,ALONE ,TOGE!R 
,! ,CITY & ITS ,9MATES 

#bh 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN 

,TEXT 3 

,! PROPORTION ( HUMANITY LIV+ 9 CITIES HAS BE5 GR[+ EXPON5TIALLY1 ALONG ) 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,! MEGALOPOLIS IS ! LATE/ =M ( URBAN 0HABITAT01 9CREAS+LY 9T]POS+ ITSELF BETWE5 HUMAN LIFE & ! BIOSPH]E4 

,! CITY IS ALSO A B>RI] BETWE5 ITS 9MATES1 A WORLD ( /RANG]S4 ,9 FACT1 ALL CITIES 9 WORLD HI/ORY W]E F\ND$ BY /RANG]S & \TSID]S1 SETTL$ TOGE!R 9 UNIQUE1 PREVI\SLY UNFAMILI> 5VIRONM5TS4 ,IT IS ! DOM9ANT CULTURE AT ITS C5T]1 ITS HEI<T1 ITS MO/ DOM9ANT4 ,JOSEPH ,GRANGE IS1 SADLY1 BASICALLY CORRECT 9 SAY+ ?AT IT IS 0P> EXCELL5CE1 ! PLACE :]E HUMAN VALUES COME TO !IR MO/ CONCRETE EXPRESSION40 .<#a.> 7,IF ONE P>DONS ! PUN1 ALSO SADLY APT47 ,( C\RSE1 ! WORD 0HUMAN0 RECEIVES ITS FULLY DE=M$ MEAN+ 9 ! URBAN CONTEXT1 ESPECIALLY ?AT ( TODAY4 ,EV]YONE CAN SEE ! MOD]N 0FLATSCAPE04 9 ,NORB]G-,S*ULZ'S T]SE T]M 7#a#i#f#i71 ! ,NO?+ ,ZONES ( PLACELESSNESS :]E LOCALISM & V>IETY >E /EADILY BE+ DIM9I%$1 IF NOT ]ADICAT$4 .<#b.> ,! SUP]M>KET1 ! MALL1 ! AIRPORT L\NGE >E EV]Y:]E ! SAME1 JU/ AS (FICE1 S*OOL1 AP>TM5T BLOCK1 HOSPITAL1 & PRISON >E SC>CELY DI/+UI%ABLE ONE FROM ANO!R1 9 \R [N CITIES4 .<#c.> 

,! MEGA-CITIES HAVE MORE 9 COMMON ) EA* O!R ?AN ) ANY O!R SOCIAL ORGANISMS4 ,!IR CITIZ5S T5D TO DRESS ! SAME & O!RWISE CONSUME ! SAME GLOBAL CULTURE1 UND] A /EADILY MORE COMPREH5SIVE SURVEILLANCE GAZE4 ,?IS IS ! OPPOSITE ( LIV+ 9 A P>TICUL> PLACE ON ! E>?1 ) RESPECT = ITS UNIQU5ESS4 ,!SE DAYS1 ALL SPACE IS BECOM+ URBAN SPACE2 !RE IS NOT A SPOT ON ! PLANET ?AT C\LDN'T BECOME AT LEA/ VIRTUALLY URBAN UPON ! TURN ( A SATELLITE4 ,WE HAVE BE5 TRA9$ & EQUIPP$ TO MOLD SPACE AS IF IT W]E AN OBJECT4 ,SU* AN $UCATION IS M&AT$ 9 ?IS ,DIGITAL ,AGE1 DOM9AT$ BY CITIES & METRO REGIONS TO AN EXT5T UNPREC$5T$ 9 HI/ORY4 

,H[ HAS ?IS COME TO PASS8 ,AS ,WEB] PUT IT1 0ONE MAY F9D ANY?+ OR EV]Y?+ 9 ! CITY TEXTS EXCEPT ! 9=M+ PR9CIPLE ?AT CREATES ! CITY ITSELF40 .<#d.> ,BUT IT IS CLE> :AT ! FUNDAM5TAL ME*ANISM_/DYNAMIC_/ 0PR9CIPLE0 IS & ALWAYS HAS BE54 ,AS ,WEB] CONT9U$3 0,EV]Y DEVICE 9 ! CITY FACILITAT+ TRADE & 9DU/RY PREP>ES ! WAY = FUR!R DIVISION ( LABOR & FUR!R SPECIALIZATION ( TASKS40 .<#e.> ,FUR!R MASSIFICATION1 /&>DIZATION1 EQUIVAL5CE4 

