,*APT] #e 

#aiadaiad 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LUIGI ,GALLEANI 

,TEXT 3 

,COMRADE ,PIETRO ,KROPOTK9 -- :OSE READ]S KN[1 = ESSAYS ?AT ! 0,CRONACA0 HAS REC5TLY PUBLI%$1 ! ACUTE ANALYSIS ( MOD]N 9T]NATIONAL CONFLICTS -- SUMM>IZES 9 A UNIQUE FACT1 ( EXCLUSIVE NATIONAL *>ACT]1 ! ORIG9AL CAUSES ( ! W> PRES5T 9 ! ANNEXATION ( ,ALSACE & ,LORRA9E TO ! ,G]MANIC EMPIRE 9 #a#h#g#a4 

,!RE1 ALL ! EXCITEM5T ( W>4 

,BECAUSE1 ! NE$ TO MA9TA9 ITS DOM9ION OV] ! TWO PROV9CES1 VIOL5TLY USURP$1 HAS PU%$ ,G]MANY T[>DS ! P>ADOXICAL >MAM5TS :I*1 CON/ITUT+ A CON/ANT ?REAT TO PEACE & ,EUROPEAN EQUILIBRIUM1 HAVE L$ TO ! MILIT>IZATION ( ! 5TIRE OLD CONT95T1 A CON/ANT EVE ( >MS ?AT YE> AFT] YE> HAS GONE ON TO BECOME ! EXCLUSIVE CONC]N ( EV]Y /ATE1 MAK+ ANY FUR!R PROGRESS1 ANY LIFE ( ?\<T1 ANY PROLET>IAN ATTEMPT AT EMANCIPATION1 IMPOSSIBLE4 

,FIX+ ) SU* NAIVE C&OR ! CAUSES ( ! W>1 TO COMRADE ,KROPOTK9 ! REASONS TO TAKE SIDES = ,FRANCE1 ,5GL& &1 NECESS>ILY1 = ,RUSSIA AGA9/ ! TWO C5TRAL EMPIRES1 >E NO LONG] LACK+2 & AL?\< -- AS IF TO APPEASE A REMORSE -- HE HOPES ?AT 0! WORK]S MAY LE>N FROM W> :I* & H[ MU* P>T TO PLAY 9 UNLEA%+ ! >M$ CONFLICTS BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T NATIONS1 ! /ATE EX]CISES ! CAPITAL0 HE CONSID]S ! FIR/ DUTY ( EV]Y MAN ( LIB]TY & PROGRESS 0( ! PROLET>IANS CONSCRIPT$ UND] ! BANN]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,LABOR ,/&>DS ABOVE ALL1 TO DO EV]Y?+ 9 !IR P[] & ACCORD+ TO !IR RESPECTIVE CAPACITIES TO CRU% ?IS 9VAD]04 

,G]MANY 9 ,METZ1 AN 5TR5*$ CAMP ) AGGRESSIVE 9T5TIONS1 CAN ON ! SAME DAY ( ! DECL>ATION ( W> V5TURE TWO HUNDR$ & FIFTY ?\S& M5 OV] ,P>IS4 ,& UND] SU* CONDITIONS1 NOT ONLY IS ,FRANCE NOT FREE TO DRAW ON ITS [N DEVELOPM5T1 BUT WORK]S 9 ,BELGIUM FROM ,FRANCE FROM ,SWITZ]L& FROM ! ,NE!RL&S WILL NEV] BE ABLE1 UND] SU* CONDITIONS1 TO />T A LIB]ATION MOVEM5T4 

,FEUDAL ,G]MANY W\LD COME D[N 5 MASSE TO CRU% !M4 

,& ALL ! EMAILS ( ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM W]E !RE6 ,:AT'S WORSE3 ,RUSSIAN AUTOCRATISM D>+LY TOMATOES ! REACTION1 ! COMPULSORY MILIT>Y S]VICE E/ABLI%$ 9 ALMO/ ALL ! NATIONS ( ! ,WE/3 9 ,G]MANY ITSELF ! SURVIVAL ( \TDAT$ FEUDAL 9/ITUTIONS1 ! CON/ITUTIONAL D]ISION ( A P>LIAM5T 5SLAV$ TO ! MON>*1 ! W>LIKE FURY ( LI<TN+ & M5ACE1 REPEAT ONLY BY ! PROVOCATIVE ATTITUDES ( IMP]IAL ,G]MANY !IR CAUSE & !IR REASON4 

