,AFT] ,M>X1 ,AUTONOMY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALFR$O ,M>IA ,BONANNO 

,TEXT 3 

  

 ,! ROAD AHEAD ( ! PROLET>IAT IS BLOCK$3 ! RE=MI/ P>TIES1 TRADE UNIONS & EMPLOY]S HAVE COALESC$ TO OB/RUCT ANY GR[? 9 ! LEVEL ( ! /RUGGLE1 OR ANY CONQUE/S ?AT C\LD LEAD TO A REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION ( PRODUCTION RELATIONS4 

,! PROLET>IAT HAVE ONLY ONE ALT]NATIVE3 ?AT ( BUILD+ COMMUNISM DIRECTLY1 PASS+ OV] ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y BUREAUCRATIC /RUCTURES4 ,9 ORD] TO DO ?IS WE MU/ PROVIDE ANALYZES ( & REALIZE 9 PRACTICE1 ELEM5TS ORGANIZ$ BY ! BASE AT ! LEVEL ( PRODUCTION3 AUTONOM\S WORK]S' NUCLEI4 

,!SE NUCLEI MU/ NOT1 9 \R OP9ION1 BE CONFUS$ ) ! COMPANY1 ! FACTORY1 ETC41 BUT !IR CONCEPT MU/ EXT5D TO A GLOBAL VISION ( FACTORY1 LIV+ >EA1 S*OOL & L&4 

,)9 ?IS GLOBALITY ! IDEA ( AUTONOMY MU/ BE RE9T]PRET$ BY ! WORK+ CLASS & RELAT$ TO ! AUTONOMY ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL1 ELEM5T ( CON/ANT REF]5CE & CORRECTION ( ANY T5D5CY TO CON/RUCT ! =M] AT ! CO/ ( ! LATT]4 

,H]E ! ACTION ( A M9ORITY ?AT HAS ACQUIR$ A REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS HAS ITS PLACE3 TO PO9T \T ! EV] PRES5T DANG]S ( BUREAUCRATIZATION1 ANY 9VOLUTION T[>DS ! CONTROL ( ! /RUGGLE BY A M9ORITY1 C]TA9 CORPORATIVE T5D5CIES 9TR9SIC TO ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 & ALL ! O!R LIMITATIONS ?AT C5TURIES ( OPPRESSION HAVE DEVELOP$4 

,!IR V]Y DELICATE TASK IS !RE=E ?AT ( FUS+ TOGE!R /RUGGLE & ORGANIZATION1 UNIT+ !M 9 DAILY PRAXIS4 ,?IS REQUIRES ANALYTICAL CL>ITY 9 ORD] ?AT ! SECOND %\LD BE MA9TA9$ )9 ! USABLE LIMITS ( ! FIR/1 & TO PREV5T ITS AUTONOM\S ESS5CE BE+ DE/ROY$ BY ! ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECT1 LEAV+ IT 9 NAME ONLY4 

,NOT NEGLIGIBLE1 F9ALLY1 IS ! WORK ( ! ACTIVE M9ORITY CONC]N+ ! PROBLEM ( GA9+ 9=MATION1 ESS5TIAL ELEM5T = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! WORK+ MASSES & !IR CONTROL OV] ! ELEM5TS NECESS>Y = !IR LIB]ATION3 ! DEMOLITION ( ALL CON/ITUT$ P[]1 & ! COMMUNIT>IAN MANAGEM5T ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 

,IF ONCE ! POSSIBILITY ( REVOLUTION C\LD BE CONFUS$ ) ! SIMPLE EXPROPRIATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 7ON :I* ! ,M>XI/ AMBIGUITY RE/S TODAY71 WE N[ KN[ ) C]TA9TY ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE !MSELVES >E PREP>$ TO TRANS=M !IR PROP]TY TITLES 9 ORD] ?AT EXPLOITATION CAN CONT9UE UND] ANO!R GUISE4 ,! 'SMOO?' PASSAGE TO ,/ATE SOCIALISM IS ! MO/ WIDELY DIFFUS$ PROSPECT AMONG ! 'PROGRESSIVE' CIRCLES ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,9 ! FACE ( SU* A PROSPECT ! WORK+ CLASS MU/ BUILD ! MEANS NECESS>Y = ! /RUGGLE & ! RECAPTURE ( A REVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVE4 

,WORK+ CLASS AUTONOMY 

,! ANALYTICAL 9DIVIDUATION ( ! WORK+ 'CLASS' IS A COMPLEX PROBLEM4 ,USUALLY COMRADES LIKE TO REF] TO EV5 ! MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ ( ! ,M>XI/ ANALYZES1 COM+ ?R\< ) ALL POSSIBLE GLORY BY AFFIRM+ ?AT !Y 9T5D TO LIMIT ! 'USE ( ,M>X' TO ! /RICTLY 9DISP5SABLE 7USUALLY ID5TIFI$ ) ! ECONOMIC ANALYZES71 = ! CON/RUCTION ( ! TRUE LIB]T>IAN P]SPECTIVE ( WORK]S' AUTONOMY & !IR /RUGGLE4 

,FRANKLY1 ,I HAVE NEV] BE5 ABLE TO DO AS MU*4 ,P]HAPS = REASONS D]IV$ FROM MY PR(\ND AV]SION TO METAPHYSICS1 & P]HAPS1 GIV5 ! *>ACT] ( MY /UDIES1 ,I HAVE LE>N$ TO DETECT ! SMELL ( METAPHYSICS A LONG WAY (F4 ,& SU* A L>GE P>T ( ! ,M>XI/ ANALYZES1 EV5 9 ECONOMY & HI/ORICAL ME?ODOLOGY1 /9KS ( METAPHYSICS4 ,?AT IS :Y1 AS F> AS IS POSSIBLE1 ,I MEAN TO AVOID DO+ ! SAME4 

,AS ! GREAT F\ND] FA!RS !MSELVES HAVE ADMITT$1 ! !MES ( ! PROBLEM ( CLASS >E NOT !IR '9V5TION'4 ,!Y1 & ,M>X 9 P>TICUL>1 LIMIT$ !MSELVES TO RELAT+ ! EXI/5CE ( CLASSES TO C]TA9 PRECISE HI/ORICAL PHASES 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTION1 FROM :I*1 ) A CONSID]ABLE LOGICAL JUMP1 !Y DREW ! CONCLUSION ( ! 9ELUCTABILITY ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! CONSEQU5T MY?OLOGY ( A TRANSITION TO ! CLASSLESS SOCIETY4 

,I HAVE (T5 HE>D ,M>X'S 'REALISM' EXALT$1 IT BE+ ID5TIFI$ 9 HIS REFUSAL TO LAM5T ON ! 'IMMORALITY' ( SOCIETY1 & 9 HIS ANALYSIS ( EXPLOITATION & ! *APT] ( ACCID5TS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE AS A NECESS>Y PROCESS LEAD+ TO ! LIB]ATION ( SOCIETY1 !RE=E A SALUT>Y & EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,WE DO NOT SEE ANY?+ 'SCI5TIFIC' 9 ALL ?AT4 ,M>X C\LD NOT FOLL[ HIS PR$ECESSORS SU* AS ,SA9T-,SIMON1 ,F\RI]1 ,[5 & ,SISMONDI = TWO GOOD REASONS3 HE BELIEV$ 9 REVOLUTION 79 HIS [N WAY7 & HAD /UDI$ ,HEGEL 7:OM HE NEV] DIGE/$1 9 SPITE ( ALL HIS Y\?FUL CRITICISMS74 ,9 ?IS WAY HE MANAG$ TO F\ND 9 HIS 'SY/EMATIC' BRA91 ! REALISM ( ! PROPAG&I/ & POLITICAL J\RNALI/ & ! OPTIMISM ( ! METAPHYSICIAN :O ID5TIFIES RATIONAL ) REAL4 

