN UNCOMMON PORTION ( MY REG>D3 

=1 NOT BE+ UNIV]SALLY CAPABLE ( DISCRIM9AT+ ! COMP>ATIVE WOR? 

( DIFF]5T M51 ,I %ALL 9EVITABLY JUDGE MO/ FAVORABLY ( HIM ( :OSE 

VIRTUES ,I HAVE RECEIV$ ! MO/ UNQUE/IONABLE PRO(S2 & ?US %ALL BE 

COMPELL$ TO PREF] ! MAN ( MORAL WOR? :OM ,I KN[1 TO ANO!R :O MAY 

POSSESS1 UNKN[N TO ME1 AN ESS5TIAL SUP]IORITY40 

,?IS COMPULSION H[EV] IS F\ND$ ONLY 9 ! IMP]FECTION ( HUMAN NATURE4 

,IT MAY S]VE AS AN APOLOGY = MY ]ROR1 BUT CAN NEV] *ANGE ]ROR 9TO 

TRU?4 ,IT WILL ALWAYS REMA9 CONTR>Y TO ! /RICT & UNIV]SAL DECISIONS 

( JU/ICE4 ,! DIFFICULTY ( CONCEIV+ ?IS1 IS [+ M]ELY TO \R CONF\ND+ 

! DISPOSITION FROM :I* AN ACTION IS *OS51 ) ! ACTION ITSELF4 ,! 

DISPOSITION ?AT W\LD PREF] VIRTUE TO VISE1 & A GREAT] DEGREE ( VIRTUE 

TO A LESS1 IS UND\BT$LY A SUBJECT ( APPROBATION2 ! ]RONE\S EX]CISE 

( ?IS DISPOSITION1 BY :I* A WRONG OBJECT IS SELECT$1 IF UNAVOIDABLE1 

IS TO BE DEPLOR$1 BUT CAN BY NO COLOR+ & UND] NO D5OM9ATION BE CONV]T$ 

9TO RI<T47#c"97 

,IT MAY 9 ! SECOND PLACE BE OBJECT$1 0?AT A MUTUAL COMM]CE ( 

B5EFITS T5DS TO 9CREASE ! MASS ( B5EVOL5T ACTION1 & ?AT TO 9CREASE 

! MASS ( B5EVOL5T ACTION IS TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! G5]AL GOOD40 

,9DE$6 ,IS ! G5]AL GOOD PROMOT$ BY FALSEHOOD1 BY TREAT+ A MAN ( ONE 

DEGREE ( WOR? AS IF HE HAD T5 TIMES ?AT WOR?8 OR AS IF HE W]E 9 ANY 

DEGREE DIFF]5T FROM :AT HE REALLY IS8 ,W\LD NOT ! MO/ B5EFICIAL CONSEQU5CES 

RESULT FROM A DIFF]5T PLAN2 FROM MY CON/ANTLY & C>EFULLY 9QUIR+ 

9TO ! DES]TS ( ALL ?OSE ) :OM ,I AM CONNECT$1 & FROM !IR BE+ 

SURE1 AFT] A C]TA9 ALL[ANCE = ! FALLIBILITY ( HUMAN JUDGM5T1 ( 

BE+ TREAT$ BY ME EXACTLY AS !Y DES]V$8 ,:O CAN DESCRIBE ! B5EFITS 

?AT W\LD RESULT FROM SU* A PLAN ( CONDUCT1 IF UNIV]SALLY ADOPT$8 

,IT W\LD P]HAPS T5D TO MAKE ! TRU? 9 ?IS RESPECT MORE ACCURATELY 

UND]/OOD TO CONSID] ?AT1 :]EAS ! RECEIV$ MORALITY TEA*ES ME TO 

BE GRATEFUL1 :E!R 9 AFFECTION OR 9 ACT1 = B5EFITS CONF]R$ ON MYSELF1 

! REASON+S H]E DELIV]$1 )\T REMOV+ ! TIE UPON ME FROM P]SONAL 

B5EFITS 7EXCEPT :]E B5EFIT IS CONF]R$ FROM AN UNWOR?Y MOTIVE71 MULTIPLY 

! OBLIGATION1 & 5JO9 ME TO BE ALSO GRATEFUL = B5EFITS CONF]R$ 

UPON O!RS4 ,MY OBLIGATION T[>DS MY B5EFACTOR1 SUPPOS+ HIS B5EFIT TO 

BE JU/LY CONF]R$1 IS 9 NO SORT DISSOLV$2 NOR CAN ANY?+ AU?ORIZE 

ME TO SUP]S$E IT BUT ! REQUISITION ( A SUP]IOR DUTY4 ,?AT :I* TIES 

ME TO MY B5EFACTOR1 UPON !SE PR9CIPLES1 IS ! MORAL WOR? HE HAS DISPLAY$2 

& IT WILL FREQU5TLY HAPP5 ?AT ,I %ALL BE OBLIG$ TO YIELD HIM ! PREF]5CE1 

BECAUSE1 :ILE O!R COMPETITORS MAY BE ( GREAT] WOR?1 ! EVID5CE ,I 

HAVE ( ! WOR? ( MY B5EFACTOR IS MORE COMPLETE4 

,!RE SEEMS TO BE MORE TRU? 9 ! >GUM5T1 D]IV$ *IEFLY FROM ! 

PREVAIL+ MODES ( SOCIAL EXI/5CE1 9 FAVOR ( MY PROVID+1 9 ORD9>Y 

CASES1 = MY WIFE & *ILDR51 MY BRO!RS & RELATIONS1 BE=E ,I PROVIDE 

= /RANG]S1 ?AN 9 ?OSE :I* HAVE JU/ BE5 EXAM9$4 ,AS LONG AS ! 

PROVID+ = 9DIVIDUALS IS CONDUCT$ ) ITS PRES5T IRREGUL>ITY & 

CAPRICE1 IT SEEMS AS IF !RE MU/ BE A C]TA9 DI/RIBUTION ( ! CLASS 

NE$+ SUP]9T5D5CE & SUPPLY1 AMONG ! CLASS AF=D+ IT2 ?AT EA* 

MAN MAY HAVE HIS CLAIM & RES\RCE4 ,BUT ?IS >GUM5T IS TO BE ADMITT$ 

) GREAT CAUTION4 ,IT BELONGS ONLY TO ORD9>Y CASES2 & CASES ( A HI<] 

ORD]1 OR A MORE URG5T NECESSITY1 WILL P]PETUALLY OCCUR 9 COMPETITION 

) :I* !SE WILL BE ALTOGE!R IMPOT5T4 ,WE MU/ BE SEV]ELY SCRUPUL\S 

9 MEASUR+ ! QUANTITY ( SUPPLY2 &1 ) RESPECT TO MONEY 9 P>TICUL>1 

%\LD REMEMB] H[ LITTLE IS YET UND]/OOD ( ! TRUE MODE ( EMPLOY+ 

IT = ! PUBLIC B5EFIT4 

,NO?+ CAN BE LESS EXPOS$ TO REASONABLE EXCEPTION ?AN !SE PR9CIPLES4 

,IF !RE BE SU* A ?+ AS VIRTUE1 IT MU/ BE PLAC$ 9 A CON=MITY TO 

TRU?1 & NOT TO ]ROR4 ,IT CANNOT BE VIRTU\S ?AT ,I %\LD E/EEM A MAN1 

?AT IS1 CONSID] HIM AS POSSESS$ ( E/IMABLE QUALITIES1 :5 9 REALITY 

HE IS DE/ITUTE ( !M4 ,IT SURELY CANNOT CONDUCE TO ! B5EFIT ( MANK9D 

?AT EA* MAN %\LD HAVE A DIFF]5T /&>D ( MORAL ,JUDGM5T1 & PREF]5CE1 

& ?AT ! /&>D ( ALL %\LD V>Y FROM ?AT ( REALITY4 ,?OSE :O 

TEA* ?IS IMPOSE ! DEEPE/ DISGRACE UPON VIRTUE4 ,!Y ASS]T 9 O!R 

WORDS ?AT1 :5 M5 CEASE TO BE DECEIV$1 :5 ! FILM IS REMOV$ FROM 

!IR EYES1 & !Y SEE ?+S AS !Y >E1 !Y WILL CEASE TO BE EI!R 

GOOD OR HAPPY4 ,UPON ! SY/EM OPPOSITE TO !IRS1 ! S\NDE/ CRIT]ION 

( VIRTUE IS TO PUT \RSELVES 9 ! PLACE ( AN IMP>TIAL SPECTATOR1 ( 

AN ANGELIC NATURE1 SUPPOSE1 BEHOLD+ US FROM AN ELEVAT$ /ATION1 & UN9FLU5C$ 

BY \R PREJUDICES1 CONCEIV+ :AT W\LD BE HIS E/IMATE ( ! 9TR9SIC 

CIRCUM/ANCES ( \R NEI<BOR1 & ACT+ ACCORD+LY4 

,HAV+ CONSID]$ ! P]SONS ) :OM JU/ICE IS CONV]SANT1 LET US 

NEXT 9QUIRE 9TO ! DEGREE 9 :I* WE >E OBLIG$ TO CONSULT ! GOOD 

( O!RS4 ,& H]E1 UPON ! V]Y SAME REASONS1 IT WILL FOLL[ ?AT IT IS 

JU/ ,I %\LD DO ALL ! GOOD 9 MY P[]4 ,DOES A P]SON 9 DI/RESS APPLY 

TO ME = RELIEF8 ,IT IS MY DUTY TO GRANT IT1 & ,I COMMIT A BREA* ( DUTY 

9 REFUS+4 ,IF ?IS PR9CIPLE BE NOT ( UNIV]SAL APPLICATION1 IT IS BECAUSE1 

9 CONF]R+ A B5EFIT UPON AN 9DIVIDUAL1 ,I MAY 9 SOME 9/ANCES 9FLICT 

AN 9JURY ( SUP]IOR MAGNITUDE UPON MYSELF OR SOCIETY4 ,N[ ! SAME JU/ICE 

?AT B9DS ME TO ANY 9DIVIDUAL ( MY FELL[ M5 B9DS ME TO ! :OLE4 ,IF1 

:ILE ,I CONF] A B5EFIT UPON ONE MAN1 IT APPE>1 9 /RIK+ AN EQUITABLE 

BALANCE1 ?AT ,I AM 9JUR+ ! :OLE1 MY ACTION CEASES TO BE RI<T1 & 

BECOMES ABSOLUTELY WRONG4 ,BUT H[ MU* AM ,I B\ND TO DO = ! G5]AL WEAL1 

?AT IS1 = ! B5EFIT ( ! 9DIVIDUALS ( :OM ! :OLE IS COMPOS$8 

,EV]Y?+ 9 MY P[]4 ,TO ! NEGLECT ( ! MEANS ( MY [N EXI/5CE8 

,NO2 = ,I AM MYSELF A P>T ( ! :OLE4 ,BESIDE1 IT WILL R>ELY HAPP5 ?AT 

! PROJECT ( DO+ = O!RS EV]Y?+ 9 MY P[] WILL NOT DEM& = 

ITS EXECUTION ! PRES]VATION ( MY [N EXI/5CE2 OR 9 O!R WORDS1 IT 

WILL R>ELY HAPP5 ?AT ,I CANNOT DO MORE GOOD 9 TW5TY YE>S ?AN 9 ONE4 

,IF ! EXTRAORD9>Y CASE %\LD OCCUR 9 :I* ,I CAN PROMOTE ! G5]AL 

GOOD BY MY DEA? MORE ?AN BY MY LIFE1 JU/ICE REQUIRES ?AT ,I %\LD BE 

CONT5T TO DIE4 ,9 O!R CASES1 IT WILL USUALLY BE 9CUMB5T ON ME TO MA9TA9 

MY BODY & M9D 9 ! UTMO/ VIGOR1 & 9 ! BE/ CONDITION = S]VICE47#d"97 

,SUPPOSE1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT IT IS RI<T = ONE MAN TO POSSESS A GREAT] 

PORTION ( PROP]TY ?AN ANO!R1 :E!R AS ! FRUIT ( HIS 9DU/RY1 OR 

! 9H]ITANCE ( HIS ANCE/ORS4 ,JU/ICE OBLIGES HIM TO REG>D ?IS PROP]TY 

AS A TRU/1 & CALLS UPON HIM MATURELY TO CONSID] 9 :AT MANN] IT MAY 

BE EMPLOY$ = ! 9CREASE ( LIB]TY1 KN[L$GE & VIRTUE4 ,HE HAS NO 

RI<T TO DISPOSE ( A %ILL+ ( IT AT ! SUGGE/ION ( HIS CAPRICE4 ,SO 

F> FROM BE+ 5TITL$ TO WELL E>N$ APPLAUSE1 = HAV+ EMPLOY$ SOME 

SCANTY PITTANCE 9 ! S]VICE ( PHILAN?ROPY1 HE IS 9 ! EYE ( JU/ICE 

A DEL9QU5T IF HE )HOLD ANY PORTION FROM ?AT S]VICE4 ,C\LD ?AT PORTION 

HAVE BE5 BETT] OR MORE WOR?ILY EMPLOY$8 ,?AT IT C\LD IS IMPLI$ 9 ! 

V]Y T]MS ( ! PROPOSITION4 ,!N IT WAS JU/ IT %\LD HAVE BE5 SO EMPLOY$4 

-- ,9 ! SAME MANN] AS MY PROP]TY1 ,I HOLD MY P]SON AS A TRU/ 9 BEHALF 

( MANK9D4 ,I AM B\ND TO EMPLOY MY TAL5TS1 MY UND]/&+1 MY /R5G? 

& MY TIME1 = ! PRODUCTION ( ! GREATE/ QUANTITY ( G5]AL GOOD4 

,SU* >E ! DECL>ATIONS ( JU/ICE1 SO GREAT IS ! EXT5T ( MY DUTY4 

,BUT JU/ICE IS RECIPROCAL4 ,IF IT BE JU/ ?AT ,I %\LD CONF] A B5EFIT1 

IT IS JU/ ?AT ANO!R MAN %\LD RECEIVE IT1 &1 IF ,I )HOLD FROM HIM 

?AT TO :I* HE IS 5TITL$1 HE MAY JU/LY COMPLA94 ,MY NEI<BOR IS 9 

WANT ( T5 P\NDS ?AT ,I CAN SP>E ,!RE IS NO LAW ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTION 

TO REA* ?IS CASE1 & TRANSF] ! PROP]TY FROM ME TO HIM4 ,BUT 9 A PASSIVE 

S5SE1 UNLESS IT CAN BE %[N ?AT ! MONEY CAN BE MORE B5EFIC5TLY EMPLOY$1 

HIS RI<T IS AS COMPLETE 7?\< ACTIVELY HE HAVE NOT ! SAME RI<T1 OR 

RA!R DUTY1 TO POSSESS HIMSELF ( IT7 AS IF HE HAD MY BOND 9 HIS POSSESSION1 

OR HAD SUPPLI$ ME ) GOODS TO ! AM\NT47#e"97 

,TO ?IS IT HAS SOMETIMES BE5 ANSW]$ 0?AT !RE IS MORE ?AN ONE 

P]SON :O /&S 9 NE$ ( ! MONEY ,I HAVE TO SP>E1 & ( CONSEQU5CE 

,I MU/ BE AT LIB]TY TO BE/[ IT AS ,I PLEASE40 ,BY NO MEANS4 ,IF ONLY 

ONE P]SON (F] HIMSELF TO MY KN[L$GE OR SE>*1 TO ME !RE IS BUT ONE4 

,?OSE O!RS ?AT ,I CANNOT F9D BELONG TO O!R RI* M5 TO ASSI/ 7EV]Y 

MAN IS 9 REALITY RI* :O HAS MORE ?AN HIS JU/ OCCASIONS DEM&71 & 

NOT TO ME4 ,IF MORE ?AN ONE P]SON (F]1 ,I AM OBLIG$ TO BALANCE !IR CLAIMS1 

& CONDUCT MYSELF ACCORD+LY4 ,IT IS SC>CELY POSSIBLE ?AT TWO M5 %\LD 

HAVE AN EXACTLY EQUAL CLAIM1 OR ?AT ,I %\LD BE EQUALLY C]TA9 RESPECT+ 

! CLAIM ( ! ONE AS ( ! O!R4 

,IT IS !RE=E IMPOSSIBLE = ME TO CONF] UPON ANY MAN A FAVOR2 ,I CAN 

ONLY DO HIM RI<T4 ,:ATEV] DEVIATES FROM ! LAW ( JU/ICE1 ?\< IT %\LD 

BE DONE 9 ! FAVOR ( SOME 9DIVIDUAL OR SOME P>T ( ! G5]AL :OLE1 

IS SO MU* SUBTRACT$ FROM ! G5]AL /OCK1 SO MU* ( ABSOLUTE 9JU/ICE4 

,! REASON+S H]E ALLEG$1 >E SUFFICI5T CLE>LY TO E/ABLI% ! COMPET5CE 

( JU/ICE AS A PR9CIPLE ( D$UCTION 9 ALL CASES ( MORAL 9QUIRY4 ,!Y 

>E !MSELVES RA!R ( ! NATURE ( ILLU/RATION & EXAMPLE1 &1 IF 

]ROR BE IMPUTABLE TO !M 9 P>TICUL>S1 ?IS WILL NOT 9VALIDATE ! G5]AL 

CONCLUSION1 ! PROPRIETY ( APPLY+ MORAL JU/ICE AS A CRIT]ION 9 ! 