,AS TOOLS BECAME SY/EMS ( TE*NOLOGY -- ?AT IS1 AS SOCIAL COMPLEXITY DEVELOP$ -- ! CITY APPE>$4 ,! CITY-MA*9E WAS ! E>LIE/ & BIGGE/ TE*NOLOGICAL PH5OM5ON1 ! CULM9ATION ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,OR AS ,LEWIS ,MUM=D *>ACT]IZ$ IT1 0! M>K ( ! CITY IS ITS PURPOSIVE SOCIAL COMPLEXITY40 .<#f.> ,! TWO MODES 9 ?IS CONTEXT >E ! SAME4 ,CITIES >E ! MO/ COMPLEX >TIFACTS EV] CONTRIV$1 JU/ AS URBANIZATION IS ONE ( ! PRIME MEASURES ( DEVELOPM5T4 

,! COM+ WORLD-CITY P]FECTS ITS W> ON NATURE1 OBLIT]AT+ IT 9 FAVOR ( ! >TIFICIAL1 & R$UC+ ! C\NTRYSIDE TO M]E 05VIRONS0 ?AT CON=M TO URBAN PRIORITIES4 ,ALL CITIES >E ANTI!TICAL TO ! L&4 

,C]TEAU'S 0,WALK+ 9 ! ,CITY0 HAS RA!R AN E]IE QUALITY1 GIV5 ITS SUBJECT & ! FACT ?AT IT WAS WRITT5 9 #b4 ,C]TEAU SAW ! ,WORLD ,TRADE ,C5T] AS 0! MO/ MONUM5TAL FIGURE0 ( ,WE/]N URBANISM & FELT ?AT 0TO BE LIFT$ TO 7ITS7 SUMMIT IS TO BE C>RI$ AWAY BY ! CITY'S HOLD40 .<#g.> ,! VIABILITY ( ! CITY HAS 5T]$ ITS 9EVITABLE /AGE ( BE+ D\BT$1 ACCOMPANI$ BY AN ANXIETY HEI<T5$ -- BUT NOT CREAT$ -- ON #i_/#a#a4 ,! DEEP AMBIVAL5CE AB\T URBAN LIFE1 FELT ?R\<\T CIVILIZATION'S REIGN1 HAS BECOME MU* MORE PRON\NC$4 

,DOME/ICATION MADE CIVILIZATION POSSIBLE1 & 9T5SIFI$ DOME/ICATION BR\<T =? URBAN CULTURE4 ,PRIM>Y HORTICULTURAL COMMUNITIES -- SETTLEM5TS & VILLAGES -- W]E SUP]S$$ BY CITIES AS MASSIFI$ AGRICULTURE TOOK HOLD4 ,ONE 5DUR+ M>K] ( ?IS %IFT IS MEGALI?IC MONUM5TALLY4 ,9 E>LY ,NEOLI?IC MONUM5TS ALL ! QUALITIES ( ! CITY >E F\ND3 S$5TISM1 P]MAN5CE1 D5SITY1 A VISIBLE ANN\NCEM5T ( ! TRIUMPHAL M>* ( F>M+ OV] =AG+4 ,! CITY'S SPECTACUL> C5TRALIZATION IS A MAJOR TURN+ PO9T 9 HUMAN CULTURAL EVOLUTION1 ! >RIVAL ( CIVILIZATION 9 ITS FULL1 DEF9ITIVE S5SE4 

,!RE HAVE BE5 CIVILIZATIONS )\T CITICS 7E4G4 ! E>LY ,MAYA CIVILIZATION71 BUT NOT MANY4 ,MORE (T5 !Y >E A KEY FEATURE & DEVELOP ) A RELATIVELY SUDD5 =CE1 AS IF ! 5]GY REPRESS$ BY DOME/ICATION MU/ BUR/ =? TO A NEW LEVEL ( ITS CONTROL LOGIC4 ,! URBAN EXPLOSION DOES NOT ESCAPE SOME BAD REVIEWS1 H[EV]4 ,9 ! ,HEBREW TRADITION1 IT WAS ,CA91 MURD]] ( ,ABEL1 :O F\ND$ ! FIR/ CITY4 ,SIMIL>LY1 SU* URBAN REF]5CES AS ,BABYLON1 ! ,T[] ( ,BABEL1 & ,SODOM & ,GOMORRAH >E :OLLY NEGATIVE4 ,A DEEP AMBIVAL5CE AB\T CITIES IS1 9 FACT1 A CON/ANT ( CIVILIZATION4 