,:AT BEWILD]S US MO/ IS ! FACT ?AT AN>*I/ COMRADES (T5 DO NOT REALIZE ?AT !Y >E FULLY SUBSCRIB+ TO A PROGRAM ?AT HAS ITS ROOTS 9 ,G]MAN PROTE/ANT MY/ICISM ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES 7SEE ,HEGEL & HIS DEBTORS71 A PHILOSOPHICAL ,MIDDLE ,AGES ?AT /ILL 9SI/S ON A CLAIM$ DIFF]5CE BETWE5 'CLASS 9 ITSELF' & 'CLASS = ITSELF'4 ,! PASSAGE IS ! AWAK5+ ( CONSCI\SNESS2 ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE ! OBJECTIVE SITUATION OBTA9$ BY ! DI/RIBUTION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,SOMETIMES ! AWAK5+ ( CONSCI\SNESS IS MADE TO CO9CIDE ) CLASS ORGANIZATION4 

,AP>T FROM ! METAPHYSICAL PREMISE1 ! ONLY CONCRETE FACT H]E IS HI/ORY4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME1 ) GREAT CL>ITY & ANALYTICAL EXPLANATION1 ,M>X MANAGES TO FREE REASON+ ON ,MAN FROM ALL RELIGI\S1 BIOLOGICAL OR EVOLUTION>Y IDEALIZATION4 ,:AT REMA9S IS MAN 9 HI/ORY3 NO SMALL FEAT1 S]I\SLY WA/$1 H[EV]1 BY ! 'RATIONALIZ+' PRET5SION ( 5CLOS+ IT )9 ! ',ROMANESQUE' ATMOSPH]E ( ! PH5OM5OLOGY ( ! SPIRIT 7ALBEIT IT UPSIDE D[N74 ,9 ?IS WAY ! JU/IFICATION ( ! HI/ORY ( MAN EM]GES FROM ! DIALECTICAL PROCESS PLAC$ )9 A FIX$ /RUCTURE4 ,HI/ORY IS RATIONALIZ$ ?R\< A METAPHYSICAL PROCESS1 9 ! SAME WAY AS IT HAS BE5 DONE BY O!R HI/ORIANS ) JU/ AS MU* NE$ = 'A PO9T ( REF]5CE'1 US+ ! DOM9ION ( RELIGION OR ! EVOLUTION ( ! SPECIES4 ,ONCE HI/ORY IS 'RATIONALIZ$' HI/ORICAL REASON CEASES TO BE 'ABSOLUTE REASON' 7AS IT WAS = EXAMPLE = ! !ORETICIANS ( ! OLD DEMOCRACY7 & BECOMES 'DIALECTICAL REASON'4 ,RATIONALITY BECOMES A NEW WRAPP+ = AN OLD P>CEL1 5ABL+ IT TO BE SOLD (F AS NEW GOODS4 ,BUT OLD OR NEW1 !SE GOODS >E ALWAYS A PRODUCT ( ',METAPHYSICAL @& ,CO4'1 SUPPLI] TO ALL ! ',ROYAL ,H\SES' ( ! WORLD4 

,C]TA9LY ! OLD 'ABSOLUTE REASON' HAD LO/ FAVOR4 ,TO RE9T]PRET ! WORLD ) ITS MEASURE W\LD HAVE BE5 A V]Y DIFFICULT & EASILY DISCR$ITABLE OP]ATION1 AS W]E ! ATTEMPTS ( ! +5U\S MAT]IALI/S ( ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ROMANTICS 9 LOVE ) MATT] & ITS METAPHYSICAL 'S5SATIONS'1 9CAPABLE ( TE>+ ! VICISSITUDES ( ,MAN FROM !IR ABSOLUTE P]IODICITY3 EXPLOITATION_/REBELLION1 & AGA9 EXPLOITATION1 & AGA9 REBELLION4 ,OBTUSITY ( HI/ORY ON ! ONE H&1 OBTUSITY ( ITS 9T]PRET]S ON ! O!R4 ,?IS BLESS$ SPIRIT'S PA? DID NOT WANT TO MOVE 9 A PROGRESSIVE DIRECTION3 EXPLOITATION CONT9U$ TO GR[ AGA9 AFT] ! REVOLT1 ! WORK]S' BLOOD BA!D ! /REETS ) A CON/ANCY ?AT GAVE SOME ) A S5SE ( HUMOR ! IDEA ( PR$ICT+ REVOLUTION>Y CYCLES4 

,NEV]!LESS1 9 SPITE ( SU* POV]TY ( MEANS & POLLUTION 9 ! FEW BASIC IDEAS1 ,M>X MANAG$ TO GO BEYOND ! USELESS PRODUCTION ( HIS TIME1 UNIT+ OPTIMISM & REALISM 9 A REM>KABLE RECON/RUCTION1 EV5 ?\< !Y W]E LACK+ 9 MANY ASPECTS & REQUIR+ SOME FUNDAM5TAL *ANGES4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ DEFICI5T P>TS IS PRECISELY ?AT CONC]N+ ! PROBLEM ( 'CLASS'4 ,IT IS NO CO9CID5CE ?AT ! UNF9I%$ MANUSCRIPT ( ,DAS ,CAPITAL /OPS PRECISELY H]E4 

,= WE AN>*I/S ! PROBLEM %\LD BE QUITE CLE>4 ,ANY REASON+ ( ! K9D '?+ 9 ITSELF' %\LD NOT 9T]E/ US4 ,:O ! DEVIL 'CLASS 9 ITSELF' MI<T BE DOES NOT /RIKE US AS BE+ AN IMPORTANT PROBLEM2 9 FACT WE DO NOT SEE IT AS A PROBLEM AT ALL4 ,H[ ?IS 'CLASS 9 ITSELF' C\LD BECOME A 'CLASS = ITSELF' SEEMS TO US TO BE A JOKE 9 BAD TA/E4 ,LET US LEAVE SU* 'TYPOGRAPHICAL JOKES' TO PR(ESSORS ( PHILOSOPHY & REASON MORE SIMPLY1 /ICK+ TO ! FACTS4 

,WE DO NOT KN[1 NOR DO WE WANT TO KN[1 IF A CLASS 9 ITSELF ACTUALLY EXI/S4 ,:AT DOES 9T]E/ US IS TO KN[ ?AT !RE EXI/S A P[] /RUCTURE4 ,?IS MACROSCOPIC FACT1 :I* GOES RI<T ?R\< HI/ORY1 CANNOT BE D5I$4 ,9 ?IS WAY HI/ORY CAN BE SAID TO BE M>K$ BY P[] & BY ! V>I\S TRANS=MATIONS IT HAS UND]GONE 9 ORD] TO P]SI/ AS SU*4 ,BUT SU* REASON+ W\LD BEG9 TO SMELL ( METAPHYSICS 9 ?AT IT W\LD LEAD US TO ! QUE/ION3 IS IT P[] ?AT DET]M9ES HI/ORY1 OR SOME?+ 9 HI/ORY ?AT DET]M9ES P[] 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R8 ,LET US PUT SU* REASON+ ASIDE4 ,HI/ORY IS M>K$ BY MANY EV5TS ?AT >E MORE OR LESS CON/ANT ?R\<\T ITS DEVELOPM5T3 ! ,/ATE1 RELIGION1 PRODUCTION1 SEX1 & ! /RUGGLES ( ! EXPLOIT$4 ,9 FACT IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO CON/RUCT AN HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ANY ONE ( ?OSE ELEM5TS1 !REBY GIV+ US A HI/ORY BAS$ ON ! ,/ATE1 RELIGION1 PRODUCTION1 SEX1 ! /RUGGLES ( ! EXPLOIT$1 ETC44 