9VE/IGATION ( POLITICAL TRU?4 

,SOCIETY IS NO?+ MORE ?AN AN AGGREGATION ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,ITS CLAIMS 

& DUTIES MU/ BE ! AGGREGATE ( !IR CLAIMS & DUTIES1 ! ONE NO MORE 

PREC>I\S & >BITR>Y ?AN ! O!R4 ,:AT HAS ! SOCIETY A RI<T TO 

REQUIRE FROM ME8 ,! QUE/ION IS ALREADY ANSW]$3 EV]Y?+ ?AT IT IS 

MY DUTY TO DO4 ,ANY?+ MORE8 ,C]TA9LY NOT4 ,CAN IT *ANGE ET]NAL TRU?1 

OR SUBV]T ! NATURE ( M5 & !IR ACTIONS8 ,CAN IT MAKE MY DUTY CONSI/ 

9 COMMITT+ 9TEMP]ANCE1 9 MALTREAT+ OR ASSASS9AT+ MY NEI<BOR8 

-- ,AGA91 :AT IS IT ?AT ! SOCIETY IS B\ND TO DO = ITS MEMB]S8 ,EV]Y?+ 

?AT IS REQUISITE = !IR WELF>E4 ,BUT ! NATURE ( !IR WELF>E IS DEF9$ 

BY ! NATURE ( M9D4 ,?AT WILL MO/ CONTRIBUTE TO IT :I* EXP&S ! 

UND]/&+1 SUPPLIES 9CITEM5TS TO VIRTUE1 FILLS US ) A G5]\S CONSCI\SNESS 

( \R 9DEP5D5CE1 & C>EFULLY REMOVES :ATEV] CAN IMP$E \R EX]TIONS4 

,%\LD IT BE AFFIRM$1 0?AT IT IS NOT 9 ! P[] ( POLITICAL 

SY/EM TO SECURE TO US !SE ADVANTAGES10 ! CONCLUSION WILL NOT BE 

LESS 9CONTROV]TIBLE4 ,IT IS B\ND TO CONTRIBUTE EV]Y?+ IT IS ABLE TO 

!SE PURPOSES4 ,SUPPOSE ITS 9FLU5CE 9 ! UTMO/ DEGREE LIMIT$2 !RE 

MU/ BE ONE ME?OD APPROA*+ NE>] ?AN ANY O!R TO ! DESIR$ OBJECT1 

& ?AT ME?OD \<T TO BE UNIV]SALLY ADOPT$4 ,!RE IS ONE ?+ ?AT 

POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS CAN ASSUR$LY DO1 !Y CAN AVOID POSITIVELY C\NT]ACT+ 

! TRUE 9T]E/S ( !IR SUBJECTS4 ,BUT ALL CAPRICI\S RULES & >BITR>Y 

DI/9CTIONS DO POSITIVELY C\NT]ACT !M4 ,!RE IS SC>CELY ANY MODIFICATION 

( SOCIETY BUT HAS 9 IT SOME DEGREE ( MORAL T5D5CY4 ,SO F> AS IT PRODUCES 

NEI!R MIS*IEF NOR B5EFIT1 IT IS GOOD = NO?+4 ,SO F> AS IT T5DS 

TO ! IMPROVEM5T ( ! COMMUNITY1 IT \<T TO BE UNIV]SALLY ADOPT$4 

,N,O,T,E,S 

#a4 ,! QUE/ION H[ F> IMP>TIAL JU/ICE IS A MOTIVE CAPABLE ( OP]AT+ 

UPON ! M9D WILL BE F\ND EXAM9$ AT L5G?1 ,BOOK ,I,V1 ,*APT] ,X4 

#b4 ,?IS >GUM5T IS /AT$ ) GREAT CLE>NESS 9 AN ,ESSAY ON ! ,NATURE 

( ,TRUE ,VIRTUE1 BY ,JONA?AN ,$W>DS1 AU?OR ( A CELEBRAT$ WORK ON ! ,FRE$OM 

( ! ,WILL4 

#c4 ,*APT] ,I,V4 

#d4 ,APP5DIX4 ,NO4 #a4 ,( ,SUICIDE4 

#e4 ,*APT] ,V4 

,APP5DIX ,I4 

,( ,S,U,I,C,I,D,E 

,?IS REASON+ WILL ?R[ SOME LI<T UPON ! LONG DISPUT$ CASE ( SUICIDE4 

0,HAVE ,I A RI<T TO DE/ROY MYSELF 9 ORD] TO ESCAPE FROM PA9 OR DI/RESS80 

,CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT %\LD JU/IFY SU* AN ACTION1 CAN R>ELY OCCUR4 ,!RE 

>E FEW SITUATIONS ?AT CAN EXCLUDE ! POSSIBILITY ( FUTURE LIFE1 VIGOR1 

& USEFULNESS4 ,IT WILL FREQU5TLY HAPP5 ?AT ! MAN1 :O ONCE SAW NO?+ 

BE=E HIM BUT DESPAIR1 %ALL AFT]W>DS 5JOY A LONG P]IOD ( HAPP9ESS 

& HONOR4 ,9 ! MEANTIME ! P[] ( T]M9AT+ \R [N LIVES1 IS ONE 

( ! FACULTIES ) :I* WE >E 5D[$2 & !RE=E1 LIKE EV]Y O!R 

FACULTY1 IS A SUBJECT ( MORAL DISCIPL9E4 ,9 COMMON ) EV]Y BRAN* ( 

MORALITY1 IT IS A TOPIC ( CALCULATION1 AS TO ! BALANCE ( GOOD & EVIL 

TO RESULT FROM ITS EMPLOYM5T 9 ANY 9DIVIDUAL 9/ANCE4 ,WE %\LD H[EV] 

BE SCRUPUL\SLY UPON \R GU>D AGA9/ ! DECEPTIONS ?AT MELAN*OLY & 

IMPATI5CE >E SO WELL CALCULAT$ TO IMPOSE4 ,WE %\LD CONSID] ?AT1 ?\< 

! PA9 TO BE SUFF]$ BY \RSELVES IS BY NO MEANS TO BE OV]LOOK$1 WE 

>E BUT ONE1 & ! P]SONS NE>LY OR REMOTELY 9T]E/$ 9 \R POSSIBLE 

USEFULNESS 9NUM]ABLE4 ,EA* MAN IS BUT ! P>T ( A GREAT SY/EM1 & ALL 

?AT HE HAS IS SO MU* WEAL? TO BE PUT TO ! ACC\NT ( ! G5]AL /OCK4 

,!RE IS ANO!R CASE ( SUICIDE ( MORE DIFFICULT E/IMATION4 ,:AT %ALL 

WE ?9K ( ! REASON+ ( ,LYCURGUS1 :O1 :5 HE DET]M9$ UPON A VOLUNT>Y 

DEA?1 REM>K$ 0?AT ALL ! FACULTIES A RATIONAL BE+ POSSESS$ W]E 

CAPABLE ( BE+ B5EVOL5TLY EMPLOY$1 & ?AT1 AFT] HAV+ SP5T HIS 

LIFE 9 ! S]VICE ( HIS C\NTRY1 A MAN \<T1 IF POSSIBLE1 TO R5D] HIS 

DEA? A S\RCE ( ADDITIONAL B5EFIT80 ,?IS WAS ! MOTIVE ( ! SUICIDE 

( ,CODRUS1 ,LEONIDAS & ,DECIUS4 ,IF ! SAME MOTIVE PREVAIL$ 9 ! MU* 

ADMIR$ SUICIDE ( ,CATO1 & HE W]E 9/IGAT$ BY REASONS PURELY B5EVOL5T1 

IT IS IMPOSSIBLE NOT TO APPLAUD HIS 9T5TION1 EV5 IF HE W]E MI/AK5 9 

! APPLICATION4 ,! DIFFICULTY IS TO DECIDE :E!R 9 ANY 9/ANCE ! 

REC\RSE TO A VOLUNT>Y DEA? CAN OV]BALANCE ! USEFULNESS TO BE DISPLAY$1 

9 TW5TY YE>S ( ADDITIONAL LIFE4 

,ADDITIONAL IMPORTANCE WILL BE REFLECT$ UPON ?IS DISQUISITION IF WE REMEMB] 

?AT M>TYRS 7M>TURES7 >E SUICIDES BY ! V]Y SIGNIFICATION ( ! T]M4 

,!Y DIE = A TE/IMONY 7M>TUTION74 ,BUT ?AT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE IF !IR 

DEA? W]E NOT TO A C]TA9 DEGREE A VOLUNT>Y ACTION4 ,WE MU/ ASSUME ?AT 

IT WAS POSSIBLE = !M TO AVOID ?IS FATE1 BE=E WE CAN DRAW ANY CONCLUSION 

FROM IT 9 FAVOR ( ! CAUSE !Y ESP\S$4 ,!Y W]E DET]M9$ TO DIE1 

RA!R ?AN REFLECT DI%ONOR ON ?AT CAUSE4 

,APP5DIX ,I,I 

,( ,D,U,E,L,+ 

,IT MAY BE PROP] 9 ?IS PLACE TO BE/[ A MOM5T'S CONSID]ATION UPON 

! TRITE BUT V]Y IMPORTANT CASE ( DUEL+4 ,A %ORT REFLECTION WILL SUFFICE 

TO SET IT 9 ITS TRUE LI<T4 

,?IS DESPICABLE PRACTICE WAS ORIG9ALLY 9V5T$ BY B>B>IANS = ! 

GRATIFICATION ( REV5GE4 ,IT WAS PROBABLY AT ?AT TIME ?\<T A V]Y HAPPY 

PROJECT1 = RECONCIL+ ! ODI\SNESS ( MALIGNITY ) ! GALLANTRY ( 

C\RAGE4 

,BUT 9 ?IS LI<T IT IS N[ G5]ALLY GIV5 UP4 ,M5 ( ! BE/ UND]/&+ 

:O L5D IT !IR SANCTION >E UNWILL+LY 9DUC$ TO DO SO1 & 5GAGE 9 

S+LE COMBAT M]ELY ?AT !IR REPUTATION MAY SU/A9 NO SL&]4 

,9 EXAM9+ ?IS SUBJECT WE MU/ PROCE$ UPON ONE ( TWO SUPPOSITIONS4 

,EI!R ! LIVES ( BO? ! P]SONS TO BE HAZ>D$ >E WOR?LESS1 OR !Y 

>E NOT4 ,9 ! LATT] CASE1 ! QUE/ION ANSW]S ITSELF1 & CANNOT /& 

9 NE$ ( DISCUSSION4 ,USEFUL LIVES >E NOT TO BE HAZ>D$1 FROM A VIEW TO 

! P>TIAL & CONTEMPTIBLE OBLOQUY ?AT MAY BE ANNEX$ TO ! REFUSAL ( 

SU* A DUEL1 ?AT IS1 TO AN ACT ( VIRTUE4 

,:5 ! DUELI/ TELLS ME ?AT HE & ! P]SON ?AT HAS (F5D$ HIM 

>E ( NO POSSIBLE WOR? TO ! COMMUNITY1 ,I MAY REASONABLY CONCLUDE ?AT 

HE TALKS ! LANGUAGE ( SPLE54 ,BUT1 IF ,I TAKE HIM AT HIS WORD1 IS IT TO 

BE ADMITT$1 ?\< HE CANNOT B5EFIT ! COMMUNITY1 ?AT HE %\LD 9JURE 

IT8 ,:AT W\LD BE ! CONSEQU5CE IF WE ALL[$ \RSELVES TO ASSAIL EV]YONE 

?AT WE ?\<T WOR?LESS 9 ! WORLD8 ,9 REALITY1 :5 HE TALKS ?IS LANGUAGE1 

HE DES]TS ! GR\ND ( V9DICAT+ HIS 9JUR$ HONOR1 & %[S ?AT HIS 

CONDUCT IS ?AT ( A V9DICTIVE & BRUTALIZ$ SAVAGE4 

0,BUT ! REFUS+ A DUEL IS AN AMBIGU\S ACTION4 ,C[>DS MAY PRET5D 

PR9CIPLE TO %ELT] !MSELVES FROM A DANG] !Y D>E NOT MEET40 

,?IS IS P>TLY TRUE & P>TLY FALSE4 ,!RE >E FEW ACTIONS 9DE$ ?AT 

>E NOT AMBIGU\S1 OR ?AT ) ! SAME G5]AL \TL9E MAY NOT PROCE$ 

FROM DIFF]5T MOTIVES4 ,BUT ! MANN] ( DO+ !M WILL SUFFICI5TLY %[ 

! PR9CIPLE FROM :I* !Y SPR+4 

,HE1 ?AT W\LD BREAK ?R\< A RECEIV$ CU/OM BECAUSE HE BELIEVES IT 

TO BE WRONG1 MU/ NO D\BT >M HIMSELF ) =TITUDE4 ,! PO9T 9 :I* 

WE PR9CIPALLY FAIL1 IS 9 NOT ACCURATELY UND]/&+ \R [N 9T5TIONS1 

& TAK+ C>E BE=EH& TO PURIFY \RSELVES FROM EV]Y ALLOY ( WEAKNESS 

& ]ROR4 ,HE1 :O COMES =W>D ) NO O!R IDEA BUT ?AT ( RECTITUDE1 

& :O EXPRESSES1 ) ! SIMPLICITY & FIRMNESS :I* CONVICTION NEV] 

FAILS TO 9SPIRE1 ! VIEWS ) :I* HE IS P5ETRAT$1 IS 9 NO DANG] 

( BE+ MI/AK5 = A C[>D4 ,IF HE HESITATE1 IT IS BECAUSE HE HAS NOT 

AN IDEA P]FECTLY CLE> ( ! S5TIM5T HE 9T5DS TO CONVEY4 ,IF HE BE 9 

ANY DEGREE EMB>RASS$1 IT IS BECAUSE HE HAS NOT A FEEL+ SUFFICI5TLY G5]\S 

& 9TREPID ( ! DEM]IT ( ! ACTION 9 :I* HE IS URG$ TO 5GAGE4 

,IF C\RAGE HAVE ANY 9TELLIGIBLE NATURE1 ONE ( ITS PR9CIPAL FRUITS MU/ 

BE ! D>+ TO SPEAK TRU? AT ALL TIMES1 TO ALL P]SONS1 & 9 EV]Y POSSIBLE 

SITUATION 9 :I* A WELL 9=M$ S5SE ( DUTY MAY PRESCRIBE IT4 ,:AT IS 

IT BUT ! WANT ( C\RAGE ?AT %\LD PREV5T ME FROM SAY+1 0,SIR1 

,I WILL NOT ACCEPT Y\R *ALL5GE4 ,HAVE ,I 9JUR$ Y\8 ,I WILL READILY & 

)\T COMPULSION REPAIR MY 9JU/ICE TO ! UTT]MO/ MITE4 ,HAVE Y\ MISCON/RU$ 

ME8 ,/ATE TO ME ! P>TICUL>S1 & D\BT NOT ?AT :AT IS TRUE ,I WILL MAKE 

APPE> TO BE TRUE4 ,I %\LD BE A NOTORI\S CRIM9AL W]E ,I TO ATTEMPT Y\R 

LIFE1 OR ASSI/ Y\ 9 AN ATTEMPT UPON M9E4 ,:AT COMP5SATION WILL ! OP9ION 

( ! WORLD MAKE = ! RECOLLECTION ( SO VILE & BRUTAL A PROCE$+8 

,!RE IS NO TRUE APPLAUSE BUT :]E ! HE>T ( HIM ?AT RECEIVES IT BEATS 

9 UNISON4 ,!RE IS NO C5SURE T]RIBLE :ILE ! HE>T REPELS IT ) CONSCI\S 

9TEGRITY4 ,I AM NOT ! C[>D TO DO A DE$ ?AT MY S\L DETE/S BECAUSE 

,I CANNOT 5DURE ! SC(FS ( ! MI/AK54 ,LOSS ( REPUTATION IS A S]I\S 

EVIL4 ,BUT ,I WILL ACT SO ?AT NO MAN %ALL SUSPECT ME ( IRRESOLUTION & 

PUSILLANIMITY40 ,HE ?AT %\LD FIRMLY HOLD ?IS LANGUAGE1 & ACT ACCORD+LY1 

W\LD SOON BE ACQUITT$ ( EV]Y DI%ONORABLE IMPUTATION4 

,*,A,P,T,] ,I,I,I 

,( ,! ,E,Q,U,A,L,I,T,Y ,( ,M,A,N,K,9,D 

,! PR9CIPLES ( JU/ICE1 AS EXPLA9$ 9 ! PREC$+ *APT]1 PROCE$ 

UPON ! ASSUMPTION ( ! EQUALITY ( MANK9D4 ,?IS EQUALITY IS EI!R PHYSICAL 

OR MORAL4 ,PHYSICAL EQUALITY MAY BE CONSID]$ EI!R AS IT RELATES TO ! 