,BY AB\T #d ,B,C ! FIR/ CITIES APPE>$ 9 ,MESOPOTAMIA & ,EGYPT1 :5 POLITICAL MEANS W]E DEVIS$ TO *ANNEL ! SURPLUSES CREAT$ BY A NEW AGRICULTURAL E?OS 9TO ! H&S ( A RUL+ M9ORITY4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T REQUIR$ ECONOMIC 9PUT FROM WID] & WID] >EAS ( PRODUCTION2 L>GE-SCALE1 C5TRALIZ$1 BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS W]E NOT LONG 9 COM+4 ,VILLAGES W]E PULL$ 9TO 9CREAS+LY SPECIALIZ$ MAXIMIZATION /RATEGIES TO PRODUCE BIGG] SURPLUSES FL[+ TO ! CITIES4 ,GREAT] GRA9 PRODUCTION1 = EXAMPLE1 C\LD ONLY BE A*IEV$ ) ADDITIONAL WORK & MORE CO]CION4 ,RESI/ANCE OCCURR$ )9 ?IS WELL-KN[N FRAMEWORK1 AS ! MORE PRIMITIVE F>M+ COMMUNITIES W]E =CIBLY CONV]T$ 9TO ADM9I/]$ T[NS1 SU* AS ,N9EVEH4 ,NOMADIC PEOPLES ( ,S9AI REFUS$ TO M9E COPP] = ! ,EGYPTIAN RUL]S1 TO CITE ANO!R 9/ANCE4 .<#h.> ,SMALLHOLD]S W]E =C$ (F ! L& 9TO CITIES2 ?IS DISPLACEM5T IS A BASIC P>T ( A FAMILI> PATT]N ?AT CONT9UES TODAY4 

,URBAN REALITY IS PRIM>ILY AB\T TRADE & COMM]CE1 ) A NE>LY TOTAL DEP5D5CE ON SUPPORT FROM EXT]NAL >EAS = CONT9U$ EXI/5CE4 ,TO GU>ANTEE SU* AN >TIFICIAL SUBSI/5CE1 CITY FA!RS TURN 9EVITABLY TO W>1 ?AT *RONIC CIVILIZATIONAL /APLE4 0,CONQUE/ ABROAD & REPRESSION AT HOME10 9 ,/ANLEY ,DIAMOND'S WORDS1 IS A DEF9+ *>ACT]IZATION ( CITIES FROM !IR V]Y ORIG9S4 .<#i.> ,! E>LY ,SUM]IAN CITY-/ATES1 = EXAMPLE1 W]E CON/ANTLY AT W>4 ,! /RUGGLE = /ABILITY ( URBAN M>KET ECONOMIES WAS AN UNREMITT+ MATT] ( SURVIVAL4 ,>MIES & W>F>E W]E C>D9AL NECESSITIES1 ESPECIALLY GIV5 ! BUILT-9 EXPANSIONI/ *>ACT] ( ! URBAN DYNAMIC4 ,URUK1 ! BIGGE/ ,MESOPOTAMIAN CITY ( ITS TIME 7CA #bg ,B,C71 BOA/$ A D\BLE-R+ WALL SIX MILES LONG1 =TIFI$ BY #i T[]S4 ,FROM ?IS E>LY P]IOD ?R\< ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 VIRTUALLY ALL CITIES W]E =TIFI$ G>RISONS4 ,JULIUS ,CES> US$ ! WORD OPPIDUM 7G>RISON7 TO D5OTE EV]Y T[N 9 ,GAUL4 

,! FIR/ URBAN C5T]S ALSO CONSI/5TLY REVEAL A /RONG C]EMONIAL ORI5TATION4 ,! MOVEM5T AWAY FROM AN IMMAN5T1 E>?-BAS$ SPIRITUALITY TO EMPHASIS ON SACR$ OR SUP]NATURAL SPACES RECEIVES A FUR!R DE=MATION ) LIT]ALLY AWE-9SPIR+1 MI<TY URBAN TEMPLES & TOMBS4 ,! ELEVATION ( A SOCIETY'S GODS CORRESPOND$ TO ! 9CREAS+ COMPLEXITY & /RATIFICATION ( ITS SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,RELIGI\S MONUM5TALLY1 BY ! WAY1 WAS NOT ONLY AN OB$I5CE-9DUC+ TACTIC BY ?OSE 9 AU?ORITY2 IT WAS ALSO A FUNDAM5TAL VEHICLE = ! SPREAD ( DOME/ICATION4 .<#a.> 

