,AGRICULTURE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN 

,TEXT 3 

,AGRICULTURE1 ! 9DISP5SABLE BASIS ( CIVILIZATION1 WAS ORIG9ALLY 5C\NT]$ AS TIME1 LANGUAGE1 NUMB] & >T WON \T4 ,AS ! MAT]IALIZATION ( ALI5ATION1 AGRICULTURE IS ! TRIUMPH ( E/RANGEM5T & ! DEF9ITE DIVIDE BETWE5 CULTURE & NATURE & HUMANS FROM EA* O!R4 

,AGRICULTURE IS ! BIR? ( PRODUCTION1 COMPLETE ) ITS ESS5TIAL FEATURES & DE=MATION ( LIFE & CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! L& ITSELF BECOMES AN 9/RUM5T ( PRODUCTION & ! PLANET'S SPECIES ITS OBJECTS4 ,WILD OR TAME1 WE$S OR CROPS SPEAK ( ?AT DUALITY ?AT CRIPPLES ! S\L ( \R BE+1 U%]+ 91 RELATIVELY QUICKLY1 ! DESPOTISM1 W> & IMPOV]I%M5T ( HI< CIVILIZATION OV] ! GREAT L5G? ( ?AT E>LI] ON5ESS ) NATURE4 ,! =C$ M>* ( CIVILIZATION1 :I* ,ADORNO RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! 0ASSUMPTION ( AN IRRATIONAL CATA/ROPHE AT ! BEG9N+ ( HI/ORY10 :I* ,FREUD FELT AS 0SOME?+ IMPOS$ ON A RESI/+ MAJORITY10 ( :I* ,/ANLEY ,DIAMOND F\ND ONLY 0CONSCRIPTS1 NOT VOLUNTE]S10 WAS DICTAT$ BY AGRICULTURE4 ,& ,MIRCEA ,ELIADE WAS CORRECT TO ASSESS ITS COM+ AS HAV+ 0PROVOK$ UPHEAVALS & SPIRITUAL BREAKD[NS0 :OSE MAGNITUDE ! MOD]N M9D CANNOT IMAG9E4 0,TO LEVEL (F1 TO /&>DIZE ! HUMAN L&SCAPE1 TO EFFACE ITS IRREGUL>ITIES & BANI% ITS SURPRISES10 !SE WORDS ( ,E4,M4 ,CIORAN APPLY P]FECTLY TO ! LOGIC ( AGRICULTURE1 ! 5D ( LIFE AS MA9LY S5SU\S ACTIVITY1 ! EMBODIM5T & G5]ATOR ( SEP>AT$ LIFE4 ,>TIFICIALITY & WORK HAVE /EADILY 9CREAS$ S9CE ITS 9CEPTION & >E KN[N AS CULTURE3 9 DOME/ICAT+ ANIMALS & PLANTS MAN NECESS>ILY DOME/ICAT$ HIMSELF4 ,HI/ORICAL TIME1 LIKE AGRICULTURE1 IS NOT 9H]5T 9 SOCIAL REALITY BUT AN IMPOSITION ON IT4 ,! DIM5SION ( TIME OR HI/ORY IS A FUNCTION ( REPRESSION1 :OSE F\NDATION IS PRODUCTION OR AGRICULTURE4  ,HUNT]-GA!R] LIFE WAS ANTI-TIME 9 ITS SIMULTANE\S & SPONTANE\S OP5NESS2 F>M+ LIFE G5]ATES A S5SE ( TIME BY ITS SUCCESSIVE-TASK N>R[NESS1 ITS DIRECT$ R\T9E4 ,AS ! NON-CLOSURE & V>IETY ( ,PALEOLI?IC LIV+ GAVE WAY TO ! LIT]AL 5CLOSURE ( AGRICULTURE1 TIME ASSUM$ P[] & CAME TO TAKE ON ! *>ACT] ( AN 5CLOS$ SPACE4 ,=MALIZ$ TEMPORAL REF]5CE PO9TS -- C]EMONIES ) FIX$ DATES1 ! NAM+ ( DAYS1 ETC4 -- >E CRUCIAL TO ! ORD]+ ( ! WORLD ( PRODUCTION2 AS A S*$ULE ( PRODUCTION1 ! CAL5D> IS 9TEGRAL TO CIVILIZATION4 ,CONV]SELY1 NOT ONLY W\LD 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY BE IMPOSSIBLE )\T TIME S*$ULES1 ! 5D ( AGRICULTURE 7BASIS ( ALL PRODUCTION7 W\LD BE ! 5D ( HI/ORICAL TIME4 

,REPRES5TATION BEG9S ) LANGUAGE1 A MEANS ( RE9+ 9 DESIRE4 ,BY DISPLAC+ AUTONOM\S IMAGES ) V]BAL SYMBOLS1 LIFE IS R$UC$ & BR\<T UND] /RICT CONTROL2 ALL DIRECT1 UNM$IAT$ EXP]I5CE IS SUBSUM$ BY ?AT SUPREME MODE ( SYMBOLIC EXPRESSION1 LANGUAGE4 ,LANGUAGE CUTS UP & ORGANIZES REALITY1 AS ,B5JAM9 ,:ORF PUT IT1 & ?IS SEGM5TATION ( NATURE1 AN ASPECT ( GRAMM>1 SETS ! /AGE = AGRICULTURE4 ,JULIAN ,JAYNES1 9 FACT1 CONCLUD$ ?AT ! NEW L+UI/IC M5TALITY L$ V]Y DIRECTLY TO AGRICULTURE4 ,UNQUE/IONABLY1 ! CRY/ALLIZATION ( LANGUAGE 9TO WRIT+1 CALL$ =? MA9LY BY ! NE$ = RECORD-KEEP+ ( AGRICULTURAL TRANSACTIONS1 IS ! SIGNAL ?AT CIVILIZATION HAS BEGUN4 ,9 ! NON-COMMODIFI$1 EGALIT>IAN HUNT]-GA!R] E?OS1 ! BASIS ( :I* 7AS HAS SO (T5 BE5 REM>K$7 WAS %>+1 NUMB] WAS NOT WANT$4 ,!RE WAS NO GR\ND = ! URGE TO QUANTIFY1 NO REASON TO DIVIDE :AT WAS :OLE4 ,NOT UNTIL ! DOME/ICATION ( ANIMALS & PLANTS DID ?IS CULTURAL CONCEPT FULLY EM]GE4 ,TWO ( NUMB]'S SEM9AL FIGURES TE/IFY CLE>LY TO ITS ALLIANCE ) SEP>AT5ESS & PROP]TY3 ,PY?AGORAS1 C5T] ( A HI<LY 9FLU5TIAL RELIGI\S CULT ( NUMB]1 & ,EUCLID1 FA!R ( MA!MATICS & SCI5CE1 :OSE GEOMETRY ORIG9AT$ TO MEASURE FIELDS = REASONS ( [N]%IP1 TAXATION & SLAVE LABOR4  ,ONE ( CIVILIZATION'S E>LY =MS1 *IEFTA9%IP1 5TAILS A L9E> RANK ORD] 9 :I* EA* MEMB] IS ASSIGN$ AN EXACT NUM]ICAL PLACE4 ,SOON1 FOLL[+ ! ANTI-NATURAL L9E>ITY ( PL[ CULTURE1 ! 9FLEXIBLE #i-DEGREE GRIDIRON PLAN ( EV5 E>LIE/ CITIES APPE>$4 ,!IR 9SI/5T REGUL>ITY CON/ITUTES 9 ITSELF A REPRESSIVE IDEOLOGY4 ,CULTURE1 N[ NUMB]IZ$1 BECOMES MORE FIRMLY B\ND$ & LIFELESS4 ,>T1 TOO1 9 ITS RELATION%IP TO AGRICULTURE1 HI<LI<TS BO? 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT BEG9S AS A MEANS TO 9T]PRET & SUBDUE REALITY1 TO RATIONALIZE NATURE1 & CON=MS TO ! GREAT TURN+ PO9T :I* IS AGRICULTURE 9 ITS BASIC FEATURES4 ,! PRE-,NEOLI?IC CAVE PA9T+S1 = EXAMPLE1 >E VIVID & BOLD1 A DYNAMIC EXALTATION ( ANIMAL GRACE & FRE$OM4 ,! NEOLI?IC >T ( F>M]S & PA/ORALI/S1 H[EV]1 /IFF5S 9TO /YLIZ$ =MS2 ,FRANZ ,BORK5AU TYPIFI$ ITS POTT]Y AS A 0N>R[1 TIMID BOT*+ ( MAT]IALS & =MS40 ,) AGRICULTURE1 >T LO/ ITS V>IETY & BECAME /&>DIZ$ 9TO GEOMETRIC DESIGNS ?AT T5D$ TO DEG5]ATE 9TO DULL1 REPETITIVE PATT]NS1 A P]FECT REFLECTION ( /&>DIZ$1 CONF9$1 RULE-PATT]N$ LIFE4 ,& :]E !RE HAD BE5 NO REPRES5TATION 9 ,PALEOLI?IC >T ( M5 KILL+ M51 AN OBSESSION ) DEPICT+ CONFRONTATION BETWE5 PEOPLE ADVANC$ ) ! ,NEOLI?IC P]IOD1 SC5ES ( BATTLES BECOM+ COMMON4 ,TIME1 LANGUAGE1 NUMB]1 >T & ALL ! RE/ ( CULTURE1 :I* PR$ATES & LEADS TO AGRICULTURE1 RE/S ON SYMBOLIZATION4  ,JU/ AS AUTONOMY PREC$$ DOME/ICATION & SELF-DOME/ICATION1 ! RATIONAL & ! SOCIAL PREC$E ! SYMBOLIC4  ,FOOD PRODUCTION1 IT IS ET]NALLY & GRATEFULLY ACKN[L$G$1 0P]MITT$ ! CULTURAL POT5TIALITY ( ! HUMAN SPECIES TO DEVELOP40 ,BUT :AT IS ?IS T5D5CY T[>D ! SYMBOLIC1 T[>D ! ELABORATION & IMPOSITION ( >BITR>Y =MS8 ,IT IS A GR[+ CAPACITY = OBJECTIFICATION1 BY :I* :AT IS LIV+ BECOMES REIFI$1 ?+-LIKE4 ,SYMBOLS >E MORE ?AN ! BASIC UNITS ( CULTURE2 !Y >E SCRE5+ DEVICES TO DI/ANCE US FROM \R EXP]I5CES4 ,!Y CLASSIFY & R$UCE1 0TO DO AWAY )10 9 ,LEAKEY & ,LEW9'S REM>KABLE PHRASE1 0! O!RWISE ALMO/ 9TOL]ABLE BURD5 ( RELAT+ ONE EXP]I5CE TO ANO!R40 ,?US CULTURE IS GOV]N$ BY ! IMP]ATIVE ( RE=M+ & SUBORD9AT+ NATURE4 ,! >TIFICIAL 5VIRONM5T :I* IS AGRICULTURE ACCOMPLI%$ ?IS PIVOTAL M$IATION1 ) ! SYMBOLISM ( OBJECTS MANIPULAT$ 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( RELATIONS ( DOM9ANCE4 ,= IT IS NOT ONLY EXT]NAL NATURE ?AT IS SUBJUGAT$3 ! FACE-TO-FACE QUALITY ( PRE-AGRICULTURAL LIFE 9 ITSELF SEV]ELY LIMIT$ DOM9ATION1 :ILE CULTURE EXT5DS & LEGITIMIZES IT4 