/R5G? ( ! BODY OR ! FACULTIES ( ! M9D4 

,?IS P>T ( ! SUBJECT HAS BE5 EXPOS$ TO CAVIL & OBJECTION4 ,IT HAS 

BE5 SAID 0?AT ! REV]SE ( ?IS EQUALITY IS ! RESULT ( \R EXP]I5CE4 

,AMONG ! 9DIVIDUALS ( \R SPECIES1 WE ACTUALLY F9D ?AT !RE >E NOT 

TWO ALIKE4 ,ONE MAN IS /RONG1 & ANO!R WEAK4 ,ONE MAN IS WISE1 & ANO!R 

FOOLI%4 ,ALL ?AT EXI/S 9 ! WORLD ( ! 9EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS IS 

TO BE TRAC$ TO ?IS AS !IR S\RCE4 ,! /RONG MAN POSSESSES P[] TO SUBDUE1 

& ! WEAK /&S 9 NE$ ( AN ALLY TO PROTECT4 ,! CONSEQU5CE IS 9EVITABLE3 

! EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS IS A *IM]ICAL ASSUMPTION1 NEI!R POSSIBLE TO 

BE R$UC$ 9TO PRACTICE1 NOR DESIRABLE IF IT C\LD BE SO R$UC$40 

,UPON ?IS /ATEM5T TWO OBS]VATIONS >E TO BE MADE4 ,FIR/1 ?IS 9EQUALITY 

WAS 9 ITS ORIG9 9F9ITELY LESS ?AN IT IS AT PRES5T4 ,9 ! UNCULTIVAT$ 

/ATE ( MAN1 DISEASES1 EFFEM9ACY & LUXURY W]E LITTLE KN[N2 &1 ( 

CONSEQU5CE1 ! /R5G? ( EV]YONE MU* MORE NE>LY APPROA*$ TO ! 

/R5G? ( HIS NEI<BOR4 ,9 ! UNCULTIVAT$ /ATE ( MAN1 ! UND]/&+S 

( ALL W]E LIMIT$1 !IR WANTS1 !IR IDEAS & !IR VIEWS NE>LY UPON 

A LEVEL4 ,IT WAS TO BE EXPECT$ ?AT1 9 !IR FIR/ DEP>TURE FROM ?IS /ATE1 

GREAT IRREGUL>ITIES W\LD 9TRODUCE !MSELVES2 & IT IS ! OBJECT ( 

SUBSEQU5T WISDOM & IMPROVEM5T TO MITIGATE !SE IRREGUL>ITIES4 

,SECONDLY1 ,NOT)/&+ ! 5CROA*M5TS ?AT HAVE BE5 MADE UPON 

! EQUALITY ( MANK9D1 A GREAT & SUB/ANTIAL EQUALITY REMA9S4 ,!RE 

IS NO SU* DISP>ITY AMONG ! HUMAN RACE AS TO 5ABLE ONE MAN TO HOLD SEV]AL 

O!R M5 9 SUBJECTION1 EXCEPT SO F> AS !Y >E WILL+ TO BE SUBJECT4 

,ALL GOV]NM5T IS F\ND$ 9 OP9ION4 ,M5 AT PRES5T LIVE UND] ANY P>TICUL> 

=M BECAUSE !Y CONCEIVE IT !IR 9T]E/ TO DO SO4 ,ONE P>T 9DE$ ( 

A COMMUNITY OR EMPIRE MAY BE HELD 9 SUBJECTION BY =CE2 BUT ?IS CANNOT 

BE ! P]SONAL =CE ( !IR DESPOT2 IT MU/ BE ! =CE ( ANO!R P>T 

( ! COMMUNITY1 :O >E ( OP9ION ?AT IT IS !IR 9T]E/ TO SUPPORT 

HIS AU?ORITY4 ,DE/ROY ?IS OP9ION1 & ! FABRIC :I* IS BUILT UPON IT 

FALLS TO ! GR\ND4 ,IT FOLL[S !RE=E ?AT ALL M5 >E ESS5TIALLY 9DEP5D5T4 

-- ,SO MU* = ! PHYSICAL EQUALITY4 

,! MORAL EQUALITY IS /ILL LESS OP5 TO REASONABLE EXCEPTION4 ,BY MORAL 

EQUALITY ,I UND]/&1 ! PROPRIETY ( APPLY+ ONE UNALT]ABLE RULE ( 

JU/ICE TO EV]Y CASE ?AT MAY >ISE4 ,?IS CANNOT BE QUE/ION$1 BUT UPON 

>GUM5TS ?AT W\LD SUBV]T ! V]Y NATURE ( VIRTUE4 0,EQUALITY10 

IT HAS BE5 AFFIRM$1 0WILL ALWAYS BE AN UN9TELLIGIBLE FICTION1 SO 

LONG AS ! CAPACITIES ( M5 %ALL BE UNEQUAL1 & !IR PRET5D$ CLAIMS 

HAVE NEI!R GU>ANTEE NOR SANCTION BY :I* !Y CAN BE 5=C$407#a"97 

,BUT SURELY JU/ICE IS SUFFICI5TLY 9TELLIGIBLE 9 ITS [N NATURE1 AB/RACT$LY 

FROM ! CONSID]ATION :E!R IT BE OR BE NOT R$UC$ 9TO PRACTICE4 ,JU/ICE 

HAS RELATION TO BE+S 5D[$ ) P]CEPTION1 & CAPABLE ( PLEASURE & 

PA94 ,N[ IT IMM$IATELY RESULTS FROM ! NATURE ( SU* BE+S1 9DEP5D5TLY 

( ANY >BITR>Y CON/ITUTION1 ?AT PLEASURE IS AGREEABLE & PA9 ODI\S1 

PLEASURE TO BE DESIR$ & PA9 TO BE DISAPPROV$4 ,IT IS !RE=E JU/ & 

REASONABLE ?AT SU* BE+S %\LD CONTRIBUTE1 SO F> AS IT LIES 9 !IR 

P[]1 TO ! PLEASURE & B5EFIT ( EA* O!R4 ,AMONG PLEASURES1 SOME >E 

MORE EXQUISITE1 MORE UNALLOY$ & LESS PREC>I\S ?AN O!RS4 ,IT IS JU/ 

?AT !SE %\LD BE PREF]R$4 

,FROM !SE SIMPLE PR9CIPLES WE MAY D$UCE ! MORAL EQUALITY ( MANK9D4 

,WE >E P>TAK]S ( A COMMON NATURE1 & ! SAME CAUSES ?AT CONTRIBUTE 

TO ! B5EFIT ( ONE WILL CONTRIBUTE TO ! B5EFIT ( ANO!R4 ,\R S5SES 

& FACULTIES >E ( ! SAME D5OM9ATION4 ,\R PLEASURES & PA9S WILL 

!RE=E BE ALIKE4 ,WE >E ALL ( US 5D[$ ) REASON1 ABLE TO COMP>E1 

TO JUDGE & TO 9F]4 ,! IMPROVEM5T !RE=E :I* IS TO BE DESIR$ = 

ONE IS TO BE DESIR$ = ANO!R4 ,WE %ALL BE PROVID5T = \RSELVES1 & 

USEFUL TO EA* O!R 9 PROPORTION AS WE RISE ABOVE ! SPH]E ( PREJUDICE4 

,! SAME 9DEP5D5CE1 ! SAME FRE$OM FROM ANY SU* RE/RA9T1 AS %\LD 

PREV5T US FROM GIV+ ! RE9S TO \R [N UND]/&+1 OR FROM UTT]+1 

UPON ALL OCCASIONS1 :ATEV] WE ?9K TO BE TRUE1 WILL CONDUCE TO ! IMPROVEM5T 

( ALL4 ,!RE >E C]TA9 OPPORTUNITIES & A C]TA9 SITUATION MO/ ADVANTAGE\S 

TO EV]Y HUMAN BE+1 & IT IS JU/ ?AT !SE %\LD BE COMMUNICAT$ TO 

ALL1 AS NE>LY AS ! G5]AL ECONOMY WILL P]MIT4 

,!RE IS 9DE$ ONE SPECIES ( MORAL 9EQUALITY1 P>ALLEL TO ! PHYSICAL 

9EQUALITY ?AT HAS BE5 ALREADY DESCRIB$4 ,! TREATM5T TO :I* M5 >E 

5TITL$ IS TO BE MEASUR$ BY !IR M]ITS & !IR VIRTUES4 ,?AT C\NTRY 

W\LD NOT BE ! SEAT ( WISDOM & REASON :]E ! B5EFACTOR ( HIS SPECIES 

WAS REG>D$ ) NO GREAT] DEGREE ( COMPLAC5CE ?AN !IR 5EMY4 ,BUT 

9 REALITY ?IS DI/9CTION1 SO F> FROM BE+ ADV]SE TO EQUALITY 9 ANY 

T5ABLE S5SE1 IS FRI5DLY TO IT1 & IS ACCORD+LY KN[N BY ! APPELLATION 

( EQUITY1 A T]M D]IV$ FROM ! SAME ORIG94 ,?\< 9 SOME S5SE ALL 

EXCEPTION1 IT T5DS TO ! SAME PURPOSE TO :I* ! PR9CIPLE ITSELF IS 

9DEBT$ = ITS VALUE4 ,IT IS CALCULAT$ LO 9FUSE 9TO EV]Y BOSOM AN EMULATION 

( EXCELL5CE4 ,! ?+ REALLY LO BE DESIR$ IS ! REMOV+ AS MU* AS 

POSSIBLE >BITR>Y DI/9CTIONS1 & LEAV+ TO TAL5TS & VIRTUE ! FIELD 

( EX]TION UNIMPAIR$4 ,WE %\LD 5DEAVOR TO AF=D TO ALL ! SAME OPPORTUNITIES 

& ! SAME 5C\RAGEM5T1 & TO R5D] JU/ICE ! COMMON 9T]E/ & 

*OICE4 

,IT %\LD BE OBS]V$ ?AT ! OBJECT ( ?IS *APT] IS B>ELY TO PRES5T 

A G5]AL \TL9E ( ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY4 ,! PRACTICAL 9F]5CES 