,BUT ! REAL RISE TO DOM9ANCE BEGAN NOT ONLY ) 9T5SIFI$ AGRICULTURE -- & ! APPE>ANCE ( WRIT+ SY/EMS1 AS ,*ILDE1 ,LEVI-,/RAUSS & O!RS HAVE NOT$ -- BUT ) METALLURGY4 ,SUCCE$+ CIVILIZATION'S 9ITIAL ,NEOLI?IC /AGE1 ! ,BRONZE ,AGE & EV5 MORE SO4 ! ,IRON ,AGE BR\<T URBANIZATION 9TO ITS FULL C5TRALITY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,TOYNBEE1 0,IF ! 9CREASE 9 ! SIZE ( CITIES 9 ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY IS PRES5T$ VISUALLY 9 ! =M ( A CURVE1 ?IS CURVE WILL BE F\ND TO HAVE ! SAME CONFIGURATION AS A CURVE PRES5T+ ! 9CREASE 9 ! POT5CY ( TE*NOLOGY40 .<#a#a.> ,& ) ! 9CREAS+LY URBANIZ$ *>ACT] ( SOCIAL LIFE1 ! CITY CAN BE SE5 AS A CONTA9]4 ,CITIES LIKE ! FACTORIES ?AT >E ALREADY PRES5T1 RELY ON CONTA9M5T4 ,CITIES & FACTORIES >E NEV] AT BASE FREELY *OS5 BY ! PEOPLE 9SIDE !M3 DOM9ATION KEEPS !M !RE4 ,>I/OPHANES PUT IT WELL 9 HIS #dad ,B,C CREATION4 ,! ,BIRDS3 0,A CITY MU/ RISE1 TO H\SE ALL BIRDS2 !N Y\ MU/ F5CE 9 ! AIR1 ! SKY1 ! E>?1 & MU/ SURR\ND IT BY WALLS1 LIKE ,BABYLON40 

,/ATES AS WE KN[ !M ALREADY EXI/$ BY ?IS P]IOD1 & P[]FUL CITIES EM]G$ AS CAPITALS1 ! LOCI ( /ATE P[]4 ,POLITICAL DOM9ATION HAS ALWAYS FL[$ FROM !SE URBAN C5T]S4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 PEASANTS LEAVE BEH9D ONE KN[N & HAT$ S]VITUDE = NEW1 9ITIALLY UNDISCLOS$ =MS ( BONDAGE & SUFF]+4 ,! CITY1 ALREADY A SITE ( LOCAL P[] & W>1 IS AN 9CUBATOR ( 9FECTI\S DISEASES1 9CLUD+ PLAGUE1 & ( C\RSE GREATLY MAGNIFIES ! IMPACTS ( FIRE1 E>?QUAKE1 & O!R DANG]S4 

,= ?\S&S ( G5]ATIONS HUMANS ROSE AT DAYBREAK & SLEPT AFT] ! SUN W5T D[N1 BASK+ 9 ! GLORIES ( SUNRISE1 SUNSET1 & />RY SKIES4 ,HALF A MILL5NIUM AGO1 CITY BELLS & CLOCKS ANN\NC$ AN 9CREAS+LY ORD]$ & REGULAT$ DAILY LIFE1 ! REIGN ( URBAN TIMEKEEP+4 ,) MOD]NITY1 LIV$ TIME DISAPPE>S3 TIME BECOMES A RES\RCE1 AN OBJECTIFI$ MAT]IALITY4 ,MEASUR$1 REIFI$ TIME ISOLATES ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 ! =CE-FIELD ( DEEP5+ DIVISION & SEP>ATION1 EV] DIM9I%+ :OL5ESS4 ,CONTACT ) ! E>? EBBS1 AS URBANIZATION GR[S2 & AS ,HOG>? DEPICT$ 9 HIS MID-#a#h? C5TURY IMAGES ( ,LONDON1 PHYSICAL CONTACT AMONG PEOPLE LESS5S DRAMATICALLY4 ,AT ?IS TIME ,NICOLAS ,*AM=T DECL>$1 0,P>IS IS A CITY ( GAIETIES & PLEASURES1 :]E F\R-FIF?S ( ! 9HABITANTS DIE ( GRIEF4 .<#a#b.> ,9 ,EMILE 7#a#g#f#b71 ,R\SSEAU PUT IT MORE P]SONALLY2 0,ADIEU1 ,P>IS4 ,WE >E SEEK+ LOVE1 HAPP9ESS1 9NOC5CE4 ,WE %ALL NEV] BE F> 5\< AWAY FROM Y\40 .<#a#c.> ,! P]VASIVE WEI<T ( URBAN EXI/5CE P5ETRAT$ EV5 ! MO/ \TW>DLY VITAL POLITICAL PH5OM5A1 9CLUD+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,CR[DS 9 REVOLUTION>Y ,P>IS (T5 SEEM$ /RANGELY APA!TIC1 PROMPT+ ,RI*>D ,S5NETT TO DETECT !RE ! FIR/ PRON\NCCD MOD]N SIGNS ( URBAN PASSIVITY4 .<#a#d.> 