,IT IS LIKELY ?AT ALREADY DUR+ ! ,PALEOLI?IC ]A C]TA9 =MS OR NAMES W]E ATTA*$ TO OBJECTS OR IDEAS1 9 A SYMBOLIZ+ MANN] BUT 9 A %IFT+1 IMP]MAN5T1 P]HAPS PLAYFUL S5SE4 ,! WILL TO SAM5ESS & SECURITY F\ND 9 AGRICULTURE MEANS ?AT ! SYMBOLS BECAME AS /ATIC & CON/ANT AS F>M+ LIFE4 ,REGUL>IZATION1 RULE PATT]N+1 & TE*NOLOGICAL DIFF]5TIATION1 UND] ! SIGN ( DIVISION ( LABOR1 9T]ACT TO GR\ND & ADVANCE SYMBOLIZATION4  ,AGRICULTURE COMPLETES ! SYMBOLIC %IFT & ! VIRUS ( ALI5ATION HAS OV]COME AU!NTIC1 FREE LIFE4 ,IT IS ! VICTORY ( CULTURAL CONTROL2 AS AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,M>%ALL ,SAHL9S PUTS IT1 0,! AM\NT ( WORK P] CAPITA 9CREASES ) ! EVOLUTION ( CULTURE & ! AM\NT ( LEISURE P] CAPITA DECREASES40 

,TODAY1 ! FEW SURVIV+ HUNT]-GA!R]S OCCUPY ! LEA/ 0ECONOMICALLY 9T]E/+0 >EAS ( ! WORLD :]E AGRICULTURE HAS NOT P5ETRAT$1 SU* AS ! SN[S ( ! ,9UIT OR DES]T ( ! ,AU/RALIAN ABORIG9ES4 ,& YET ! REFUSAL ( F>M+ DRUDG]Y1 EV5 9 ADV]SE SETT+S1 BE>S ITS [N REW>DS4  ,! ,HAZDA ( ,TANZANIA1 ,FILIP9O ,TASADAY1 6,KUNG ( ,BOTSWANA1 OR ! ,KALAH>I ,DES]T 6,KUNG ,SAN-:O W]E SE5 BY ,RI*>D ,LEE AS EASILY SURVIV+ A S]I\S1 SEV]AL YE>S' DR\<T :ILE NEI<BOR+ F>M]S />V$-ALSO TE/IFY TO ,HOLE & ,FLANN]Y'S SUMM>Y ?AT 0,NO GR\P ON E>? HAS MORE LEISURE TIME ?AN HUNT]S & GA!R]S1 :O SP5D IT PRIM>ILY ON GAMES1 CONV]SATION & RELAX+40 ,S]VICE RI<TLY ATTRIBUT$ ?IS CONDITION TO 0! V]Y SIMPLICITY ( ! TE*NOLOGY & LACK ( CONTROL OV] ! 5VIRONM5T0 ( SU* GR\PS4 ,& YET SIMPLE ,PALEOLI?IC ME?ODS W]E1 9 !IR [N WAY1 0ADVANC$40 ,CONSID] A BASIC COOK+ TE*NIQUE LIKE /EAM+ FOODS BY HEAT+ /ONES 9 A COV]$ PIT2 ?IS IS IMMEMORIALLY OLD] ?AN ANY POTT]Y1 KETTLES OR BASKETS 79 FACT1 IS ANTI-CONTA9] 9 ITS NON-SURPLUS1 NON-EX*ANGE ORI5TATION7 & IS ! MO/ NUTRITIONALLY S\ND WAY TO COOK1 F> HEAL?I] ?AN BOIL+ FOOD 9 WAT]1 = EXAMPLE4 ,OR CONSID] ! FA%ION+ ( SU* /ONE TOOLS AS ! LONG & EXCEPTIONALLY ?9 0LAUREL LEAF0 KNIVES1 DELICATELY *IPP$ BUT /RONG1 :I* MOD]N 9DU/RIAL TE*NIQUES CANNOT DUPLICATE4  ,! HUNT+ & GA!R+ LIFE/YLE REPRES5TS ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL & 5DUR+ ADAPTATION EV] A*IEV$ BY HUMANK9D4 ,9 OCCASIONAL PRE-AGRICULTURE PH5OM5A LIKE ! 9T5SIVE COLLECTION ( FOOD OR ! SY/EMATIC HUNT+ ( A S+LE SPECIES CAN BE SE5 SIGNS ( IMP5D+ BREAKD[N ( A PLEASURABLE MODE ?AT REMA9$ SO /ATIC = SO LONG PRECISELY BECAUSE IT WAS PLEASURABLE4 ,! 0P5URY & DAY-LONG GR9D0 ( AGRICULTURE1 9 ,CL>K'S WORDS1 IS ! VEHICLE ( CULTURE1 0RATIONAL0 ONLY 9 ITS P]PETUAL DISEQUILIBRIUM & ITS LOGICAL PROGRESSION T[>D EV]-GREAT] DE/RUCTION1 AS WILL BE \TL9$ BEL[4 