?AT FL[ FROM IT MU/ REMA9 TO BE DETAIL$ UND] SUBSEQU5T HEADS ( 9QUIRY4 

,N,O,T,E,S3 

#a4 0,ON A DIT-QUE N\S AVIONS T\S LES MEMES DROITS4 ,J'IGNORE 

CE QUE C'E/ RUE LES MEMES DROITS1 \ IL Y A 9EGALITE 

DE TAL5S \ DE =CE1 ET NULLE G>ANTIE1 NULLE SANCTION40 ,RAYNAL1 ,REVOLUTION 

D',AM]IQUE1 P4 #c#d4 

,*,A,P,T,] ,I,V 

,( ,P,],S,O,N,A,L ,V,I,R,T,U,E ,& ,D,U,T,Y 

,!RE >E TWO SUBJECTS1 ( ! UTMO/ IMPORTANCE TO A JU/ DEL9EATION 

( ! PR9CIPLES ( SOCIETY1 :I* >E1 ON ?AT ACC\NT1 5TITL$ TO A SEP>ATE 

EXAM9ATION3 ! DUTIES 9CUMB5T ON M5 LIV+ 9 SOCIETY1 & ! RI<TS 

ACCRU+ TO !M4 ,!SE >E M]ELY DIFF]5T MODES ( EXPRESS+ ! PR9CIPLE 

( JU/ICE1 AS IT %ALL HAPP5 TO BE CONSID]$ 9 ITS RELATION TO ! AG5T 

OR ! PATI5T4 ,DUTY IS ! TREATM5T ,I AM B\ND TO BE/[ UPON O!RS2 RI<T 

IS ! TREATM5T ,I AM 5TITL$ TO EXPECT FROM !M4 ,?IS WILL MORE FULLY 

APPE> 9 ! SEQUEL4 

,FIR/1 ( P]SONAL VIRTUE & DUTY4 

,VIRTUE1 LIKE EV]Y O!R T]M ( G5]AL SCI5CE1 MAY BE UND]/OOD EI!R 

ABSOLUTELY1 OR AS ! QUALIFICATION & ATTRIBUTE ( A P>TICUL> BE+3 

9 O!R WORDS1 IT IS ONE ?+ TO 9QUIRE :E!R AN ACTION IS VIRTU\S1 

& ANO!R TO 9QUIRE :E!R A MAN IS VIRTU\S4 ,! =M] ( !SE QUE/IONS 

IS CONSID]ABLY SIMPLE2 ! LATT] IS MORE COMPLEX1 & WILL REQUIRE AN EXAM9ATION 

( SEV]AL CIRCUM/ANCES BE=E IT CAN BE SATISFACTORILY DET]M9$4 

,9 ! FIR/ S5SE ,I W\LD DEF9E VIRTUE TO BE ANY ACTION OR ACTIONS ( 

AN 9TELLIG5T BE+ PROCE$+ FROM K9D & B5EVOL5T 9T5TION1 & HAV+ 

A T5D5CY TO CONTRIBUTE TO G5]AL HAPP9ESS4 ,?US DEF9$1 IT DI/RIBUTES 

ITSELF UND] TWO HEADS2 &1 9 :ATEV] 9/ANCE EI!R ! T5D5CY OR 

! 9T5TION IS WANT+1 ! VIRTUE IS 9COMPLETE4 ,AN ACTION1 H[EV] PURE 

MAY BE ! 9T5TION ( ! AG5T1 ! T5D5CY ( :I* IS MIS*IEV\S1 

OR :I* %ALL M]ELY BE NUGATORY & USELESS 9 ITS *>ACT]1 IS NOT A 

VIRTU\S ACTION4 ,W]E IT O!RWISE1 WE %\LD BE OBLIG$ TO CONC$E ! APPELLATION 

( VIRTUE TO ! MO/ NEF>I\S DE$S ( BIGOTS1 P]SECUTORS & RELIGI\S 

ASSASS9S1 & TO ! WEAKE/ OBS]VANCES ( A DELUD$ SUP]/ITION4 ,/ILL 

LESS DOES AN ACTION1 ! CONSEQU5CES ( :I* %ALL BE SUPPOS$ TO BE 9 

! HI<E/ DEGREE B5EFICIAL1 BUT :I* PROCE$S FROM A MEAN1 CORRUPT & 

DEGRAD+ MOTIVE1 DES]VE ! APPELLATION ( VIRTUE4 ,A VIRTU\S ACTION IS 

?AT1 ( :I* BO? ! MOTIVE & ! T5D5CY CONCUR TO EXCITE \R APPROBATION4 

,LET US PROCE$ FROM ! CONSID]ATION ( ! ACTION TO ?AT ( ! AG5T4 

,BE=E WE CAN DECIDE UPON ! DEGREE 9 :I* ANY MAN IS 5TITL$ TO BE D5OM9AT$ 

VIRTU\S1 WE MU/ COMP>E HIS P]=MANCE ) HIS MEANS4 ,IT IS NOT 5\<1 

?AT HIS CONDUCT IS ATT5D$ ) AN OV]BALANCE ( GOOD 9T5TION & B5EFICIAL 

RESULTS4 ,IF IT APPE> ?AT HE HAS SC>CELY PRODUC$ ! T5? P>T ( ?AT 

B5EFIT1 EI!R 9 MAGNITUDE OR EXT5T4 :I* HE WAS CAPABLE ( PRODUC+1 

IT IS ONLY ILL A V]Y LIMIT$ S5SE ?AT HE CAN BE CONSID]$ AS A VIRTU\S 

MAN4 

,:AT IS IT !RE=E1 WE >E L$ TO 9QUIRE1 ?AT CON/ITUTES ! CAPACITY 

( ANY MAN8 ,CAPACITY IS AN IDEA PRODUC$ 9 ! M9D BY A CONTEMPLATION ( 

! ASSEMBLAGE ( PROP]TIES 9 ANY SUB/ANCE1 & ! USES TO :I* A SUB/ANCE 

SO CIRCUM/ANC$ MAY BE APPLI$4 ,?US A GIV5 PORTION ( METAL1 MAY BE =M$1 

AT ! PLEASURE ( ! MANUFACTUR]1 9TO V>I\S IMPLEM5TS1 A KNIFE1 A 

RAZOR1 A SWORD1 A DOZ5 ( COAT-BUTTONS1 ETC4 ,?IS IS ONE /AGE ( CAPACITY4 

,A SECOND IS1 :5 IT HAS ALREADY RECEIV$ ! =M ( A KNIFE1 &1 BE+ 

DISMISS$ BY ! MANUFACTUR]1 FALLS 9TO ! H&S ( ! P]SON :O 9T5DS 

IT = HIS PRIVATE USE4 ,BY ?IS P]SON IT MAY BE DEVOT$ TO PURPOSES1 B5EFICIAL1 

P]NICI\S OR IDLE4 -- ,TO APPLY !SE CONSID]ATIONS TO ! NATURE ( A HUMAN 

BE+4 

,WE >E NOT H]E 9QUIR+ RESPECT+ ! CAPACITY ( MAN ABSOLUTELY SPEAK+1 

BUT ( AN 9DIVIDUAL2 ! P]=M] ( A GIV5 ACTION1 OR ! P]SON :O 

HAS 5GAG$ 9 A C]TA9 S]IES ( CONDUCT4 ,9 ! SAME MANN] !RE =E 

AS ! KNIFE MAY BE APPLI$ TO V>I\S PURPOSES AT ! PLEASURE ( ITS POSSESSOR1 

SO AN 9DIVIDUAL 5D[$ ) C]TA9 QUALIFICATIONS1 MAY 5GAGE 9 V>I\S 

PURSUITS1 ACCORD+ TO ! VIEWS ?AT >E PRES5T$ TO HIM1 & ! MOTIVES 

?AT ACTUATE HIS M9D4 

,HUMAN CAPACITY H[EV]1 IS A SUBJECT ATT5D$ ) GREAT] AMBIGUITY ?AN 

! CAPACITY ( 9ANIMATE SUB/ANCES4 ,CAPACITY ASSUMES SOME?+ AS FIX$1 

& 9QUIRES 9TO ! TEMPOR>Y APPLICATION ( !SE P]MAN5T QUALITIES4 

,BUT IT IS EASI] TO DEF9E1 ) TOL]ABLE PRECISION1 ! P]MAN5T QUALITIES 

( AN 9DIVIDUAL KNIFE1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AN ( AN 9DIVIDUAL MAN4 ,EV]Y?+ 

9 MAN MAY BE SAID TO BE 9 A /ATE ( FLUX2 HE IS A ,PROTEUS :OM WE KN[ 

NOT H[ TO DETA94 ,?AT ( :I* ,I AM CAPABLE1 = 9/ANCE1 AS TO MY CONDUCT 

TODAY FALLS EXTREMELY %ORT ( ?AT ( :I* ,I AM CAPABLE AS TO MY CONDUCT 

9 ! TWO OR ?REE NEXT 5SU+ YE>S4 ,= :AT ,I %ALL DO TODAY ,I AM DEP5D5T 

UPON MY IGNORANCE 9 SOME ?+S1 MY WANT ( PRACTICE 9 O!RS1 & ! 

]RONE\S HABITS ,I MAY 9 ANY RESPECT HAVE CONTRACT$4 ,BUT MANY ( !SE 

DISADVANTAGES MAY BE SUP]S$$1 :5 ! QUE/ION IS RESPECT+ :AT ,I %ALL 

PRODUCE 9 ! TWO OR ?REE NEXT YE>S ( MY LIFE4 ,NOR IS ?IS ALL4 ,EV5 

MY CAPACITY ( TODAY IS 9 A GREAT DEGREE DET]M9ABLE BY ! MOTIVES ?AT 

%ALL EXCITE ME4 ,:5 A MAN IS PLAC$ 9 CIRCUM/ANCES ( A V]Y /RONG & 

IMPRESSIVE NATURE1 HE IS FREQU5TLY F\ND TO POSSESS OR 9/ANTANE\SLY TO 

ACQUIRE CAPACITIES :I* NEI!R HE NOR HIS NEI<BORS PREVI\SLY SUSPECT$4 

,WE >E OBLIG$ H[EV] 9 ! DECISIONS ( MORALITY TO SUBMIT TO !SE UNC]TA9TIES4 

,IT IS ONLY AFT] HAV+ =M$ ! MO/ ACCURATE NOTIONS WE >E ABLE RESPECT+ 

! CAPACITY ( A MAN1 & COMP>+ ?IS CAPACITY ) HIS P]=MANCE1 

?AT WE CAN DECIDE1 ) ANY DEGREE ( SATISFACTION1 :E!R HE IS 5TITL$ 

TO ! APPELLATION ( VIRTU\S4 

,!RE IS ANO!R DIFFICULTY :I* ADH]ES TO ?IS QUE/ION4 ,IS IT ! 

MOTIVE ALONE ?AT WE >E 5TITL$ TO TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION1 ?AT WE DECIDE 

UPON ! M]ITS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 OR >E WE OBLIG$1 AS 9 ! CASE ( VIRTUE 

ABSOLUTELY TAK51 TO CONSID] BO? ! MOTIVES & ! T5D5CY ( HIS CONDUCT8 

,! =M] ( !SE HAS BE5 FREQU5TLY ASS]T$4 ,BUT ! ASS]TION IS ATT5D$ 

) S]I\S DIFFICULTIES4 

,FIR/1 VISE AS IT IS COMMONLY UND]/OOD IS1 SO F> AS REG>DS ! MOTIVE1 

PURELY NEGATIVE4 ,TO VIRTUE IT IS NECESS>Y1 ?AT IT PROCE$ FROM K9D & 

B5EVOL5T 9T5TION2 BUT MALEVOL5CE1 OR A DISPOSITION TO DRAW A DIRECT 

GRATIFICATION FROM ! SUFF]+S ( O!RS1 IS NOT NECESS>Y TO VISE4 ,IT 

IS SUFFICI5T ?AT ! AG5T REG>DS ) NEGLECT ?OSE B5EVOL5T CONSID]ATIONS 

:I* >E ALLI$ TO G5]AL GOOD4 ,?IS MODE ( APPLY+ ! T]MS ( MORALITY1 

SEEMS TO >ISE FROM ! CIRCUM/ANCE1 ?AT1 9 E/IMAT+ ! M]ITS ( O!RS1 

WE REASONABLY REG>D ! ACTUAL B5EFIT OR MIS*IEF ?AT IS PRODUC$ AS ! 

PR9CIPAL PO9T2 & CONSID] ! DISPOSITION ?AT PRODUCES IT1 M]ELY AS 

IT T5DS TO 5SURE TO US A CONT9UATION ( B5EFIT OR 9JURY4 

,SECONDLY1 ACTIONS 9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE 9JURI\S TO ! PUBLIC1 HAVE 

(T5 PROCE$$ FROM MOTIVES UNCOMMONLY CONSCI5TI\S4 ,! MO/ DET]M9$ 

POLITICAL ASSASS9S1 ,CLEM5T1 ,RAVAILLAC1 ,DAMI5S & ,G]>D1 SEEM TO HAVE 

BEE DEEPLY P5ETRAT$ ) ANXIETY1 = ! ET]NAL WELF>E ( MANK9D4 ,= 

!SE OBJECTS !Y SACRIFIC$ !IR EASE1 & *E]FULLY EXPOS$ !MSELVES 

TO TORTURES & DEA?4 ,B5EVOL5CE PROBABLY HAD ITS P>T 9 LI<T+ ! 

FIRES ( ,SMI?FIELD1 & PO9T+ ! DAGG]S ( ,SA9T ,B>?OLOMEW4 ,! AU?ORS 

( ! ,GUNP[D] ,TREASON W]E1 9 G5]AL1 M5 REM>KABLE = ! SANCTITY 

( !IR LIVES1 & ! AU/]ITY ( !IR MANN]S4 

,! NATURE :E!R ( RELIGI\S IMPO/URE1 OR ( P]SEV]+ 5T]PRISE 

9 G5]AL1 SEEMS SC>CELY TO HAVE BE5 SUFFICI5TLY DEVELOP$ BY ! PR(ESSORS 

( MORAL 9QUIRY4 ,NO?+ IS MORE DIFFICULT1 ?AN = A MAN TO RECOMM5D 

) 5?USIASM1 ?AT :I* HE DOES NOT ?9K 9TR9SICALLY ADMIRABLE4 ,NO?+ 

IS MORE DIFFICULT ?AN = A MAN TO 5GAGE 9 AN >DU\S UND]TAK+ ?AT 

HE DOES NOT P]SUADE HIMSELF WILL 9 SOME WAY BE EXT5SIVELY USEFUL4 ,:5 

>*BI%OP ,BECKET SET HIMSELF AGA9/ ! :OLE P[] ( ,H5RY ! ,SECOND1 

& BORE EV]Y SPECIES ( CONTUMELY ) AN UNALT]ABLE SPIRIT1 WE MAY EASILY 

DISCOV] ! HAU<T9ESS ( ! PRIE/1 ! 9SATIABLE AMBITION ?AT DELI<T$ 

TO SET ITS FOOT UPON ! NECK ( K+S1 & ! IMMEASURABLE VANITY ?AT 

SNUFF$ ) TRANSPORT ! 9C5SE ( AN ADOR+ MULTITUDE2 BUT WE MAY SEE 

) EQUAL EVID5CE1 ?AT HE REG>D$ HIMSELF AS ! *AMPION ( ! CAUSE 

( ,GOD1 & EXPECT$ ! CR[N ( M>TYRDOM 9 A FUTURE /ATE4 

,PRECIPITATE & SUP]FICIAL JUDGES CONCLUDE1 ?AT HE :O IMPOSES UPON 

O!RS1 IS 9 MO/ CASES AW>E ( ! DELUSION HIMSELF4 ,BUT ?IS SELDOM HAPP5S4 

,SELF-DECEPTION IS ( ALL ?+S ! MO/ EASY4 ,:OEV] >D5TLY WI%ES TO 

F9D A PROPOSITION TRUE1 MAY BE EXPECT$ 9S5SIBLY TO VE] T[>DS ! OP9ION 

?AT SUITS HIS 9CL9ATION4 ,IT CANNOT BE WOND]$ AT1 BY HIM :O CONSID]S 

! SUBTLETY ( ! HUMAN M9D17#a"97 ?AT BELIEF %\LD SC>CELY EV] RE/ 

UPON ! M]E BASIS ( EVID5CE1 & ?AT >GUM5TS >E ALWAYS VIEW$ ?R\< 

A DELUSIVE M$IUM1 MAGNIFY+ !M 9TO ,ALPS1 OR DIM9I%+ !M TO NO?+4 

,9 ! SAME MANN] AS ! GR\NDS ( \R OP9IONS >E COMPLICAT$1 SO 

>E ! MOTIVES TO \R ACTIONS4 ,IT IS PROBABLE ?AT NO WRONG ACTION IS P]PETRAT$ 

FROM MOTIVES 5TIRELY PURE4 ,IT IS PROBABLE ?AT CONSCI5TI\S ASSASS9S & 

P]SECUTORS1 HAVE SOME MIXTURE ( AMBITION OR ! LOVE ( FAME1 & SOME 

FEEL+S ( ANIMOSITY & ILL WILL4 ,BUT ! DECEPTION !Y PUT UPON !MSELVES 

MAY NEV]!LESS BE COMPLETE4 ,!Y /& ACQUITT$ AT ! B> ( !IR [N 

EXAM9ATION2 & !IR 9JURI\S CONDUCT1 IF CONSID]$ UND] ! HEAD ( 

MOTIVE ONLY1 IS PROBABLY AS PURE AS MU* ( ?AT CONDUCT :I* FALLS ) 

! BE/ TITLE UND] ! D5OM9ATION ( VIRTUE4 

,=1 ?IRDLY1 ?OSE ACTIONS ( M51 :I* T5D TO 9CREASE ! G5]AL 

HAPP9ESS1 & >E F\ND$ 9 ! PURE/ MOTIVES1 HAVE SOME ALLOY 9 ! 

CAUSES FROM :I* !Y PROCE$4 ,IT HAS BE5 SE51 ?AT ! MOTIVES ( EA* 

S+LE ACTION1 9 A MAN ALREADY >RIV$ AT MATURITY1 >E 9NUM]ABLE37#b"97 

9TO ?IS MIXTURE IT IS SC>CELY TO BE SUPPOS$1 ?AT SOME?+ IMPROP]1 

MEAN1 & 9CONSI/5T ) ?AT IMP>TIAL E/IMATE ( ?+S :I* IS ! 

TRUE F\NDATION ( VIRTUE1 WILL NOT 9S9UATE ITSELF4 ,IT SEEMS REASONABLE 

TO BELIEVE1 ?AT SU* ACTIONS AS >E KN[N MO/ ADMIRABLY TO HAVE CONTRIBUT$ 

TO ! B5EFIT ( MANK9D1 HAVE SPRUNG FROM VIEWS1 ( ALL O!RS ! LEA/ 

ADULT]AT$4 ,BUT IT CAN NOT BE D\BT$ ?AT MANY ACTIONS1 CONSID]ABLY USEFUL1 

& TO A GREAT DEGREE WELL 9T5D$1 HAVE HAD AS MU* ALLOY 9 !IR MOTIVE 

AS O!R ACTIONS :I*1 SPR++ FROM A B5EVOL5T DISPOSITION1 HAVE BE5 

EXT5SIVELY DETRIM5TAL4 

,FROM ALL !SE CONSID]ATIONS IT APPE>S1 ?AT1 IF WE W]E TO ADJU/ ! 

