,A ,VISIT TO ,LAOS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY 

,TEXT 3 

,I 

,I >RIV$ 9 ,VI5TIANE 9 LATE ,M>*1 #a#i#g1 ) TWO FRI5DS1 ,D\GLAS ,D[D & ,RI*>D ,F]N&EZ1 EXPECT+ TO TAKE ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONTROL ,COMMISSION PLANE TO ,HANOI ! FOLL[+ DAY4 ,! ,9DIAN BUREAUCRAT 9 *>GE ( ! WEEKLY ,I,C,C FLI<T IMM$IATELY 9=M$ US1 H[EV]1 ?AT ?IS WAS NOT TO BE4 ,! ,D,R,V DELEGATION HAD RETURN$ FROM ,PNOMP5H TO ,HANOI ON ! PREVI\S FLI<T AFT] ! SACK+ ( ! ,EMBASSY BY ,CAMBODIAN TROOPS 7DISGUIS$ AS CIVILIANS71 & ! FLI<T WE 9T5D$ TO TAKE WAS COMPLETELY OCCUPI$ BY PASS5G]S S*$UL$ = ! PREC$+ WEEK4 ,EF=TS BY ! ,D,R,V & ,AM]ICAN EMBASSIES W]E UNAVAIL+1 &1 AFT] EXPLOR+ V>I\S F>FET*$ S*EMES1 WE DECID$1 AT FIR/ )\T MU* 5?USIASM1 TO /AY 9 ,VI5TIANE & TRY \R LUCK A WEEK LAT]4 

,VI5TIANE IS A SMALL T[N1 & )9 H\RS WE HAD MET QUITE A FEW MEMB]S ( ! ,WE/]N COMMUNITY--J\RNALI/S1 =M] ,I,V,S WORK]S 9 ,LAOS & ,S\? ,VIETNAM1 & O!R RESID5TS4 ,?R\< !SE CONTACTS1 WE W]E ABLE TO MEET URBAN ,LAOTIANS ( V>I\S SYMPA?IES & OP9IONS1 & ) 9T]E/+ P]SONAL HI/ORIES ON BO? SIDES ( ! CIVIL W>4 ,WE W]E ALSO ABLE TO SP5D SEV]AL DAYS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE NE> ,VI5TIANE1 VISIT+ A TRADITIONAL ,LAO VILLAGE &1 SEV]AL TIMES1 A REFUGEE CAMP1 9 ! COMPANY ( A ,LAO-SPEAK+ ,AM]ICAN :O IS A LEAD+ SPECIALI/ ON CONTEMPOR>Y ,LAOS4 ,(FICIALS ( ! ,LAO1 ,AM]ICAN1 ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE1 & O!R GOV]NM5TS W]E ALSO HELPFUL ) 9=MATION1 & ,I WAS =TUNATE TO OBTA9 ACCESS TO A L>GE COLLECTION ( DOCUM5T>Y MAT]IAL ACCUMULAT$ BY RESID5TS ( ,VI5TIANE OV] ! PA/ FEW YE>S4 ,MANY ( ! CORRESPOND5TS1 BO? ,FR5* & ,AM]ICAN1 HAD MU* TO SAY1 NOT ONLY AB\T ,LAOS BUT ALSO AB\T !IR EXP]I5CES 9 O!R P>TS ( ,S\!A/ ,ASIA4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 MO/ ( ! PEOPLE ) :OM ,I SPOKE 7MO/ =CEFULLY1 ! ,LAOTIANS7 DO NOT WI% TO BE ID5TIFI$1 & ASK$ ME TO BE ESPECIALLY DISCREET 9 CIT+ S\RCES ( 9=MATION4 

,IT DOESN'T TAKE LONG TO BECOME AW>E ( ! PRES5CE ( ! ,C,I,A 9 ,LAOS4 ,! TAXI FROM ! AIRPORT TO \R HOTEL ON ! ,MEKONG PASS$ BY ! AIRFIELD ( ,AIR ,AM]ICA1 A !ORETICALLY PRIVATE COMPANY ?AT HAS AN EXCLUSIVE CONTRACT ) ! ,C,I,A4.<#a.> ,MANY ( ITS PILOTS1 SAID TO BE L>GELY =M] ,AIR ,=CE P]SONNEL1 W]E LIV+ 9 \R HOTEL4 ,IF Y\ HAPP5 TO BE UP AT #f ,A4,M41 Y\ CAN SEE !M SETT+ (F = !IR DAY'S WORK1 PRESUMABLY1 FLY+ SUPPLIES TO ! GU]RILLA =CES ( ! ,C,I,A'S >MY 9 ,LAOS1 ! ,CL&E/9E ,>MY L$ BY ! ,MEO ,G5]AL ,VANG ,PAO4 ,!SE =CES W]E AT ONE TIME SCATT]$ ?R\<\T ,NOR!RN ,LAOS1 BUT MANY ( !IR BASES >E REPORT$ TO HAVE BE5 OV]RUN4 ,!SE BASES W]E US$ NOT ONLY = GU]RILLA ACTIONS 9 ! ,PA!T ,LAO-CONTROLL$ T]RITORY1 BUT ALSO AS ADVANC$ NAVIGATIONAL PO/S = ! BOMB>DM5T ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM & = RESCUE ( D[N$ ,AM]ICAN PILOTS4 ,!RE >E SAID TO BE HUNDR$S ( SMALL DIRT /RIPS 9 ,NOR!RN ,LAOS = ,AIR ,AM]ICA & O!R ,C,I,A OP]ATIONS4 