,AL?\< ! T]M HUNT]-GA!R] %\LD BE REV]S$ 7& HAS BE5 BY NOT A FEW CURR5T AN?ROPOLOGI/S7 BECAUSE IT IS RECOGNIZ$ ?AT GA!R+ CON/ITUTES BY F> ! L>G] SURVIVAL COMPON5T1 ! NATURE ( HUNT+ PROVIDES SALI5T CONTRA/ TO DOME/ICATION4 ,! RELATION%IP ( ! HUNT] TO ! HUNT$ ANIMAL1 :I* IS SOV]EIGN1 FREE & EV5 CONSID]$ EQUAL1 IS OBVI\SLY QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ! F>M] OR H]DSMAN TO ! 5SLAV$ *ATTELS OV] :I* HE RULES ABSOLUTELY4 ,EVID5CE ( ! URGE TO IMPOSE ORD] OR SUBJUGATE IS F\ND 9 ! CO]CIVE RITES & UNCLEANNESS TABOOS ( 9CIPI5T RELIGION4 ,! EV5TUAL SUBDU+ ( ! WORLD ?AT IS AGRICULTURE HAS AT LEA/ SOME ( ITS BASIS :]E AMBIGU\S BEHAVIOR IS RUL$ \T1 PURITY & DEFILEM5T DEF9$ & 5=C$4 ,LEVI-,/RAUSS DEF9$ RELIGION AS ! AN?ROPOMORPHISM ( NATURE2 E>LI] SPIRITUALITY WAS P>TICIPATORY ) NATURE1 NOT IMPOS+ CULTURAL VALUES OR TRAITS UPON IT4 ,! SACR$ MEANS ?AT :I* IS SEP>AT$1 & RITUAL & =MALIZATION1 9CREAS+LY REMOV$ FROM ! ONGO+ ACTIVITIES ( DAILY LIFE & 9 ! CONTROL ( SU* SPECIALI/S AS %AMANS & PRIE/S1 >E CLOSELY L9K$ ) HI]>*Y & 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ P[]4 ,RELIGION EM]GES TO GR\ND & LEGITIMIZE CULTURE1 BY MEANS ( A 0HI<]0 ORD] ( REALITY2 IT IS ESPECIALLY REQUIR$1 9 ?IS FUNCTION ( MA9TA9+ ! SOLID>ITY ( SOCIETY1 BY ! UNNATURAL DEM&S ( AGRICULTURE4 ,9 ! ,NEOLI?IC VILLAGE ( ,CATAL ,HUYUK 9 ,TURKI% ,ANATOLIA1 ONE ( EV]Y ?REE ROOMS WAS US$ = RITUAL PURPOSES4  ,PL[+ & S[+ CAN BE SE5 AS RITUAL R5UNCIATIONS1 ACCORD+ TO ,BURK]T1 A =M ( SY/EMATIC REPRESSION ACCOMPANI$ BY A SACRIFICIAL ELEM5T4 ,SPEAK+ ( SACRIFICE1 :I* IS ! KILL+ ( DOME/ICAT$ ANIMALS 7OR EV5 HUMANS7 = RITUAL PURPOSES1 IT IS P]VASIVE 9 AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES & F\ND ONLY !RE4  ,SOME ( ! MAJOR ,NEOLI?IC RELIGIONS (T5 ATTEMPT$ A SYMBOLIC HEAL+ ( ! AGRICULTURAL RUPTURE ) NATURE ?R\< ! MY?OLOGY ( ! E>? MO!R1 :I* NE$LESS TO SAY DOES NO?+ TO RE/ORE ! LO/ UNITY4 ,F]TILITY MY?S >E ALSO C5TRAL2 ! ,EGYPTIAN ,OSIRIS1 ! ,GREEK ,P]SEPHONE1 ,BAAL ( ! ,CANAANITES1 & ! ,NEW ,TE/AM5T ,JESUS1 GODS :OSE DEA? & RESURRECTION TE/IFY TO ! P]SEV]ANCE ( ! SOIL1 NOT TO M5TION ! HUMAN S\L4 ,! FIR/ TEMPLES SIGNIFI$ ! RISE ( COSMOLOGIES BAS$ ON A MODEL ( ! UNIV]SE AS AN >5A ( DOME/ICATION OR B>NY>D1 :I* 9 TURN S]VES TO JU/IFY ! SUPPRESSION ( HUMAN AUTONOMY4 ,:]EAS PRECIVILIZ$ SOCIETY WAS1 AS ,R$FIELD PUT IT1 0HELD TOGE!R BY L>GELY UNDECL>$ BUT CONT9UALLY REALIZ$ E?ICAL CONCEPTIONS10 RELIGION DEVELOP$ AS A WAY ( CREAT+ CITIZ5S1 PLAC+ ! MORAL ORD] UND] PUBLIC MANAGEM5T4 

,DOME/ICATION 9VOLV$ ! 9ITIATION ( PRODUCTION1 VA/LY 9CREAS$ DIVISIONS ( LABOR1 & ! COMPLET$ F\NDATIONS ( SOCIAL /RATIFICATION4 ,?IS AM\NT$ TO AN EPO*AL MUTATION BO? 9 ! *>ACT] ( HUMAN EXI/5CE & ITS DEVELOPM5T1 CL\D+ ! LATT] ) EV] MORE VIOL5CE & WORK4 ,CONTR>Y TO ! MY? ( HUNT]-GA!R]S AS VIOL5T & AGGRESSIVE1 BY ! WAY1 REC5T EVID5CE %[S ?AT EXI/+ NON-F>M]S1 SU* AS ! ,MBUTI 70PYGMIES07 /UDI$ BY ,TURNBULL1 APP>5TLY DO :AT KILL+ !Y DO )\T ANY AGGRESSIVE SPIRIT1 EV5 ) A SORT ( REGRET4 ,W>F>E & ! =MATION ( EV]Y CIVILIZATION OR /ATE1 ON ! O!R H&1 >E 9SEP>ABLY L9K$4 

,PRIMAL PEOPLES DID NOT FI<T OV] >EAS 9 :I* SEP>ATE GR\PS MI<T CONV]GE 9 !IR GA!R+ & HUNT+4 ,AT LEA/ 0T]RITORIAL0 /RUGGLES >E NOT P>T ( ! E?NOGRAPHIC LIT]ATURE & !Y W\LD SEEM EV5 LESS LIKELY TO HAVE OCCURR$ 9 PRE-HI/ORY :5 RES\RCES W]E GREAT] & CONTACT ) CIVILIZATION NON-EXI/5T4  ,9DE$1 !SE PEOPLES HAD NO CONCEPTION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & ,R\SSEAU'S FIGURATIVE JUDGM5T1 ?AT DIVID$ SOCIETY WAS F\ND$ BY ! MAN :O FIR/ S[$ A PIECE ( GR\ND1 SAY+ 0,?IS L& IS M9E10 & F\ND O!RS TO BELIEVE HIM1 IS ESS5TIALLY VALID4 0,M9E & ?9E1 ! SE$S ( ALL MIS*IEF1 HAVE NO PLACE ) !M10 READS ,PIETRO'S #aeaa ACC\NT ( ! NATIVES 5C\NT]$ ON ,COLUMBUS' SECOND VOYAGE4 ,C5TURIES LAT]1 SURVIV+ ,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS ASK$1 0,SELL ! ,E>?8 ,:Y NOT SELL ! AIR1 ! CL\DS1 ! GREAT SEA80 ,AGRICULTURE CREATES & ELEVATES POSSESSIONS2 CONSID] ! LONG+ ROOT ( BELONG+S1 AS IF !Y EV] MAKE UP = ! LOSS4 ,WORK1 AS A DI/9CT CATEGORY ( LIFE1 LIKEWISE DID NOT EXI/ UNTIL AGRICULTURE4 ,! HUMAN CAPACITY ( BE+ %ACKL$ TO CROPS & H]DS DEVOLV$ RA!R QUICKLY4 ,FOOD PRODUCTION OV]CAME ! COMMON ABS5CE OR PAUCITY ( RITUAL & HI]>*Y 9 SOCIETY & 9TRODUC$ CIVILIZ$ ACTIVITIES LIKE ! =C$ LABOR ( TEMPLE-BUILD+4 ,H]E IS ! REAL 0,C>TESIAN SPLIT0 BETWE5 9N] & \T] REALITY1 ! SEP>ATION :]EBY NATURE BECAME M]ELY SOME?+ TO BE 0WORK$40 ,ON ?IS CAPACITY = A S$5T>Y & S]VILE EXI/5CE RE/S ! 5TIRE SUP]/RUCTURE ( CIVILIZATION ) ITS 9CREAS+ WEI<T ( REPRESSION4  ,MALE VIOL5CE T[>D WOM5 ORIG9AT$ ) AGRICULTURE1 :I* TRANSMUT$ WOM5 9TO BEA/S ( BURD5 & BRE$]S ( *ILDR54 ,BE=E F>M+1 ! EGALIT>IANISM ( =AG+ LIFE 0APPLI$ AS FULLY TO WOM5 AS TO M510 JUDG$ ,ELEANOR ,LEACOCK1 [+ TO ! AUTONOMY ( TASKS & ! FACT ?AT DECISIONS W]E MADE BY ?OSE :O C>RI$ !M \T4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( PRODUCTION & ) NO DRUDGE WORK SUITABLE = *ILD LABOR SU* AS WE$+1 WOM5 W]E NOT CONSIGN$ TO ON]\S *ORES OR ! CON/ANT SUPPLY ( BABIES4 ,ALONG ) ! CURSE ( P]PETUAL WORK1 VIA AGRICULTURE1 9 ! EXPULSION FROM ,$51 ,GOD TOLD WOMAN1 0,I WILL GREATLY MULTIPLY ?Y SORR[ & ?Y CONCEPTION2 9 SORR[ ?\ %ALT BR+ =? *ILDR52 & ?AT DESIRE %ALL BE TO ?Y HUSB&1 & HE %ALL RULE OV] !E40 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! FIR/ KN[N CODIFI$ LAWS1 ?OSE ( ! ,SUM]IAN K+ ,UR-,NAMU1 PRESCRIB$ DEA? TO ANY WOMAN SATISFY+ DESIRES \TSIDE ( M>RIAGE4  ,?US ,:YTE REF]R$ TO ! GR\ND WOM5 0LO/ RELATIVE TO M5 :5 HUMANS FIR/ AB&ON$ A SIMPLE HUNT+ & GA!R+ WAY ( LIFE10 & ,SIMONE DE ,BEAUVOIR SAW 9 ! CULTURAL EQUATION ( PL[ & PHALLUS A FITT+ SYMBOL ( ! OPPRESSION ( WOM54 