/&>D ( VIRTUE FROM 9T5TION ALONE1 WE %\LD REV]SE ALL ! RECEIV$ 

IDEAS RESPECT+ IT1 GIV+ ! PALM TO SOME ( ! GREATE/ PE/S ( MANK9D1 

AT ! EXP5SE ( O!RS :O HAVE BE5 NO CONTEMPTIBLE B5EFACTORS4 ,9T5TION 

NO D\BT IS ( ! ESS5CE ( VIRTUE4 ,BUT IT WILL NOT DO ALONE4 ,9 DECID+ 

! M]ITS ( O!RS1 WE >E B\ND1 = ! MO/ P>T1 TO PROCE$ 9 ! 

SAME MANN] AS 9 DECID+ ! M]ITS ( 9ANIMATE SUB/ANCES4 ,! TURN+ 

PO9T IS !IR UTILITY4 ,9T5TION IS ( NO FUR!R VALUE ?AN AS IT LEADS 

TO UTILITY3 IT IS ! MEANS1 & NOT ! 5D4 ,WE %ALL OV]TURN !RE=E 

EV]Y PR9CIPLE ( JU/ REASON+ IF WE BE/[ \R APPLAUSE UPON ! MO/ 

MIS*IEV\S ( MANK9D1 M]ELY BECAUSE ! MIS*IEF !Y PRODUCE >ISES FROM 

MI/AKE2 OR IF WE REG>D !M 9 ANY O!R LI<T ?AN WE W\LD AN 5G9E 

( DE/RUCTION & MIS]Y ?AT IS CON/RUCT$ ( V]Y CO/LY MAT]IALS4 

,! REASON+S ( ! E>LY P>T ( ?IS *APT] UPON ! SUBJECT ( VIRTUE1 

MAY EQUALLY BE APPLI$ TO ELUCIDATE ! T]M DUTY4 ,DUTY IS ?AT MODE ( ACTION 

ON ! P>T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 :I* CON/ITUTES ! BE/ POSSIBLE APPLICATION 

( HIS CAPACITY TO ! G5]AL B5EFIT4 ,! ONLY DI/9CTION TO BE MADE1 

BETWE5 :AT WAS !RE ADDUC$ UPON ! SUBJECT ( P]SONAL VIRTUE1 & ! 

OBS]VATIONS :I* MO/ APTLY APPLY TO ! CONSID]ATION ( DUTY1 CONSI/S 

9 ?IS3 ?AT1 ?\< A MAN %\LD 9 SOME 9/ANCES NEGLECT ! BE/ APPLICATION 

( HIS CAPACITY1 HE MAY YET BE 5TITL$ TO ! APPELLATION ( VIRTU\S2 BUT 

DUTY IS UNI=M1 & REQUIRES ( US ?AT BE/ APPLICATION 9 EV]Y SITUATION 

?AT PRES5TS ITSELF4 

,?IS WAY ( CONSID]+ ! SUBJECT FURNI%ES US ) ! SOLUTION ( 

A QUE/ION :I* HAS BE5 SUPPOS$ TO BE ATT5D$ ) CONSID]ABLE DIFFICULTY4 

,IS IT MY DUTY TO COMPLY ) ! DICTATES ( MY ]RONE\S CONSCI5CE8 ,WAS 

IT ! DUTY ( ,EV]>D ,DIGBY TO BL[ UP K+ ,JAMES & HIS P>LIAM5T ) 

GUNP[D]8 ,C]TA9LY NOT4 ,DUTY IS ! APPLICATION ( CAPACITY TO ! REAL1 

NOT IMAG9>Y1 B5EFIT ( MANK9D4 ,IT WAS HIS DUTY TO 5T]TA9 A S9C]E 

& >D5T DESIRE = ! IMPROVEM5T & HAPP9ESS ( O!RS4 ,) ?IS 

DUTY HE PROBABLY COMPLI$4 ,BUT IT WAS NOT HIS DUTY TO APPLY ?AT DESIRE TO 

A PURPOSE DREADFUL & PREGNANT ) 9EXHAU/IBLE MIS*IEF4 ,) ! PREJUDICES 

HE 5T]TA9$1 P]HAPS IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE = HIM TO DO O!RWISE4 ,BUT IT 

W\LD BE ABSURD TO SAY ?AT IT WAS HIS DUTY TO LABOR UND] PREJUDICE4 ,P]HAPS 

IT WILL BE F\ND ?AT NO MAN CAN 9 ANY 9/ANCE ACT O!RWISE ?AN HE DOES47#c"97 

,BUT ?IS1 IF TRUE1 WILL NOT ANNIHILATE ! MEAN+ ( ! T]M DUTY4 ,IT HAS 

ALREADY BE5 SE5 ?AT ! IDEA ( CAPACITY & ! BE/ APPLICATION ( CAPACITY 

IS EQUALLY 9TELLIGIBLE ( 9ANIMATE SUB/ANCES4 ,DUTY IS A SPECIES UND] 

?IS G5]IC T]M1 & IMPLIES M]ELY ! BE/ APPLICATION ( CAPACITY 

9 AN 9TELLIG5T BE+1 :E!R ?AT APPLICATION ORIG9ATE 9 A SELF-MOV+ 

P[]1 OR 9 ! IRRESI/IBLE IMPULSE ( MOTIVES & CONSID]ATIONS PRES5T$ 

TO ! UND]/&+4 ,TO TALK ( ! DUTY ( DO+ WRONG CAN ANSW] NO O!R 

PURPOSE ?AN TO TAKE AWAY ALL PRECISION & MEAN+ FROM LANGUAGE4 

,N,O,T,E,S3 

#a4 ,BOOK ,I1 ,*APT] ,V4 

#b4 ,IBID4 

#c4 ,BOOK ,I,V1 ,*APT] ,V,I,I4 

,*,A,P,T,] ,V 

,( ,R,I,<,T,S 

,! RI<TS ( MAN HAVE1 LIKE MANY O!R POLITICAL & MORAL QUE/IONS1 

FURNI%$ A TOPIC ( EAG] & P]T9ACI\S DISPUTE MORE BY A CONFUS$ & 

9ACCURATE /ATEM5T ( ! SUBJECT ( 9QUIRY ?AN BY ANY CONSID]ABLE DIFFICULTY 

ATTA*$ TO ! SUBJECT ITSELF4 

,! REAL OR SUPPOS$ RI<TS ( MAN >E ( TWO K9DS1 ACTIVE & PASSIVE2 

! RI<T 9 C]TA9 CASES TO DO AS WE LI/2 & ! RI<T WE POSSESS TO 

! =BE>ANCE OR ASSI/ANCE ( O!R M54 ,! FIR/ ( !SE A JU/ PHILOSOPHY 

WILL PROBABLY 9DUCE US UNIV]SALLY TO EXPLODE4 

,!RE IS NO SPH]E 9 :I* A HUMAN BE+ CAN BE SUPPOS$ TO ACT1 :]E 

ONE MODE ( PROCE$+ WILL NOT1 9 EV]Y GIV5 9/ANCE1 BE MORE REASONABLE 

?AN ANY O!R MODE4 ,?AT MODE ! BE+ IS B\ND BY EV]Y PR9CIPLE ( JU/ICE 

TO PURSUE4 

,MORALITY IS NO?+ ELSE BUT ?AT SY/EM :I* TEA*ES US TO CONTRIBUTE1 

UPON ALL OCCASIONS1 TO ! EXT5T \R P[]1 TO ! WELL-BE+ & HAPP9ESS 

( EV]Y 9TELLECTUAL & S5SITIVE EXI/5CE4 ,BUT !RE IS NO ACTION ( 

\R LIVES1 :I* DOES NOT 9 SOME WAY AFFECT ?AT HAPP9ESS4 ,\R PROP]TY1 

\R TIME1 & \R FACULTIES1 MAY ALL ( !M BE MADE TO CONTRIBUTE TO ?IS 

5D4 ,! P]IODS1 :I* CANNOT BE SP5T 9 ! ACTIVE PRODUCTION ( HAPP9ESS1 

MAY BE SP5T 9 PREP>ATION4 ,!RE IS NOT ONE ( \R AVOCATIONS OR AMUSEM5TS1 

?AT DOES NOT1 BY ITS EFFECTS1 R5D] US MORE OR LESS FIT TO CONTRIBUTE \R 

QUOTA TO ! G5]AL UTILITY4 ,IF !N EV]Y ONE ( \R ACTIONS FALL )9 

! PROV9CE ( MORALS1 IT FOLL[S ?AT WE HAVE NO RI<TS 9 RELATION TO 

! SELECT+ !M4 ,NO ONE WILL MA9TA91 ?AT WE HAVE A RI<T TO TRESPASS 

UPON ! DICTATES ( MORALITY4 

,IT HAS BE5 OBS]V$ BY NATURAL PHILOSOPH]S1 ?AT A S+LE GRA9 ( L& 

MORE OR LESS 9 ! /RUCTURE ( ! E>?1 W\LD HAVE PRODUC$ AN 9F9ITE 

V>IATION 9 ITS HI/ORY4 ,IF ?IS BE TRUE 9 9ANIMATE NATURE1 IT IS MU* 

MORE SO 9 MORALS4 ,! 5C\NT] ( TWO P]SONS ( OPPOSITE SEXES1 SO AS 

TO LEAD TO ! RELATION ( M>RIAGE1 9 MANY CASES OBVI\SLY DEP5DS UPON 

! MO/ TRIVIAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 ANYONE ( :I*1 BE+ *ANG$1 ! RELATION 

W\LD NOT HAVE TAK5 PLACE4 ,LET ! 9/ANCE BE ! FA!R & MO!R ( 

,%AKESPE>E4 ,IF !Y HAD NOT BE5 CONNECT$1 ,%AKESPE>E W\LD NEV] HAVE 

BE5 BORN4 ,IF ANY ACCID5T HAD HAPP5$ TO ! WIFE DUR+ H] PREGNANCY1 

IF %E HAD ON ANY DAY SET H] FOOT HALF AN 9* TOO F>1 & FALL5 D[N 

A FLI<T ( /AIRS1 IF %E HAD TURN$ D[N ONE /REET 9/EAD ( ANO!R1 

?R\< :I*1 IT MAY BE1 SOME HIDE\S OBJECT WAS PASS+1 ,%AKESPE>E MI<T 

NEV] HAVE COME ALIVE 9TO ! WORLD4 ,! DET]M9ATION ( M9D1 9 CONSEQU5CE 

( :I* ! *ILD CONTRACTS SOME ( HIS E>LIE/ PROP5SITIES1 :I* CALL 

\T HIS CURIOSITY1 9DU/RY & AMBITION1 OR ON ! O!R H& LEAVE HIM 

UNOBS]V+1 9DOL5T & PHLEGMATIC1 IS PRODUC$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES SO M9UTE 

& SUBTLE AS 9 FEW 9/ANCES TO HAVE BE5 MADE ! SUBJECT ( HI/ORY4 

,! EV5TS :I* AFT] W>DS PRODUCE HIS *OICE ( A PR(ESSION OR PURSUIT1 

>E NOT LESS PREC>I\S4 ,EV]Y ONE ( !SE 9CID5TS1 :5 IT OCCURR$1 

GREW \T ( A S]IES ( 9CID5TS ?AT HAD PREVI\SLY TAK5 PLACE4 ,EV]Y?+ 

IS CONNECT$ 9 ! UNIV]SE4 ,IF ANY MAN ASS]T$ ?AT1 IF ,ALEX&] HAD 

NOT BA!D 9 ! RIV] ,CYDNUS1 ,%AKESPE>E W\LD NEV] HAVE WRITT51 IT 

W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO PROVE ?AT HIS ASS]TION WAS UNTRUE4 

,TO ! 9F]5CE WE >E D$UC+ FROM ?IS /ATEM5T ( FACTS1 IT MAY 

BE OBJECT$ 0?AT IT IS TRUE ?AT ALL EV5TS 9 ! UNIV]SE >E CONNECT$1 

& ?AT ! MO/ MEMORABLE REVOLUTIONS MAY DEP5D = !IR EXI/5CE UPON 

TRIVIAL CAUSES2 BUT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = US TO DISC]N ! REMOTE BE>+S 

& SUBTLE 9FLU5CES ( \R [N ACTIONS2 & BY :AT WE CANNOT DISC]N IT 

CAN NEV] BE REQUIR$ ( US TO REGULATE \R CONDUCT40 ,?IS IS NO D\BT 

TRUE1 BUT ITS =CE 9 ! NATURE ( AN OBJECTION WILL BE TAK5 AWAY IF WE 

CONSID]1 FIR/1 ?AT1 ?\< \R IGNORANCE WILL JU/IFY US 9 NEGLECT+ 

?AT :I*1 HAD WE BE5 BETT] 9=M$1 WE %\LD HAVE SE5 TO BE MO/ B5EFICIAL1 

IT CAN SC>CELY BE CONSID]$ AS CONF]R+ ON US AN ABSOLUTE RI<T TO 9CUR 

?AT NEGLECT4 ,SECONDLY1 EV5 UND] ! LIMIT$ P[]S ( \R DISC]NM5T1 

IT WILL SELDOM HAPP5 TO A MAN EM95TLY CONSCI5TI\S & B5EVOL5T1 TO 

SEE NO APPE>ANCE ( SUP]IORITY1 NE> OR REMOTE1 DIRECT OR 9DIRECT1 9 

FAVOR ( ONE SIDE ( ANY ALT]NATIVE PROPOS$ TO HIS *OICE1 RA!R ?AN 

! O!R4 ,WE >E B\ND TO REGULATE \RSELVES BY ! BE/ JUDGM5T WE CAN 

EX]T4 ,?IRDLY1 IF ANY?+ REMA9 TO ! ACTIVE RI<TS ( MAN AFT] ?IS 

D$UCTION1 & IF HE BE AT LIB]TY TO REGULATE HIS CONDUCT 9 ANY 9/ANCE1 

9DEP5D5TLY ( ! DICTATES ( MORALITY1 IT WILL BE1 FIR/1 AN IMP]FECT1 

NOT AN ABSOLUTE RI<T1 ! (FSPR+ ( IGNORANCE & IMBECILITY2 &1 SECONDLY1 

IT WILL RELATE ONLY TO SU* 9SIGNIFICANT MATT]S1 IF SU* !RE BE1 AS1 

AFT] ! BE/ EX]CISE ( HUMAN JUDGM5T1 CAN NOT BE DISC]N$ TO HAVE 

! REMOTE/ RELATION TO ! HAPP9ESS ( MANK9D4 

,FEW ?+S HAVE CONTRIBUT$ MORE TO UND]M9E ! 5]GY & VIRTUE ( 

! HUMAN SPECIES1 ?AN ! SUPPOSITION ?AT WE HAVE A RI<T1 AS IT HAS BE5 

PHRAS$1 TO DO :AT WE WILL ) \R [N4 ,IT IS ?US ?AT ! MIS]1 :O 

ACCUMULATES TO NO 5D ?AT :I* DIFFUS$ W\LD HAVE CONDUC$ TO ! WELF>E 

( ?\S&S1 ?AT ! LUXURI\S MAN1 :O WALL[S 9 9DULG5CE & SEES 

NUM]\S FAMILIES >\ND HIM P9+ 9 BEGG>Y1 NEV] FAIL TO TELL US ( 

!IR RI<TS1 & TO SIL5CE ANIMADV]SION & QUIET ! C5SURE ( !IR 

[N M9DS1 BY OBS]V+ 0?AT !Y CAME FAIRLY 9TO POSSESSION ( !IR 

WEAL?1 ?AT !Y [E NO DEBTS1 & ?AT ( CONSEQU5CE NO MAN HAS AU?ORITY 

TO 9QUIRE 9TO !IR PRIVATE MANN] ( DISPOS+ ( ?AT :I* APP]TA9S 

TO !M40 ,WE HAVE 9 REALITY NO?+ ?AT IS /RICTLY SPEAK+ \R [N4 

,WE HAVE NO?+ ?AT HAS NOT A DE/9ATION PRESCRIB$ TO IT BY ! IMMUTABLE 

VOICE ( REASON & JU/ICE2 & RESPECT+ :I*1 IF WE SUP]S$E ?AT DE/9ATION1 

WE DO NOT 5TAIL UPON \R SELVES A C]TA9 PORTION ( GUILT4 

,AS WE HAVE A DUTY OBLIG+ US TO A C]TA9 CONDUCT RESPECT+ \R FACULTIES 

& \R POSSESSIONS1 SO \R NEI<BOR HAS A DUTY RESPECT+ HIS ADMONITIONS 

& ADVICE4 ,HE IS GUILTY ( AN OMISSION 9 ?IS PO9T1 IF HE FAIL TO EMPLOY 

EV]Y MEANS 9 HIS P[] = ! AM5DM5T ( \R ]RORS1 & TO HAVE REC\RSE 

= ?AT PURPOSE1 AS HE MAY SEE OCCASION1 TO ! MO/ UNRES]V$ ANIMADV]SION 

UPON \R PROP5SITIES & CONDUCT4 ,IT IS ABSURD TO SUPPOSE ?AT C]TA9 PO9TS 

>E ESPECIALLY )9 MY PROV9CE1 & !RE=E HE MAY NOT AF=D ME1 9VIT$ 

OR UN9VIT$4 HIS ASSI/ANCE 9 >RIV+ AT A RI<T DECISION4 ,HE IS B\ND 

TO =M ! BE/ JUDGM5T HE IS ABLE RESPECT+ EV]Y CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT 