,& LET IT NOT BE UND]/OOD ?AT WE BELIEVE POSSIBLE A MILIT>Y HI/ORY1 A HI/ORY ( RELIGION1 AN ECONOMIC HI/ORY1 A SEXUAL HI/ORY1 & A HI/ORY ( ! /RUGGLES ( ! EXPLOIT$4 ,WE KN[1 LIKE EV]YONE ELSE1 ?AT HI/ORY IS AN 9DISSOLUBLE UNITY4 ,WE >E ONLY SAY+ ?AT1 = ! SAKE ( >GUM5T1 IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO S+LE \T ! ABOVE M5TION$ ELEM5TS4 

,?AT PROVES1 OR AT LEA/ IT SEEMS SO TO US1 ?AT IT IS ALWAYS POSSIBLE TO CON/RUCT AN EXT]NAL MODEL1 :E!R BE DIALECTICAL 7! METAPHYSICAL MODEL71 IDEALI/ 7! RELIGI\S MODEL71 MAT]IALI/ 7! ECONOMIC MODEL71 OR DESCRIPTIVE 7! EMPIRICAL MODEL73 BUT ?AT ALSO PROVES ?AT SU* WORK W\LD BE QUITE PO9TLESS4 

,= AN>*I/S1 HI/ORY IS ALL !SE ELEM5TS TOGE!R1 & MANY O!R ?+S BESIDES4 ,WE CAN ALSO 9CLUDE IRRATIONAL & METAPHYSICAL ASPECTS3 !Y TOO >E HI/ORY1 & AL?\< FROM TIME TO TIME !Y %\LD BE ISOLAT$ & CONDEMN$1 NOT = ?IS CAN !Y BE ELIM9AT$4 ,IF WE DID O!RWISE WE %\LD FALL 9TO TWO 9DISSOLUBLE ALT]NATIVES1 SU* AS ?AT BETWE5 IDEAS & ACTION1 OR ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,9 PRACTICE ALL ?AT DOES NOT MATT] TO US3 WE CAN LEAVE SU* WORK TO ! PHILOSOPHY PR(ESSORS4 

,?IS PLACES US BE=E ONE LA/ METAPHYSICAL OB/ACLE3 %\LD WE ASK ! MEAN+ ( REALITY8 7,?IS IS NO IDLE QUE/ION4 ,M>XISM IS DUE MU* CR$IT = HAV+ MANAG$ TO CAM\FLAGE IT BY PO/PON+ IT TO 9F9ITY74 ,REALITY IS AT ! SAME TIME P[]1 RELIGION1 PRODUCTION1 SEX1 ! /RUGGLE1 & MANY O!R ?+S AS WELL ?AT WE DO NOT REMEMB] OR ?AT WE DO NOT KN[4 ,:AT MATT]S IS NOT 9T]PRET+ IT 9 ITS TOTALITY 7:I* W\LD BE ! METAPHYSICAL MODEL ( '?+ 9 ITSELF'7 BUT 9T]PRET+ ! MA9 ELEM5TS ?AT >E USEFUL = ! CON/RUCTION ( A PROGRAM ( ACTION4 

,EV]Y ATTEMPT AT ANALYSIS %\LD HAVE ?IS AIM ,LET US TAKE AN EXAMPLE1 />T+ FROM ! MODEL ?AT TAKES 9TO CONSID]ATION ! /RUGGLE ( ! EXPLOIT$1 A CON/ANTLY RECURR+ FACT 9 HI/ORY4 ,! COMMON LOT ( !SE /RUGGLES IS TO BE REABSORB$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,?IS PROCESS1 :I* HAS CO/ MILLIONS ( LIVES & 9CR$IBLE SUFF]+1 HAS NOT KILL$ ! WILL TO /RUGGLE4 

,WE ?US HAVE TWO ELEM5TS3 ! /RUGGLE1 & ! WILL TO /RUGGLE4 ,N[ WE MU/ ASK :Y ?IS /RUGGLE HAS CON/ANTLY HAD A NEGATIVE \TCOME1 & :AT IS SIGNIFICANT AB\T ?IS4 ,! FIR/ PO9T CAN BE P>TLY EXPLA9$ BY ! PRES5CE ( A M9ORITY 'LEAD+' ?IS /RUGGLE2 A M9ORITY :I*1 IF ON ! ONE H& IT TAKES ITSELF AS BE+ ! 'HEAD' ( ! MOVEM5T ( ! EXPLOIT$1 ON ! O!R ADOPTS ! ROLE ( 'ASC5D+ ELITE'1 ?AT IS A M9ORITY ?AT 9T5DS TO TAKE P[] ITSELF1 TAK+ ! PLACE ( ! ELITE :O W]E PREVI\SLY 9 *>GE4 ,!RE IS ANO!R1 DEEP] REASON = ! FIR/ PO9T3 ! P]SI/5T 'RELIGIOSITY' ( ! EXPLOIT$ MASSES1 H5CE !IR 'NE$' = A 'GUIDE'1 A GR\P OR A P]SON CAPABLE ( MAT]IALIZ+ !IR DESIRE = V5GEANCE4 ,?IS TAKES US TO ! SECOND PO9T3 :AT SIGNIFICANCE %\LD BE GIV5 TO ! CON/ANT NEGATIVE \TCOME ( !SE /RUGGLES8 ,! CONCLUSION IS L9K$ TO ! DISC\RSE ON ! AUTONOMY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,ONLY ! WILL TO FRE$OM1 AT ! SAME TIME ! FRUIT ( & ! REASON = ! /RUGGLE1 CAN ELIM9ATE ! S5TIM5T ( RELIGIOSITY ?AT IS /ILL 9TR9SIC 9 ! /RUGGLES ( ! WORK]S TODAY4 

,?IS MODEL MI<T EXPLA9 ! GREAT FLOOD ( RE=MI/ & AU?ORIT>IAN P>TIES 9 ?AT !Y BECOME1 9 \R OP9ION1 ! SYMBOL ( V5GEANCE4 ,! MASSES SEE 9 !SE ORGANIZATIONS ! SAC]DOTAL CA/E & *UR* ?AT WILL LEAD TO !IR MILL5>Y DREAM4 ,= !IR P>T1 ! BUREAUCRATS ( P[] 7! TRADE UNIONS %\LD BE 9CLUD$ 9 ?IS >GUM5T7 :O PRES5T !MSELVES AS ASC5D+ ELITES1 HAVE EV]Y 9T]E/ 9 EXPLOIT+ ?IS S5TIM5T1 :ILE !IR V]Y NATURE PREV5TS !M FROM /IMULAT+ ANY 9ITIATIVE T[>DS A PROCESS ( LIB]ALIZATION4 

,BUT ! SUM ( !SE /RUGGLES ?R\<\T ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY CAN BE SE5 AS A PROGRESSION4 ,C]TA9LY WE MU/ NOT FALL PREY TO ! PROGRESSIVI/ ILLUSION1 BUT 9 \R ANALYSIS1 ! ACKN[L$GM5T ( A C]TA9 PROGRESS IS BAS$ ON OBS]VABLE FACTS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! R$UCTION 9 WORK+ H\RS & IMPROVEM5T 9 WORK+ CONDITIONS >E OBJECTIVELY PROGRESS COMP>$ TO PREVI\S SITUATIONS1 AL?\< !Y CAN BECOME A P>T ( A PROCESS ( RECUP]ATION1 R5D]+ ! /RUGGLE JU/ AS NECESS>Y AS BE=E4 ,:AT MATT]S H]E IS ! OBVI\S FACT ?AT ?IS PROCESS TRANS=MS ! TYPE ( RELIGIOSITY 9 A SITUATION ( EXPLOITATION4 ,TO ! OLD RELIGIOSITY 9/RUM5TALIS$ BY ! ,*UR*1 WE CAN COMP>E ! LAY RELIGIOSITY 9/RUM5TALIS$ BY ! POLITICAL P>TIES TODAY4 ,! COMP>ISON IS USEFUL & ALL[S US TO SEE ! DIFF]5CES4 