,AS WILD ANIMALS >E CONV]T$ 9TO SLUGGI% MEAT-MAK+ MA*9ES1 ! CONCEPT ( BECOM+ 0CULTIVAT$0 IS A VIRTUE 5=C$ ON PEOPLE1 MEAN+ ! WE$+ \T ( FRE$OM FROM ONE'S NATURE1 9 ! S]VICE ( DOME/ICATION & EXPLOITATION4 ,AS ,RICE PO9TS \T1 9 ,SUM]1 ! FIR/ CIVILIZATION1 ! E>LIE/ CITIES HAD FACTORIES ) !IR *>ACT]I/IC HI< ORGANIZATION & REFRACTION ( SKILLS4  ,CIVILIZATION FROM ?IS PO9T EXACTS HUMAN LABOR & ! MASS PRODUCTION ( FOOD1 BUILD+S1 W> & AU?ORITY4 ,TO ! ,GREEKS1 WORK WAS A CURSE & NO?+ ELSE4  ,!IR NAME = IT-PONOS-HAS ! SAME ROOT AS ! ,LAT9 PO5A1 SORR[4 ,! FAM\S ,OLD ,TE/AM5T CURSE ON AGRICULTURE AS ! EXPULSION FROM ,P>ADISE 7,G5ESIS #c3#a#g-#a#h7 REM9DS US ( ! ORIG9 ( WORK4 ,AS ,MUM=D PUT IT1 0,CON=MITY1 REPETITION1 PATI5CE W]E ! KEYS TO ?IS .<,NEOLI?IC.> CULTURE444! PATI5T CAPACITY = WORK40 ,9 ?IS MONOTONY & PASSIVITY ( T5D+ & WAIT+ IS BORN1 ACCORD+ TO ,PAUL ,%EP>D1 ! PEASANT'S 0DEEP1 LAT5T RES5TM5TS1 CRUDE MIXTURES ( RECTITUDE & HEAV9ESS1 & ABS5CE ( HUMOR40 ,ONE MI<T ALSO ADD A /OIC 9S5SITIVITY & LACK ( IMAG9ATION 9SEP>ABLE FROM RELIGI\S FAI?1 SULL5NESS1 & SUSPICION AMONG TRAITS WIDELY ATTRIBUT$ TO ! DOME/ICAT$ LIFE ( F>M+4 

,AL?\< FOOD PRODUCTION BY ITS NATURE 9CLUDES A LAT5T READ9ESS = POLITICAL DOM9ATION & AL?\< CIVILIZ+ CULTURE WAS FROM ! BEG9N+ ITS [N PROPAG&A MA*9E1 ! *ANGEOV] 9VOLV$ A MONUM5TAL /RUGGLE4 ,FR$Y ,P]LMAN'S ,AGA9/ ,LEVIA?AN6 ,AGA9/ ,HIS-,/ORY6 IS UNRIVAL$ ON ?IS1 VA/LY 5RI*+ ,TOYNBEE'S ATT5TION TO ! 09T]NAL0 & 0EXT]NAL PROLET>IATS10 DISCONT5TS )9 & )\T CIVILIZATION4 ,NONE!LESS1 ALONG ! AXIS FROM DIGG+ /ICK F>M+ TO PL[ AGRICULTURE TO FULLY DIFF]5TIAT$ IRRIGATION SY/EMS1 AN ALMO/ TOTAL G5OCIDE ( GA!R]S & HUNT]S WAS NECESS>ILY EFFECT$4 

,! =MATION & /ORAGE ( SURPLUSES >E P>T ( ! DOME/ICAT+ WILL TO CONTROL & MAKE /ATIC1 AN ASPECT ( ! T5D5CY TO SYMBOLIZE4 ,A BULW>K AGA9/ ! FL[ ( NATURE1 SURPLUS TAKES ! =MS ( H]D ANIMALS & GRAN>IES4 ,/OR$ GRA9 WAS ! E>LIE/ M$IUM ( EQUIVAL5CE1 ! OLDE/ =M ( CAPITAL4 ,ONLY ) ! APPE>ANCE ( WEAL? 9 ! %APE ( /ORABLE GRA9S DO ! GRADATIONS ( LABOR & SOCIAL CLASSES PROCE$4 ,:ILE !RE W]E C]TA9LY WILD GRA9S BE=E ALL ?IS 7& WILD :EAT1 BY ! WAY1 IS #bd P]C5T PROTE9 COMP>$ TO #ab P]C5T = DOME/ICAT$ :EAT71 ! BIAS ( CULTURE MAKES EV]Y DIFF]5CE4 ,CIVILIZATION & ITS CITIES RE/$ AS MU* ON GRAN>IES AS ON SYMBOLIZATION4 ,! MY/]Y ( AGRICULTURE'S ORIG9 SEEMS EV5 MORE IMP5ETRABLE 9 LI<T ( ! REC5T REV]SAL ( LONG-/&+ NOTIONS ?AT ! PREVI\S ]A WAS ONE ( HO/ILITY TO NATURE & AN ABS5CE ( LEISURE4 0,ONE C\LD NO LONG] ASSUME10 WROTE ,>ME1 0?AT E>LY MAN DOME/ICAT$ PLANTS & ANIMALS TO ESCAPE DRUDG]Y & />VATION4 ,IF ANY?+1 ! CONTR>Y APPE>$ TRUE1 & ! ADV5T ( F>M+ SAW ! 5D ( 9NOC5CE40 ,= A LONG TIME1 ! QUE/ION WAS 0,:Y WASN'T AGRICULTURE ADOPT$ MU* E>LI] 9 HUMAN EVOLUTION80 ,MORE REC5TLY1 WE KN[ ?AT AGRICULTURE1 9 ,COH5'S WORDS1 0IS NOT EASI] ?AN HUNT+ & GA!R+ & DOES NOT PROVIDE A HI<] QUALITY1 MORE PALATABLE1 OR MORE SECURE FOOD BASE40 ,?US ! CONS5SUS QUE/ION N[ IS1 0,:Y WAS IT ADOPT$ AT ALL80 

,MANY !ORIES HAVE BE5 ADVANC$1 NONE CONV9C+LY4 ,*ILDE & O!RS >GUE ?AT POPULATION 9CREASE PU%$ HUMAN SOCIETIES 9TO MORE 9TIMATE CONTACT ) O!R SPECIES1 LEAD+ TO DOME/ICATION & ! NE$ TO PRODUCE 9 ORD] TO FE$ ! ADDITIONAL PEOPLE4 ,BUT IT HAS BE5 %[N RA!R CONCLUSIVELY ?AT POPULATION 9CREASE DID NOT PREC$E AGRICULTURE BUT WAS CAUS$ BY IT4 0,I DON'T SEE ANY EVID5CE ANY:]E 9 ! WORLD10 CONCLUD$ ,FLANN]Y1 0?AT SUGGE/S ?AT POPULATION PRESSURE WAS RESPONSIBLE = ! BEG9N+ ( AGRICULTURE40 ,ANO!R !ORY HAS IT ?AT MAJOR CLIMATIC *ANGES OCCURR$ AT ! 5D ( ! ,PLEI/OC5E1 AB\T #a#a1 YE>S AGO1 ?AT UPSET ! OLD HUNT]-GA!R] LIFE-WORLD & L$ DIRECTLY TO ! CULTIVATION ( C]TA9 SURVIV+ /APLES4  ,REC5T DAT+ ME?ODS HAVE HELP$ DEMOLI% ?IS APPROA*2 NO SU* CLIMATIC %IFT HAPP5$ ?AT C\LD HAVE =C$ ! NEW MODE 9TO EXI/5CE4 ,BESIDES1 !RE >E SCORES ( EXAMPLES ( AGRICULTURE BE+ ADOPT$-OR REFUS$-9 EV]Y TYPE ( CLIMATE4 ,ANO!R MAJOR HYPO!SIS IS ?AT AGRICULTURE WAS 9TRODUC$ VIA A *ANCE DISCOV]Y OR 9V5TION AS IF IT HAD NEV] OCCURR$ TO ! SPECIES BE=E A C]TA9 MOM5T ?AT1 = EXAMPLE1 FOOD GR[S FROM SPR\T$ SE$S4 ,IT SEEMS C]TA9 ?AT ,PALEOLI?IC HUMANITY HAD A VIRTUALLY 9EXHAU/IBLE KN[L$GE ( FLORA & FAUNA = MANY T5S ( ?\S&S ( YE>S BE=E ! CULTIVATION ( PLANTS BEGAN1 :I* R5D]S ?IS !ORY ESPECIALLY WEAK4  ,AGREEM5T ) ,C>L ,SAU]'S SUMMATION ?AT1 0,AGRICULTURE DID NOT ORIG9ATE FROM A GR[+ OR *RONIC %ORTAGE ( FOOD0 IS SUFFICI5T1 9 FACT1 TO DISMISS VIRTUALLY ALL ORIG9>Y !ORIES ?AT HAVE BE5 ADVANC$4 ,A REMA9+ IDEA1 PRES5T$ BY ,HAHN1 ,ISAAC & O!RS1 HOLDS ?AT FOOD PRODUCTION BEGAN AT BASE AS A RELIGI\S ACTIVITY4 ,?IS HYPO!SIS COMES CLOSE/ TO PLAUSIBILITY4 