FALLS UND] HIS OBS]VATION2 :AT HE ?9KS1 HE IS B\ND TO DECL>E TO O!RS2 

&1 IF TO O!RS1 C]TA9LY NOT LESS TO ! P>TY IMM$IATELY CONC]N$4 

,! WOR/ CONSEQU5CES1 ?R\< EV]Y RANK & DEP>TM5T ( LIFE1 HAVE >IS5 

FROM M5'S SUPPOS+ !IR P]SONAL AFFAIRS 9 ANY CASE TO BE SO SACR$1 

?AT EV]Y ONE1 EXCEPT !MSELVES1 WAS B\ND TO BE BL9D & DUMB 9 RELATION 

TO !M4 

,! GR\ND ( ?IS ]ROR HAS BE5 A PROP5SITY1 TO :I* WE >E FREQU5TLY 

SUBJECT1 ( CONCLUD+ FROM ! EXCESS TO ! ?+ ITSELF4 ,UND\BT$LY \R 

NEI<BOR IS TO BE DIRECT$ 9 HIS ANIMADV]SIONS1 NOT BY A SPIRIT ( LEVITY 

& IMP]T95CE1 BUT BY A CALCULATION ( ! EV5TUAL UTILITY4 ,UND\BT$LY 

!RE IS ONE P]SON :O MU/1 9 ALMO/ ALL 9/ANCES1 BE ! REAL ACTOR1 

& O!R P]SONS MAY NOT1 BUT ) CAUTION & SOB] REFLECTION OCCUPY HIS 

TIME ) !IR SUGGE/IONS AS TO ! CONDUCT HE \<T TO PURSUE4 ,!RE IS 

SC>CELY ANY TYRANNY MORE GROSS ?AN ?AT ( ! MAN :O %\LD P]PETUALLY 

9TRUDE UPON US HIS CRUDE & HALF-WITT$ ADVICES1 OR :O1 NOT OBS]V+ 

:51 9 PO9T ( /R5G? & CLE>NESS1 HE HAD DONE ,JU/ICE TO HIS [N 

CONCEPTION1 %\LD IMAG9E IT TO BE HIS DUTY TO REPEAT & PRESS IT UPON 

US )\T 5D4 ,ADVICE P]HAPS REQUIRES ABOVE ALL ?+S ?AT IT %\LD BE 

AD M9I/]$ ) SIMPLICITY1 DIS9T]E/$NESS1 K9DNESS & MOD]ATION4 

-- ,TO RETURN4 

,IT HAS BE5 AFFIRM$ BY ! ZEAL\S ADVOCATES ( LIB]TY1 0?AT PR9CES 

& MAGI/RATES HAVE NO RI<TS20 & NO POSITION CAN BE MORE 9CONTROV]TIBLE4 

,!RE IS NO SITUATION ( !IR LIVES ?AT HAS NOT ITS CORRESPOND5T DUTIES4 

,!RE IS NO P[] 5TRU/$ TO !M1 ?AT !Y >E NOT B\ND TO EX]CISE 

EXCLUSIVELY = ! PUBLIC GOOD4 ,IT IS /RANGE ?AT P]SONS ADOPT+ ?IS 

PR9CIPLE1 DID NOT GO A /EP FUR!R1 & P]CEIVE ?AT ! SAME RE/RICTIONS 

W]E APPLICABLE TO SUBJECTS & CITIZ5S4 

,IT IS SC>CELY NECESS>Y TO ADD1 ?AT1 IF 9DIVIDUALS HAVE NO RI<TS1 

NEI!R HAS SOCIETY1 :I* POSSESSES NO?+ BUT :AT 9DIVIDUALS HAVE BR\<T 

9TO A COMMON /OCK4 ,! ABSURDITY ( ! COMMON OP9ION1 AS APPLI$ TO ?IS 

SUBJECT1 IS /ILL MORE GL>+1 IF POSSIBLE1 ?AN 9 ! VIEW 9 :I* WE 

HAVE ALREADY CONSID]$ IT4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! USUAL S5TIM5T1 EV]Y CLUB 

ASSEMBL+ = ANY CIVIL PURPOSE1 EV]Y CONGREGATION ( RELIGIONI/S ASSEMBL+ 

= ! WOR%IP ( ,GOD1 HAS A RI<T TO E/ABLI% ANY PROVISIONS OR C]EMONIES1 

NO MATT] H[ RIDICUL\S OR DETE/ABLE1 PROVID$ !Y DO NOT 9T]F]E ) 

! FRE$OM ( O!RS4 ,REASON LIES PRO/RATE AT !IR FEET2 !Y HAVE A RI<T 

TO TRAMPLE UPON & 9SULT H] AS !Y PLEASE4 ,IT IS 9 ! SAME SPIRIT WE 

HAVE BE5 TOLD1 ?AT EV]Y NATION HAS A RI<T TO *OOSE ITS =M ( GOV]NM5T4 

,AN ACUTE & ORIG9AL AU?OR WAS PROBABLY MISL$ BY ! VULG> PHRASEOLOGY 

ON ?IS SUBJECT1 :5 HE ASS]T$1 ?AT1 0AT A TIME :5 NEI!R ! 

PEOPLE ( ,FRANCE NOR ! NATIONAL ASSEMBLY W]E TR\BL+ !MSELVES AB\T 

! AFFAIRS ( ,5GL& OR ! ,5GLI% P>LIAM5T1 ,MR4 ,BURKE'S CONDUCT WAS 

UNP>DONABLE 9 COMM5C+ AN UNPROVOK$ ATTACK UPON !M407#a"97 

,IT IS1 NO D\BT1 ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( HUMAN IMP]FECTION ?AT M5 

& SOCIETIES ( M5 %\LD MODEL !IR CONDUCT BY ! BE/ JUDGM5T !Y 

>E ABLE TO =M1 :E!R ?AT JUDGM5T BE S\ND OR ]RONE\S4 ,BUT1 AS IT 

HAS BE5 BE=E %[N ?AT IT CANNOT BE !IR DUTY TO DO ANY?+ DETRIM5TAL 

TO ! G5]AL HAPP9ESS17#b"97 SO IT APPE>S ) EQUAL EVID5CE ?AT !Y 

CANNOT HAVE A RI<T TO DO SO4 ,!RE CANNOT BE A MORE ABSURD PROPOSITION1 

?AN ?AT :I* AFFIRMS ! RI<T ( DO+ WRONG4 ,A MI/AKE ( ?IS SORT1 

HAS BE5 ATT5D$ ) ! MO/ P]NICI\S CONSEQU5CES 9 PUBLIC & POLITICAL 

AFFAIRS4 ,IT CANNOT BE TOO /RONGLY 9CULCAT$1 ?AT SOCIETIES & COMMUNITIES 

( M5 >E 9 NO CASE EMP[]$ TO E/ABLI% ABSURDITY & 9JU/ICE2 ?AT 

! VOICE ( ! PEOPLE IS NOT1 AS HAS SOMETIMES BE5 RIDICUL\SLY ASS]T$1 

0! VOICE ( TRU? & ( ,GOD20 & ?AT UNIV]SAL CONS5T CANNOT 

CONV]T WRONG 9TO RI<T4 ,! MO/ 9SIGNIFICANT 9DIVIDUAL \<T TO HOLD 

HIMSELF FREE TO ANIMADV]T UPON ! DECISIONS ( ! MO/ AUGU/ ASSEMBLY2 

& O!R M5 >E B\ND 9 JU/ICE TO LI/5 TO HIM1 9 PROPORTION TO ! 

S\NDNESS ( HIS REASONS1 & ! /R5G? ( HIS REM>KS1 & NOT = ANY 

ACCESSORY ADVANTAGES HE MAY D]IVE FROM RANK OR EXT]IOR IMPORTANCE4 ,! 

MO/ CR[D$ =UM1 OR ! MO/ V5]ABLE S5ATE1 CANNOT MAKE ONE PROPOSITION 

TO BE A RULE ( JU/ICE1 ?AT WAS NOT SUB/ANTIALLY SO PREVI\SLY TO !IR 

DECISION4 ,!Y CAN ONLY 9T]PRET & ANN\NCE ?AT LAW1 :I* D]IVES ITS 

REAL VALIDITY FROM A HI<] & LESS MUTABLE AU?ORITY4 ,IF WE SUBMIT TO !IR 

DECISIONS 9 CASES :]E WE >E NOT CONV9C$ ( !IR RECTITUDE1 ?IS SUBMISSION 

IS AN AFFAIR ( PRUD5CE ONLY2 A REASONABLE MAN WILL LAM5T ! EM]G5CE1 

:ILE HE YIELDS TO ! NECESSITY4 ,IF A CONGREGATION ( M5 AGREE UNIV]SALLY 

TO CUT (F !IR RI<T H&1 TO %UT !IR E>S UPON FREE 9QUIRY1 OR TO 

AFFIRM TWO & TWO UPON A P>TICUL> OCCASION TO BE SIXTE51 9 ALL !SE 

CASES !Y >E WRONG1 & \<T UNEQUIVOCALLY TO BE C5SUR$ = USURP+ 

AN AU?ORITY ?AT DOES NOT BELONG TO !M4 ,!Y \<T TO BE TOLD1 0,G5TLEM51 

Y\ >E NOT1 AS 9 ! 9TOXICATION ( P[] Y\ HAVE BE5 L$ TO IMAG9E1 

OMNIPOT5T2 !RE IS AN AU?ORITY GREAT] ?AN Y\RS1 TO :I* Y\ >E B\ND 

ASSIDU\SLY TO CON=M Y\RSELVES40 ,NO MAN1 IF HE W]E ALONE 9 ! 

WORLD1 W\LD HAVE A RI<T TO MAKE HIMSELF IMPOT5T OR MIS]ABLE4 

,SO MU* = ! ACTIVE RI<TS ( MAN1 :I*1 IF !RE BE ANY COG5CY 9 

! PREC$+ >GUM5TS1 >E ALL ( !M SUP]S$$ & R5D]$ NULL BY 

! SUP]IOR CLAIMS ( JU/ICE4 ,HIS PASSIVE RI<TS1 :5 FRE$ FROM ! AMBIGUITY 

?AT HAS >IS5 FROM ! IMPROP] MIXTURE & CONF\ND+ ( !SE TWO HEADS1 

WILL PROBABLY BE F\ND LIABLE TO LITTLE CONTROV]SY4 

,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 HE IS SAID TO HAVE A RI<T TO LIFE & P]SONAL LIB]TY4 

,?IS PROPOSITION1 IF ADMITT$1 MU/ BE ADMITT$ ) GREAT LIMITATION4 ,HE 

HAS NO RI<T TO HIS LIFE1 :5 HIS DUTY CALLS HIM TO RESIGN IT4 ,O!R M5 

>E B\ND 7IT W\LD BE IMPROP] 9 /RICTNESS ( SPEE*1 UPON ! GR\ND 

( ! PREC$+ EXPLANATIONS1 TO SAY !Y HAVE A RI<T7 TO DEPRIVE HIM ( 

LIFE OR LIB]TY1 IF ?AT %\LD APPE> 9 ANY CASE TO BE 9DISP5SABLY NECESS>Y 

TO PREV5T A GREAT] EVIL4 ,! PASSIVE RI<TS ( MAN WILL BE BE/ UND]/OOD 

FROM ! FOLL[+ ELUCIDATION4 

,EV]Y MAN HAS A C]TA9 SPH]E ( DISCRETION1 :I* HE HAS A RI<T TO 

EXPECT %ALL NOT BE 9FR+$ BY HIS NEI<BORS4 ,?IS RI<T FL[S FROM ! 

V]Y NATURE ( MAN4 ,FIR/1 ALL M5 >E FALLIBLE3 NO MAN CAN BE JU/IFI$ 

9 SETT+ UP HIS JUDGM5T AS A /&>D = O!RS4 ,WE HAVE NO 9FALLIBLE 

JUDGE ( CONTROV]SIES2 EA* MAN 9 HIS [N APPREH5SION IS RI<T 9 HIS 

DECISIONS2 & WE CAN F9D NO SATISFACTORY MODE ( ADJU/+ !IR J>R+ 

PRET5SIONS4 ,IF EV]YONE BE DESIR\S ( IMPOS+ HIS S5SE UPON O!RS1 IT 

WILL AT LA/ COME TO BE A CONTROV]SY1 NOT ( REASON1 BUT ( =CE4 ,SECONDLY1 

EV5 IF WE HAD AN 9 FALLIBLE CRIT]ION1 NO?+ W\LD BE GA9$1 UNLESS 

IT W]E BY ALL M5 RECOGNIZ$ AS SU*4 ,IF ,I W]E SECUR$ AGA9/ ! POSSIBILITY 

( MI/AKE1 MIS*IEF & NOT GOOD W\LD ACCRUE1 FROM IMPOS+ MY 9FALLIBLE 

TRU?S UPON MY NEI<BOR1 & REQUIR+ HIS SUBMISSION 9DEP5D5TLY ( ANY 

CONVICTION ,I C\LD PRODUCE 9 HIS UND]/&+4 ,MAN IS A BE+ :O CAN NEV] 

BE AN OBJECT ( JU/ APPROBATION1 ANY FUR!R ?AN HE IS 9DEP5D5T4 ,HE 

MU/ CONSULT HIS [N REASON1 DRAW HIS [N CONCLUSIONS & CONSCI5TI\SLY 

CON=M HIMSELF TO HIS IDEAS ( PROPRIETY4 ,)\T ?IS1 HE WILL BE NEI!R 

ACTIVE1 NOR CONSID]ATE1 NOR RESOLUTE1 NOR G5]\S4 

,= !SE TWO REASONS IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT EV]Y MAN %\LD /& BY HIMSELF1 

& RE/ UPON HIS [N UND]/&+4 ,= ?AT PURPOSE EA* MU/ HAVE HIS 

SPH]E ( DISCRETION4 ,NO MAN MU/ 5CROA* UPON MY PROV9CE1 NOR ,I UPON HIS4 

,HE MAY ADVISE ME1 MOD]ATELY & ) \T P]T9ACI\SNESS1 BUT HE MU/ NOT 

EXPECT TO DICTATE TO ME4 ,HE MAY C5SURE ME FREELY & )\T RES]VE2 BUT 

HE %\LD REMEMB] ?AT ,I AM TO ACT BY MY DELIB]ATION & NOT HIS4 ,HE MAY 

EX]CISE A REPUBLICAN BOLDNESS 9 JUDG+1 BUT HE MU/ NOT BE P]EMPTORY 

& IMP]I\S 9 PRESCRIB+4 ,=CE MAY NEV] BE RESORT$ TO BUT1 9 ! 

