,*APT] #b 

#aihcaihc 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,FR$Y ,P]LMAN 

,TEXT 3 

,AN >MOR$ ONE ASKS3 ,IF ! ,AGE ( ,GOLD WAS SO VALUABLE1 SO BEAUTIFUL1 SO PURE1 :Y DID PEOPLE LEAVE IT8 ,IF ! ,CIVILIZ$ REMEMB] IT1 :Y DON'T !Y RU% BACK TO IT8 ,IF IT WAS SO COM=TABLE1 :Y DON'T F>M]S ?R[ AWAY !IR PL[S & RETURN TO DIGG+ /ICKS8 7,?IS SAME QUE/ION] ALSO ASKS3 ,IF Y\'RE SO SM>T1 :Y >5'T Y\ RI*87 

,!RE >E ANSW]S TO !SE QUE/IONS4 ,BUT ! QUE/ION] DOES NOT WANT TO HE> !M4 ,HE ALREADY KN[S ! ANSW]4 ,HUMANITY LEFT ! /ATE ( NATURE BECAUSE ,CIVILIZATION IS A HI<] /AGE4 7,HI<] /AGE ( :AT8 ,! >MOR$ ONE WILL NEV] TELL4 ,HE QUICKLY TURNS TO SOME?+ ELSE47 

,! !ORY ( ! HI<] /AGE IS AS OLD AS ,CIVILIZATION ITSELF4 ,ONE ( ITS MORE 9FLU5TIAL MOD]N V]SIONS ORIG9AT$ ) A N9ETE5? C5TURY LAWY] :O LIV$ 9 UP/ATE ,NEW ,YORK1 ,LEWIS ,H5RY ,MORGAN4 

,A CONSULTANT TO SPECULAT+ BUS9ESSM51 A ,REPUBLICAN POLITICIAN & A RACI/1 ,MORGAN NEV]!LESS F\ND TIME TO DO A /UDY ( HIS NEI<BORS 9 UP/ATE ,NEW ,YORK1 DEVA/AT$ REMA9S ( ONCE-NUM]\S ,IROQUOIAN COMMUNITIES4 ,MORGAN'S RACI/ PR$ECESSORS ,WA%+TON & ,JEFF]SON HAD 9SI/$ ! ,IROQUOIANS W]E *ILDR5 BUT ,MORGAN ?\<T ! ,IROQUOIANS HAD REA*$ A /AGE BETWE5 *ILDHOOD & ADOLESC5CE4 

,MORGAN G5]ALIZ$ HIS RACISM 9TO A LADD]1 EV]Y RUNG ( :I* GLEAMS ) RACI/ POLI%4 ,HE MADE NO EF=T TO DISGUISE HIS CONTEMPT2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE FLAUNT$ IT2 SU* CONTEMPT WAS 7& /ILL IS7 A M>K ( REF9EM5T 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,HE NAM$ ! L[E/ RUNG1 ! /AGE ( 9FANCY1 ,SAVAG]Y4 ,HE NAM$ ! NEXT RUNG1 ! /AGE ( *ILDHOOD1 ,B>B>ISM4 ,& ( C\RSE HE NAM$ ! TOP RUNGS ,CIVILIZATION1 ! TOPMO/ ,AM]ICAN ,CIVILIZATION4 ,ON ?IS TOPMO/ RUNG SAT ,MORGAN ) ! ,GREAT ,:ITE ,RACE4 ,! PR(ESSORS ( ,AM]ICA W]E SO FLATT]$ !Y ELECT$ ,MORGAN PRESID5T ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,ASSOCIATION = ! ,ADVANCEM5T ( ,SCI5CE4 

,! PR(ESSORS W\LD LAT] REGRET !IR VOTE4 ,MORGAN'S RACI/ LADD] WAS BORR[$ BY ! AGITATOR ,K>L ,M>X & ! REVOLUTION>Y BUS9ESSMAN ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS4 ,M>X 9T5D$ TO PAT* ! LADD] BUT NEV] F\ND ! TIME4 ,IT WAS ,5GELS :O PAT*$ ,MORGAN'S LADD]4 ,HE DIDN'T PAT* MU*4 ,HE BORR[$ ! LADD] 9TACT1 ) ALL ! RACI/ POLI% ( ,MORGAN'S NOM5CLATURE3 ,SAVAG]Y1 ,B>B>ISM1 ETC4 ,5GELS PAT*$ ONLY ! LADD]'S SUMMIT4 ,HE R5AM$ ,MORGAN'S TOPMO/ RUNG1 & HE PLAC$ A YET HI<] RUNG ABOVE IT4 

,5GELS *ANG$ ! NAME ( ,MORGAN'S ,GREAT ,:ITE ,RACE TO ,CAPITALI/ ,CLASS1 & ON ! RUNG ABOVE IT HE PLAC$ ! LEAD]S & FOLL[]S ( ,M>X'S POLITICAL P>TY4 ,& 9 ?IS =M1 ,MORGAN'S RACI/ LADD] BECAME ! (FICIAL RELIGION ( ! ,U,S,S,R1 ,*9A1 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE & O!R L&S :]E ! NAMES ( ! RUNGS >E /UFF$ 9TO ! HEADS ( S*OOL*ILDR5 AS A CATE*ISM4 

,( C\RSE AS SOON AS ! AGITATORS GOT HOLD ( ! LADD]1 ,AM]ICAN PR(ESSORS DIDN'T WANT TO BE CAU<T ) !IR H&S ON IT4 ,!Y =GOT ,MORGAN4 7,?IS IS EASILY DONE 9 PLACES :]E MEMORY IS AT ! M]CY ( PUBLI%]S ( WRITT5 WORDS47 

,BUT RACISM DID NOT VANI% FROM ,AM]ICA1 & ,MORGAN'S LADD] WAS TOO GOOD A ?+ TO LEAVE TO ! AGITATORS4 ,! >*AEOLOGI/ ,V4,G4 ,*ILDE1 AL?\< HIMSELF A ,M>XI/1 GAVE ! LADD] AN AURA ( RESPECTABILITY BY FILL+ ITS RUNGS ) ALL ! LATE/ ,POSITIVE ,EVID5CE4 ,& ! LADD] CAME BACK TO ,AM]ICA1 NOT QUITE AS AN (FICIAL RELIGION BUT MORE AS A LA/ RESORT1 AS SOME?+ TO USE 9 EM]G5CIES4 ,REF]5CE TO 0! /ATE ( NATURE0 ALWAYS CREATES EM]G5CIES4 

,! LADD]1 ! !ORY ( HI<] /AGES1 ( C\RSE EXPLA9S :Y PEOPLE LEFT ! /ATE ( NATURE4 ,?AT'S :AT IT IS DESIGN$ TO DO4 ,! TITLE ( ,5GELS' BOOK IS ,! ,ORIG9 ( ! ,FAMILY1 ,PRIVATE ,PROP]TY & ! ,/ATE4 ,! EXPLANATION IS SIMPLE1 LUCID1 9 FACT ME*ANICAL1 & CAN BE TAU<T 9 ELEM5T>Y S*OOLS4 ,ALL WE HAVE TO DO IS LOOK AWAY FROM LIV+ BE+S & CONC5TRATE ON ?+S4 ,! LADD] IS A ?+4 ,SO >E ITS RUNGS4 ,& ! CONNECTIONS BETWE5 L[] & HI<] RUNGS >E ALSO ?+S4 ,!Y'RE DEVICES4 ,*ILDE MISLEAD+LY NAM$ HIS BOOK ,MAN ,MAKES ,HIMSELF1 GIV+ ! IMPRESSION ?AT HIS SUBJECT WAS A LIV+ BE+4 ,= ,*ILDE1 ,MAN HIMSELF IS A ?+1 A CONTA9] ( OBJECTS & DEVICES2 ,MATT] IS ! CORE & ,MAN ! EXCRESC5CE4 