,9 ! FOLL[+ C5TURY ,5GELS1 9 CONTR>Y FA%ION1 DECID$ ?AT IT IS 9 ! CITY ?AT ! PROLET>IAT A*IEVES ITS 0FULLE/ CLASSIC P]FECTION40 .<#a#e.> ,BUT ,TOCQUEVILLE HAD ALREADY SE5 H[ 9DIVIDUALS 9 CITIES FEEL 0/RANG]S TO ! DE/9IES ( EA* O!R40 .<#a#f.> ,LAT] 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ,DURKHEIM NOT$ ?AT SUICIDE & 9SANITY 9CREASE ) MOD]N URBANIZATION4 ,9 FACT1 A S5SE ( DEP5D5CE1 LONEL9ESS1 & EV]Y K9D ( EMOTIONAL DI/URBANCE >E G5]AT$1 GIV+ RISE TO ,B5JAM9'S P]CEPTION ?AT1 0,FE>1 REVULSION1 & HORROR W]E ! CMOTIONV :I* ! BIG-CITY CR[D >\S$ 9 ?OSE :O FIR/ OBS]V$ IT40 .<#a#g.> ,! TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5TS 9 ! >EAS ( SEWAGE & O!R SANITATION *ALL5GES1 :ILE REQUIR$ 9 BURGEON+ METROPOLIS1 ALSO 5ABLE URBANIZATION & ITS FUR!R GR[?4 ,LIFE 9 CITIES IS ONLY POSSIBLE ) SU* CONT9UAL TE*NOLOGICAL SUPPORTS4 

,BY #a#i4 ,GEORG ,SIMMEL UND]/OOD H[ LIV+ 9 CITIES BR+S AB\T NOT ONLY LONEL9ESS1 BUT ALSO ! RES]VE OR EMOTIONAL NUMBNESS ?AT EXAC]BATES IT4 ,AS ,SIMMEL SAW1 ?IS IS V]Y CLOSELY ANALOG\S TO ! EFFECTS ( 9DU/RIAL LIFE 9 G5]AL3 0,PUNCTUALITY1 CALCULABILITY1 EXACTNESS >E =C$ UPON LIFE BY ! COMPLEXITY & EXT5SION ( METROPOLITAN EXI/5CE40 .<#a#h.> ,! URBAN LANGUOR & IMPOT5CE EXPRESS$ 9 ,T4,S4 ,ELIOT'S E>LY POETRY1 = EXAMPLE1 HELPS FILL 9 ?IS PICTURE ( R$UC$ LIFE4 

,! T]M 0SUBURB0 WAS US$ FROM ,%AKESPE>E & ,MILTON ONW>DS 9 V]Y MU* ! MOD]N S5SE1 BUT IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! ONSLAU<T ( 9DU/RIALIZATION ?AT ! SUBURBAN PH5OM5ON TRULY EM]G$4 ,?US RESID5TIAL DEVELOPM5T APPE>$ ON ! \TSKIRTS ( ,AM]ICA'S BIGGE/ CITIES BETWE5 #ahae & #a#h#f4 ,M>X REF]R$ TO CAPITALISM AS 0! URBANIZATION ( ! C\NTRYSIDE0 .<#a#i.>2 SUBURBANIZATION REALLY HIT ITS /RIDE1 9 ITS CONTEMPOR>Y MEAN+1 JU/ AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I4 ,REF9$ MASS PRODUCTION TE*NIQUES CREAT$ A PHYSICAL CON=MITY TO MAT* & MAGNIFY SOCIAL CON=MITY4 .<#b.> ,DEP?LESS1 HOMOG5IZ$1 A HO?\SE ( CONSUM]ISM F5C$ 9 BY /RIP MALLS & FREEWAYS1 ! SUBURB IS ! FUR!R DEGRAD$ \TCOME ( ! CITY4 ,AS SU*1 ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 URBAN & SUBURBAN %\LD NOT BE EXAGG]AT$ OR SE5 AS QUALITATIVE4 ,)DRAWAL1 FACILITAT$ BY AN >RAY ( HI<-TE* DEVICES -- I,PODS1 CELL PHONES1 ETC4 -- IS N[ ! ORD] ( ! DAY1 A V]Y TELL+ PH5OM5ON4 .<#b#a.> 