MO/ EXTRAORD9>Y & IMP]I\S EM]G5CY4 ,I \<T TO EX]CISE MY TAL5TS 

= ! B5EFIT ( O!RS2 BUT ?AT EX]CISE MU/ BE ! FRUIT ( MY [N 

CONVICTION2 NO MAN MU/ ATTEMPT TO PRESS ME 9TO ! S]VICE4 ,I \<T TO 

APPROPRIATE SU* P>T ( ! FRUITS ( ! E>? AS BY AN ACCID5T COMES 

9TO MY POSSESSION1 & IS NOT NECESS>Y TO MY B5EFIT1 TO ! USE ( O!RS2 

BUT !Y MU/ OBTA9 IT FROM ME BY >GUM5T & EXPO/ULATION1 NOT BY VIOL5CE4 

,IT IS 9 ?IS PR9CIPLE ?AT :AT IS COMMONLY CALL$ ! RI<T ( PROP]TY 

IS F\ND$4 ,:ATEV] !N COMES 9TO MY POSSESSION1 )\T VIOL5CE TO ANY 

O!R MAN1 OR TO ! 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIETY1 IS MY PROP]TY4 ,?IS PROP]TY1 

IT APPE>S BY ! PR9CIPLES ALREADY LAID D[N1 ,I HAVE NO RI<T TO DISPOSE 

( AT MY CAPRICE2 EV]Y %ILL+ ( IT IS APPROPRIAT$ BY ! LAWS ( MORALITY2 

BUT NO MAN CAN BE JU/IFI$1 9 ORD9>Y CASES AT LEA/1 9 =CIBLY EXTORT+ 

IT FROM ME4 ,:5 ! LAWS ( MORALITY %ALL BE CLE>LY UND]/OOD1 !IR 

EXCELL5CE UNIV]SALLY APPREH5D$1 & !MSELVES SE5 TO BE CO9CID5T 

) EA* MAN'S PRIVATE ADVANTAGE1 ! IDEA ( PROP]TY 9 ?IS S5SE WILL 

REMA91 BUT NO MAN WILL HAVE ! LEA/ DESIRE1 = PURPOSES ( O/5TATION 

OR LUXURY1 TO POSSESS MORE ?AN HIS NEI<BORS4 

,A SECOND BRAN* ( ! PASSIVE RI<TS ( MAN CONSI/S 9 ! RI<T EA* 

MAN POSSESSES TO ! ASSI/ANCE ( HIS NEI<BOR4 ,?IS WILL BE FULLY ELUCIDAT$ 

H]EAFT]4 

,N,O,T,E,S3 

#a4 ,RI<TS ( ,MAN1 P4 #a4 

#b4 ,*APT] ,I,V4 

#c4 ,VOLUME ,I,I1 ,BOOK ,V,I,I,I4 

,*,A,P,T,] ,V,I 

,( ,! ,R,I,<,T ,( ,P,R,I,V,A,T,E ,J,U,D,G,M,5,T 

,IT HAS APPE>$1 ?AT ! MO/ ESS5TIAL ( ?OSE RI<TS :I* CON/ITUTE 

! PECULI> SPH]E APPROPRIATE TO EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 & ! RI<T UPON :I* 

EV]Y O!R DEP5DS AS ITS BASIS1 IS ! RI<T ( PRIVATE JUDGM5T4 ,IT WILL 

!RE=E BE ( USE TO SAY SOME?+ DI/9CTLY ON ?IS HEAD4 

,TO A RATIONAL BE+ !RE CAN BE BUT ONE RULE ( CONDUCT1 JU/ICE2 & 

ONE MODE ( ASC]TA9+ ?AT RULE1 ! EX]CISE ( HIS UND]/&+4 

,IF 9 ANY 9/ANCE ,I AM MADE ! ME*ANICAL 9/RUM5T ( ABSOLUTE VIOL5CE1 

9 ?AT 9/ANCE ,I FALL UND] A PURE /ATE ( EXT]NAL SLAV]Y4 ,IF ON ! 

O!R H&1 NOT BE+ UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ABSOLUTE COMPULSION1 ,I AM :OLLY 

PROMPT$ BY SOME?+ ?AT IS FREQU5TLY CALL$ BY ?AT NAME1 & ACT FROM 

! HOPE ( REW>D OR ! FE> ( PUNI%M5T1 ! SUBJECTION ,I SUFF] IS 

D\BTLESS LESS AGGRAVAT$1 BUT ! EFFECT UPON MY MORAL HABITS MAY BE 9 

A /ILL HI<] DEGREE 9JURI\S4 

,9 ! MEANTIME1 ) RESPECT TO ! CONDUCT ,I %\LD OBS]VE UPON SU* 

OCCASIONS1 A DI/9CTION IS TO BE MADE4 ,JU/ICE1 AS IT WAS DEF9$ 9 A PREC$+ 

*APT]1 IS CO9CID5T ) UTILITY4 ,I AM MYSELF A P>T ( ! GREAT :OLE1 

& MY HAPP9ESS IS A P>T ( ?AT COMPLEX VIEW ( ?+S BY :I* JU/ICE 

IS REGULAT$4 ,! HOPE ( REW>D !RE=E1 & ! FE> ( PUNI%M5T1 H[EV] 

WRONG 9 !MSELVES1 & 9IMICAL TO ! IMPROVEM5T ( ! M9D1 >E MOTIVES 

:I*1 SO LONG AS !Y >E RESORT$ TO 9 SOCIETY1 MU/ & \<T TO HAVE 

SOME 9FLU5CE ) MY M9D4 

,!RE >E TWO DESCRIPTIONS ( T5D5CY ?AT MAY BELONG TO ANY ACTION1 

! T5D5CY :I* IT POSSESSES BY ! NECESS>Y & UNALT]ABLE LAWS ( 

EXI/5CE1 & ! T5D5CY :I* RESULTS FROM ! >BITR>Y 9T]F]5CE 

( SOME 9TELLIG5T BE+4 ,! NATURE ( HAPP9ESS & MIS]Y1 PLEASURE & 

PA91 IS 9DEP5D5T ( POSITIVE 9/ITUTION4 ,IT IS IMMUTABLY TRUE1 ?AT 

:ATEV] T5DS TO PROCURE A BALANCE ( ! =M] IS TO BE DESIR$1 & :ATEV] 

T5DS TO PROCURE A BALANCE ( ! LATT] IS TO BE REJECT$4 ,9 LIKE MANN] 

!RE >E C]TA9 FEATURES & PR9CIPLES 9SEP>ABLE FROM SU* A BE+ AS 

MAN2 !RE >E CAUSES :I*1 9 !IR OP]ATION UPON HIM1 >E 9 !IR [N 

NATURE G5]ATIVE ( PLEASURE1 & SOME ( A PLEASURE MORE EXCELL5T ?AN 

O!RS4 ,EV]Y ACTION HAS A RESULT :I* MAY BE SAID TO BE PECULI>LY ITS 

[N1 & :I* WILL ALWAYS FOLL[ UPON IT1 UNLESS SO F> AS IT MAY HAPP5 

TO BE SUP]S$$ BY ! OP]ATION ( O!R & EXTR9SICAL CAUSES4 

,! T5D5CY ( POSITIVE 9/ITUTION IS ( TWO SORTS1 TO FURNI% AN ADDITIONAL 

MOTIVE TO ! PRACTICE ( VIRTUE OR RI<T2 & TO 9=M ! UND]/&+1 

AS TO :AT ACTIONS >E RI<T & :AT ACTIONS >E WRONG4 ,MU* CANNOT BE SAID 

9 COMM5DATION ( EI!R ( !SE T5D5CIES4 

,FIR/1 POSITIVE 9/ITUTION MAY FURNI% AN ADDITIONAL MOTIVE TO ! PRACTICE 

( VIRTUE4 ,I HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY ( ESS5TIALLY CONTRIBUT+ TO ! ADVANTAGE 

( TW5TY 9DIVIDUALS2 !Y WILL BE B5EFIT$1 & NO O!R P]SONS WILL 

SU/A9 A MAT]IAL 9JURY4 ,I \<T TO EMBRACE ?IS OPPORTUNITY4 ,H]E LET 

US SUPPOSE POSITIVE 9/ITUTION TO 9T]F]E1 & TO ANNEX SOME GREAT P]SONAL 

REW>D TO ! DIS*>GE ( MY DUTY4 ,?IS IMM$IATELY *ANGES ! NATURE ( 

! ACTION4 ,BE=E1 ,I PREF]R$ IT = ITS 9TR9SIC EXCELL5CE4 ,N[1 SO 

F> AS ! POSITIVE 9/ITUTION OP]ATES1 ,I PREF] IT BECAUSE SOME P]SON 

HAS >BITR>ILY ANNEX$ TO IT A GREAT WEI<T ( SELF-9T]E/4 ,BUT VIRTUE1 

CONSID]$ AS ! QUALITY ( AN 9TELLIG5T BE+1 DEP5DS UPON ! DISPOSITION 

) :I* ! ACTION IS ACCOMPANI$4 ,UND] A POSITIVE 9/ITUTION !N1 

?IS V]Y ACTION1 :I* IS 9TR9SICALLY VIRTU\S1 MAY1 SO F> AS RELATES 

TO ! AG5T1 BECOME VICI\S4 ,! VICI\S MAN W\LD BE=E HAVE NEGLECT$ 

! ADVANTAGE ( !SE TW5TY 9DIVIDUALS1 BECAUSE HE W\LD NOT BR+ A C]TA9 

9CONV5I5CE OR TR\BLE UPON HIMSELF4 ,! SAME MAN1 ) ! SAME DISPOSITION1 

WILL N[ PROMOTE !IR ADVANTAGE1 BECAUSE HIS [N WELF>E IS CONC]N$ 9 

IT4 ,TW5TY1 O!R ?+S EQUAL1 IS TW5TY TIMES BETT] ?AN ONE4 ,HE ?AT 

IS NOT GOV]N$ BY ! MORAL >I?METIC ( ! CASE1 OR :O ACTS FROM A DISPOSITION 

DIRECTLY AT W> ) ?AT >I?METIC1 IS UNJU/47#a"97 ,9 O!R WORDS1 MORAL 

IMPROVEM5T WILL BE =W>D$1 9 PROPORTION AS WE >E EXPOS$ TO NO O!R 

9FLU5CE1 ?AN ?AT ( ! T5D5CY :I* BELONGS TO AN ACTION BY ! NECESS>Y 

& UNALT]ABLE LAWS ( EXI/5CE4 ,?IS IS PROBABLY ! MEAN+ ( ! O!RWISE 

VAGUE & OBSCURE PR9CIPLE1 0?AT WE %\LD DO GOOD1 REG>DLESS ( 

! CONSEQU5CES01 & BY ?AT O!R1 0?AT WE MAY NOT DO EVIL1 

FROM ! PROSPECT ( GOOD TO RESULT FROM IT04 ,! CASE W\LD HAVE BE5 

T5D]$ /ILL MORE GL>+1 IF1 9/EAD ( ! WELF>E ( TW5TY1 WE HAD 

SUPPOS$ ! WELF>E ( MILLIONS TO HAVE BE5 CONC]N$4 ,9 REALITY1 :E!R 

! DISP>ITY BE GREAT OR SMALL1 ! 9F]5CE MU/ BE ! SAME4 

,SECONDLY1 POSITIVE 9/ITUTION MAY 9=M ! UND]/&+1 AS TO :AT 

ACTIONS >E RI<T1 & :AT ACTIONS >E WRONG4 ,H]E IT MAY BE ( ADVANTAGE 

TO US TO REFLECT UPON ! T]MS UND]/&+ & 9=MATION4 ,UND]/&+1 

P>TICUL>LY AS IT IS CONC]N$ ) MORAL SUBJECTS1 IS ! P]CIPI5T ( 

TRU?4 ,?IS IS ITS PROP] SPH]E4 ,9=MATION1 SO F> AS IT IS G5U9E1 IS 

A PORTION DETA*$ FROM ! GREAT BODY ( TRU?4 ,Y\ 9=M ME 0?AT 

,EUCLID ASS]TS ! ?REE ANGLES ( A PLANE TRIANGLE TO BE EQUAL TO TWO RI<T 

ANGLES04 ,/ILL ,I AM UNACQUA9T$ ) ! TRU? ( ?IS PROPOSITION4 

0,BUT ,EUCLID HAS1 DEMON/RAT$ IT4 ,HIS DEMON/RATION HAS EXI/$ = 

TWO ?\S& YE>S1 &1 DUR+ ?AT T]M1 HAS PROV$ SATISFACTORY TO EV]Y 

MAN BY :OM IT HAS BE5 UND]/OOD40 ,I AM NEV]!LESS UN9=M$4 ,! 

KN[L$GE ( TRU? LIES 9 ! P]CEIV$ AGREEM5T OR DISAGREEM5T ( ! 

T]MS ( A PROPOSITION4 ,SO LONG AS ,I AM UNACQUA9T$ ) ! MIDDLE T]M 

BY MEANS ( :I* !Y MAY BE COMP>$1 SO LONG AS !Y >E 9COMM5SURATE 

TO MY UND]/&+1 Y\ MAY HAVE FURNI%$ ME ) A PR9CIPLE FROM :I* 

,I MAY REASON TRULY TO FUR!R CONSEQU5CES2 BUT1 AS TO ! PR9CIPLE ITSELF1 

,I MAY /RICTLY BE SAID TO KN[ NO?+4 

,EV]Y PROPOSITION HAS AN 9TR9SIC EVID5CE ( ITS [N4 ,EV]Y CONSEQU5CE 

HAS PREMISES FROM :I* IT FL[S2 & UPON !M1 & NOT UPON ANY?+ ELSE1 

ITS VALIDITY DEP5DS4 ,IF Y\ C\LD WORK A MIRACLE TO PROVE 0?AT ! 

?REE ANGLES ( A TRIANGLE W]E EQUAL TO TWO RI<T ANGLES01 ,I %\LD 

/ILL KN[ ?AT ! PROPOSITION HAD BE5 EI!R TRUE OR FALSE PREVI\SLY 

TO ! EXHIBITION ( ! MIRACLE2 & ?AT !RE WAS NO NECESS>Y CONNECTION 

BETWE5 ANY ONE ( ITS T]MS & ! MIRACLE EXHIBIT$4 ,! MIRACLE W\LD 

TAKE (F MY ATT5TION FROM ! TRUE QUE/ION TO A QUE/ION ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T1 

?AT ( AU?ORITY4 ,BY ! AU?ORITY ADDUC$ ,I MI<T BE PREVAIL$ ON TO YIELD 

AN IRREGUL> ASS5T TO ! PROPOSITION2 BUT ,I C\LD NOT PROP]LY BE SAID 

TO P]CEIVE ITS TRU?4 

,BUT ?IS IS NOT ALL4 ,IF IT W]E1 IT MI<T P]HAPS BE REG>D$ AS A REF9EM5T 

=EIGN TO ! CONC]NS ( HUMAN LIFE4 ,POSITIVE 9/ITUTIONS DO NOT CONT5T 

!MSELVES ) REQUIR+ MY ASS5T TO C]TA9 PROPOSITIONS1 9 CONSID]ATION 

( ! TE/IMONY BY :I* !Y >E 5=C$4 ,?IS W\LD AM\NT TO NO MORE 

?AN ADVICE FL[+ FROM A RESPECTABLE QU>T]1 :I*1 AFT] ALL1 ,I MI<T 

REJECT IF IT DID NOT ACCORD ) ! MATURE JUDGM5T ( MY [N UND]/&+4 

,BUT 9 ! V]Y NATURE ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS !RE IS 9CLUD$ A SANCTION1 