,! DEVICE RESPONSIBLE = ,MAN'S PASSAGE FROM ! RUNG CALL$ ,SAVAG]Y TO ! RUNG CALL$ ,B>B>ISM IS A GADGET CALL$ ! ,MAT]IAL ,CONDITIONS1 OR MORE FULLY1 ! ,LEVEL ( ,DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,PRODUCTIVE ,=CES4 ,?IS SAME DEVICE IS RESPONSIBLE = ! PASSAGES TO ALL ! HI<] RUNGS4 

,M>X & ,5GELS1 & ALSO ,MORGAN1 LIV$ AT A TIME :5 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS1 LIT]ALLY ! GR\ND ITSELF1 SLIPP$ FROM UND] ! FEET ( ! =M] RUL]S1 ! HAT$ B>ONS & BI%OPS3 CAPITALI/ [N]S ( M9ES & FACTORIES W]E BUY+ UP ! L&S ( ! >I/OCRATS4 ,M>X & ,5GELS PROGNO/ICAT$ ?AT ! GR\ND W\LD SIMIL>LY SLIP \T FROM UND] ! CAPITALI/S1 & !Y PROJECT$ !IR WI% TO ! FIR/ DAWN4 

,9 T]MS ( ?IS PROJECTION1 ,MAN EXI/S = ?\S&S ( G5]ATIONS AS A ,SAVAGE4 ,!N1 ?REE HUNDR$ OR SO G5]ATIONS AGO1 MAT]IAL CONDITIONS BECOME FAVORABLE = SOME?+ HI<] ?AN SAVAG]Y4 ,!SE CONDITIONS 9CLUDE AGRICULTURE1 METALLURGY1 ! :EEL1 ETC4 ,ONCE HE HAS ALL !SE ?+S1 ,MAN IS ABLE TO G5]ATE A SURPLUS PRODUCT1 A M>G94 7,TURN]1 TOO1 SUCCUMBS TO ?IS P>T ( ! !ORY47 ,?IS SURPLUS1 ?IS M>G91 IS :AT SUPPORTS1 LIT]ALLY FE$S1 ! BRAVE NEW WORLD ?AT N[ BECOMES POSSIBLE3 K+S1 G5]ALS ( >MIES1 SLAVEMA/]S1 BOSSES ( LABOR GANGS4 ,MAN HAD ALWAYS WANT$ RUL]S1 P]MAN5T >MIES1 SLAV]Y1 DIVISION ( LABOR1 BUT HE C\LDN'T REALIZE !SE DREAMS UNTIL ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS BECAME RIPE4 ,& AS SOON AS !Y DID BECOME RIPE1 ALL PROGRESSIVE-M9D$ ,SAVAGES LEAP$ UNHESITAT+LY TO ! HI<] RUNG4 

7,READ]3 DO ME A FAVOR & REEXAM9E ! !ORY ( HI<] /AGES FIR/4 ,!N TELL ME IF Y\ /ILL CONSID] MY C>ICATURE EXAGG]AT$47 

,?IS !ORY ( HI<] /AGES CAN BE TAU<T TO SMALL *ILDR5 BECAUSE IT IS A FAIRY TALE4 ,!RE'S NO?+ WRONG ) FAIRY TALES4 ,BUT ! PROPON5TS ( ?IS ONE CLAIM IT IS SOME?+ ELSE2 !Y >E CONTEMPTU\S ( FAIRY TALES4  
  

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,! SO-CALL$ MAT]IAL CONDITIONS W]E NO?+ BUT AIDS TO FEA/+1 WALK+ & FLOAT+4 ,!Y W]E LIKE CANES TO OLD M54 ,!IR V>IETY & COMPLEXITY ATTE/ TO ! +5UITY ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,BUT ! C5TRALITY ( SU* ?+S TO US IS NO PRO( ?AT HUMAN BE+S 9 ! /ATE ( NATURE REVOLV$ >\ND FRUITS1 NUTS & CANES4 ,LITTLE AS WE KN[ ( !IR GREAT MOM5TS1 WE DO KN[ !Y W]E NOT 9DU/RIAL FAIRS1 CELEBRATIONS ( NEW 9V5TIONS1 GADGET DISPLAYS4 ,?+S MAY HAVE BE5 USEFUL1 BUT !Y W]E TRIVIA COMP>$ TO ! MOM5TS :5 ONE MADE CONTACT ) ! BEG9N+1 ! S\RCE ( LIFE1 ,BE+ ITSELF4 

,! TRIVIA >E ANCI5T1 & MAY HAVE BE5 MORE V>I$ 9 ! OLD DAYS ?AN !Y >E N[4 ,:5 FRUITS MATUR$ ON HI< BRAN*ES1 ALL K9DS ( HOOK$ POLES1 ROPES & LADD]S W]E DEVIS$ TO REA* ! FRUITS BE=E MONKEYS REA*$ !M4 

,PEOPLE KNEW !MSELVES AS C\S9S ( ANIMALS4 ,MANY ( !IR IMPLEM5TS 5ABL$ !M TO COPY ! WAYS ( ANIMALS4 ,ON ! BANKS ( RIV]S & LAKES1 PEOPLE DEVIS$ ALL TYPES ( RAFTS & CANOES SO AS TO FLOAT LIKE DUCKS & SWANS4 ,!Y /OR$ NUTS = W9T] USE AFT] ! MANN] ( SQUIRRELS4 ,!Y SCATT]$ SE$S AFT] ! MANN] ( BIRDS4 ,!Y WOVE NETS AFT] ! MANN] ( SPID]S4 ,!Y /ALK$ DE] AFT] ! MANN] ( WOLVES4 ,WOLVES HAVE /RONG TEE? & JAWS4 ,PEOPLE %>P5$ /ICKS & /ONES4 7,\R >*AEOLOGI/S PICTURE !M *IPP+ AWAY1 ALL DAY LONG1 LIKE ZEKS4 ,WE'RE PROJECT+ AGA94 ,?OSE PEOPLE W]E NOT CO]C$ BY :AT ,TOYNBEE CALLS 0IMP]SONAL 9/ITUTIONS40 ,!Y HAD NO REASON TO GO ON *IPP+ AFT] IT /OPP$ BE+ FUN47 

,MOD]N DIGG]S HAVE EV5 UNE>!D ! REMA9S ( ANCI5T CITIES AT PLACES 9 ,ANATOLIA & ! ,LEVANT1 PLACES LAT] NAM$ ,%ANID>1 ,J]I*O1 ,CATAL ,HOYUK1 ,HACIL>4 ,AT ,%ANID> ! :OLE COMMUNITY %>$ A CAVE AS A W9T] %ELT]2 ! CAVE DWELL]S US$ METALS4 ,AT ,J]I*O PEOPLE CAV$ !MSELVES 9 BY BUILD+ A WALL1 PROBABLY TO PROTECT !MSELVES FROM HO/ILE 9T]LOP]S4 ,!SE PEOPLE SEEM TO HAVE DONE LITTLE OR NO PLANT+4 ,TO ! NOR? ( !M W]E PEOPLE :O PLANT$ SE$S & H]D$ ANIMALS BUT DID NOT BUILD CITIES OR WALLS4 ,& ACROSS ! WORLD FROM !M W]E ! ANCE/ORS OR PR$ECESSORS ( ! ,OJIBWA1 :O PRACTIC$ METALLURGY ON LAKE ,SUP]IOR1 MAK+ BEAUTIFUL COPP] ORNAM5TS & IMPLEM5TS4 

,NONE ( !SE PEOPLE DEVELOP$ 0IMP]SONAL 9/ITUTIONS40 ,!Y REMA9$ K94 ,!Y W5T ON %>+ ALL !Y HAD & ALL !Y EXP]I5C$4 ,! COPP] US]S ( ,LAKE ,SUP]IOR DID NOT PLANT SE$S OR H]D ANIMALS4 ,P]HAPS !Y C\LD HAVE1 BUT !Y HAD NO E>?LY NE$ TO4 ,!Y DID HAVE DOGS4 ,DOGS APP>5TLY DOME/ICAT$ !MSELVES1 EI!R BECAUSE ( AN 9COMPREH5SIBLE LOVE = HUMAN BE+S OR BECAUSE ( A P>ASITIC URGE4 ,BUT :AT SATISFACTION C\LD COME FROM DEVELOP+ /RA9S ( P>ASITIC1 DOGLIKE ELK OR MOOSE8 