,IF ! ID5TIFICATION ( ! CLASS ( EXPLOIT$ IS VAGUE & CANNOT BE O!RWISE ONCE WE HAVE DELIB]ATELY LEFT HI/ORY &1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 REALITY 9 ! REALM ( VAGU5ESS1 ON ! O!R H& WE N[ HAVE ! POSSIBILITY ( US+ V>I\S ELEM5TS 9 \R ANALYSIS ?AT W\LD O!RWISE HAVE REMA9$ IRREM$IABLY \TSIDE IT 9 ! CASE ( AN A PRIORI *OICE ( A PRECISE SY/EM 7= EXAMPLE1 DIALECTICS1 RELIGION1 ECONOMICS1 METAPHYSICS1 ETC474 ,IF ! CON/RUCTION ( ! ANALYTICAL MODEL IS MORE DIFFICULT1 ! RI*] %\LD BE ! RESULT ( ITS APPLICATION1 IT NEI!R HAV+ TO WORK = ! CON/RUCTION ( A P>TY1 OR 9 DEF5SE ( A PREE/ABLI%$ ORD]4 

,A R\< CONCLUSION W\LD BE ONE L9K+ ! WORK+ CLASS TO A PROGRESSIVE ELIM9ATION ( ! RELIGI\S S5TIM5T ?AT GIVES RISE TO ! NE$ = A 'GUIDE'4 ,EV]Y ATTEMPT TO DO '= ONESELF' IS = US A SIGN ( ACT+ 9 FIR/ P]SON ON ! SITUATION ( EXPLOITATION4 ,! /RUGGLE1 TAK5 9 ITSELF AS ! PH5OM5ON ( AN AMORPH\S MASS MORE OR LESS S5SITIZ$ UND] ! TEA*+S ( A *UR* OR P>TY1 IS NOT 5\< TO DEF9E A CLASS4 ,NOR IS ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS AS A :OLE1 AS A PRECISE REP>TITION ( ! [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ?AT EXCLUDES A P>T ( ! HUMAN RACE1 5\< TO DEF9E A CLASS4 

,M>XI/S CAN ALSO SPEAK ( CLASS 'CONSCI\SNESS'2 ! T]M DOES NOT WORRY US4 ,BUT NOT = ?IS %\LD WE BE DRAWN 9TO !IR PHILOSOPHICAL >GUM5TS ON ?IS PSEUDO PROBLEM4 ,WE HAVE (T5 SAID ?AT ! AUTONOMY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL IS DET]M9$ BY HIS OR H] ACCEPTANCE ( RESPONSIBILITY 9 MAK+ DECISIONS CONC]N+ HIS OR H] LIFE3 ?IS RESPONSIBILISATION CAN ALSO BE CALL$ 'CONSCI\SNESS'4 ,IT W\LD BE PREF]ABLE TO DEF9E IT 'WILL'4 ,! WILL TO DO = ONESELF1 ! WILL TO 9T]V5E 9 FIR/ P]SON1 ! WILL TO BREAK ! SPELLB\ND CIRCLE ( RELIGIOSITY1 ! WILL TO OV]TURN TRADITION1 ! WILL TO BREAK ) ORD]S FROM ABOVE3 9 A WORD1 ! WILL TO BUILD ONE'S [N AUTONOMY4 ,& IT IS H]E ?AT ! DISC\RSE ON ! AUTONOMY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL MEETS ?AT ( ! AUTONOMY ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,! ACTIVE M9ORITY 

,! CONCLUSION = WORK+ CLASS AUTONOMY COMES TO US1 AS WE HAVE SE51 FROM ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( BREAK+ ?R\< ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y CIRCLE 9 ANY O!R WAY4 ,?AT ?IS IMPOSSIBILITY IS SUPPOS$ TO BE DUE TO SOME HI/ORICAL PROCESS DOES NOT CONC]N US4 ,WORK]S' AUTONOMY IS NOT ANO!R PHILOSOPHICAL '=M' LIKE SO MANY O!RS1 IT IS AN OBJECTIVE NECESSITY4 ,WORK]S MU/ LOOK AFT] !IR [N 9T]E/S3 ! RELIGI\S /IMULUS T[>DS A DELEGATE TO TAKE C>E ( !IR 9T]E/S MU/ BE F\<T4 

,H]E A QUE/ION >ISES4 ,:AT DET]M9ES ! BIR? & DEVELOPM5T ( ! AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATION ( ! /RUGGLE )9 ! WORK+ CLASS8 ,IS IT AUTOMATIC1 A DIRECT CONSEQU5CE ( ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( A REVOLUTION>Y \TLET DUE TO ! 'HOLY ALLIANCE' BETWE5 CAPITAL1 P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS8 ,OR DOES A PRECISE M9ORITY EXI/1 ACT+ )9 ! MASSES1 DEVELOP+ A PROGRESSIVE CL>IFICATION ( ! DANG]S1 OB/ACLES & POSSIBILITIES3 I4E4 PU%+ ! MASSES TO ACT = !MSELVES8 

,! MO/ EXACT ANSW] W\LD BE AN ILLU/RATION ( ! TWO FACTORS ALONGSIDE EA* O!R4 ,BUT 9 PRACTICE ! MO/ S]I\S PROBLEM ?AT >ISES IS ?AT ( ! PRECISE HI/ORICAL *>ACT] ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT1 & !IR 'HEGEMONIC' ROLE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVE4 ,IT W\LD SEEM TO SOME ?AT )\T ! BIR? ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT ! T5D5CY T[>DS AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATION W\LD NOT HAVE COME AB\T4 ,WE F9D SU* REASON+ CURI\S = TWO REASONS3 FIR/1 IT 9SI/S ON GIV+ ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT ! HI/ORIC ROLE ( 'GUIDE'1 & PROPOSES AN ILLOGICAL ALT]NATIVE 9 HI/ORY1 ! POSSIBILITY ( A 'NONEXI/5CE' ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT ! PROLET>IAT DOES EXI/4 ,9DU/RY & ITS DEVELOPM5T HAVE !IR PLACE 9 HI/ORY1 ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION DET]M9$ ! BIR? ( CAPITALISM & ?IS HAS EVOLV$ TO ! PRES5T DAY AS WE KN[ IT1 & %[S CLE> SIGNS ( GO+ 9 A C]TA9 DIRECTION4 ,ALL ?IS LEADS TO A SIMPLIFICATION ( \R PROBLEM4 ,A L>GE P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS TODAY IS MADE UP ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,!Y >E DIRECTLY L9K$ 9 !IR CLASS CONFIGURATION TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 :I* IS LOGICAL4 ,BUT WE DO NOT UND]/& H[ FROM ?IS WE CAN PASS TO ! AFFIRMATION ?AT ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S MU/ PLAY A PR$OM9ANT ROLE OV] ! RE/ ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,NOT ONLY ?AT1 WE DO NOT UND]/& ! SECOND QUE/ION3 :Y AUTONOMY MU/ ONLY COME AB\T )9 ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 

,IF WE ALL[ SU* REASON+1 WE MU/ ADMIT ?AT ! CRISIS ( CAPITALISM TO BE A 'MORTAL' ONE1 & NOT ONE ( 'TRANS=MATION'4 ,IF ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT >E ! MO/ S5SITIVE $GE ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 !Y W\LD ALSO BE ! MO/ FITT$ TO P]CEIV+ ! SICKNESS ( CAPITALISM & ( OPPOS+ IT ) A SPECIFIC =M ( /RUGGLE1 I4E4 AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATION4 ,! O!R /RATA1 ! PEASANTS = EXAMPLE1 NOT BE+ IMM$IATELY 9 CONTACT ) ! PRIVILEG$ /RATUM ( PRODUCTION1 W\LD NOT HE$ !SE /IMULI1 & ! POSSIBILITY ( AUTONOMY W\LD NOT >ISE4 