,WOE BETIDE IF Y\ DON'T MAKE EMBANKM5T1 IMM$IATELY1 TO ! RIV]3 ,HOLL&1 ,BELGIUM1 EA/]N ,FRANCE1 ,F9L&1 ,D5M>K WILL BE TOMORR[ ,G]MAN PROV9CES4 ,ANTW]P & ,CALAIS WILL TOMORR[ BE ! NAVAL BASES ( ! NEW MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS ?AT WILL PUT ,5GL& AT ! M]CY ( ! ,KAIS]1 MAK+ IT IMPOSSIBLE1 9 ! P]5NIAL ?REAT1 EV5 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM1 TO MAKE ANY CIVIL LIFE ?ROB4 

,IT %\LD NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT ,G]MANY ALONE OR ) ! ACCORD ( ,RUSSIA HAS NEV] CULTIVAT$ ANY?+ BUT HATR$ = ! ,FRANCE ( ! ,REVOLUTION & HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! G5D>ME1 ! 9/RUM5T ( ALL RE/ORATION2 & ?AT WE ,ITALIANS %\LD P>TICUL>LY REMEMB] ?AT 09 #a#h#f1 :5 ! ,HAPSBURGS & ,LORRA9E W]E DRIV5 \T ( ,TUSCANY1 ,MOD5A1 ,P>MA & ,FLOR5CE BECAME ! CAPITAL ( ,ITALY1 WE F\ND 9 ,G]MANY ! MO/ T5ACI\S OPPOSITION04 

,9 CONCLUSION1 W>NS ! ,KROPOTK91 IF 9 ! COMMON EF=T ( ALL ! NATIONS ( ,EUROPE ,G]MANY IS NOT CRU%$1 WE WILL HAVE1 IF NOT MORE1 ANO!R HALF C5TURY ( REACTION4 

,!SE1 FAI?FULLY D$UC$ FROM HIS LETT] TO ,PR(ESSOR ,/EFF5 9 ! 0,FRE$OM0 ( LA/ ,OCTOB]1 ! >GUM5TS ( COMRADE ,KROPOTK9 :O1 /IRR+ ! SPECT] ( ! ,G]MAN IMP]IALI/ REACTION AGA9/ :I* HE W\LD LIKE -- ALONG ) ! PHALANXES ( ! ALLIES1 ! DRAGONS ( ! REPUBLIC & ! ,CZ> ,COSSACKS -- TO OPPOSE ! F]V5T COALITION ( ALL M5 ( LIB]TY1 ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,LABOR ,P>TY1 BE=E ANY O!R1 & =C$ TO =ESEE FROM ! COMRADES AN ANXIETY & AN OBJECTION4 

-- ,BUT CAN IT BE A S9C]E CRUSADE ( CIVILIZATION & LIB]TY ?AT HAS ! BANN]S ON ! =EHEAD & ! SWORD 9 ! SCALES & 9 ! GAME1 ! DECISIVE /AKES1 ! ,COSSACK HORDES ( ! ,LITTLE ,FA!R8 ,& 9 ! H&S ( ! AUTOCRACY1 ! ,HOLY ,SYNOD1 ! ,HUNDR$ ,BLACKS1 ! ,DUMA -- A CON/ITUTIONAL MOCK]Y AT LEA/ AS MU* AS ! ,REI*/AG -- WILL ! DE/9IES ( CIVILIZATION & FRE$OM BE BETT] (F ?AN UND] ! CANNONS ( ! ,KRUPP & ! HEELS ( ! ,KAIS]8 ,& DO Y\ NOT PREP>E Y\RSELF1 OLD COMRADE 5*ANT$ UND] ! GU/S ( ! MO/ PA9FUL EXP]I5CE1 /ILL AN ATROCI\S DISILLUSIONM5T1 ! MORTAL DISILLUSIONM5T ( :I* IS DRUNK 9 HI/ORY EV]Y PROLET>IAN G5]ATION HEAV+ TO RECON/RUCT ON ! RU9 ( A TYRANNY ! =TUNE ( A MORE EXAGG]AT$1 MORE 9FAM\S TYRANNY8 

-- ,DON'T GO D[N6 -- REASSURES ! GOOD ,KROPOTK9 9 :OM 9TIMATE DESIRE RISES TO ! SOLEMN SAFETY ( ! ,VATICAN4 -- ,DON'T BE AL>M$6 0,?OSE :O FOLL[ ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ATT5TIVELY & /UDI\SLY CAN TELL Y\ :AT ! FEEL+ ( MOD]N ,RUSSIA IS & CAN ASSURE Y\ ?AT UND] NO CIRCUM/ANCES WILL ! AUTOCRACY BE RE/OR$ TO ! =MS ?AT EXI/$ BE=E #a#i#e1 & ?AT A ,RUSSIAN CON/ITUTION WILL NEV] TAKE ON ! IMP]IALI/ =MS & SPIRIT ?AT ! P>LIAM5T>Y REGIME 9 ,G]MANY DID & DID.<#e.>4 