,! MAT]IAL OBJECTS1 ! CANES & CANOES1 ! DIGG+ /ICKS & WALLS1 W]E ?+S A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL C\LD MAKE1 OR !Y W]E ?+S1 LIKE A WALL1 ?AT REQUIR$ ! COOP]ATION ( MANY ON A S+LE OCCASION4 ,I W\LD GUESS ?AT ! BUILD]S ( ! FIR/ ,J]I*O'S WALLS CEAS$ TO BE WALL-BUILD]S ! MOM5T !Y W]E DONE2 !Y RETURN$ TO MORE IMPORTANT ACTIVITIES4 ,I W\LD EV5 GUESS !Y BUILT ! WALL 9 ORD] TO PURSUE ! MORE IMPORTANT ACTIVITIES UNDI/URB$4 

,AS = ! SURPLUS PRODUCT1 ! FAM\S ,M>G9 !SE IMPLEM5TS SUPPOS$LY MADE POSSIBLE3 ,SAHL9S & O!RS HAVE %[N ?AT COMMUNITIES ) MANY IMPLEM5TS & COMMUNITIES ) FEW1 9 LU% 5VIRONM5TS & 9 H>% ONES1 W]E ALL SURR\ND$ BY SURPLUSES4 ,AFT] ALL ! PEOPLE HAD EAT5 !IR FILL1 AFT] ALL ! 9SECTS & BIRDS & ANIMALS HAD EAT5 !IR FILL1 !RE WAS /ILL A VIRTUAL B\NTY ?AT FELL TO E>? & F]TILIZ$ ! NEXT SPR+'S NEW %OOTS4 ,MANY ANIMALS & MANY PEOPLE /OR$ :AT !Y EXPECT$ TO USE DUR+ AN AV]AGE W9T]1 BUT NO ONE HO>D$ MORE ?AN ?AT2 FREE PEOPLE DIDN'T NE$ TO4  
  

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,MO/ ( ! IMPLEM5TS >E ANCI5T1 & ! SURPLUSES HAVE BE5 RIPE S9CE ! FIR/ DAWN1 BUT !Y DID NOT GIVE RISE TO IMP]SONAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,PEOPLE1 LIV+ BE+S1 GIVE RISE TO BO?4 ,& IT IS NOT ,MAN OR ,MANK9D :O IS RESPONSIBLE1 BUT ONE ISOLAT$ COMMUNITY1 A T9Y M9ORITY 9 ,TOYNBEE'S WORDS4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ?IS T9Y M9ORITY DOES NOT GIVE RISE TO SU* 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! MO/ FAVORABLE MAT]IAL CONDITIONS1 SAY 9 ! LU% WOODL&S >\ND ! ,GREAT ,LAKES OR ! ABUNDANT =E/S ( ,AFRICA OR ,EURASIA4 ,!Y DO IT 9 ! LEA/ FAVORABLE MAT]IAL CONDITIONS1 9 A FI]CELY H>% 5VIRONM5T4 

,DIGG]S WILL ACTUALLY UNE>? & DECIPH] TABLETS :I* %$ LI<T ON SOME ( ! FIR/ MOM5TS ( IMP]SONAL 9/ITUTIONS4 

,! TABLETS >E 9 ,SUM]IAN1 A LANGUAGE ?AT MAY HAVE ORIG9ATE 9 ,C5TRAL ,ASIA4 ,! AU?ORS >E ! FIR/ LIT]ATE M54 ,! VILLAGES :]E !Y LIVE >E CALL$ ,]E*1 ,UR1 ,]IDU1 ,LAGA%4 ,! VILLAGES >E LOCAT$ 9 ! VALLEY BETWE5 ! ,TIGRIS & ,EUPHRATES RIV]S4 ,! PLACE WILL CALL$ A ,F]TILE ,CRESC5T AGES LAT]1 TO EXPLA9 :Y DONKEYS HAVE TAILS4 

,! FIR/ TABLETS DON'T SPEAK ( ! PLACE SO FAVORABLY4 ,!Y DESCRIBE IT AS A HELLI% PLACE & MAKE ONE WOND] :Y ?OSE PEOPLE /AY !RE4 ,!Y >E SET ON F>M+ 9 A JUNGLE4 ,! RIV]S FLOOD YE>LY1 F]TILIZE ! VALLEY & TURN IT 9TO A SWAMP4 

,WOM5 PLANT SE$S4 ,ONE YE> ! FLOOD IS SO VIOL5T IT C>RIES (F ! CROP AS WELL AS ! H\SES4 ,! FOLL[+ YE> !RE'S NOT 5\< WAT]1 & ! PLANTS DRY UP & DIE 9 ! BURN+ HEAT ( ! SUN4 

,SURELY ! VILLAG]S MU/ />T ?9K+ ( RETURN+ TO ! MORE FAVORABLE CONDITIONS ( ,C5TRAL ,ASIA1 :]E !Y DID NOT HAVE TO SP5D SO MU* TIME & 5]GY ON M]E SURVIVAL1 :]E !Y HAD TIME = MORE 5JOYABLE ACTIVITIES4 

,BUT !Y >E T5ACI\S4 ,! GR&MO!RS CALL ! OLD M5 TO A C\NCIL4 ,!SE M5 HAVE BE5 DREAM+4 ,! WOM5 URGE ! M5 TO DREAM ( A DEP5DABLE WAT] SUPPLY1 NEI!R TOO LITTLE NOR TOO MU*4 

,! M5 >E UND\BT$LY (F5D$ AT BE+ CALL$ AWAY FROM !IR M5TAL TRANSPORTS = ! SAKE ( SU* TRIVIA4 ,!Y PROBABLY HAVE TO BE CALL$ TO A SECOND C\NCIL & !N A ?IRD1 ?IS LA/ DUR+ A FAM9E4 

,! OLD M5 SLUGGI%LY RESPOND4 ,!Y MAY HAVE SE5 H[ BEAV]S ASSURE !MSELVES ( A DEP5DABLE WAT] SUPPLY4 ,!Y DREAM4 ,!Y SEE ?AT :AT IS NE$$ IS A DAM1 CANALS & DRA9AGE DIT*ES4 ,BUT :O IS TO BUILD !SE8 ,C]TA9LY NOT ! OLD M54 ,!Y >E NOT BEAV]S4 ,!Y CALL ! Y\NG M5 TOGE!R & EXPLA9 ! DREAM4 

,! Y\NG M5 HAVE BE5 DO+ NO?+ AT ALL1 SO !Y >E EAG] TO %[ !MSELVES WILL+ & G5]\S GIV]S4 

,BUT NO ONE KN[S H[ TO PROCE$4 ,! OLD M5 MAY OR MAY NOT DREAM UP ! PLANS1 BUT !Y C]TA9LY DO NOT SUP]VISE ! ACTUAL DO+4 ,!Y *OOSE A /RONG Y\NG MAN1 A ,LUGAL2 !Y TELL HIM TO GO LOOK AT BEAV]S4 ,! OLD M5 !N RETURN TO !IR MORE IMPORTANT PHILOSOPHICAL 5DEAVORS4 

,! ,LUGAL1 :I* MEANS /RONG MAN 9 ,SUM]IAN1 MAY OR MAY NOT LE>N FROM ! BEAV]S1 & HE MAY OR MAY NOT DO ! PLANN+4 ,HE C]TA9LY DOES ! SUP]VIS+4 ,WASN'T HE DESIGNAT$ BY ! ELD]S8 

,:5 ! DIT*ES & CANALS >E DUG1 ! ,LUGAL RETURNS AMONG HIS PE]S1 PR\D BUT NOT YET HAU<TY4 ,NO?+ HAS *ANG$ YET4 ,SU* COOP]ATIVE V5TURES W]E 9FREQU5T BUT NOT UNCOMMON 9 COMMUNITIES ( K94 