,IT DOES NOT SEEM TO US ?AT CAPITALISM IS 9 'MORTAL CRISIS'4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT SEEMS TO US ?AT IT IS AS LIVELY & VIGOR\S AS EV]4 ,ITS V]Y OBVI\S CRISIS IS MANIFE/+ ITSELF AS A PASS+ ONE1 AN EVOLUTION T[>DS A V]Y DIFF]5T TYPE ( CAPITALISM F> MORE CAPABLE & EFFICI5T ?AN ?AT ( ! PRES5T TIME4 ,!RE=E WE CANNOT SPEAK 9 T]MS ( A 'F9AL CRISIS'4 ,NEV]!LESS1 A T5D5CY = AUTONOM\S WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION DOES EXI/4 

,9 FACT1 ! PRES5T POSITION ( ! RE=MI/S 7P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS7 IS NOT A 'RESPONSE' TO CAPITALISM'S 'F9AL CRISIS' ANY MORE ?AN PROLET>IAN AUTONOMY IS4 ,! COLLABORATION ( ! UNIONS & P>TIES IS NOT A NEW /RATEGY BUT IS ! NORMAL RESPONSE FROM DEVELOP+ 9/ITUTIONS TO ?OSE 9 P[]4 ,!Y W\LD LIKE TO DE/ROY ! LATT] BUT MU/ ALL[ !M TO SUBSI/ SO ?AT ! *ANGEOV] CAN COME AB\T ) ! LEA/ POSSIBLE DAMAGE TO ! /RUCTURE1 O!RWISE ! ASC5D+ ELITE1 :5 !Y COME 9TO P[]1 WILL F9D !MSELVES ) A HEAP ( RUBBLE 9 !IR H&S4 ,?AT IS ! REAL POSITION ( ! RE=MI/S4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 WORK+ CLASS AUTONOMY 9T5D$ AS ! REMA9+ POSSIBILITY ( /RUGGLE1 IS NOT D]IV$ FROM CAPITALISM'S 'F9AL CRISIS'1 BUT IS P>T ( ! CON/ANT ATTEMPTS ( ! CLASS TO FREE !MSELVES FROM EXPLOITATION4 ,9 ?IS S5SE WE CAN SEE H[ WORK]S HAVE ALWAYS LOOK$ = NEW & AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATIONS 9 CONTRA/ TO PREC$+ ONES 7\T ( DATE OR ABSORB$ BY ! SY/EM71 ) ! AIM ( SURVIV+ OR FI<T+1 & WE CAN ALSO SEE H[ !SE ORGANIZATIONS HAVE BE5 CONSIGN$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! ASC5D+ ELITE1 REA*$ P[]1 & D5I$ ! AUTONOM\S 9/ANCE ( ! BASE ( ! WORK]S4 

,WE MU/ /UDY ?IS ME*ANISM ( 'CONSIGN+' AUTONOMY 9TO ! H&S ( ! 'LEAD]S' & GUID+ P>TIES MORE CLOSELY4 ,WE MU/ EXAM9E ! CAUSES ( ?IS 'RELIGIOSITY'1 IRRATIONAL MOTIVATIONS ?AT ACT ON & BECOME A P>T ( ! /RUCTURE1 ! LACK ( SELF-CONFID5CE ?AT SEEMS TO AFFLICT ! MASSES & ?R[S !M 9TO ! H&S ( ! RE=MI/S4 

,WE HAVE ASK$ :AT ! ROLE ( ! ACTIVE M9ORITY %\LD BE )9 ! P]SPECTIVE ( WORK+ CLASS AUTONOMY4 ,! CONCLUSION IS A CON/ANT MEASUR+ ( ! =CES ?AT DET]M9E ! FAILURE ( CLASS AUTONOMY1 I4E4 ! =CES WE HAVE P]HAPS 9CORRECTLY SUMM>IZ$ AS 'RELIGIOSITY' 9 ORD] TO UND]L9E !IR IRRATIONAL ESS5CE4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO !ORIZE ! =MATION ( AN AN>*I/ M9ORITY GR\P ACT+ ON ! MASSES BEYOND ! LEVEL ( !IR [N 9T]E/S 9 AB/RACT4 ,:AT WE CAN AGREE UPON IS ! ESS5CE & CONT5T ( !SE 9T]E/S4 ,! SMOKESCRE5 DRAWN BY ! RE=MI/S IS H9D]+ A PROP] EVALUATION ( ! WORK]S' 9T]E/S F> MORE DRA/ICALLY ?AN ! BRUTAL P[] ( ! BOSSES & ! FASCI/S DID 9 ! PA/4 ,SOCIAL DEMOCRACY'S ALLIANCE ) ! BOSSES IS ! WOR/ IMAG9ABLE OB/ACLE 9 ! PA? ( WORK]S' FRE$OM4 

,WE MU/ !RE=E E/ABLI% A PO9T ( REF]5CE = AN>*I/ ACTION )9 ! >EA ( WORK]S' AUTONOMY4 ,?IS CAN BE F\ND 9 ! LATT]'S' OBJECTIVE 9T]E/S1 ! CL>IFICATION ( :I* CON/ITUTES AN 9ITIAL CONTRIBUTION BY ! AN>*I/ M9ORITY4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT MEAN )9 ! P]SPECTIVE ( 'LEAD]%IP' :I*1 EV5 IF ADOPT$ BY ! MO/ OR?ODOX AN>*I/ T5D5CY1 W\LD 5D UP TRAC+ ! PA? ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 AG5T ( ! P[] /RUCTURE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT MEANS ACTION )9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T ITSELF1 />T+ FROM ! CONCEPT ( AUTONOMY & AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATION CONC]N+ ! WORK]S' 9T]E/S1 L9K$ TO ?AT ( 9DIVIDUAL AUTONOMY LIV$ ?R\< ! CLASS P]SPECTIVE ( REVOLUTION>Y LIB]ATION4 

,! FAILURE ( SO MANY CONCRETE 9/ANCES IS ?AT ! ACTION ( AN>*I/S1 IF CLE> AT A C]TA9 ANALYTICAL LEVEL1 (T5 ]RS 9 ! *OICE ( MEANS1 A DECISION ?AT RAISES ! :OLE QUE/ION ( 5DS TO BE ATTA9$4 ,TO ATTACK ! PROJECT ( ! P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS REQUIRES A CLE> IDEA ( ! MEANS TO BE EMPLOY$ 9 ! /RUGGLE1 & NOT JU/ A BL9D PO/PONEM5T TO WORK]S' SPONTANEITY4 ,! QUE/ION ( AUTONOMY IS NOT SEP>ATE FROM ! QUE/ION ( ! *OICE ( MEANS 9 ! /RUGGLE3 ! TWO >E L9K$1 & CONDITION EA* O!R 9 TURN4 ,! VIOL5T P]SPECTIVE1 WORK]S' DIRECT ACTION SU* AS SABOTAGE1 ! DE/RUCTION ( WORK1 ETC41 >E NOT ACTIONS 'MORE TO ! LEFT' ?AN SOME O!R SUPPOS$LY LEFT-W+ ACTION4 ,!Y >E PRECISE *OICES DICTAT$ BY AUTONOMY ( 9T]E/S1 *OICES :]E ! ACTIVE PRES5CE ( AN>*I/S IS ( V]Y GREAT IMPORTANCE4 

,WE MU/ N[ /OP & REFLECT C>EFULLY ON ! PROBLEM ( ! WORK]S' '9T]E/S'4 ,IF !Y W]E TO EM]GE1 AS 9 ! ,M>XI/ ANALYSIS1 FROM A CONCRETE SITUATION--! DOM9ION ( CAPITAL--ONE C\LD1 ) A LOGICAL EF=T1 TALK ( '9T]E/S 9 !MSELVES'1 CORRESPOND+ TO 'CLASS = ITSELF'4 ,BUT !SE 9T]E/S >E ONLY REALLY ?OSE ( ! WORK+ CLASS ON CONDITION ?AT !Y RECOGNIZE !MSELVES AS SU* & MANAGE TO OV]COME ! OB/ACLES ?AT HAVE BE5 DELIB]ATELY CON/RUCT$ BY ! ,/ATE1 REJECT ! FALSE PROPOSALS ( ! RE=MI/S1 & SO ON4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WE SEE A VOLUNT>I/IC ASPECT 9 ! AUTONOM\S ACTION ( ! WORK]S1 AN ASPECT ?AT REA*ES ! C5T] ( !IR 'OBJECTIVE' CLASS 9T]E/S1 BUT ONLY ON CONDITION ?AT ?IS IS OBTA9$ ?R\< /RUGGLE & AW>5ESS4 ,& IT IS H]E ?AT ! POSITIVE ACTION ( AN>*I/ FITS 94 