A MOTIVE EI!R ( PUNI%M5T OR REW>D1 TO 9DUCE ME TO OB$I5CE4 

,IT IS COMMONLY SAID 0?AT POSITIVE 9/ITUTIONS \<T TO LEAVE ME 

FREE 9 MATT]S ( CONSCI5CE1 BUT MAY PROP]LY 9T]F]E ) MY CONDUCT 

9 CIVIL CONC]NS40 ,BUT ?IS DI/9CTION SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 V]Y LI<TLY 

TAK5 UP4 ,:AT SORT ( MORALI/ MU/ HE BE1 :OSE CONSCI5CE IS SIL5T AS 

TO :AT PASSES 9 HIS 9T]C\RSE ) O!R M58 ,SU* A DI/9CTION PROCE$S 

UPON ! SUPPOSITION 0?AT IT IS ( GREAT CONSEQU5CE :E!R ,I B[ 

TO ! EA/ OR ! WE/2 :E!R ,I CALL ! OBJECT ( MY WOR%IP ,JEHOVAH 

OR ,ALLAH2 :E!R ,I PAY A PRIE/ 9 A SURPLICE OR A BLACK COAT4 ,!SE >E 

PO9TS 9 :I* AN HONE/ MAN \<T TO BE RIGID & 9FLEXIBLE4 ,BUT AS TO 

?OSE O!R1 :E!R HE %ALL BE A TYRANT1 A SLAVE OR A FREE CITIZ52 :E!R 

HE %ALL B9D HIMSELF ) MULTIPLI$ OA?S IMPOSSIBLE TO BE P]=M$1 OR 

BE A RIGID OBS]V] ( TRU?2 :E!R HE %ALL SWE> ALLEGIANCE TO A K+ 

DE JURE1 OR A K+ DE FACTO1 TO ! BE/ OR ! WOR/ ( ALL POSSIBLE GOV]NM5TS3 

RESPECT+ !SE PO9TS HE MAY SAFELY COMMIT HIS CONSCI5CE TO ! KEEP+ 

( ! CIVIL MAGI/RATE40 ,9 REALITY1 BY AS MANY 9/ANCES AS ,I ACT 

CONTR>Y TO ! UNBIAS$ DICTATE ( MY [N JUDGM5T1 BY SO MU* ,I ABDICATE 

! MO/ VALUABLE P>T ( ! *>ACT] ( MAN4 

,I AM SATISFI$ AT PRES5T ?AT A C]TA9 CONDUCT1 SUPPOSE IT BE A RIGID 

ATT5TION TO ! CONFID5CE ( PRIVATE CONV]SATION1 IS 9CUMB5T ON ME4 

,Y\ TELL ME 0!RE >E C]TA9 CASES ( SU* PECULI> EM]G5CY AS TO 

SUP]S$E ?IS RULE40 ,P]HAPS ,I ?9K !RE >E NOT4 ,IF ,I ADMIT Y\R 

PROPOSITION1 A WIDE FIELD ( 9QUIRY IS OP5$ RESPECT+ :AT CASES DO OR 

DO NOT DES]VE TO BE CONSID]$ AS EXCEPTIONS4 ,IT IS LITTLE LIKELY ?AT WE 

%\LD AGREE RESPECT+ ALL !SE CASES4 ,H[ !N DOES ! LAW TREAT ME = 

MY CONSCI5TI\S DIS*>GE ( :AT ,I CONCEIVE TO BE MY DUTY8 ,BECAUSE ,I WILL 

NOT TURN 9=M] 7:I*1 IT MAY BE1 ,I ?9K AN 9FAM\S *>ACT]7 AGA9/ 

MY MO/ VALU$ FRI5D1 ! LAW ACCUSES ME ( MISPRISION ( TREASON1 FELONY 

OR MURD]1 & P]HAPS HANGS ME4 ,I BELIEVE A C]TA9 9DIVIDUAL TO BE A CONFIRM$ 

VILLA9 & A MO/ DANG]\S MEMB] ( SOCIETY1 & FEEL IT TO BE MY DUTY 

TO W>N O!RS1 P]HAPS ! PUBLIC1 AGA9/ ! EFFECT ( HIS VISES4 ,BECAUSE 

,I PUBLI% :AT ,I KN[ TO BE TRUE1 ! LAW CONVICTS ME ( LIBEL1 SC&ALUM 

MAGNATUM1 & CRIMES ( ,I KN[ NOT :AT COMPLICAT$ D5OM9ATION4 

,IF ! EVIL /OPP$ H]E1 IT W\LD BE WELL4 ,IF ,I ONLY SUFF]$ A C]TA9 

CALAMITY1 SUPPOSE DEA?1 ,I C\LD 5DURE IT4 ,DEA? HAS HI!RTO BE5 ! COMMON 

LOT ( M51 & ,I EXPECT1 AT SOME TIME OR O!R1 TO SUBMIT TO IT4 ,HUMAN SOCIETY 

MU/1 SOON] OR LAT]1 BE DEPRIV$ ( ITS 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S1 :E!R !Y 

BE VALUABLE1 OR :E!R !Y BE 9CONSID]ABLE4 ,BUT ! PUNI%M5T ACTS1 

NOT ONLY RETROSPECTIVELY UPON ME1 BUT PROSPECTIVELY UPON MY CONTEMPOR>IES 

& C\NTRYM54 ,MY NEI<BOR 5T]TA9S ! SAME OP9ION RESPECT+ ! CONDUCT 

HE \<T TO HOLD1 AS ,I DID4 ,! EXECUTION] ( PUBLIC JU/ICE H[EV] 9T]POSES 

) A P[]FUL >GUM5T1 TO CONV9CE HIM ?AT HE HAS MI/AK5 ! PA? ( 

AB/RACT RECTITUDE4 

,:AT SORT ( CONV]TS WILL BE PRODUC$ BY ?IS UNFEEL+ LOGIC8 0',I 

HAVE DEEPLY REFLECT$10 SUPPOSE1 0UPON ! NATURE ( VIRTUE1 & 

AM CONV9C$ ?AT A C]TA9 PROCE$+ IS 9CUMB5T ON ME4 ,BUT ! HANGMAN1 

SUPPORT$ BY AN ACT ( P>LIAM5T1 ASSURES ME ,I AM MI/AK540 ,IF ,I YIELD 

MY OP9ION TO HIS DICTUM1 MY ACTION BECOMES MODIFI$1 & MY *>ACT] ALSO4 

,AN 9FLU5CE LIKE ?IS IS 9CONSI/5T ) ALL G5]\S MAGNANIMITY ( SPIRIT1 

ALL >D5T IMP>TIALITY 9 ! DISCOV]Y ( TRU?1 & ALL 9FLEXIBLE P]SEV]ANCE 

9 ITS ASS]TION4 ,C\NTRIES1 EXPOS$ TO ! P]PETUAL 9T]F]5CE ( DECREES1 

9/EAD ( >GUM5TS1 EXHIBIT )9 !IR B\ND>IES ! M]E PHANTOMS ( 

M54 ,WE CAN NEV] JUDGE FROM AN OBS]VATION ( !IR 9HABITANTS :AT M5 

W\LD BE IF !Y KNEW ( NO APPEAL FROM ! TRIBUNAL ( CONSCI5CE1 & IF1 

:ATEV] !Y ?\<T1 !Y D>$ TO SPEAK1 & D>$ TO ACT4 

,AT PRES5T !RE WILL P]HAPS OCCUR TO ! MAJORITY ( READ]S1 BUT FEW 

9/ANCES ( LAWS :I* MAY BE SUPPOS$ TO 9T]F]E ) ! CONSCI5TI\S 

DIS*>GE ( DUTY4 ,A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] WILL OCCUR 9 ! C\RSE ( ! 

PRES5T 9QUIRY4 ,MORE W\LD READILY (F] !MSELVES TO A PATI5T RESE>*4 

,M5 >E SO SUCCESSFULLY R$UC$ TO A COMMON /&>D BY ! OP]ATION ( 

POSITIVE LAW1 ?AT1 9 MO/ C\NTRIES1 !Y >E CAPABLE ( LITTLE MORE ?AN1 

LIKE P>ROTS1 REPEAT+ :AT O!RS HAVE SAID4 ,?IS UNI=MITY IS CAPABLE 

( BE+ PRODUC$ 9 TWO WAYS1 BY 5]GY ( M9D & 9DEFATIGABL5ESS ( 

9QUIRY1 5ABL+ A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] TO P5ETRATE ) EQUAL SUCCESS 9TO 

! RECESSES ( TRU?2 & BY PUSILLANIMITY ( TEMP]1 & A FRIGID 9DIFF]5CE 

TO RI<T & WRONG1 PRODUC$ BY ! P5ALTIES :I* >E SUSP5D$ OV] SU* 

AS %ALL DIS9T]E/$LY 9QUIRE1 & COMMUNICATE & ACT UPON ! RESULT 

( !IR 9QUIRIES4 ,IT IS EASY TO P]CEIVE :I* ( !SE IS ! CAUSE ( 

! UNI=MITY ?AT PREVAILS 9 ! PRES5T 9/ANCE4 

,ONE ?+ MORE 9 5=CEM5T ( ?IS IMPORTANT CONSID]ATION4 0,I 

HAVE DONE SOME?+10 SUPPOSE1 0:I*1 ?\< WRONG 9 ITSELF1 

,I BELIEVE TO BE RI<T2 OR ,I HAVE DONE SOME?+ :I* ,I USUALLY ADMIT TO 

BE WRONG2 BUT MY CONVICTION UPON ! SUBJECT IS NOT SO CLE> & =CIBLE 

AS TO PREV5T MY YIELD+ TO A P[]FUL TEMPTATION40 ,!RE CAN BE NO 

D\BT ?AT ! PROP] WAY ( CONVEY+ TO MY UND]/&+ A TRU? ( :I* 

,I AM IGNORANT1 OR ( IMPRESS+ UPON ME A FIRM] P]SUASION ( A TRU? ) 

:I* ,I AM ACQUA9T$1 IS BY AN APPEAL TO MY REASON4 ,EV5 AN ANGRY EXPO/ULATION 

) ME UPON MY CONDUCT WILL BUT EXCITE SIMIL> PASSIONS 9 ME1 & CL\D1 

9/EAD ( ILLUM9ATE1 MY UND]/&+4 ,!RE IS C]TA9LY A WAY ( EXPRESS+ 

TRU? ) SU* B5EVOL5CE AS TO COMM& ATT5TION1 & SU* EVID5CE AS 

TO 5=CE CONVICTION 9 ALL CASES :ATEV]4 

,PUNI%M5T 9EVITABLY EXCITES 9 ! SUFF]]1 & \<T TO EXCITE1 A 

S5SE ( 9JU/ICE4 ,LET ITS PURPOSE BE1 TO CONV9CE ME ( ! TRU? ( A 

POSITION :I* ,I AT PRES5T BELIEVE TO BE FALSE4 ,IT IS NOT1 AB/RACT$LY 

CONSID]$1 ( ! NATURE ( AN >GUM5T1 & !RE=E IT CANNOT BEG9 ) 

PRODUC+ CONVICTION4 ,PUNI%M5T IS A COMP>ATIVELY SPECI\S NAME2 BUT IS 

9 REALITY NO?+ MORE ?AN =CE PUT UPON ONE BE+ BY ANO!R :O HAPP5S 

TO BE /RONG]4 ,BUT /R5G? APP>5TLY DOES NOT CON/ITUTE JU/ICE4 ,! 

CASE ( PUNI%M5T1 9 ! VIEW 9 :I* WE N[ CONSID] IT1 IS ! CASE 

( Y\ & ME DIFF]+ 9 OP9ION1 & Y\R TELL+ ME ?AT Y\ MU/ BE 

RI<T1 S9CE Y\ HAVE A MORE BRAWNY >M1 OR HAVE APPLI$ Y\R M9D MORE TO 

! ACQUIR+ SKILL 9 Y\R WEAPONS ?AN ,I HAVE4 

,BUT LET US SUPPOSE 0?AT ,I AM CONV9C$ ( MY ]ROR1 BUT ?AT MY 

CONVICTION IS SUP]FICIAL & FLUCTUAT+1 & ! OBJECT Y\ PROPOSE IS 

TO R5D] IT DURABLE & PR(\ND40 ,\<T IT TO BE ?US DURABLE & 

PR(\ND8 ,!RE >E NO D\BT >GUM5TS & REASONS CALCULAT$ TO R5D] IT 

SO4 ,IS ! SUBJECT 9 REALITY PROBLEMATICAL1 & DO Y\ WI% BY ! WEI<T 

( Y\R BL[S TO MAKE UP = ! DEFICI5CY ( Y\R LOGIC8 ,?IS CAN NEV] 

BE DEF5D$4 ,AN APPEAL TO =CE MU/ APPE> TO BO? P>TIES1 9 PROPORTION 

TO ! S\NDNESS ( !IR UND]/&+1 TO BE A CONFESSION ( IMBECILITY4 

,HE ?AT HAS REC\RSE TO IT W\LD HAVE NO OCCASION = ?IS EXP$I5T IF HE 

W]E SUFFICI5TLY ACQUA9T$ ) ! P[]S ( ?AT TRU? IT IS HIS (FICE 

TO COMMUNICATE4 ,IF !RE BE ANY MAN :O1 9 SUFF]+ PUNI%M5T1 IS NOT 

CONSCI\S ( 9JURY1 HE MU/ HAVE HAD HIS M9D PREVI\SLY DEBAS$ BY SLAV]Y1 

& HIS S5SE ( MORAL RI<T & WRONG BLUNT$ BY A S]IES ( OPPRESSIONS4 

,IF !RE BE ANY TRU? MORE UNQUE/IONABLE ?AN ! RE/1 IT IS ?AT EV]Y 

MAN IS B\ND TO ! EX]TION ( HIS FACULTIES 9 ! DISCOV]Y ( RI<T1 

& TO ! C>RY+ 9TO EFFECT ALL ! RI<T ) :I* HE IS ACQUA9T$4 

,IT MAY BE GRANT$ ?AT AN 9FALLIBLE /&>D1 IF IT C\LD BE DISCOV]$1 

W\LD BE CONSID]ABLY B5EFICIAL4 ,BUT ?IS 9FALLIBLE /&>D ITSELF W\LD 

BE ( LITTLE USE 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS1 UNLESS IT HAD ! PROP]TY ( REASON+ 

AS WELL AS DECID+1 ( 5LI<T5+ ! M9D AS WELL AS CON/RA9+ ! 

BODY4 ,IF A MAN BE 9 SOME CASES OBLIG$ TO PREF] HIS [N JUDGM5T1 HE IS 

9 ALL CASES OBLIG$ TO CONSULT ?AT JUDGM5T1 BE=E HE CAN DET]M9E :E!R 

! MATT] 9 QUE/ION BE ( ! SORT PROVID$ = OR NO4 ,SO ?AT FROM ?IS 

REASON+ IT ULTIMATELY APPE>S ?AT ! CONVICTION ( A MAN'S 9DIVIDUAL 

UND]/&+ IS ! ONLY LEGITIMATE PR9CIPLE IMPOS+ ON HIM ! DUTY ( 

ADOPT+ ANY SPECIES ( CONDUCT4 

,SU* >E ! G5U9E PR9CIPLES ( HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,SU* W\LD BE ! UNCON/RA9$ 

CONDITION ( ITS MEMB]S 9 A /ATE :]E EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL )9 ! SOCIETY 

& EV]Y NEI<BOR )\T WAS CAPABLE ( LI/5+ ) SOBRIETY TO ! 

DICTATES ( REASON4 ,WE %ALL NOT FAIL TO BE IMPRESS$ ) CONSID]ABLE REGRET 

IF1 :5 WE DESC5D TO ! PRES5T MIX$ *>ACT]S ( MANK9D1 WE F9D \RSELVES 

OBLIG$ 9 ANY DEGREE TO DEP>T FROM SO SIMPLE & GR& A PR9CIPLE4 ,! 

UNIV]SAL EX]CISE ( PRIVATE JUDGM5T IS A DOCTR9E SO UNSPEAKABLY BEAUTIFUL 

?AT ! TRUE POLITICIAN WILL C]TA9LY FEEL 9F9ITE RELUCTANCE 9 ADMITT+ 

! IDEA ( 9T]F]+ ) IT4 ,A PR9CIPAL OBJECT 9 ! SUBSEQU5T /AGES 

( 9QUIRY WILL BE TO DISCUSS ! EM]G5CY ( ! CASES ?AT MAY BE ?\<T 

TO DEM& ?IS 9T]F]5CE4 

,N,O,T,E,S3 

#a4 ,BOOK ,I,V1 ,*APT] ,X4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#g1 #bag 3 ,BOOK #b -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#a1 #bbb 3 ,BOOK #b -- ,UPDAT$4 

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