,BUT ?IS IS ,]E*1 A PLACE :]E ! GODS OBVI\SLY DON'T WANT PEOPLE TO LIVE4 ,A S+LE FLOOD C>RIES ! :OLE WORKS 9TO ! SEA4 ,! WOM5 CALL ! OLD M5 TO ANO!R C\NCIL4 ,?IS TIME ! ELD]S *OOSE A YET /RONG] Y\NG MAN & URGE HIM TO /UDY ! BEAV]S MORE CONSCI5TI\SLY OR DREAM MORE PR(\NDLY4 ,& ?IS TIME ! BANKS & DIKES HOLD1 AT LEA/ 9ITIALLY4 

,BUT ,]E* REMA9S A MAT]IALLY WRET*$ PLACE1 & BE=E LONG ! BANKS BEG9 TO CRUMBLE4 ,! EXP]I5C$ ,LUGAL IS CALL$ TO REPAIR ! BANKS & DIKES4 ,! ,LUGAL & HIS C\S9S COMPLA9 ?AT !Y %\LD HAVE CALL$ A MOON SOON]1 :5 ! BANKS W]E /ILL REPAIRABLE2 N[ !Y HAVE TO REBUILD ! 5TIRE WORKS4 ,?IS HAPP5S TWICE1 AT MO/ ?REE TIMES1 BE=E ! ,LUGAL 9SI/S ON HAV+ A SEAT 9 ! C\NCIL ( ELD]S1 SO AS TO HAVE A SAY 9 *OOS+ ! TIME TO REPAIR DIKES4 

,SPR+S PASS & W9T]S PASS1 FILL$ ) FEA/S1 FE/IVALS1 DANCES & GAMES4 

,! ELD]S ( ,UR1 & EV5 ?OSE ( ,LAGA%1 DESIGNATE ,LUGALS TO GO /UDY ! IRRIGATION WORKS ( ,]E*4 

,ONE ELD] ( ,]E* & !N ANO!R DIE ( OLD AGE2 !Y >E REPLAC$ ON ! C\NCIL BY NEWCOM]S4 

,BY N[ ! ,LUGAL IS A MORE EXP]I5C$ ELD] ?AN ! NEWCOM]S1 & HE EXPRESSES HIMSELF AB\T O!R ?+S ?AN DIKES4 ,HE BECOMES HAU<TY1 & HIS C\S9S /& BEH9D HIM4 ,HE & !Y1 AFT] ALL1 >E ! ONES :O PROVIDE ,]E* ) A DEP5DABLE WAT] SUPPLY4 ,! ,LUGAL EV5 D>ES TO TELL AN OLD GR&MO!R :]E NOT TO PLANT H] SE$S4 

,ONE DAY ! ,LUGAL IS F\ND DEAD1 MURD]$ BY A DEITY1 A DEITY KN[N TO BE 9 CLOSE CONTACT ) ! 9SULT$ GR&MO!R4 ,A NEW ,LUGAL IS *OS51 A LESS HAU<TY ONE1 & ! ELD]S >E MORE C>EFUL TO KEEP HIM \T ( !IR C\NCIL4 

,!RE IS NO POSITIVE EVID5CE = ANY ( ?IS4 ,! FACT IS ?AT ! ,SUM]IAN TABLETS >E MY/]I\SLY SIL5T AB\T ! DE$S ( ! WOM5 & ELD]S AT ! TIME ( ! FIR/ ,LUGALS4 ,& AS TIME GOES ON1 ! TABLET-SCRIBES HELP PEOPLE =GET ?AT ,SUM]IAN WOM5 W]E IMPORTANT1 ?AT ELD]S ONCE SAT 9 C\NCIL1 ?AT !RE WAS AGE BE=E ! FIR/ ,LUGAL4  
  

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,BUT ,I'LL RETURN TO MY /ORY4 

,! PEOPLE ( ,UR & ?OSE ( ,LAGA% HAVE COMPLET$ !IR WAT] WORKS4 ,!SE GR[ MORE EXT5SIVE EV]Y YE>4 

,ONE YE> ! DRA9AGE DIT*ES ( ,LAGA% OV]FL[ 9TO ,UR'S CANALS1 FLOOD+ & RU9+ ,UR'S WORKS4 

,?IS SO 9FURIATES ! ,LUGAL ( ,UR1 CALL$ ,URLUGAL1 ?AT HE LEADS HIS SPE>->M$ C\S9S AGA9/ ?OSE ( ,LAGA%4 ,! 5RAG$ Y\? ( ,UR DE/ROY !IR NEI<BORS' WAT] WORKS & PURSUE FLEE+ ,LAGA% PEOPLE TO ! DES]T4 ,9 !IR RAGE !Y MURD] SEV]AL =EIGN]S1 DES]T NOMADS :OSE PA?S !Y CROSS4 

,:5 AT LA/ ! BESIEG$ ,LAGA%IANS BEG = AN 5D TO ! VIOL5CE1 ! VICTORS1 ,URLUGAL AT !IR HEAD1 IMPOSE A FI5DI%LY HEAVY BURD5 ON ! DEFEAT$4 ,! MAN ( ,UR DEM&S REP>ATIONS FROM ! ,LAGA%IANS1 :O >E TO REBUILD !IR [N WAT]WORKS & ?OSE ( ,UR AS WELL4 ,LAGA%IANS UNWILL+ OR UNABLE TO SUPPORT SU* A BURD5 >E 9VIT$ TO BR+ L>GE GIFTS TO ! MAN ( ,UR1 AT SPECIFI$ P]IODS4 

,URLUGAL IS DET]M9$ TO KEEP TRACK ( ALL ! TRIBUTE GIFTS [$ TO HIM1 = HE'S AS T5ACI\S AS ?OSE ANCE/ORS ( HIS :O DID NOT AB&ON ! ,F]TILE ,CRESC5T4 ,TO KEEP TRACK ( ! GIFTS & GIV]S1 HE S5DS ONE OR TWO ( HIS C\S9S TO ,]E* TO /UDY ! M>KS SOME ( ,]E*LUGAL'S M5 HAVE BE5 MAK+ ON CLAY TABLETS TO KEEP TRACK ( ! BE/ TIMES TO REPAIR DIKES4 ,URLUGAL'S M5 SOON MAKE CLAY TABLETS ( !IR [N1 & ONTO !SE TABLETS !Y *ISEL W$GE-%AP$ M>KS TO SIGNIFY ! NAMES ( ?OSE 9 ,LAGA% :O /ILL [E TRIBUTE GIFTS1 & ! AM\NTS4 

,ALL !SE EV5TS DO NOT HAPP5 )9 A S+LE ,URLUGAL'S LIFETIME4 ,URLUGAL IS ONLY ONE ( ! NAMES ( ,UR'S ,LUGALS4 ,! ,SUM]IANS HAVE HUNDR$S1 P]HAPS ?\S&S ( ,LUGALS1 & ! SCRIBES 9V5T YET MORE NAMES ( ,LUGALS TO FILL ! TIME BETWE5 !MSELVES & ! FIR/ DAWN4 ,= ! ,SUM]IANS1 ! 9T]VAL BETWE5 !MSELVES & ! ,BEG9N+ IS NOT AS BRIEF AS IT WILL LAT] BECOME = ,*RI/IANS4 ,! T5ACI\S ,SUM]IANS RECKON 9 MILLIONS4 

,I LAT*$ ON TO ,URLUGAL BECAUSE ( HIS TELL+ NAME1 SO ,I'LL /ICK ) HIM4 ,HE'S /ILL COLLECT+ TRIBUTE FROM ,LAGA%4 ,HIS NEPHEWS >E HAV+ A BALL SUP]VIS+ ! CANAL WORK ( !IR NEI<BORS 9/EAD ( DO+ IT !MSELVES4 

,N[ AL>M+ NEWS >RIVES4 ,SOME ( ,URLUGAL'S C\S9S W5T HUNT+1 P]HAPS 9 ! =E/S ( ,LEBANON4 ,ONE ( !M RETURNS1 ) B>ELY 5\< LIFE 9 HIM TO TELL ! TALE4 ,! HUNT]S W]E ATTACK$ BY SPE>->M$ NOMADS2 ALL W]E KILL$ BUT ! TELL]4 ,! ATTACK]S >E PROBABLY K9 ( ! =EIGN]S KILL$ BY ,URLUGAL'S M5 DUR+ ! =AY AGA9/ ,LAGA%4 