,%EEP & GOATS1 ! FIR/ ANIMALS TO BE DOME/ICAT$1 >E KN[N TO HAVE BE5 WIDELY US$ 9 RELIGI\S C]EMONIES1 & TO HAVE BE5 RAIS$ 9 5CLOS$ MEAD[S = SACRIFICIAL PURPOSES4 ,BE=E !Y W]E DOME/ICAT$1 MOREOV]1 %EEP HAD NO WOOL SUITABLE = TEXTILE PURPOSES4 ,! MA9 USE ( ! H5 9 S\!A/]N ,ASIA & ! EA/]N ,M$IT]RANEAN-! E>LIE/ C5T]S ( CIVILIZATION-0SEEMS TO HAVE BE510 ACCORD+ TO ,D>BY1 0SACRIFICIAL OR DIV9ATORY RA!R ?AN ALIM5T>Y40 ,SAU] ADDS ?AT ! 0EGG LAY+ & MEAT PRODUC+ QUALITIES0 ( TAM$ F[L 0>E RELATIVELY LATE CONSEQU5CES ( !IR DOME/ICATION40 ,WILD CATTLE W]E FI]CE & DANG]\S2 NEI!R ! DOCILITY ( OX5 NOR ! MODIFI$ MEAT TEXTURE ( SU* CA/RATES C\LD HAVE BE5 =ESE54 ,CATTLE W]E NOT MILK$ UNTIL C5TURIES AFT] !IR 9ITIAL CAPTIVITY1 & REPRES5TATIONS 9DICATE ?AT !IR FIR/ KN[N H>NESS+ WAS TO WAGONS 9 RELIGI\S PROCESSIONS4 ,PLANTS1 NEXT TO BE CONTROLL$1 EXHIBIT SIMIL> BACKGR\NDS SO F> AS IS KN[N4 ,CONSID] ! ,NEW ,WORLD EXAMPLES ( SQUA% & PUMPK91 US$ ORIG9ALLY AS C]EMONIAL RATTLES4 ,JOHANNESS5 DISCUSS$ ! RELIGI\S & MY/ICAL MOTIVES CONNECT$ ) ! DOME/ICATION ( MAIZE1 ,MEXICO'S MO/ IMPORTANT CROP & C5T] ( ITS NATIVE ,NEOLI?IC RELIGION4 ,LIKEWISE1 ,&]SON 9VE/IGAT$ ! SELECTION & DEVELOPM5T ( DI/9CTIVE TYPES ( V>I\S CULTIVAT$ PLANTS BECAUSE ( !IR MAGICAL SIGNIFICANCE4 ,! %AMANS1 ,I %\LD ADD1 W]E WELL-PLAC$ 9 POSITIONS ( P[] TO 9TRODUCE AGRICULTURE VIA ! TAM+ & PLANT+ 9VOLV$ 9 RITUAL & RELIGION1 SKET*ILY REF]R$ TO ABOVE4  ,?\< ! RELIGI\S EXPLANATION ( ! ORIG9S ( AGRICULTURE HAS BE5 SOME:AT OV]LOOK$1 IT BR+S US1 9 MY OP9ION1 TO ! V]Y DOOR/EP ( ! REAL EXPLANATION ( ! BIR? ( PRODUCTION3 ?AT NON-RATIONAL1 CULTURAL =CE ( ALI5ATION :I* SPREAD1 9 ! =MS ( TIME1 LANGUAGE1 NUMB] & >T1 TO ULTIMATELY COLONIZE MAT]IAL & PSY*IC LIFE 9 AGRICULTURE4 0,RELIGION0 IS TOO N>R[ A CONCEPTUALIZATION ( ?IS 9FECTION & ITS GR[?4 ,DOM9ATION IS TOO WEI<TY1 TOO ALL-5COMPASS+ TO HAVE BE5 SOLELY CONVEY$ BY ! PA?OLOGY ?AT IS RELIGION4 

,BUT ! CULTURAL VALUES ( CONTROL & UNI=MITY ?AT >E P>T ( RELIGION >E C]TA9LY P>T ( AGRICULTURE1 & FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,NOT+ ?AT /RA9S ( CORN CROSS-POLL9ATE V]Y EASILY1 ,&]SON /UDI$ ! V]Y PRIMITIVE AGRICULTURALI/S ( ,ASSAM1 ! ,NAGA TRIBE1 & !IR V>IETY ( CORN ?AT EXHIBIT$ NO DIFF]5CES FROM PLANT TO PLANT4 ,TRUE TO CULTURE1 %[+ ?AT IT IS COMPLETE FROM ! BEG9N+ ( PRODUCTION1 ! ,NAGA KEPT !IR V>IETIES SO PURE 0ONLY BY A FANATICAL ADH]5CE TO AN IDEAL TYPE40 ,?IS EXEMPLIFIES ! M>RIAGE ( CULTURE & PRODUCTION 9 DOME/ICATION1 & ITS 9EVITABLE PROG5Y1 REPRESSION & WORK4 

,! SCRUPUL\S T5D+ ( /RA9S ( PLANTS F9DS ITS P>ALLEL 9 ! DOME/ICAT+ ( ANIMALS1 :I* ALSO DEFIES NATURAL SELECTION & REE/ABLI%ES ! CONTROLLABLE ORGANIC WORLD AT A DEBAS$1 >TIFICIAL LEVEL4 ,LIKE PLANTS1 ANIMALS >E M]E ?+S TO BE MANIPULAT$2 A DAIRY C[1 = 9/ANCE1 IS SE5 AS A K9D ( MA*9E = CONV]T+ GRASS TO MILK4 ,TRANSMUT$ FROM A /ATE ( FRE$OM TO ?AT ( HELPLESS P>ASITES1 !SE ANIMALS BECOME COMPLETELY DEP5D5T ON MAN = SURVIVAL4 ,9 DOME/IC MAMMALS1 AS A RULE1 ! SIZE ( ! BRA9 BECOMES RELATIVELY SMALL] AS SPECIM5S >E PRODUC$ ?AT DEVOTE MORE 5]GY TO GR[? & LESS TO ACTIVITY4 ,PLACID1 9FANTILIZ$1 TYPIFI$ P]HAPS BY ! %EEP1 MO/ DOME/ICAT$ ( H]D ANIMALS2 ! REM>KABLE 9TELLIG5CE ( WILD %EEP IS COMPLETELY LO/ 9 !IR TAM$ C\NT]P>TS4 ,! SOCIAL RELATION%IPS AMONG DOME/IC ANIMALS >E R$UC$ TO ! CRUDE/ ESS5TIALS4 ,NON-REPRODUCTIVE P>TS ( ! LIFE CYCLE >E M9IMIZ$1 C\RT%IP IS CURTAIL$1 & ! ANIMAL'S V]Y CAPACITY TO RECOGNIZE ITS [N SPECIES IS IMPAIR$4 ,F>M+ ALSO CREAT$ ! POT5TIAL = RAPID 5VIRONM5TAL DE/RUCTION & ! DOM9ATION OV] NATURE SOON BEGAN TO TURN ! GRE5 MANTLE ?AT COV]$ ! BIR?PLACES ( CIVILIZATION 9TO B>R5 & LIFELESS >EAS4 0,VA/ REGIONS HAVE *ANG$ !IR ASPECT COMPLETELY10 E/IMATES ,ZEUN]1 0ALWAYS TO QUASI-DRI] CONDITION1 S9CE ! BEG9N+S ( ! ,NEOLI?IC40 ,DES]TS N[ OCCUPY MO/ ( ! >EAS :]E ! HI< CIVILIZATIONS ONCE FL\RI%$1 & !RE IS MU* HI/ORICAL EVID5CE ?AT !SE E>LY =MATIONS 9EVITABLY RU9$ !IR 5VIRONM5TS4 