"9"9"9 

,! BROAD CONS5SUS ?AT ,KROPOTK9'S /ATEM5TS RECEIV$ 9 ! C5ACLES ( DEMOCRATIC LIB]ALISM EXPLA9S 9 ITSELF ! S5SE ( PA9FUL A/ONI%M5T ) :I* !Y W]E RECEIV$ BY ! COMRADES4 ,!Y DO NOT IGNORE1 & HAVE EXPLA9$ TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 !IR PREF]5CES = TRADITIONS1 CULTURE & ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT4 

,HE HAD QU5*$ HIS ?IR/1 Y\NG1 AT ! SUP]B S\RCES ( #a#h? C5TURY PHILOSOPHY ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 :O CAME TO ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T UND] ! C>ESS ( ! VOICES1 ! MEMORIES1 ! M5 ( ! GLORI\S ,COMMUNE2 &1 BY ! SAME GEOGRAPHICAL NATURE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 ) 9TELLECTUAL & PROLET>IAN ,FRANCE HE CULTIVAT$ = =TY YE>S ASSIDU\S FAMILI>ITY ( RELATION%IPS4 ,!Y W\LD NEV] HAVE PR$ICT$1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! OLD (FICIAL MELAN*OLY ( ! ,COSSACKS ( ,LOVE HAD SURVIV$ SO LONG ?AT IT W\LD BECOME DAYLI<T1 & ?AT ! DECL>$ ANTI-MILIT>ISM1 ) ! EXCITEM5T ( ! FRI5DS ( ,FRANCE -- :O HAD BITT]LY REPUDIAT$ IT 9 PEACE & QUIET -- W\LD NOT OPPOSE ! LAW ON ! ?REE-YE> /AY1 & !Y W]E 5TITL$ TO BELIEVE ?AT ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! MUSICIANS T[>DS ! SPA & FRE$OM HE SAW 9 ANY ,RUSSIAN CON/ITUTION1 UNLIKE ! ,G]MAN CON/ITUTION IMMUNE FROM IMP]IALI/ LEPROSY1 AN OB/ACLE AT LEA/ AS >DU\S1 AS ]ECT AS 9 ! AUTOCRACY1 ALWAYS SURVIV+ & VIGOR\S4 

,BUT SO MU* SO2 ON ! GR\ND ( COMPROMISES & SO ON3 MOV$ ! />T+ PO9T ! DEVIATIONS >E GO+ TO SPREAD TO ! ANTI!SIS )\T LOS+ ! RELATIVE LOGICAL APPE>ANCE4 ,:5 Y\ EXCLUDE ! HOMEL& Y\ >E =C$ TO SAY CLASS1 TO SEE NO MORE ?AN ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION2 :51 ON ! O!R H&1 WILD ANTAGONISMS COLLIDE 9 ! %AD[ ( ! E?NIC SYMBOL Y\ REBUILD ! FICTITI\S & ABSURD UNITY ?AT Y\ CALL ,FRANCE OR ,G]MANY OR ,RUSSIA OR ,ITALY1 Y\ OBLIT]ATE1 )\T EV5 REALIZ+ IT1 ! PROCESS ( DIFF]5TIATION 9 :I* ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS TAK+ PLACE4 SYMBOL HAD GONE DISSOLUTE1 & ( ! NATION Y\ WILL HAVE BACK ! PRIDE & ANXIETIES1 HATR$S & LOVES1 9 SOLID>ITY ) ORD]S 9/ITUT$ 9T]E/S ?AT REPULSE Y\1 >M$ MEET+ BRO!RS ( :OM Y\ W\LD NOT KN[ ' DIS[N 9 TIME & SPACE ! ID5TITY ( FATE & DE/9Y2 SQUALID FANTASIES ( A DEMOCRACY ?AT Y\ HAVE SP5T ! BE/ ( LIFE TO DEFEAT1 SOLDI]S ( ! ,KAIS] OR ,CZ> :5 Y\ ?\<T Y\ HAD NO MORE 5?USIASM & BLOOD ?AN = ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION- ' LE4 ,G]MAN SOCIALI/S1 ,FR5* ANTI-MILIT>I/S1 ,ITALIAN TRADE UNIONI/S &444 ,PET] ,KROPOTK94 