,URLUGAL IMM$IATELY PREP>ES TO LEAD HIS /RONGE/ C\S9S AGA9/ ! MURD]\S =EIGN]S4 ,! ELD]S TRY TO COOL ! HO!ADS1 SUGGE/+ ?AT ! =EIGN]S W]E AV5G+ ! VICTIMS ( ,URLUGAL'S 9ITIAL RAID1 & ANO!R RAID WILL ONLY LEAD TO MORE REPRISALS4 ,BUT ! HO!ADS WILL NOT BE /OPP$4 

,URLUGAL & HIS C\S9S1 /ILL FLU%$ BY !IR VICTORY OV] ,LAGA%1 SET \T T[>DS ! ,LEBANON =E/4 ,!Y ACTUALLY F9D A CAMP ( =EIGN]S4 ,!Y RAZE IT TO ! GR\ND & MURD] MO/ ( ! NOMADS4 ,ON !IR WAY BACK ) ! CAPTUR$ ANIMAL H]DS1 ! M5 ( ,UR >E ATTACK$ BY ANO!R B& ( =EIGN]S4 ,! =E/ SEEMS TO TEEM ) =EIGN]S4 

,URLUGAL & MANY ( HIS C\S9S >E KILL$4 ,! SURVIVORS AB&ON !IR LOOT & FLEE BACK TO ,UR 9 DIS>RAY4 

,ALL ,UR IS 9 A RAGE4 ,SOMEONE REM9DS ! ANGRY CR[D ( ! ELD]S' PR$ICTION & HE'S IMM$IATELY KILL$4 ,! SURVIVORS & !IR C\S9S CLAMOR = ! APPO9TM5T ( ! /RONGE/ & MO/ DET]M9$ AMONG !M AS ,LUGAL4 ,! VICTORS OV] ,LAGA% WILL NOT BE BE/$ BY M]E =EIGN]S1 !Y WILL NOT BE FLIES TO SPID]S :O LIVE 9 NO CITIES & PLANT NO SE$S4 ,! C\NCIL ( ELD]S1 BESET BY ! 5TIRE T[N'S RAGE1 HESITANTLY APPO9TS ! NEW ,LUGAL4 

,! 5RAG$ W>RIORS SET \T AGA9/ ! =EIGN]S4 ,!Y S5D SC\TS AHEAD SO AS NOT TO BE TRAPP$ 9 ANO!R AMBU%4 ,!Y TRANSPORT !IR SUPPLIES AS WELL AS ,LUGAL HIMSELF ON :EEL$ C>RIAGES2 ! ,LUGAL CAN ?US SAVE HIS /R5G? = ! ACTUAL BATTLE1 & ! M5 FROM ,UR CAN MOVE FA/] ?AN ANY =EIGN]S4 ,!Y F9D SEV]AL CAMPS ( NOMADS & RAZE EV]Y ONE TO ! GR\ND4 

,!Y RETURN TO ,UR -- ?IS TIME NOT ONLY ) CAPTIVE H]DS BUT ) CAPTIVE =EIGN]S AS WELL4 ,! RETURN+ W>RIORS >E EMBRAC$ BY !IR WORRI$ K94 ,= A =TNI<T ALL ,UR IS TAK5 UP ) FEA/S1 DANCES1 CELEBRATIONS4 ,! ELD]S1 M5 & WOM51 PREP>E G5]\S (F]+S TO ! SPIRITS & P[]S :O MADE VICTORY POSSIBLE4 ,SPECIAL (F]+S >E MADE TO ! ,LUGAL'S DEITY4 

,:5 ! CELEBRATIONS 5D1 ! FLU%$ W>RIORS1 ! H]OES1 >E NOT AB\T TO RETURN TO REPAIR+ ! CANALS4 ,! /9T ( ! ,LAGA%IANS IS AB\T TO 5D4 ,9 FACT1 ! ,LAGA%IANS >E COMPLA9+ ?AT !Y'VE ALREADY DONE MORE = ,UR ?AN !Y EV] AGRE$ TO DO4 ,:O'LL DO ! REPAIR+ N[8 ,! ,LUGAL'S C\S9S HAD LONG BE5 SUP]VIS+ DEFEAT$ ,LAGA%IANS & !Y'RE NOT PLEAS$ BY ! PROSPECT ( REPLAC+ ! DEFEAT$4 

,! CAPTUR$ =EIGN]S >E PUT TO WORK ON ! CANALS4 ,EA* ( ! ,LUGAL'S C\S9S IS N[ A ,LUGAL1 A SUP]VISOR4 ,! ,SUM]IAN WORD IS ,5SI4 ,?IS IS A SUB-,LUGAL1 AN ASSI/ANT TO ! ,LUGAL1 A BOSS BUT NOT ! BOSS4 

,NOMADS CONT9UE TO H>ASS ,UR'S HUNT]S & TRAVEL]S4 ,BUT NEWS ( !IR RAIDS IS NO LONG] AL>M+4 ,! ,LUGAL LEADS FREQU5T EXP$ITIONS AGA9/ ! UN9TELLIGIBLE ,SEMITIC-SPEAK+ =EIGN]S4 

,! ELD]S NO LONG] OBJECT TO !SE EXP$ITIONS1 PRUD5TLY CONF9+ !MSELVES TO VISION>Y & PHILOSOPHICAL ACTIVITIES4 ,OCCASIONALLY ! ,LUGAL CONSULTS AN OLD MAN OR WOMAN AB\T ! LIKELIHOOD ( VICTORY1 BUT O!RWISE HE KEEPS A RESPECTFUL DI/ANCE FROM !M4 

,! ,LUGAL N[ LOOKS =W>D TO !SE EXP$ITIONS1 = EA* NEW RAID BR+S NEW =EIGN]S TO ,UR4 ,!RE >E N[ 5\< =EIGN]S 9 ,UR TO REPAIR CANALS 9 EV]Y SEASON4 ,SOON ! CAPTIVES FROM ! E>LI] EXP$ITIONS >E RECRUIT$ TO EXP$ITIONS AGA9/ NEW RAID]S4 

,N[ =EIGN]S DO NOT ONLY REPAIR DIKES4 ,!Y ALSO REPAIR ! H\SES ( OLD M5 & WOM54 ,!Y DO ! ,LUGAL'S *ORES & SOON ! *ORES ( ,5SIS4 

,SUM]IAN WOM5 /ILL GIVE BIR? TO ! PLANTS 9 ! FIELD1 BUT N[ !Y DO ?IS BY MA9TA9+ CLOSE & CONT9UAL CONTACT ) ,E>? & ) ! SPIRITS RESPONSIBLE = NURTUR+ ! PLANTS4 ,! ACTUAL SCATT]+ ( ! SE$S IS DONE BY CAPTUR$ =EIGN]S4 

,& :O >E ! =EIGN]S8 ,SURELY WE CAN RECOGNIZE !M AS ! FIR/ ZEKS6 ,!Y >E WORK]S1 PROLET>IANS1 FULL-TIME LABOR]S4 ,! ,SUM]IAN LANGUAGE COMES FROM ANO!R AGE4 ,JU/ AS IT HAS NO WORD LIKE ,K+1 ,RUL]1 ,EMP]OR1 ,PRESID5T1 IT HAS NO WORD LIKE ,ZEK1 ,WORK]1 ,SLAVE4 ,SUM]IANS CONT9UE TO CALL ! LUGAL ,LUGAL1 & !Y CONT9UE TO CALL ! =EIGN]S ,=EIGN]S4 ,BUT 9 AN 9CR$IBLY %ORT TIME1 ,UR AB&ONS ! EXOTIC WORLD ( SE]S & VISIONS4  
  

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,I'VE BE5 US+ ! PRES5T T5SE4 ,UR IS ,N[4 ,IT IS NOT EXOTIC AT ALL4 ,IT IS \R WORLD4 