,TO BECOME AW>E ( ONE'S [N 9T]E/S1 A SUBJECTIVE R$ISCOV]Y 9 OBJECTIVE =M1 IS ! ESS5TIAL CONDITION = ! V]IFICATION ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION )\T FIR/ PASS+ ?R\< ,/ATE COMMUNISM4 

,ANO!R ASPECT ( AN>*I/ ACTION 9 ! REGION ( AUTONOMY IS ?AT AIM$ AT CL>IFY+ ! RELATION%IP ) P[]1 LEAD+ TO A SOLUTION ( ! ABOVE-M5TION$ PROBLEM ( ! RELIGIOSITY ( ! 'GUIDE'4 

,P[] DOES NOT SOLIDIFY 9 ONE PRECISE PO9T ( ! =CES ( REACTION4 ,!RE >E SUB/ANTIAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 CAPITALI/S1 BUREAUCRACY1 MIDDLE CLASS & PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 9TELLECTUALS & O!R ELEM5TS1 ALL )9 A V]Y COMPLEX FRAMEWORK4 ,NO LESS SUB/ANTIAL DIFF]5CES EXI/ BETWE5 P>TIES 9 GOV]NM5T1 RE=MI/ P>TIES1 TRADE UNIONS1 ! REPRESSIVE ORGANS ( CAPITAL 7>MY1 POLICE1 JUDICI>Y1 FASCI/S4 ETC4 74 ,BUT BEYOND ! SPECIFIC DIFF]5CES 9 CON/ITUTION & EMPLOYM5T1 ALL ( !SE =CES >E UNIT$ BY ! ONE BASIC NE$ ( EV]Y ORGANIZATION ( P[] 3 SURVIVAL4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE !Y /RUGGLE = !IR [N SURVIVAL & SELF-P]PETUATION 9 ! SITUATION ?AT MAKES !IR EXI/5CE POSSIBLE2 !N1 TO MAKE ?IS SURVIVAL EASI] !Y MOVE ON TO ! PHASE ( DEVELOPM5T & ! DESIRE = EV5 GREAT] DOM9ION4 

,?AT ! ,M>XI/ DOCTR9E IS ! EXPRESSION ( A C]TA9 MIDDLE CLASS ?AT ASPIRES TO P[] & ! OV]COM+ ( ! F9AL OB/ACLE ?AT SEP>ATES !M FROM IT1 IS AN ATTRACTIVE & VALID HYPO!SIS1 BUT ONE ?AT NE$S TO BE GONE 9TO MORE DEEPLY 9 \R OP9ION4 ,WE CANNOT AGREE TO SIMPLY SEE ?IS AS SOME?+ TO BE F\ND 9 ! ATTITUDES & 9T]E/S ( ! MIDDLE & PETTY B\RGEOISIE ALONE4 ,AN EQUALLY IMPORTANT REFLEX EXI/S 9 ! IRRATIONAL RESIDUAL )9 ! WORK+ CLASS1 :I* ALL[S ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! 9T]M$IATE CLASS ?AT ASPIRES TO P[]4 ,9 ?IS CASE ! ASC5D+ ELITE IS NOT ! :OLE ( ! MIDDLE OR PETTY B\RGEOIS CLASS1 BUT A M9ORITY AMONG !M1 ! POLITICAL P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS1 :O DEF9E !MSELVES AS ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WORK]S' 9T]E/S & ?OSE ( ! LESS F9ANCIALLY 5D[$ B\RGEOISIE4 

,?AT IS :Y AN>*I/S 9 ! S5SE ( AN ACTIVE M9ORITY %\LD NOT DEF9E !MSELVES A VANGU>D ?AT IS S5SITIVE TO A C]TA9 LEVEL ( /RUGGLE & AU?ORIZ$ TO REPRES5T ! MASSES4 ,?IS W\LD OP5 ! WAY TO VIOL5T ACTION AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 ) ! CLAIM ?AT IT C\LD SOLICIT ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T FROM \TSIDE AS A CONSEQU5CE ( C]TA9 ACTIONS 'EXEMPL>Y' BY !IR V]Y ISOLATION4 ,! V]Y PR9CIPLE ( WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T & DIRECT ACTION AS ! PATRIMONY ( ! EXPLOIT$ MASSES1 & NOT ! PR]OGATIVE ( A M9ORITY1 W\LD COME 9TO CONTRA/ ) SU* A LIMIT$ VISION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TASK4 

,RELATIONS )9 ! WORK+ CLASS 

,! 'RELIGIOSITY' ?AT WE HAVE SPOK5 ( IS NOT ! ONLY *>ACT]I/IC ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS IS MORE A BASIC S5TIM5T ?AN A PRECISE ELEM5T1 SOME?+ IRRATIONAL ?AT P]SI/S )9 ! CLASS1 & :I* F9DS ITS ORIG9S 9 EXPLOITATION ITSELF4 ,IT IS CONCRETIZ$ 9 ! DEM& = 'V5GEANCE'1 A K9D ( MILL5>IANISM ?AT ACCOMPANIES EV]Y K9D ( RELIGION1 & 9 ! POSITIVE EVALUATION ( C]TA9 PR9CIPLES--%>$ ) ! 5EMY--& :I* ! LATT] >E ACCUS$ ( HAV+ PR(AN$4 

,LET US TAKE AN HI/ORICAL EXAMPLE4 ,9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES ! ,G]MAN PEASANTS ROSE UP AGA9/ ! LORDS & ! ,*UR*1 DEM&+ V5GEANCE = ! SUFF]+ & PRIVATION !Y HAD ALWAYS BE5 SUBJECT$ TO1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME ASK+ = ! RE/ORATION ( ! ,*RI/IAN PR9CIPLE ( POV]TY & MORALITY 9 CU/OM ?AT HAD BE5 PR(AN$ BO? BY ! LORDS & ! ,*UR*4 ,!Y W]E !RE=E FI<T+ 9 ! NAME ( A DESIRE = V5GEANCE1 H5CE PUT !MSELVES--) GREAT RETIC5CE 9 ?IS CASE--9TO ! H&S ( A LEAD] 9 ! NAME ( A MORAL CODE %>$ BY ! EXPLOIT]S :O W]E CONSID]$ PR(ANE BY ! PEOPLE4 

,TODAY1 *ANG+ ! CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION & ! COMPOSITION ( ! CLASSES 9VOLV$ 9 ! SOCIAL CONFLICT1 !SE RELATIONS REMA9 CON/ANT )9 ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,FIR/ ( ALL RELIGIOSITY1 !N MORALS4 ,! FIR/ IS ! ESS5TIAL CONDITION = FALL+ 9TO ! H&S ( AN ELITE AIM+ = ! CONQUE/ ( P[] & D5Y+ ! EXI/5CE ( AUTONOMY ONCE AGA92 ! SECOND IS ! CONDITION = OP]AT+ A RADICAL SELECTION )9 ! WORK+ CLASS ITSELF1 E/ABLI%+ ! EXI/5CE ( A PRIVILEG$ /RATA ?AT W\LD BE ! FIR/ TO BE 9/RUM5TALIS$ BY ! ASC5D+ ELITE4 