,CIVILIZATION1 AS IS CLE> FROM ! WORD'S ORIG9AL ,LAT9 MEAN+1 IS :AT GOES ON 9 CITIES4 .<#b#b.> ,MORE ?AN HALF ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION N[ LIVES 9 CITIES4 ,MC,DONALDIZ+ NON-PLACES LIKE ,KUALA ,LUMPUR & ,S+APORE ?AT HAVE SO RESOLUTELY TURN$ !IR BACKS ON !IR [N RI* CONTEXTS4 ,! URBANIZ+ IMP]ATIVE IS AN ONGO+ *>ACT]I/IC ( CIVILIZATION4 

,A C]TA9 P]V]SE ALLURE /ILL OBTA9S = SOME1 & IT HAS BECOME SO H>D TO ESCAPE ! URBAN 9FLU5CE ZONE ANYWAY4 ,!RE IS /ILL A FLICK] ( HOPE = COMMUNITY1 OR AT LEA/ = DIV]SION1 9 ! METROPOLIS4 ,& SOME ( US REMA9 !RE 9 ORD] NOT TO LOSE CONTACT ) :AT WE FEEL COMPELL$ TO UND]/&1 SO WE CAN BR+ IT TO AN 5D4 ,C]TA9LY1 !RE >E ?OSE :O /RUGGLE TO HUMANIZE ! CITY1 TO DEVELOP PUBLIC G>D5S & O!R AM5ITIES1 BUT CITIES REMA9 :AT !Y HAVE ALWAYS BE54 ,MO/ ( !IR 9HABITANTS SIMPLY ACCEPT ! URBAN REALITY & TRY TO ADJU/ TO IT1 ) ! SAME \TW>D PASSIVITY !Y EXPRESS T[>D ! 5VELOP+ TE*NO-WORLD4 

,SOME TRY ALWAYS TO RE=M ! UNRE=MABLE4 ,LET'S HAVE 0A NEW MOD]NITY01 0A NEW ATTITUDE AB\T TE*NOLOGY01 ETC4 ETC4 ,JULIA ,KRI/EVA CALLS = 0A COSMOPOLITANISM ( A NEW SORT4440 .<#b#c.> ,SU* ORI5TATIONS REVEAL1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ! CONVICTION ?AT :AT >E WIDELY CONSID]$ ESS5TIALS ( SOCIAL LIFE WILL ALWAYS BE ) US4 ,MAX ,WEB] JUDG$ MOD]NITY & BUREAUCRATIC RATIONALITY TO BE 0ESCAPE-PRO('1 :ILE ,TOYNBEE SAW ! ,ECUM5OPOLIS1 AS HE CALL$ ! /AGE ( GIGANTISM SUCCE$+ ! /AGE ( ! MEGALOPOLIS1 09EVITABLE04 .<#b#d.> ,ELLUL REF]R$ TO URBANIZATION AS ?AT 0:I* CAN ONLY BE ACCEPT$40 .<#b#e.> 

,H[EV]1 GIV5 TODAY'S URBAN REALITY1 & H[ & :Y CITIES CAME TO BE 9 ! FIR/ PLACE & CONT9UE TO EXI/1 :AT ,JAMES ,BALDW9 SAID ( ! <ETTO FULLY APPLIES TO ! CITY3 07,IT7 CAN BE IMPROV$ 9 ONE WAY ONLY3 \T ( EXI/5CE40 .<#b#f.> ,!RE IS A /RONG CONS5SUS AMONG URBAN !ORI/S1 BY ! WAY1 ?AT 0CITIES >E NEWLY DIVID$ & POL>IZ$40 .<#b#g.> ,?AT ! POOR & ! 9DIG5\S MU/ BE URBANIZ$ IS ANO!R PRIM>Y FACET ( COLONIALI/-IMP]IALI/ IDEOLOGY4 

,! ORIG9AL MONUM5TALISM IS /ILL PRES5T & UND]L9$ 9 TODAY'S CITY1 ) ! SAME DW>F+ & DISEMP[]+ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,HUMAN SCALE IS OBLIT]AT$ BY HI<-RISES1 S5SORY DEPRIVATION DEEP5S1 & 9HABITANTS >E ASSAIL$ BY MONOTONY1 NOISE1 & O!R POLLUTANTS4 ,! CYB]SPACE WORLD IS ITSELF AN URBAN 5VIRONM5T1 ACCEL]AT+ ! RADICAL DECL9E ( PHYSICAL PRES5CE & CONNECTION4 ,URBAN SPACE IS ! ALWAYS ADVANC+ 7V]TICALLY & HORIZONTALLY7 SYMBOL ( ! DEFEAT ( NATURE & ! DEA? ( COMMUNITY4 ,:AT ,JOHN ,HABB]TON WROTE 9 #ahhi C\LD NOT BE MORE VALID N[3 0,A GREAT CITY IS A GREAT SORE -- A SORE :I* CAN NEV] BE CUR$40 .<#b#h.> ,OR AS ,KAI ,W4 ,LEE REPLI$ TO ! QUE/ION :E!R A TRANSITION TO SU/A9ABLE CITIES IS IMAG9ABLE3 0,! ANSW] IS NO40 .<#b#i.> 