,:AT HAPP5$8 

,I'VE ALREADY DISPOS$ ( ! ,M>XI/ EXPLANATION4 ,FAVORABLE MAT]IAL CONDITIONS DID NOT GIVE RISE TO ! FIR/ ,LUGAL ( ,]E*4 ,MAT]IAL CONDITIONS REMA9$ :AT !Y W]E = G5]ATIONS1 & ! PEOPLE ( ,]E* HAD NO ACCESS TO ! BE/ ( !M4 ,MAT]IAL CONDITIONS BEG9 TO *ANGE ONLY AFT] ! FIR/ ,LUGAL1 & FROM !N ON !Y *ANGE FA/4 

,PI]RE ,CLA/RES WILL SAY !RE WAS A REVOLUTION -- NOT A MAT]IAL BUT A POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 ,?IS IS A GOOD WAY TO PUT IT1 BUT IT IS TRUE ONLY 9 RETROSPECT4 ,! ,SUM]IANS OBVI\SLY UND]GO A GREAT *ANGE2 WE CAN CALL ?IS A REVOLUTION1 BUT !Y DO NOT EXP]I5CE IT AS ONE4 

,FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! ,SUM]IANS1 NO?+ *ANGES4 ,9 A S5SE !Y NEV] LEAVE ! /ATE ( NATURE4 ,?IS IS PROBABLY :AT ACC\NTS = ! EXOTICISM ?AT WILL CONT9UE TO CL+ TO :AT WE WILL CALL 0E>LY CIVILIZATIONS40 ,! ,SUM]IANS HAV5'T BECOME ZEKS4 ,!Y'RE /ILL POSSESS$4 ,SUM]IAN WOM5 /ILL GIVE BIR?1 NOT AS MA*9ES = ! PRODUCTION ( SOLDI]S & WORK]S1 BUT AS LIV+ BE+S 9 CLOSE CONTACT ) ! S\RCES ( ,BE+4 ,SUM]IAN M51 ESPECIALLY OLD] ONES1 /ILL SEEK CONTACT ) ! SPIRITS ( ! W9DS1 ! CL\DS1 EV5 ( ! SKY ITSELF4 ,9 FACT1 !Y DEVOTE !MSELVES TO !IR SE>*ES MORE COMPLETELY ?AN !Y EV] C\LD BE=E4 ,N[ ALL !IR 5]GIES >E DEVOT$ TO ! DANCES1 FE/IVALS & C]EMONIES4 ,!Y NO LONG] HAVE TO CONC]N !MSELVES ) ! TRIVIA ( MAT]IAL SURVIVAL4 ,! TRIVIA >E ALL DONE = !M4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ! ,LUGAL & HIS M5 BR+ F> MORE G5]\S GIFTS TO ! SPIRITS ?AN C\LD EV] BE GIV5 BE=E4 ,! ,LUGAL'S M5 HAVE EV5 BUILT P]MAN5T %R9ES TO ALL ! SPIRITS & P[]S1 9CR$IBLY BEAUTIFUL %R9ES1 & >\ND ! %R9ES !Y'VE PLAC$ G>D5S & FILL$ !M ) ALL ! CREATURES ( ! DES]TS & =E/S4 

,NEV] BE=E HAVE PEOPLE %[N SU* HOMAGE1 SU* RESPECT1 TO ! BE+S RESPONSIBLE = LIFE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ,LUGAL BUILDS ! GREATE/ %R9E TO HIS [N DEITY4 ,?IS IS OBVI\SLY PRESUMPTU\S ON ! HAU<TY ,LUGAL'S P>T1 S9CE HE CANNOT KN[ ?AT ! SPIRITS ACCEPT ! HI]>*IC >RANGEM5T 9TO :I* HE PLACES !M4 ,?IS IS A TYPE ( REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ! ,SUM]IANS >E NOT N[ GO+ TO TURN AGA9/ ! ,LUGAL = HIS HAU<T9ESS4 ,!Y'VE GOTT5 US$ TO IT1 & 9/EAD ( IRK+ !M1 IT N[ MAKES !M SMILE ) A C]TA9 PRIDE4 ,IT IS ?ANKS TO HIM ?AT !Y CAN DEVOTE !MSELVES SO COMPLETELY TO ! WELLBE+ ( !IR CITY4 

,I HAVE TO ADMIT TO MY QUE/ION] ?AT ! ,SUM]IANS W\LD NOT P>T ) A S+LE ONE ( ! NEW IMPLEM5TS4 ,!Y DO NOT LONG TO RETURN TO ! TIMELESS ,GOLD5 ,AGE4 ,!Y >E 9 ! ,GOLD5 ,AGE1 MORE SO N[ ?AN EV] BE=E4 

,BUT ! GOLD5 ,SUM]IANS >E NO LONG] ALL ( ,SUM]4 ,9 FACT1 9 SOME LAT] S*OL>LY ACC\NTS1 ! GOLD5 ,SUM]IANS WILL NOT EV5 EXI/4 ,!Y WILL BE DISMISS$ ) A S+LE WORD4 ,! WORD IS ,TEMPLE4 ,! DEVOTEES ( ,9ANNA1 ! LOV+ DAU<T] ( ! ,MOON2 ! COMMUNICANTS ) ,ANU1 ! SPIRIT ( ! SKY1 >E NOT ! US]S ( ! NEW IMPLEM5TS4 ,!Y >E NOT HE ADM9I/RATORS ( ! IRRIGATION WORKS1 ! BUILD]S ( ! GREAT PALACES1 ! H]OES ( ! MILIT>Y 5C\NT]S4 ,!Y >E :AT WE WILL CALL ,PRIE/S & ,PRIE/ESSES1 ORACLES & DIV9]S4 ,ALL ?AT IS LEFT 9 ,SUM] FROM ! /ATE ( NATURE HAS %RUNK5 TO :AT WE WILL CALL ,RELIGION4 

,P]HAPS SOME ( ! WOM5 :O NO LONG] SCATT] SE$S1 P]HAPS SOME ( ! M5 :O NO LONG] HUNT OR H]D1 FEEL SOME NO/ALGIA = ! OLD DAYS4 ,BUT !RE IS NO EVID5CE ( A 0BACK TO ! L&0 MOVEM5T AMONG ! ,SUM]IAN CL]GY4 ,! SCRIBES :O *ISEL ! TABLETS >E ! ,LUGAL'S HIR$ M52 !Y >E NOT HIR$ TO RECORD ! NO/ALGIA ( ! CL]GY4 ,! ONLY CLUES WE HAVE >E ! G>D5S :I* ! ,LUGAL'S M5 BUILD & FILL = ! ,TEMPLE'S RESID5TS4 

,!SE ,TEMPLE G>D5S >E MY/]I\SLY LU% = SMALL T[NS SURR\ND$ BY NON-URBAN VI/AS & 9 WALK+ DI/ANCE FROM =E/S & M\NTA9S -- & ! ,SUM]IANS >E SU* GOOD WALK]S4 ,C\LD IT BE1 AS ,TURN] WILL SUGGE/1 ?AT ! WORLD \TSIDE ! CITY IS ALREADY BECOM+ A WILD]NESS8 

,WE %\LD LOOK C>EFULLY4 ,! WORLD \TSIDE ,UR IS NOT ! WILD]NESS \R WORD WILL DESIGNATE4 ,!IR WILD]NESS CLE>LY IS NOT ! =E/ OR DES]T1 ! PLANTS OR ANIMALS1 S9CE ! NATURE-LOV+ ,TEMPLE RESID5TS HAVE ALL !SE BR\<T 9TO ! CITY4 

,C\LD IT BE ?AT !IR WILD]NESS IS ! WILD]NESS CREAT$ BY ! ,LUGAL & HIS M53 ! BATTLEFIELDS SURR\ND+ ALL ( ,SUM]'S T[NS1 ! SETT+ ( RAIDS & C\NT]-RAIDS1 ! SC5ES ( TORTURE1 SLAU<T] & CAPTURE8 ,A PRIE/ESS :O WANT$ TO COMMUNE ) ! ,MOON BY A =E/ POND W\LD HAVE TO SET \T ) AN >M$ ESCORT4 ,IT HAS BECOME MORE PRACTICAL TO BR+ A %RUNK5 POND & =E/ 9TO ! PREC9CTS ( ,UR4 