,! REASON IS SIMPLE4 ,! MORAL VALUES ( ! %OP-KEEP+ B\RGEOISIE P]SI/ )9 ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,ON ?IS BASIS A DIVISION EXI/S BETWE5 'SKILL$' & 'MANUAL' WORK]S1 BETWE5 PR(ESSIONALLY QUALIFI$ WORK]S :O HAVE A DEC5T 'HONORABLE' SOCIALLY E/EEM$ PA/1 & ?OSE :O LIVE FROM DAY TO DAY1 ! SO-CALL$ RABBLE1 USUALLY PRES5T 9 ! L>GE CITIES4 ,M>XISM1 TYPICAL PRODUCT ( ! MORAL M5TALITY ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 HAS ALWAYS 9SI/$ ON ?IS PO9T1 RELEGAT+ ! LUMP5-PROLET>IAT TO ! M>G9S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE1 CONSID]+ !M ) SUSPICION1 WA%+ !IR H&S EV]Y TIME !Y F9D !MSELVES OBLIG$ TO APPROA* !M4 

,:AT IS MORE S]I\S IS ! FACT ?AT ?IS IS NOT SIMPLY A LIT]>Y COMPON5T ?AT BELONGS TO ! PRIE/S ( ! ,M>XI/ *UR*1 BUT IS ALSO A COMMON S5TIM5T AMONG ! MASS1 ONE ( SO MANY FACTORS ( CORPORATE ORIG9S :I*1 \T ( 9T]E/1 HAS NOT BE5 F\<T BY ! RE=MI/S4 ,! LATT]'S' COLLABORATION HAS 9 FACT H9D]$ ANY ACTION CAPABLE ( CONFRONT+ ! ,/ATE ) AN IRRECUP]ABLE SITUATION ( CONFLICT4 

,WE ?US HAVE3 RELIGIOSITY 9 G5]AL1 :I* DET]M9ES ! ACCEPTATION ( A LEAD] ID5TIFI$ 9 ! ASC5D+ ELITE1 & ! MORAL RESIDUAL ?AT CAUSES A DEEP DIVISION )9 ! AUTONOM\S MOVEM5T ( ! WORK]S1 LAY+ ! F\NDATIONS = !IR 9/RUM5TALISATION BY ! FUTURE P[] /RUCTURE4 

,! FIR/ CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS MORAL RESIDUAL IS ! REFUSAL ( EV]Y SPONTANE\S T5D5CY 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! /RUGGLE1 ANY REC\RSE TO ILLEGALITY1 ANY ACTION BEYOND ! 'CANONS' ( ! CURR5T MORALITY ?AT HAS BE5 >TFULLY EXPLOIT$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE = MANY C5TURIES4 ,! DIVISION )9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T CAUSES A DIVISION 9 ! *OICE ( /RATEGY TO BE US$ 9 ! /RUGGLE4 ,! 9DISCRIM9ATE CONDEMNATION ( ! USE ( CRIM9ALITY IS A NOTABLE EXAMPLE ( ?IS P]SPECTIVE4 

,WE DO NOT WANT TO TAKE UP AN >GUM5T H]E ?AT W\LD REQUIRE GO+ 9TO 9 GREAT DETAIL4 ,WE ONLY WANT TO SAY ?AT ! SE$S ( B\RGEOIS MORALS1 IF NOT ]ADICAT$ 9 TIME1 >E S]I\S 5\< TO CAUSE A FRACTURE ( CONSID]ABLE IMPORTANCE4 

,GO+ 9TO ! PROBLEM WE REALIZE ?AT IF ! 'RELIGIOSITY' ( V5GEANCE IS ESS5TIALLY A FRUIT ( EXPLOITATION1 !RE=E BELONGS TO ! CLASS ( PRODUC]S !MSELVES1 ! B\RGEOIS MORAL CONCEPTION IS NOT A FRUIT ( EXPLOITATION1 BUT REA*ES ! CLASS ( PRODUC]S ?R\< !IR CONTAM9ATION FROM ! PETTY B\RGEOIS CLASS ?AT IS NOT EASILY DI/+UI%ABLE FROM !MSELVES4 

,ALL ! MODELS ?AT FILL ! ,M>XI/S' PAGES C]TA9LY DO NOT HELP TO CL>IFY ?IS DI/9CTION4 ,! PETTY B\RGEOIS CLASS CONSI/S ( %OPKEEP]S 7DI/RIBUTION71 ADM9I/RATORS 7CONTROL71 & POLICE 7REPRESSION74 ,%OPKEEP]S REPRES5T ! TRADITIONAL B\RGEOISIE ) !IR ANTIQUAT$ =MS ( DI/RIBUTION1 & >E 9 ! PROCESS ( BE+ TRANS=M$1 AT LEA/ 9 ! ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES4 ,!IR MORAL ?\<T IS DIFFUS$ AMONG O!R /RATA1 = EXAMPLE ! SKILL$ WORK]S4 ,! ADM9I/RATORS REPRES5T ! P>T ?AT CONTROLS ! CIRCULATION ( SURPLUS VALUE EXTRACT$ BY ! CAPITALI/S4 ,?IS IS ! MO/ OBTUSE & RETROGRADE CLASS1 ! ONE MO/ TI$ TO A VISION ( LIFE BAS$ ON ! VALUES ( ! PA/1 & C>EFUL TO DEF5D ! PRIVILEGES !Y HAVE OBTA9$ UP TILL N[4 ,9 ! GR[+ PHASE ( ! ,/ATE'S CONTRACTUAL /R5G?1 ?IS CLASS ID5TIFIES ) ! BUREAUCRACY4 ,! POLIC+ CLASS COV] ALL ! ELEM5TS ( REPRESSION4 ,9CLUD$ 9 ?IS CLASS >E ! POLITICIANS1 TRADE UNION (FICIALS1 POLICE =CE1 PRIE/S1 & ALL ?OSE :O LIVE ON ! M>G9S ( ! PRODUC+ CLASS1 REPRESS+ OR HELP+ TO REPRESS ANY SIGN ( REVOLT4 ,ALL ( !SE BRAVE PEOPLE EXALT & GU>ANTEE ! CONT9UATION ( B\RGEOIS MORALITY4 ,! /RATUM ( PRIVILEG$ PRODUC]S1 APPROXIMATELY ID5TIFIABLE ) ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT BY !IR SITUATION & PRIVILEGE1 5D UP ACCEPT+ !SE MORALS & IMPOS+ !M ON ! LUMP5PROLET>IAT ?R\< !IR NEGATIVE JUDGM5T4 

,9 ! SAME WAY ! IDEOLOGY ( WORK & PRODUCTION IS IMPORT$ FROM ! CLASS ( ! PETTY B\RGEOISIE4 ,! WORK E?IC1 TYPICALLY B\RGEOIS1 ALSO COV]S A L>GE P>T ( ! PRODUC+ CLASS ) ITS ESS5TIAL CONDITION3 ! SAFEGU>D+ ( PRODUCTION4 ,CLE>LY ?OSE :O HAVE MO/ 9T]E/ 9 SPREAD+ SU* AN IDEOLOGY >E ! B\RGEOISIE !MSELVES & ! /RATA :O SAFEGU>D !IR EXI/5CE4 ,AN 9/RUCTIVE P>ALLEL C\LD BE DRAWN BETWE5 B\RGEOIS MORALS1 ! IDEOLOGY ( PRODUCTION1 & ,M>XISM4 ,9 ANY CASE WE CANNOT D5Y ?AT EV5 ?IS ASPECT CON/ITUTES A GREAT PROBLEM1 ALIM5T$ BY ! SPECIFIC 9T]E/S ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! P>TIES 9 !IR S]VICE4 

,BUT RELATION%IPS )9 ! WORK+ CLASS >E AFFECT$ BY CON/ANT *ANGES 9 PRODUCTION RELATIONS4 ,! ANALYSIS ( ! LATT] 5ABLES US TO ID5TIFY ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! WORK]S' DEF5SE AGA9/ EXPLOITATION AS ?IS EXPLOITATION1 AL?\< CON/ANT1 DOES NOT ALWAYS EXPRESS ITSELF 9 ! SAME WAY4 ,! WORK]S DEF5D !MSELVES & ATTACK !IR EXPLOIT]S1 BUT ?IS /RUGGLE & (F5SIVE TAKE ON DIFF]5T ASPECTS 9 RELATION TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ACCUMULATION1 ! ULTIMATE RESULT ( CAPITALISM4 