,COPAN1 ,PAL5QUE1 & ,TIKAL W]E RI* CITIES ( ,MAYA CIVILIZATION AB&ON$ AT !IR HEI<T1 BETWE5 #f & #i ,A4,D4 ,) SIMIL> EXAMPLES FROM V>I\S CULTURES1 !Y PO9T A WAY =W>D = US4 ,! LIT]ATURE ( URBANISM HAS ONLY GR[N D>K] & MORE DY/OPIAN 9 REC5T YE>S1 AS T]RORISM & COLLAPSE CA/ !IR %AD[S ON ! MO/ UNT5ABLE PRODUCTS ( CIVILIZATION3 ! WORLD'S CITIES4 ,TURN+ FROM ! P]PETUAL S]VITUDE & *RONIC SICKNESS ( URBAN EXI/5CE1 WE MAY DRAW 9SPIRATION FROM SU* PLACES AS =M] 9DIG5\S SETTLEM5TS ON :AT IS N[ CALL$ ! ,LOS ,ANGELES ,RIS]4 ,PLACES :]E ! SPH]E ( LIFE IS ROOT$ 9 SUBSI/+ AS FULLY SKILL$ HUMANS 9 HANNONY ) ! E>?4 

  

.<#a.> ,JOSEPH ,GRANGE1 ,! ,CITY3 ,AN ,URBAN ,COSMOLOGY 7,ALBANY3 ,/ATE ,UNIVS]SITY ( ,NEW ,YORK ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#i71 P4 XV4 

.<#b.> ,$W>D ,RELPH1 ,PLACE & ,PLACELESSNESS 7,LONDON3 ,PION ,LTD41 #a#i#g#f71 P4 #f4 

.<#c.> ,MEAN:ILE1 PH5OM5A SU* AS 0,OLD ,T[N0 >EAS & HI/ORICAL DI/RICTS DI/RACT FROM T$IUM & /&>DIZATION1 BUT ALSO UND]L9E !SE DEF9+ URBAN *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,! PAT5T$ SUP]FICIALITY ( PO/MOD]N >*ITECTURE UND]L9ES IT AS WELL4 

.<#d.> ,MAX ,WEB]1 ,! ,CITY1 TRANSLAT$ BY ,DON ,M>T9DALE & ,G]TRUD ,NEUWIR? 7,GL5COE1 ,I,L3 ,! ,FREE ,PRESS1 #a#i#e#h71 P4 #a#a4 

.<#e.> IBID41 P4 #ba 

.<#f.> ,LEWIS ,MUM=D1 ,! ,CULTURE ( ,CITIES 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>C\RT1 ,BRACE & ,COMPANY1 #a#i#c#h71 P4 #f4 ,= ALL ( ! VALID HI/ORICAL CONC5T1 ,MUM=D CAN ALSO LAPSE 9TO ABSURDITY1 E4G4 0! CITY %\LD BE AN ORGAN ( LOVE44440 9 ,! ,CITY 9 ,HI/ORY 7,NEW ,YORK1 ,H>C\RT4 ,BRACE1 #a#i#f#a71 P4 #e#g#e4 

.<#g.> ,MI*EL DE ,C]TEAU1 ,! ,C]TEAU ,READ]1 $IT$ BY ,GRAHAM ,W>D 7,LONDON3 ,BLACKWELL ,PUBLI%]S1 #b71 P4 #a#c4 

.<#h.> ,/ANLEY ,DIAMOND1 ,9 ,SE>* ( ! ,PRIMITIVE 7,NEW ,BRUNSWICK1 ,N,J3 ,TRANSACTION ,BOOKS1 #a#i#g#d71 P4 #g4 

.<#i.> IBID41 P4 ,I4 

.<#a.> ,&REW ,%]RATT1 ,ECONOMY & ,SOCIETY 9 ,PREHI/ORIC ,EUROPE 7,PR9CETON3 ,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS41 #a#i#i#g71 P4 #e#f#b4 

.<#a#a.> ,>NOLD ,TOYNBEE1 ,CITIES ON ! ,MOVE 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS #a#i#g71 P4 #a#g#c4 