,IF ! =M] FREE COMMUNITY HAS %RUNK5 TO A ,TEMPLE1 AN EXCRESC5CE ( ?AT COMMUNITY HAS GR[N EXTREMELY L>GE1 = ! ,TEMPLE IS N[ SURR\ND$ BY A BU/L+ CITY1 ALMO/ MOD]N 9 EV]Y WAY EXCEPT 9 ITS RELIGION -- P]HAPS NOT ALTOGE!R MOD]N BUT AT LEA/ P]FECTLY 9TELLIGIBLE TO US4 

,!RE >E RI* & !RE >E POOR1 S9CE ! FAMILIES ( ,5SIS >E NO K9 ( ! =EIGN]S & %>E NO?+ ) !M4 ,!RE IS A M>KET1 S9CE ! WELL-TO-DO NO LONG] GA!R GR[ OR HUNT !IR [N FOOD4 ,!RE >E G5]ALS & !IR SOLDI]S4 ,!RE >E RECORD-KEEP]S & !RE IS EV5 A S*OOL = SCRIBES4 ,& IT ALL RUNS LIKE CLOCKWORK4 

,LET'S LOOK MORE CLOSELY4 ,IF ! PEOPLE 9 ! ,TEMPLE >E GOLD51 ?OSE \TSIDE >E ( BAS] METALS4 

,! ,SEMITIC-SPEAK+ MEMB]S ( ! LABOR GANGS1 M>RI$ & ) ONE OR MORE *ILDR51 NOT QUITE ,SUM]IANIZ$ YET1 REMEMB] BETT] DAYS4 ,IT MI<T NOT BE ALTOGE!R 9SANE TO SUPPOSE ?AT !SE FIR/ ZEKS LOVE !IR ,5SIS NO BETT] ?AN LAT] ZEKS WILL LOVE !IRS4 ,SOME ( ! VICTORIES CELEBRAT$ ON ! TABLETS >E AGA9/ =EIGN]S ALREADY 9 ,SUM]2 9 O!R WORDS1 !Y >E VICTORIES OV] REBELL+ ZEKS4 

,! =EIGN]S >E MALTREAT$1 OV]WORK$ & DESPIS$4 ,!Y >E NEI!R FREE NOR :OLE4 ,!Y >E ! DISPOSSESS$4 ,SOME ( !IR *ILDR5 MI<T FACE A BRI<T] FUTURE1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE :O GO TO W> & BUT*] O!R =EIGN]S BRAVELY 5\<4 ,! ,SUM]IANS HAVE NOT YET PROGRESS$ TO ! HI<] /AGE ( H]$IT>Y MIS]Y4 ,EV5 SO1 ! LOT ( ! ,SUM]IAN ZEKS IS 9 NO S5SE GOLD54 

,R\SSEAU1 & BE=E HIM DE LA ,BOETIE1 WILL WOND] AB\T SITUATIONS LIKE !SE4 ,9 ANY GIV5 LABOR GANG1 !RE >E MANY ZEKS & ONLY ONE ,5SI4 ,:AT KEEPS ! ZEKS FROM GANG+ UP AGA9/ ! ,5SI8 ,:Y DO PEOPLE REPRODUCE A MIS]ABLE DAILY LIFE8 

,LET'S GLANCE AT ! ,5SIS4 ,!Y >E MAT]IALLY WELL (F4 ,BUT !Y >E BESET BY FE>S1 & AT LEA/ ONE ,5SI IS P>ANOID4 ,HE'S AFRAID TO BE MURD]$ BY ! ZEKS 9 HIS GANG4 ,HE HAS ALREADY EXECUT$ SEV]AL CONSPIRATORS4 ,HE'S AFRAID WORD ( HIS 9COMPET5CE MI<T REA* ! ,LUGAL4 ,&1 ! GODS =BID6 HE SUSPECTS SOMEONE 9 ! ,TEMPLE NURSES A GRUDGE AGA9/ HIM4 

,!RE'S SOME?+ ELSE AB\T ! ,5SI4 ,HIS ZEKS >5'T FREE OR :OLE4 ,BUT NEI!R IS HE4 ,EXCEPT :5 !Y RISE1 OR GANG UP AGA9/ AN ,5SI1 ! ZEKS >E NOT DET]M9$ BY !IR [N NATURE OR BE+1 BY !IR [N *OICES OR WI%ES4 ,! TASKS !Y SP5D !IR DAYS ON >E NOT !IR [N4 ,BUT ?OSE TASKS >E NOT ! ,5SI'S EI!R4 

,! ,5SI KN[S ( A WORK GANG :OSE SUP]VISOR WAS MURD]$ BY ZEK CONSPIRATORS4 ,! MURD]$ MAN WAS REPLAC$ BY A MAN ) A DIFF]5T \TLOOK & ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T 9T]E/S4 ,YET ONCE HE WAS SUP]VISOR1 ! NEW MAN DID ! V]Y SAME ?+S AS ! MURD]$ SUP]VISOR1 & 9 ALMO/ ! SAME MANN]4 

,/RANGE ?\<TS COME TO ! ,5SI'S M9D4 ,C\LD IT BE1 HE WOND]S1 ?AT ! ONLY MAN 9 ,UR :O IS HIS [N MAN IS ! ,LUGAL8 ,N[ HE WOND]S IF EV5 ?IS IS TRUE4 ,HE HAS HE>D ( A T[N :OSE ,LUGAL WAS KILL$ ALONG ) MO/ ( HIS ,5SIS 9 AN UPRIS+ ( ZEKS4 ,:5 ! ,5SI FIR/ HE>D ! /ORY1 HE WASN'T SURPRIS$ ?AT !RE WAS AN UPRO>1 ?AT MANY ( ! ACTIVITIES :I* EMANAT$ FROM ! ,LUGAL'S WILL CAME TO A /&/ILL4 ,BUT N[ HE REMEMB]S ?AT V]Y FEW ACTIVITIES CAME TO A COMPLETE HALT1 EV5 DUR+ ! 9T]REGNUM BETWE5 ,LUGALS4 ,HE EV5 REMEMB]S ?AT NO C\NCIL ( ELD]S REPLAC$ ! DEAD ,LUGAL2 ! ELD]S /AY$ 9 ! ,TEMPLE & LOCK$ ITS GATES4 ,MANY ( ! T[N'S ACTIVITIES1 IMPORTANT ONES & ?AT1 W5T ON AS BE=E1 LIKE ! CLOCKWORK ( ! ,5SI'S DESC5DANTS4 

,YET /RANG] ?\<TS COME TO ! ,5SI4 ,IT SEEMS TO HIM ?AT ! T[N HAS A WILL ( ITS [N4 ,BUT HE KN[S IT DOESN'T4 ,! ONLY ONE 9 T[N ) A WILL IS ! ,LUGAL4 ,! ,5SIS ONLY EXECUTE ! ,LUGAL'S WILL4 ,& IF ! ZEKS HAVE A WILL AT ALL1 IT IS A WILL TO BREAK \T4 ,! ,5SI CONCLUDES ?AT IT IS PO9TLESS TO ?9K4 ,?9K+ IS ! JOB ( PRIE/S & ORACLES4 

,ONE ( ! ,5SI'S DI/ANT DESC5DANTS 9 A MU* LAT] ,UR1 A SCRIBE CALL$ ,?OMAS ,HOBBES1 WILL KN[ ?AT ! ,5SI IS TRY+ TO UND]/& ,CIVILIZATION ) IDEAS ?AT COME FROM ! /ATE ( NATURE4 ,?IS ,HOBBES WILL KN[ ?AT ,UR IS NO LONG] 9 ! /ATE ( NATURE1 IT IS NO LONG] A COMMUNITY ( SELF-DET]M9$ HUMAN BE+S4  
  