,?R\<\T ! ,M$IT]RANEAN ,BAS9 & 9 ! ADJO9+ ,NE> ,EA/ & ,ASIA1 AGRICULTURE TURN$ LU% & HOSPITABLE L&S 9TO DEPLET$1 DRY1 & ROCKY T]RA94 ,9 ,CRITIAS1 ,PLATO DESCRIB$ ,ATTICA AS 0A SKELETON WA/$ BY DISEASE10 REF]R+ TO ! DE=E/ATION ( ,GREECE & CONTRA/+ IT TO ITS E>LI] RI*NESS4 ,GRAZ+ BY GOATS & %EEP1 ! FIR/ DOME/ICAT$ RUM9ANTS1 WAS A MAJOR FACTOR 9 ! D5UD+ ( ,GREECE1 ,LEBANON1 & ,NOR? ,AFRICA1 & ! DES]TIFICATION ( ! ,ROMAN & ,MESOPOTAMIAN EMPIRES4 ,ANO!R1 MORE IMM$IATE IMPACT ( AGRICULTURE1 BR\<T TO LI<T 9CREAS+LY 9 REC5T YE>S1 9VOLV$ ! PHYSICAL WELL-BE+ ( ITS SUBJECTS4 ,LEE & ,DEVORE'S RESE>*ES %[ ?AT 0! DIET ( GA!R+ PEOPLES WAS F> BETT] ?AN ?AT ( CULTIVATORS1 ?AT />VATION IS R>E1 ?AT !IR HEAL? /ATUS WAS G5]ALLY SUP]IOR1 & ?AT !RE IS A L[] 9CID5CE ( *RONIC DISEASE40 ,CONV]SELY1 ,F>B SUMM>IZ$1 0,PRODUCTION PROVIDES AN 9F]IOR DIET BAS$ ON A LIMIT$ NUMB] ( FOODS1 IS MU* LESS RELIABLE BECAUSE ( BLI<TS & ! VAG>IES ( WEA!R1 & IS MU* MORE CO/LY 9 T]MS ( HUMAN LABOR EXP5D$40 

,! NEW FIELD ( PALEOPA?OLOGY HAS REA*$ EV5 MORE EMPHATIC CONCLUSIONS1 /RESS+1 AS DOES ,ANGEL1 ! 0%>P DECL9E 9 GR[? & NUTRITION CAUS$ BY ! *ANGEOV] FROM FOOD GA!R+ TO FOOD PRODUCTION40 ,E>LI] CONCLUSIONS AB\T LIFE SPAN HAVE ALSO BE5 REVIS$4 ,AL?\< EYEWITNESS ,SPANI% ACC\NTS ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY TELL ( ,FLORIDA ,9DIAN FA!RS SEE+ !IR FIF? G5]ATION BE=E PASS+ AWAY1 IT WAS LONG BELIEV$ ?AT PRIMITIVE PEOPLE DI$ 9 !IR #cS & #dS4 ,ROBSON1 ,BOYD5 & O!RS HAVE DISPELL$ ! CONFUSION ( LONGEVITY ) LIFE EXPECTANCY & DISCOV]$ ?AT CURR5T HUNT]-GA!R]S1 B>R+ 9JURY & SEV]E 9FECTION1 (T5 \TLIVE !IR CIVILIZ$ CONTEMPOR>IES4 ,DUR+ ! 9DU/RIAL AGE ONLY FAIRLY REC5TLY DID LIFE SPAN L5G!N = ! SPECIES1 & IT IS N[ WIDELY RECOGNIZ$ ?AT 9 ,PALEOLI?IC TIMES HUMANS W]E LONG-LIV$ ANIMALS1 ONCE C]TA9 RISKS W]E PASS$4 ,DE,VRIES IS CORRECT 9 HIS JUDGM5T ?AT DURATION ( LIFE DROPP$ %>PLY UPON CONTACT ) CIVILIZATION4 0,TUB]CULOSIS & DI>RHEAL DISEASE HAD TO AWAIT ! RISE ( F>M+1 MEASLES & BUBONIC PLAGUE ! APPE>ANCE ( L>GE CITIES10 WROTE ,J>$ ,DIAMOND4 ,MAL>IA1 PROBABLY ! S+LE GREATE/ KILL] ( HUMANITY1 & NE>LY ALL O!R 9FECTI\S DISEASES >E ! H]ITAGE ( AGRICULTURE4 ,NUTRITIONAL & DEG5]ATIVE DISEASES 9 G5]AL APPE> ) ! REIGN ( DOME/ICATION & CULTURE4 ,CANC]1 CORON>Y ?ROMBOSIS1 ANEMIA1 D5TAL C>IES1 & M5TAL DISORD]S >E BUT A FEW ( ! HALLM>KS ( AGRICULTURE2 PREVI\SLY WOM5 GAVE BIR? ) NO DIFFICULTY & LITTLE OR NO PA94 ,PEOPLE W]E F> MORE ALIVE 9 ALL !IR S5SES4 6,KUNG ,SAN1 REPORT$ ,R4,H4 ,PO/1 HAVE HE>D A S+LE-5G9E PLANE :ILE IT WAS /ILL #g MILES AWAY1 & MANY ( !M CAN SEE F\R MOONS ( ,JUPIT] ) ! NAK$ EYE4 ,! SUMM>Y JUDGM5T ( ,H>RIS & ,ROSS1 AS TO 0AN OV]ALL DECL9E 9 ! QUALITY-& PROBABLY 9 ! L5G?-( HUMAN LIFE AMONG F>M]S AS COMP>$ ) E>LI] HUNT]-GA!R] GR\PS10 IS UND]/AT$4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ P]SI/5T & UNIV]SAL IDEAS IS ?AT !RE WAS ONCE A ,GOLD5 ,AGE ( 9NOC5CE BE=E HI/ORY BEGAN4 ,HESIOD1 = 9/ANCE1 REF]R$ TO ! 0LIFE-SU/A9+ SOIL1 :I* YIELD$ ITS COPI\S FRUITS UNBRIB$ BY TOIL40 ,$5 WAS CLE>LY ! HOME ( ! HUNT]-GA!R]S & ! YE>N+ EXPRESS$ BY ! HI/ORICAL IMAGES ( P>ADISE MU/ HAVE BE5 ?AT ( DISILLUSION$ TILL]S ( ! SOIL = A LO/ LIFE ( FRE$OM & RELATIVE EASE4 

,! HI/ORY ( CIVILIZATION %[S ! 9CREAS+ DISPLACEM5T ( NATURE FROM HUMAN EXP]I5CE1 *>ACT]IZ$ 9 P>T BY A N>R[+ ( FOOD *OICES4  ,ACCORD+ TO ,ROONEY1 PREHI/ORIC PEOPLES F\ND SU/5ANCE 9 OV] #ae SPECIES ( WILD PLANTS1 :]EAS 0,ALL CIVILIZATIONS10 ,W5KE REM9DS US10 HAVE BE5 BAS$ ON ! CULTIVATION ( ONE OR MORE ( JU/ SIX PLANT SPECIES3 :EAT1 B>LEY1 MILLET1 RICE1 MAIZE1 & POTATOES40 ,IT IS A /RIK+ TRU? ?AT OV] ! C5TURIES 0! NUMB] ( DIFF]5T $IBLE FOODS :I* >E ACTUALLY EAT510 ,PYKE PO9TS \T1 0HAS /EADILY DW9DL$40 ,! WORLD'S POPULATION N[ DEP5DS = MO/ ( ITS SUBSI/5CE ON ONLY AB\T #b G5]A ( PLANTS :ILE !IR NATURAL /RA9S >E REPLAC$ BY >TIFICIAL HYBRIDS & ! G5ETIC POOL ( !SE PLANTS BECOMES F> LESS V>I$4 

,! DIV]SITY ( FOOD T5DS TO DISAPPE> OR FLATT5 \T AS ! PROPORTION ( MANUFACTUR$ FOODS 9CREASES4 ,TODAY ! V]Y SAME >TICLES ( DIET >E DI/RIBUT$ WORLDWIDE1 SO ?AT AN ,9UIT ,ESKIMO & AN ,AFRICAN MAY SOON BE EAT+ P[D]$ MILK MANUFACTUR$ 9 ,WISCONS9 OR FROZ5 FI% /ICKS FROM A S+LE FACTORY 9 ,SW$54 ,A FEW BIG MULT9ATIONALS SU* AS ,UNILEV]1 ! WORLD'S BIGGE/ FOOD PRODUCTION COMPANY1 PRESIDE OV] A HI<LY 9TEGRAT$ S]VICE SY/EM 9 :I* ! OBJECT IS NOT TO N\RI% OR EV5 TO FE$1 BUT TO =CE AN EV]-9CREAS+ CONSUMPTION ( FABRICAT$1 PROCESS$ PRODUCTS UPON ! WORLD4 