.<#a#b.> ,NICOLAS ,*AM=T1 QUOT$ 9 ,JAMES ,A4 ,CLAPP1 ,! ,CITY1 ,A ,DICTION>Y ( ,QUOTABLE ,?\<T ON ,CITIES & ,URBAN ,LIFE 7,NEW ,BRUNSWICK1 ,N,J3 ,C5T] = ,URBAN ,POLICY ,RESE>*1 #a#i#h#d71 P4 #e#a4 

.<#a#c.> ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU1 ,EMILE1 TRANSLAT$ BY ,ALLAN ,BLOOM 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,BASIC ,BOOKS1 #a#i#g#i71 P4 #c#e#e4 

.<#a#d.> ,RI*>D ,S5NETT1 ,FLE% & ,/ONE3 ! ,BODY & ! ,CITY 9 ,WE/]N ,CIVILIZATION 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,W4 ,W4 ,NORTON1 #a#i#i#d71 P4 #b#c4 

.<#a#e.> ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS1 ,! ,CONDITION ( ! ,WORK+ ,CLASS 9 ,5GL& 7,/4 ,ALBANS3 ,PAN!R ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#i71 P4 #g#e4 

.<#a#f.> ,ALEXIS DE ,TOCQUEVILLE1 ,DEMOCRAY 9 ,AM]ICA V4 #b 7,NEW ,YORK1 ,V9TAGE1 #a#i#f#c71 P4 #a#d#a4 

.<#a#g.> ,WALL] ,B5JAM91 ,ILLUM9ATIONS1 TRANSLAT$ BY ,H>RY ,ZAHN 7,NEW ,YORK1 ,S*OCK5 ,BOOKS1 #a#i#f#i71 P4 #a#g#d4 

.<#a#h.> ,KURT ,H4 ,WOLFF1 ,! ,SOCIOLOGY ( ,GEORG ,SIMMEL 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,! ,FREE ,PRESS1 #a#i#e71 P4 #d#a#c4 

.<#a#i.> ,K>L ,M>X1 ,GRUNDRISSE 7,NEW ,YORK1 ,V9TAGE1 #a#i#g#c71 P4 #d#g#i4 

.<#b.> ,A TYPICAL & APPOSITE WORK IS ,RI*>D ,H>RIS1 ,CREEP+ ,CON=MITY3 ,H[ ,CANADA ,BECAME ,SUBURBAN1 #a#i-#a#i#f 7,TORONTO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TORONTO ,PRESS1 #b#d74 

.<#b#a.> ,V]Y P]T95T IS ,MI*AEL ,BULL1 ,S\ND+ ,\T ! ,CITY3 ,P]SONAL ,/]EOS & ! ,MANAGEM5T ( ,EV]YDAY ,LIFE 7,NEW ,YORK1 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b74 

.<#b#b.> ,?IS IS NOT ONLY TRUE 9 ! ,WE/4 ,9 ,>ABIC CIVILIZATION1 = EXAMPLE1 MADANIYYA1 OR CIVILIZATION1 COMES FROM MAD9E1 :I* MEANS CITY4 

.<#b#c.> ,JULIA ,KRI/EVA1 ,/RANG]S TO ,\RSELVES 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,COLUMBIA ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#a71 P4 #aib 

.<#b#d.> ,TOYNBEE1 OP4CIT41 P4 #aif 

.<#b#e.> ,JACQUES ,ELLUL1 ,! ,POLITICAL ,ILLUSION 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,ALFR$ ,A4 ,KNOPF1 #a#i#f#g71 P4 #d#c4 

.<#b#f.> ,JAMES ,BALDW91 ,NOBODY ,KN[S ,MY ,NAME 7,NEW ,YORK1 ,! ,DIAL ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#a71 P4 #f#e4 

.<#b#g.> ,PET] ,M>CUSE & ,RONALD VAN ,KEMP51 $ITORS1 ,( ,/ATES & ,CITIES3 ! ,P>TION+ ( ,URBAN ,SPACE 7,NEW ,YORK1 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#b71 P4 VII4 

.<#b#h.> ,JOHN ,HABB]TON1 ,\R ,C\NTRY'S ,FUTURE 7,PHILADELPHIA3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%+ ,COMPANY1 #a#h#h#i71 CIT$ 9 ,CLAPP1 OP4CIT41 P4 #a#e4 

.<#b#i.> ,KAI ,N4 ,LEE1 0,URBAN ,SU/ANABILITY & ! ,LIMITS ( ,CLASSICAL ,5VIRONM5TALISM10 9 ,5VIRONM5T & ,URBANIZATION #a#h3#a 7,APRIL #b#f71 P4 #i4 

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,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,ALONE ,TOGE!R -- ,UPDAT$4 

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