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,HOBBES WILL KN[ ?AT ,UR IS NO M]E CITY4 ,UR IS A ,/ATE1 MAYBE EV5 ! FIR/ ,/ATE4 ,& A /ATE1 ,HOBBES WILL SAY1 IS AN 0>TIFICIAL ANIMAL40 ,IT IS SOME?+ BR& NEW1 SOME?+ NEI!R ,MAN NOR ,NATURE DREAM$ (4 ,IT IS 0?AT GREAT ,LEVIA?AN CALL$ A ,COMMONWEAL?1 OR ,/ATE1 9 ,LAT9 ,CIVITAS1 :I* IS BUT AN >TIFICIAL MAN40 

,LIKE ! ?9K+ ,5SI1 ,HOBBES WILL KN[ ?AT ?IS >TIFICIAL MAN HAS NO LIFE ( ITS [N1 & HE WILL ASK1 0MAY WE NOT SAY1 ?AT ALL AUTOMATA 75G9ES ?AT MOVE BY !MSELVES BY SPR+S & :EELS AS DO? A WAT*7 HAVE AN >TIFICIAL LIFE80 

,! ,5SI CANNOT YET VISUALIZE A WAT*4 ,! MORE ADVANCE ,HOBBES WILL NO LONG] BE ABLE TO VISUALIZE NATURE OR HUMAN BE+S4 ,HE WILL ASK 0:AT IS ! HE>T1 BUT A SPR+2 & ! N]VES1 BUT SO MANY /R+S2 & ! JO9TS1 BUT SO MANY :EELS44480 ,9 A WORLD ( WAT*ES1 ! ,LEVIA?AN WILL NOT APPE> AS /RANGE TO ,HOBBES AS IT APPE>S TO ! ,5SI4 

,HOBBES WILL PICTURE ! ,LEVIA?AN AS AN >TIFICIAL ,5GLI% MAN3 MASCUL9E1 BLOND1 ) A CR[N ON ITS HEAD1 A SCEPT] 9 ONE H& & A SWORD 9 ! O!R1 ITS BODY COMPOS$ ( MYRIADS ( FACELESS HUMAN BE+S1 ZEKS4 

,HOBBES WILL 9SI/ ?AT ! ,LEVIA?AN HAS ! HEAD ( A MAN4 ,HE MI<T AGREE ) ! YET LAT] POET ,YEATS ?AT ! BEA/ HAS 0A LION BODY & ! HEAD ( A MAN40 ,BUT HE WILL 9SI/ ON ! MAN'S HEAD4 ,HE WILL KN[ ?AT ! ZEKS >E HEADLESS1 ?AT !Y >E ! SPR+S & /R+S ?AT OP]ATE ! BODY4 ,HE WILL ?9K ! MON/] CONTA9S ONE FREE & :OLE MAN1 ! ,LUGAL4 ,HOBBES WILL BE ABLE TO CALL ! ,LUGAL A ,K+1 ,MON>*1 ,RUL] & O!R NAMES BESIDES1 BECAUSE HIS LANGUAGE WILL HAVE BE5 5RI*$ BY ! 9T]V5+ PROLIF]ATION ( ,LEVIA?ANS4 

,! PHILOSOPHICAL ,5SI ALREADY KN[S BETT] ?AN ,HOBBES ?AT ! BEA/ HAS NEI!R ! BODY NOR ! HEAD ( A MAN1 :E!R ,5GLI% ,SUM]IAN4 ,! ,5SI KN[S ?AT EV5 ! ,LUGAL1 ! FREE/ MAN 9 ,UR1 CANNOT GO HUNT+ 9 ! MORN+1 FI%+ 9 ! AFT]NOON & DANC+ AT NI<T1 AS HIS [N SPIRIT MOVES HIM4 ,HE KN[S ( A ,LUGAL :O W5T (F HUNT+ ONLY TWICE1 & ! SECOND TIME1 :ILE ! ,LUGAL WAS 9 ! WOODS1 HIS FAVORITE ,5SI REPLAC$ HIM AS ,LUGAL1 & ! =M] ,LUGAL HAD TO BEG = ASYLUM 9 A NEI<BOR+ CITY4 ,! ,5SI KN[S ?AT A ,LUGAL :O LET HIMSELF BE DET]M9$ BY HIS [N SPIRIT W\LD QUICKLY BE OV]?R[N BY ,5SIS OR EV5 ZEKS1 & ?AT EV5 ! ,TEMPLE W\LD BE 9 AN UPRO>4 

,! ,5SI1 LESS ADVANC$ ?AN ,HOBBES1 IS AS YET MORE FAMILI> ) LIV+ BE+S ?AN ) SPR+S & WAT*ES4 ,HE CANNOT 5VISION ! ,LEVIA?AN ) EI!R A HUMAN HEAD OR A LION BODY4 ,HE MI<T USE ,HOBBES'S FIR/ DESCRIPTION & ?9K ( ! BEA/ AS AN >TIFICIAL ANIMAL1 BUT NOT AN ANIMAL AS GRACEFUL & LIMB] AS A LION4 

,HE MI<T ?9K ( IT AS A WORM1 A GIANT WORM1 NOT A LIV+ WORM BUT A C>CASS ( A WORM1 A MON/R\S CADAV]1 ITS BODY CONSI/+ ( NUM]\S SEGM5TS1 ITS SK9 PIMPL$ ) SPE>S & :EELS & O!R TE*NOLOGICAL IMPLEM5TS4 ,HE KN[S FROM HIS [N EXP]I5CE ?AT ! 5TIRE C>CASS IS BR\<T TO >TIFICIAL LIFE BY ! MOTIONS ( ! HUMAN BE+S TRAPP$ 9SIDE1 ! ZEKS :O OP]ATE ! SPR+S & :EELS1 JU/ AS HE KN[S ?AT ! CADAV]\S HEAD IS OP]AT$ BY A M]E ZEK1 ! HEAD ZEK4 

,AMONG ! SPECULATIONS ?IS ,HOBBES WILL GIVE US AS (F]+S TO HIS ,UR WILL BE ! CLAIM ?AT ! ZEKS ACTUALLY CONTRACT$ !MSELVES TO IMPRISONM5T )9 ! C>CASS1 OR AS HE WILL PUT IT1 ?AT ! HEAD MADE AN AGREEM5T ) ! BODY1 IF NOT 9 ,HOBBES'S ,UR !N AT LEA/ 9 ! ORIG9AL ,UR4 

,! PHILOSOPHICAL ,5SI1 :O HAS BY N[ RETIR$ TO ! ,TEMPLE1 ALREADY KN[S BETT]4 ,HE KN[S ! ZEKS >E =EIGN]S :O W]E BR\<T TO ,UR BY =CE BE=E !Y EV5 UND]/OOD ! ,LUGAL'S LANGUAGE2 ! ZEKS AGRE$ TO NO CONTRACT !N1 & !Y HAV5'T DONE SO S9CE4 

,! ,5SI EV5 REMEMB]S ?AT ! DEFEAT$ ,LAGA%IANS :O CONTRACT$ !MSELVES TO REPAIR+ ,UR'S CANALS MADE ?IS AGREEM5T ONLY AT ! PO9T ( SPE>S4 

,FUR!RMORE1 NO ,LUGAL EV] ADVANC$ ,HOBBES'S CLAIM2 HE W\LD HAVE BE5 LAU<$ \T ( (FICE4 ,! ,LUGAL KN[S ?AT EV5 ! ELD]S DIDN'T APPO9T HIM1 S9CE ! ELD]S NO LONG] DO ANY APPO9T+2 !Y TAKE C>E ( ! %R9ES4 ,! ,LUGAL CLAIMS ?AT HIS P[] COMES TO HIM FROM ! VIOL5T SPIRIT :O LODGES 9 ! ,ZIGGURAT OR >TIFICIAL M\NTA94 ,?IS SPRAWL+ MAN-MADE PHALLUS %APE IS ! REAL HEAD ( ! ,LEVIA?AN1 & IT MADE NO CONTRACTS4  
  

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,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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