,:5 ,DESC>TES 5UNCIAT$ ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! FULLE/ EXPLOITATION ( MATT] TO ANY USE IS ! :OLE DUTY ( MAN1 \R SEP>ATION FROM NATURE WAS VIRTUALLY COMPLETE & ! /AGE WAS SET = ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,?REE HUNDR$ & FIFTY YE>S LAT] ?IS SPIRIT L+]$ 9 ! P]SON ( ,JEAN ,VOR/1 ,CURATOR ( ,FRANCE'S ,MUSEUM ( ,NATURAL ,HI/ORY1 :O PRON\NC$ ?AT \R SPECIES1 0BECAUSE ( 9TELLECT10 CAN NO LONG] RE-CROSS A C]TA9 ?RE%OLD ( CIVILIZATION & ONCE AGA9 BECOME P>T ( A NATURAL HABITAT4 ,HE FUR!R /AT$1 EXPRESS+ P]FECTLY ! ORIG9AL & P]SEV]+ IMP]IALISM ( AGRICULTURE1 0,AS ! E>? 9 ITS PRIMITIVE /ATE IS NOT ADAPT$ TO \R EXPANSION1 MAN MU/ %ACKLE IT TO FULFILL HUMAN DE/9Y40 ,! E>LY FACTORIES LIT]ALLY MIMICK$ ! AGRICULTURAL MODEL1 9DICAT+ AGA9 ?AT AT BASE ALL MASS PRODUCTION IS F>M+4 ,! NATURAL WORLD IS TO BE BROK5 & =C$ TO WORK4 ,ONE ?9KS ( ! MID-,AM]ICAN PRAIRIES :]E SETTL]S HAD TO YOKE SIX OX5 TO PL[S 9 ORD] TO CUT ?R\< ! SOIL = ! FIR/ TIME4 ,OR A SC5E FROM ! #a#h#gS 9 ,! ,OCTOPUS BY ,FRANK ,NORRIS1 9 :I* GANG-PL[S W]E DRIV5 LIKE 0A GREAT COLUMN ( FIELD >TILL]Y0 ACROSS ! ,SAN ,JOAQU9 ,VALLEY1 CUTT+ #age FURR[S AT ONCE4 ,TODAY ! ORGANIC1 :AT IS LEFT ( IT1 IS FULLY ME*ANIZ$ UND] ! EGIS ( A FEW PETRO*EMICAL CORPORATIONS4  ,!IR >TIFICIAL F]TILIZ]S1 PE/ICIDES1 H]BICIDES & NE>-MONOPOLY ( ! WORLD'S SE$ /OCK DEF9E A TOTAL 5VIRONM5T ?AT 9TEGRATES FOOD PRODUCTION FROM PLANT+ TO CONSUMPTION4 ,AL?\< ,LEVI-,/RAUSS IS RI<T ?AT 0,CIVILIZATION MANUFACTURES MONOCULTURE LIKE SUG> BEETS10 ONLY S9CE ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I HAS A COMPLETELY SYN!TIC ORI5TATION BEGUN TO DOM9ATE4 

,AGRICULTURE TAKES MORE ORGANIC MATT] \T ( ! SOIL ?AN IT PUTS BACK1 & SOIL ]OSION IS BASIC TO ! MONOCULTURE ( ANNUALS4 ,REG>D+ ! LATT]1 SOME >E PROMOT$ ) DEVA/AT+ RESULTS TO ! L&2 ALONG ) COTTON & SOYBEANS1 CORN1 :I* 9 ITS PRES5T DOME/ICAT$ /ATE IS TOTALLY DEP5D5T ON AGRICULTURE = ITS EXI/5CE1 IS ESPECIALLY BAD4 ,J4,RUSSELL ,SMI? CALL$ IT 0! KILL] ( CONT95TS444& ONE ( ! WOR/ 5EMIES ( ! HUMAN FUTURE40 ,! ]OSION CO/ ( ONE BU%EL ( ,I[A CORN IS TWO BU%ELS ( TOPSOIL1 HI<LI<T+ ! MORE G5]AL L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RIAL DE/RUCTION ( F>ML&4 ,! CONT9U\S TILLAGE ( HUGE MONOCULTURES1 ) MASSIVE USE ( *EMICALS & NO APPLICATION ( MANURE OR HUMMUS1 OBVI\SLY RAISES SOIL DET]IORATION & SOIL LOSS TO MU* HI<] LEVELS4 ,! DOM9ANT AGRICULTURAL MODE HAS IT ?AT SOIL NE$S MASSIVE 9FUSIONS ( *EMICALS1 SUP]VIS$ BY TE*NICIANS :OSE OV]RID+ GOAL IS TO MAXIMIZE PRODUCTION4 ,>TIFICIAL F]TILIZ]S & ALL ! RE/ FROM ?IS \TLOOK ELIM9ATE ! NE$ = ! COMPLEX LIFE ( ! SOIL & 9DE$ CONV]T IT 9TO A M]E 9/RUM5T ( PRODUCTION4 ,! PROMISE ( TE*NOLOGY IS TOTAL CONTROL1 A COMPLETELY CONTRIV$ 5VIRONM5T ?AT SIMPLY SUP]S$ES ! NATURAL BALANCE ( ! BIOSPH]E4 

,BUT MORE & MORE 5]GY IS EXP5D$ TO PUR*ASE GREAT MONOCULTURAL YIELDS ?AT >E BEG9N+ TO DECL9E1 NEV] M9D ! TOXIC CONTAM9ATION ( ! SOIL1 GR\ND WAT] & FOOD4 ,! ,U4,S4 ,DEP>TM5T ( ,AGRICULTURE SAYS ?AT CROPL& ]OSION IS OCCURR+ 9 ?IS C\NTRY AT A RATE ( TWO BILLION TONS ( SOIL A YE>4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,ACADEMY ( ,SCI5CES E/IMATES ?AT OV] ONE ?IRD ( TOPSOIL IS ALREADY GONE =EV]4 ,! ECOLOGICAL IMBALANCE CAUS$ BY MONOCROPP+ & SYN!TIC F]TILIZ]S CAUSES 5ORM\S 9CREASES 9 PE/S & CROP DISEASES2 S9CE ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 CROP LOSS DUE TO 9SECTS HAS ACTUALLY D\BL$4 ,TE*NOLOGY RESPONDS1 ( C\RSE1 ) SPIRAL+ APPLICATIONS ( MORE SYN!TIC F]TILIZ]S1 & 0WE$0 & 0PE/0 KILL]S1 ACCEL]AT+ ! CRIME AGA9/ NATURE4 

,ANO!R PO/W> PH5OM5ON WAS ! ,GRE5 ,REVOLUTION1 BILL$ AS ! SALVATION ( ! IMPOV]I%$ ,?IRD ,WORLD BY ,AM]ICAN CAPITAL & TE*NOLOGY4 ,BUT RA!R ?AN FE$+ ! HUNGRY1 ! ,GRE5 ,REVOLUTION DROVE MILLIONS ( POOR PEOPLE FROM F>ML&S 9 ,ASIA1 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA & ,AFRICA AS VICTIMS ( ! PROGRAM ?AT FO/]S L>GE CORPORATE F>MS4 ,IT AM\NT$ TO AN 5ORM\S TE*NOLOGICAL COLONIZATION CREAT+ DEP5D5CY ON CAPITAL-9T5SIVE AGRIBUS9ESS1 DE/ROY+ OLD] AGR>IAN COMMUNALISM1 REQUIR+ MASSIVE FOSSIL FUEL CONSUMPTION & ASSAULT+ NATURE ON AN UNPREC$5T$ SCALE4 ,DES]TIFICATION1 OR LOSS ( SOIL DUE TO AGRICULTURE1 HAS BE5 /EADILY 9CREAS+4 ,EA* YE>1 A TOTAL >EA EQUIVAL5T TO MORE ?AN TWO ,BELGIUMS IS BE+ CONV]T$ TO DES]T WORLDWIDE4 ,! FATE ( ! WORLD'S TROPICAL RA9=E/S IS A FACTOR 9 ! ACCEL]ATION ( ?IS DESICCATION3 HALF ( !M HAVE BE5 ]AS$ 9 ! PA/ ?IRTY YE>S4 ,9 ,BOTSWANA1 ! LA/ WILD]NESS REGION ( ,AFRICA HAS DISAPPE>$ LIKE MU* ( ! ,AMAZON JUNGLE & ALMO/ HALF ( ! RA9=E/S ( ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA1 PRIM>ILY TO RAISE CATTLE = ! HAMBURG] M>KETS 9 ! ,U4,S4 & ,EUROPE4 ,! FEW >EAS SAFE FROM DE=E/ATION >E :]E AGRICULTURE DOESN'T WANT TO GO4 ,! DE/RUCTION ( ! L& IS PROCE$+ 9 ! ,U4,S4 OV] A GREAT] L& >EA ?AN WAS 5COMPASS$ BY ! ORIG9AL ?IRTE5 COLONIES1 JU/ AS IT WAS AT ! HE>T ( ! SEV]E ,AFRICAN FAM9E ( ! MID-#a#i#hS1 & ! EXT9CTION ( ONE SPECIES ( WILD ANIMAL & PLANT AFT] ANO!R4 