,IT IS ! LOGIC ( CONTRADICTION1 :I* IS 9 PR9CIPLE4 

"9 "9 "9 

,SEEK+ \T :O />T$ ! W> IS BO? IDLE & /]ILE4 ,KROPOTK91 :O BLAMES ,G]MANY = IT1 SEES ,KEIR ,H>DIE & ,B]N>D ,%AW RISE UP AGA9/ IT1 ACCUS+ ! GOV]NM5T ( !IR [N C\NTRY1 ,5GL&2 :ILE 9 ,FRANCE ! ,DELAISI1 AFT] ! RESCISSION ( ! ,FRANCO-,G]MAN UNION = ! ,BA<DAD RAILWAY1 FOLL[$ BY ! ,ANGLO-,FR5* MILIT>Y CONV5TION ( ! ,DELCASSE1 /R5G!N$ BY ! LAW ON ! ?REE-YE> /&/ILL1 GIVES ! *>ACT] ( A REAL PROVOCATION TO ! W>2 & AGA9/ ,KROPOTK9 ?AT ! H\R ( W> SEES ! COMPLETION ( ! ,KIEL ,CANAL1 O!RS1 NOT )\T F\NDATION1 BELIEVE ?AT ,5GL& URG5TLY NE$$ TO SURPRISE ,G]MANY BE=E IT HAD EXHAU/$ ITS NAVAL PROGRAM ( #aiae FROM :I* ! DISPROPORTION BETWE5 ! TWO RIVAL FLEETS W\LD BE MITIGAT$4 

,WE W\LD SAIL 9TO ! SEA ( CONJECTURE & HYPO!SIS )\T HOPE ( REA*+ POSITIVE CONCLUSIONS4 ,! TREATIES ( ALLIANCE1 ! MILIT>Y CONV5TIONS1 ! F9ANCIAL COMB9ATIONS ?AT = EV]Y W> >E ! NECESS>Y PRELIM9>Y W>P1 >E /IPULAT$1 !Y >E CONSUM$ 9 ! CLOS$ & GRIM CIRCLES ( ! C\RT1 BETWE5 ! ,/ATES1 9 ! CR$IT 9/ITUTIONS DIRECTLY CONC]N$ & EQUALLY B>R$ TO ANY UNHEAL?Y PLEBEIAN 9VE/IGATION4 ,! SO-CALL$ NATION1 ! CONTRIBUTORS & VOT]S1 ! G5]ALS & DEPUTIES1 IGNORE IT AS WE DO1 & AS = ! LA/-M9UTE DECEPTIONS1 IT TEA*ES ! W> ( #ahga ?AT A FEW DECADES MU/ PASS BE=E ! PUBLIC CAN SEE IT4 

,ALL ?AT IS LEFT ( ! POSITIVE1 ! REAL1 ! TANGIBLE1 IS ! BLISSFUL ABYSS ( >MAM5TS 9 :I*1 NOT ,G]MANY ALONE1 BUT ALL ! GOV]NM5TS ( ! OLD & NEW WORLD1 FROM ,5GL& TO ,JAPAN1 HAVE PLUNG$ EV]Y G5]\S RES\RCE = ?IRTY YE>S4 

-- ,9ELUCTABLE REACTION TO ! ,G]MAN >MAM5TS FLATT5$ AGA9/ ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION1 9T]RUPTS ! ,KROPOTK94 

-- ,EV5 ,JAPAN1 EV5 ,*9A1 EV5 ,SPA9 & ! TWO ,AM]ICAS8 WE W\LD ASK HIM IF WE DID NOT KN[ ?AT NO ONE KN[S BETT] ?AN HE DOES :AT ! TASK ( ! GREAT >MIES & =MIDABLE >MIES IS TODAY1 ?AT ON MORSELS ( BREAD & ) ! BLOOD ( ! DISPOSSESS$ !Y CRAM GOV]NM5TS 9TO ! S]VICE ( 9SATIABLE CAPITAL4 

"9 "9 "9 

,?AT NO GOV]NM5T HAS D>$ TO PU% >MAM5TS TO ! P>OXYSM DRAWN FROM ! ,G]MANIC EMPIRE1 & TRU? ?AT ,KROPOTK9 MU/ BE CR$IT$ )2 BUT BETWE5 ,G5]AL ,VON ,B]NH>DI :O DREAMS = ! ,G]MAN HOMEL& A CIVIL MISSION TO :I* ! SWORD CAN ONLY TE> ! PA?#f & ,PAUL ,L\IS :O 9 A REC5T /UDY HI<LI<TS ! 9DU/RIAL P[] A*IEV$ BY ,G]MANY 9 ! LA/ =TY YE>S1 DIFF]5T PRESUMPTIONS ?AT IMPLY ! SAME NE$1 ,WE 9CL9E ON ! LUM9\S FOOT/EPS M>K$ BY ,KROPOTK9 HIMSELF TO 9DUCE ?AT TO F9D AN \TLET = !SE TREASURES ( ! HOMEL& 9DU/RY1 TO CONQU] & PROTECT ! COLONIAL M>KETS1 SO ?AT ! ,KAIS]'S >MY & ,T>MATA W\LD GA!R AGA9/ ! COMPETITORS ?AT ! WAYS ( ! =MIDABLE CONQUE/ HAD TO B>RICADE4 