,TODAY1 )9 ! V]Y COMPLEX /RUCTURE ( ADVANC$ CAPITALISM IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE NOT TO SEE ! 9T]DEP5D5CE ?AT EXI/S BETWE5 ! PRODUC+ CLASSES ( DIFF]5T C\NTRIES DUE TO CAPITALISM'S L9KS AT AN 9T]NATIONAL LEVEL CLE>LY4 ,?IS 9T]DEP5D5CE EXI/S AT TWO LEVELS3 FIR/1 AS UNEQUAL EXPLOITATION DEP5D+ ON :E!R CAPITALISM IS 9 AN ADVANC$ OR AN UND]DEVELOP$ /AGE1 & SECONDLY ACCORD+ TO ! UNEQUAL DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM )9 ONE C\NTRY4 ,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 C5T] & P]IPH]Y BO? AT WORLD & 9T]NATIONAL LEVEL CONDITIONS RELATION%IPS )9 ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,9 ,ITALY WE CAN SEE A C]TA9 TYPE ( RELATION%IP 9 =CE BETWE5 EMPLOY]S & PRODUC]S1 BUT WE CANNOT CRY/ALLIZE ?IS 9 ONE MODEL ?AT IS VALID = ! :OLE ( ! C\NTRY4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE WE MU/ SEE ITS RELATION%IP TO ! 9T]NATIONAL SITUATION4 ,SECONDLY1 WE MU/ SEE IT 9 RELATION%IP TO ! ,S\? ( ,ITALY4 ,= ?IS REASON ! AUTONOM\S /RUCTURE ( ! /RUGGLE MU/ NOT CLOSE ITSELF )9 ! MANUFACTUR+ DIM5SION1 BUT MU/ 9CLUDE ! SITUATION ( 9T]NATIONAL & NATIONAL CONFLICT4 

,! PROBLEM IS NOT AN EASY ONE4 ,MANY COMRADES HAVE SE5 IT SIMPLY AS A PROBLEM ( POLITICAL EQUILIBRIUM4 ,TO US IT SEEMS ?AT1 AL?\< IT REMA9S A POLITICAL PROBLEM1 IT ALSO PRES5TS ! IMPORTANT TE*NICAL ASPECT ( H[ TO ORGANIZE ! /RUGGLE FROM AN AUTONOM\S PO9T ( VIEW4 ,LET US TRY TO GO 9TO ?IS A LITTLE FUR!R4 

,! GR\PS ( PRODUC]S :O1 AS WE HAVE SE51 >E MAK+ PLANS = A /RUGGLE BAS$ ON AUTONOMY1 I4E4 ! REFUSAL ( AN 9T]M$I>Y SU* AS P>TIES OR TRADE UNIONS1 MU/ KN[ ! PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY ( ! MANUFACTUR+ OR AGRICULTURAL COMPLEX & H[ TO ADAPT !IR /RUGGLE 9 RELATION TO AUTONOM\S MANAGEM5T BAS$ ON ! *OICE ( PRODUCTION P]SPECTIVES 7RATIONAL DI/RIBUTION ( WORK74 ,TO DO ?IS IT IS NECESS>Y TO KN[ ?AT SURPLUS-VALUE CAN BE =M$ BEYOND ! MANUFACTUR+ & AGRICULTURAL SITUATION1 EXTRACT$ DIRECTLY ?R\< ! SITUATION ( UND]DEVELOPM5T 9 :I* ONE P>T ( ! C\NTRY 7OR ! WORLD7 IS BE+ HELD4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! ECONOMIC CALCULATION BAS$ ON AUTONOMY1 & !RE=E ! V]Y POSSIBILITY ( A FUTURE COMMUNI/ =M ( PRODUCTION1 & ! BASIS = ! AUTONOM\S ( /RUGGLES TODAY1 MU/ NOT ONLY BE> 9 M9D ! EXTRACTION ( PR(IT AT ! C5T] ( ! CAPITALI/ COMPLEX1 BUT ALSO ?AT :I* IS REA*$ ?R\< ! SIMPLE EXI/5CE ( A C5T] & A P]IPH]Y4 ,! COLONIALI/ & IMP]IALI/ SITUATION OP5S VA/ HORIZONS = RECUP]ATION & COMMUNI/ ACCUMULATION 7NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) ! CAPITALI/ OR ,/ATE-CAPITALI/ K9D74 ,?IS MU/ BE CL>IFI$ 9 ORD] TO UND]/& ?AT AUTONOMY IS NOT JU/ A CONT+5T FACTOR1 A WAY ( BUILD+ ! /RUGGLE1 ONLY TO CONSIGN IT 9TO ! H&S ( AN ASC5D+ ELITE1 BUT IS A NEW WAY ( CONCEIV+ PRODUCTION RELATIONS1 A REVOLUTION>Y WAY ( COMPLETELY ELIM9AT+ ! SURPLUS VALUE ?AT IS D]IV$ FROM EXPLOITATION4 

,BUT ! PRES5CE ( A P]IPH]Y IS NOT JU/ AN OBJECTIVE FACT1 IT BR+S 9 SUBJECTIVE REALITY AS WELL3 M5 & WOM5 :O SUFF] 9CR$IBLY1 EXPLOIT$ LIKE BEA/S1 :O DIE ( HUNG]4 ,M5 & WOM5 :O LIVE FROM *ANCE1 /AMP$ ) ! 9FAM\S BR& ( CRIM9ALITY4 ,?IS CON/ITUTES A :OLE EXPLOSIVE >EA ?AT CAPITALISM AT A NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL LEVEL IS HUNT+ D[N ) POLICE & >MY1 CUDGELS & BOMBS1 ) EV]Y MEANS & NO PITY4 ,BUT ?IS IS AT ! SAME TIME A P]IPH]Y ?AT IS MANAG+ TO OP5 UP ! ROAD T[>DS A NEW SOCIETY CONSID]$ F> NE>] ?AN IS NORMALLY BELIEV$1 BECAUSE IT IS NOT SE5 ?R\< ! DE=M+ L5S ( 'PR(ESSIONALISM'4 ,!Y >E />T+ TO REBUILD ! FAI? !Y HAD LO/1 A FAI? ?AT COMES 9TO CONTRA/ ) 'RELIGIOSITY' & ?OSE :O 9/RUM5TALIZE IT3 ! P>TIES & UNIONS4 

,NOT TO BE> ?IS DUALI/IC REALITY 9 M9D MEANS TO FAIL TO UND]/& ?AT EV5 AUTONOM\S ACTION CAN FALL 9TO ! CONTRADICTIONS ( P>TICUL>ISM & RACISM4 ,EV5 ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S' C\NCILS1 IF COMPOS$ ( WORK]S CLOS$ )9 !IR 'SPECIALIZATION'1 NOT OPPORTUNELY VITALIZ$ BY ! PRES5CE ( AN ACTIVE M9ORITY :O >E AGA9/ ! IDEA ( P>TY OR UNION--EXPRESSIONS ( A MANUFACTUR+ C5T] ?AT LOOKS ) DISDA9 UPON ! UND]DEVELOP$ P]IPH]Y--CAN BE=E LONG TURN 9TO IMP]IALI/ WORK]S' C\NCILS1 ANTI-ROOM ( 9/RUM5TALISATION BY ! P>TIES & ( AN EV5 MORE T]RIBLE =M ( EXPLOITATION4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,DECEMB] #i1 #bb 3 ,AFT] ,M>X1 ,AUTONOMY -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,AFT] ,M>X1 ,AUTONOMY -- ,UPDAT$4 

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