,RETURN+ TO ANIMALS1 ONE IS REM9D$ ( ! WORDS ( ,G5ESIS 9 :I* ,GOD SAID TO ,NOAH1 0,& ! FE> ( Y\ & ! DREAD ( Y\ %ALL BE UPON EV]Y F[L ( ! AIR1 UPON ALL ?AT MOVE? UPON ! E>?1 & UPON ALL ! FI%ES ( ! SEA2 9TO Y\R H&S >E !Y DELIV]$40 ,:5 NEWLY DISCOV]$ T]RITORY WAS FIR/ VISIT$ BY ! ADVANCE GU>D ( PRODUCTION1 AS A WIDE DESCRIPTIVE LIT]ATURE %[S1 ! WILD MAMMALS & BIRDS %[$ NO FE> :ATSOEV] ( ! EXPLOR]S4 ,! AGRICULTURALIZ$ M5TALITY1 H[EV]1 SO APTLY =ETOLD 9 ! BIBLICAL PASSAGE1 PROJECTS AN EXAGG]AT$ BELIEF 9 ! FI]C5ESS ( WILD CREATURES1 :I* FOLL[S FROM PROGRESSIVE E/RANGEM5T & LOSS ( CONTACT ) ! ANIMAL WORLD1 PLUS ! NE$ TO MA9TA9 DOM9ANCE OV] IT4 

,! FATE ( DOME/IC ANIMALS IS DEF9$ BY ! FACT ?AT AGRICULTURAL TE*NOLOGI/S CONT9UALLY LOOK TO FACTORIES AS MODELS ( H[ TO REF9E !IR [N PRODUCTION SY/EMS4 ,NATURE IS BANI%$ FROM !SE SY/EMS AS1 9CREAS+LY1 F>M ANIMALS >E KEPT L>GELY IMMOBILE ?R\<\T !IR DE=M$ LIVES1 MA9TA9$ 9 HI<-D5SITY1 :OLLY >TIFICIAL 5VIRONM5TS4 ,BILLIONS ( *ICK5S1 PIGS1 & VEAL CALVES1 = EXAMPLE1 NO LONG] EV5 SEE ! LI<T ( DAY MU* LESS ROAM ! FIELDS1 FIELDS GR[+ MORE SIL5T AS MORE & MORE PA/URES >E PL[$ UP TO GR[ FE$ = !SE HIDE\SLY CONF9$ BE+S4 

,! HI<-TE* *ICK5S1 :OSE BEAK 5DS HAVE BE5 CLIPP$ (F TO R$UCE DEA? FROM /RESS-9DUC$ FI<T+1 (T5 EXI/ F\R OR EV5 FIVE TO A #a#b0 BY #a#h0 CAGE & >E P]IODICALLY DEPRIV$ ( FOOD & WAT] = UP TO T5 DAYS TO REGULATE !IR EGG-LAY+ CYCLES4 ,PIGS LIVE ON CONCRETE FLOORS ) NO B$D+2 FOOT-ROT1 TAIL-BIT+ & CANNIBALISM >E 5DEMIC BECAUSE ( PHYSICAL CONDITIONS & /RESS4 ,S[S NURSE !IR PIGLETS SEP>AT$ BY METAL GRATES1 MO!R & (FSPR+ B>R$ FROM NATURAL CONTACT4 ,VEAL CALVES >E (T5 RAIS$ 9 D>KNESS1 *A9$ TO /ALLS SO N>R[ AS TO DISALL[ TURN+ >\ND OR O!R NORMAL PO/URE ADJU/M5T4 ,!SE ANIMALS >E G5]ALLY UND] REGIM5S ( CON/ANT M$ICATION DUE TO ! TORTURES 9VOLV$ & !IR HEI<T5$ SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISEASES2 AUTOMAT$ ANIMAL PRODUCTION RELIES UPON HORMONES & ANTIBIOTICS4 ,SU* SY/EMATIC CRUELTY1 NOT TO M5TION ! K9D ( FOOD ?AT RESULTS1 BR+S TO M9D ! FACT ?AT CAPTIVITY ITSELF & EV]Y =M ( 5SLAVEM5T HAS AGRICULTURE AS ITS PROG5ITOR OR MODEL4 ,FOOD HAS BE5 ONE ( \R MO/ DIRECT CONTACTS ) ! NATURAL 5VIRONM5T1 BUT WE >E R5D]$ 9CREAS+LY DEP5D5T ON A TE*NOLOGICAL PRODUCTION SY/EM 9 :I* F9ALLY EV5 \R S5SES HAVE BECOME R$UNDANT2 TA/E1 ONCE VITAL = JUDG+ A FOOD'S VALUE OR SAFETY1 IS NO LONG] EXP]I5C$1 BUT RA!R C]TIFI$ BY A LABEL4 ,OV]ALL1 ! HEAL?FULNESS ( :AT WE CONSUME DECL9ES & L& ONCE CULTIVAT$ = FOOD N[ PRODUCES C(FEE1 TOBACCO1 GRA9S = ALCOHOL1 M>IJUANA1 & O!R DRUGS1 CREAT+ ! CONTEXT = FAM9E4 ,EV5 ! NON-PROCESS$ FOODS LIKE FRUITS & VEGETABLES >E N[ GR[N TO BE TA/ELESS & UNI=M BECAUSE ! DEM&S ( H&L+1 TRANSPORT & /ORAGE1 NOT NUTRITION OR PLEASURE1 >E ! HI<E/ CONSID]ATIONS4 ,TOTAL W> BORR[$ FROM AGRICULTURE TO DEFOLIATE MILLIONS ( ACRES 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA DUR+ ! ,VIETNAM ,W>1 BUT ! PLUND]+ ( ! BIOSPH]E PROCE$S EV5 MORE LE?ALLY 9 ITS DAILY1 GLOBAL =MS4 ,FOOD AS A FUNCTION ( PRODUCTION HAS ALSO FAIL$ MIS]ABLY ON ! MO/ OBVI\S LEVEL3 HALF ( ! WORLD1 AS EV]YONE KN[S1 SUFF]S FROM MALN\RI%M5T RANG+ TO />VATION ITSELF4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ! 0DISEASES ( CIVILIZATION10 AS DISCUSS$ BY ,EATON & ,KONN] 9 ! ,JANU>Y #c#a1 #aihe ,NEW ,5GL& ,J\RNAL ( ,M$IC9E & CONTRA/$ ) ! HEAL?FUL PRE-F>M+ DIETS1 UND]L9E ! JOYLESS1 SICKLY WORLD ( *RONIC MALADJU/M5T WE 9HABIT AS PREY ( ! MANUFACTUR]S ( M$IC9E1 COSMETICS1 & FABRICAT$ FOOD4 ,DOME/ICATION REA*ES NEW HEI<TS ( ! PA?OLOGICAL 9 G5ETIC FOOD 5G9E]+1 ) NEW TYPES ( ANIMALS 9 ! (F+ AS WELL AS CONTRIV$ MICROORGANISMS & PLANTS4 ,LOGICALLY1 HUMANITY ITSELF WILL ALSO BECOME A DOME/ICATE ( ?IS ORD] AS ! WORLD ( PRODUCTION PROCESSES US AS MU* AS IT DEGRADES & DE=MS EV]Y O!R NATURAL SY/EM4 

,! PROJECT ( SUBDU+ NATURE1 BEGUN & C>RI$ ?R\< BY AGRICULTURE1 HAS ASSUM$ GIGANTIC PROPORTIONS4 ,! 0SUCCESS0 ( CIVILIZATION'S PROGRESS1 A SUCCESS E>LI] HUMANITY NEV] WANT$1 TA/ES MORE & MORE LIKE A%ES4 ,JAMES ,S]PELL SUMM$ IT UP ?IS WAY3 0,9 %ORT WE APPE> TO HAVE REA*$ ! 5D ( ! L9E4 ,WE CANNOT EXP&2 WE SEEM UNABLE TO 9T5SIFY PRODUCTION )\T WREAK+ FUR!R HAVOC1 & ! PLANET IS FA/ BECOM+ A WA/EL&40 ,PHYSIOLOGI/ ,J>$ ,DIAMOND T]M$ ! 9ITIATION ( AGRICULTURE 0A CATA/ROPHE FROM :I* WE HAVE NEV] RECOV]$40 ,AGRICULTURE HAS BE5 & REMA9S A 0CATA/ROPHE0 AT ALL LEVELS1 ! ONE :I* UND]P9S ! 5TIRE MAT]IAL & SPIRITUAL CULTURE ( ALI5ATION N[ DE/ROY+ US4 ,LIB]ATION IS IMPOSSIBLE )\T ITS DISSOLUTION4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,APRIL #b#c1 #bb 3 ,AGRICULTURE -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,AGRICULTURE -- ,UPDAT$4 

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