#f ,F4 ,V4 ,B]NH>DI3 0,G]MANY & NET W>01 P4 #b#e#h4 

,! MORE ! W> IS DEL9EAT$ 9 ITS FUNDAM5TAL OBJECTIVES1 BETWE5 ! DIRECT & REAL ANTAGONI/S1 \R HYPO!SIS F9DS MORE & MORE VA/ & DECISIVE CONFIRMATION4 ,WE WILL SAY MORE3 ! REAL REASONS = ! W>1 ITS *>ACT]S & ITS UNCONFESS$ AIMS1 JUMP SUDD5LY & IRRECUSABLE EV5 TO ?OSE :O CLOSE !IR EYES TO NOT SEE4 

,! W> ?AT IS BETWE5 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY2 & IT DOES NOT APPE>1 NO1 ! CLA% ( ,5GL&1 >EA ( ! CON/ITUTIONAL PACT1 AGA9/ ,G]MANY1 GU>DIAN ( DIV9E LAW2 BUT SAVAGE COMPETITION FROM TWO EXASP]AT$ M]*ANTS1 ONE ( :OM HAS HELD ! DOM9ION ( ! SEAS1 ! MONOPOLY ( ! 9T]NATIONAL M>KET1 ! O!R FROM HIS L&S1 HIS M9ES1 HIS PRODIGI\S WORK%OPS1 HIS SWEAT1 HIS TOIL1 & ! SQUALID RESIGNATION ( HIS S]VANTS1 HAS OV]:ELM$ HIM 9 =TY YE>S & WANTS TO CONT5D = ! SECUL> LORD%IP ( ! SEAS & M>KETS4 

,A %AMELESS PIRATE'S H>BOR SO REMOTE1 SO =EIGN TO ANY CONC]N ( CIVILIZATION & B>B>ISM ?AT NOT AGA9/ ,G]MAN FEUDALISM -- *ANG$ NAME & MASK ( FEUDALISM & ( EV]Y L& FROM ,NI*OLAS ,I,I'S ,RUSSIA TO ,ROCKEFELL]'S & ,WILSON'S ,SPA9 ( ,ALFONCITO OR ,AIR ,AM]ICA -- BUT AGA9/1 ! 9TRUSIVE1 9CO]CIBLE ,G]MAN 9DU/RY1 ! ANA!MAS & CANNONS ( ! ALLIES >E P9N$2 AGA9/ ,G]MANY :I* HAS PROGRESS$1 AGA9/ ,G]MANY :I* ?IRTY YE>S AGO EXTRACT$ SEV5TY MILLION TONS ( FUEL FROM ITS M9ES & N[ SPILLS TWO HUNDR$ & ?IRTY MILLION ON ! M>KET2 AGA9/ ,G]MANY1 :I* 9 ! LA/ ?IRTY YE>S HAS 9CREAS$ FROM ONE TO ?REE ! PRODUCTION ( IRON1 FROM ONE TO SEV5 ! PRODUCTION ( CA/ IRON1 FROM ONE TO EI<TE5 ! PRODUCTION ( /EEL1 TO TW5TY-FIVE BILLION ITS TRAFFIC ) =EIGN C\NTRIES1 :I* 9 #ahge DID NOT DRAW ON ! EI<T BILLION2 AGA9/ ! MADE 9 ,G]MANY = ! MADE 9 ,5GL&1 & ! W> ?AT TE>S ! OLD CONT95T1 AS WE WILL EXPLA9 BETT] 9 ! FOLL[+ *APT]4 

,BUT 9 ! MEANTIME1 :AT DO !Y HAVE TO SEE1 :AT DO !Y HAVE TO %>E ) !SE B&ITS ( F9ANCE & ! /OCK M>KET1 ,COMRADE ,KROPOTK91 ! M5 ( LIB]TY1 ! PROLET>IANS FROM ACROSS ! ,*ANNEL OR ! ,RH9E8 

,:AT8 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiac 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,SEPTEMB] #b#c1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,ADD$4 

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