,AFT] WAT*+ ,AIR ,AM]ICA P>ADE BY ON MY FIR/ MORN+ 9 ,VI5TIANE1 ,I DECID$ TO TRY TO F9D \T SOME?+ AB\T ! T[N4 ,BEH9D ! HOTEL ,I CAME ACROSS ! RAM%ACKLE BUILD+ ?AT H\SES ! ,LAO ,M9I/RY ( ,9=MATION1 :]E ONE (FICE WAS ID5TIFI$ AS ! ,BUREAU ( ,T\RISM4 ,NO ONE !RE SPOKE ,5GLI% OR EV5 ,FR5*4 ,9 ANO!R (FICE ( ! ,M9I/RY1 H[EV]1 ,I DID F9D SOMEONE :O C\LD UND]/& MY BAD ,FR5*4 ,I EXPLA9$ ?AT ,I WANT$ A MAP ( ,VI5TIANE1 BUT WAS TOLD ?AT ,I WAS 9 ! WRONG PLACE--! ,AM]ICAN ,EMBASSY MI<T HAVE SU* ?+S4 ,I LEFT BY WAY ( ! READ+ ROOM ( ! ,M9I/RY1 :]E SEV]AL PEOPLE SAT 9 ! ALREADY 9T5SE HEAT1 WAV+ AWAY ! FLIES & LOOK+ ?R\< ! SEV]AL ,LAO & ,FR5* NEWSPAP]S SCATT]$ ON ! TABLES4 

,ACROSS ! /REET /&S ! MOD]N SEV5-/ORY BUILD+ ( ! ,FR5* ,CULTURAL ,C5T]1 :OSE AIR-CONDITION$ READ+ ROOM IS WELL /OCK$ ) CURR5T NEWSPAP]S & MAGAZ9ES FROM ,P>IS4 ,FR5* PLAYS & LECTURES >E ADV]TIS$ ON PO/]S4 ,ON ANO!R CORN] IS ,VI5TIANE'S BE/ BOOK/ORE1 :I* SELLS ,FR5* BOOKS & J\RNALS4 

,! CONTRA/ BETWE5 ! ,LAO ,M9I/RY ( ,9=MATION & ! ,FR5* ,CULTURAL ,C5T] GIVES A C]TA9 9SI<T 9TO ! NATURE ( ,LAOTIAN SOCIETY4 ,= A ,EUROPEAN RESID5T OR A MEMB] ( ! T9Y ,LAO ELITE1 ,VI5TIANE HAS MANY ATTRACTIONS3 PL5TY ( COMMODITIES1 A V>IETY ( GOOD RE/AURANTS1 SOME CULTURAL ACTIVITIES 79 \R HOTEL A PLAC>D ANN\NC$ A READ+ ( ,ROS5CRANTZ & ,GUILD5/]N >E ,DEAD71 ! RES\RCES ( ! ,FR5* ,CULTURAL ,C5T]4 ,AN ,AM]ICAN CAN LIVE 9 ! SUBURBS1 COMPLETE ) WELL-T5D$ LAWNS1 OR 9 A PLEASANT VILLA R5T$ FROM A RI* ,LAOTIAN1 & CAN COMMUTE TO ! HUGE ,U,S,A,I,D COMP\ND ) ITS ,P,X & O!R FACILITIES4 

,= ! ,LAO1 H[EV]1 !RE IS NO?+4 ,VIRTUALLY EV]Y?+ IS [N$ BY \TSID]S1 BY ! ,?AI1 ,*9ESE1 ,VIETNAMESE4 ,AP>T FROM SEV]AL CIG>ETTE FACTORIES 7,*9ESE-[N$71 LUMB]1 & T9 M9ES1 ONE ( :I* IS [N$ BY ! RI<T-W+ ,PR9CE ,B\N ,\M1 !RE SEEMS TO BE LITTLE ?AT IS PRODUCTIVE 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,AFT] DECADES ( ,FR5* COLONIALISM & YE>S ( EXT5SIVE ,AM]ICAN AID1 09 #aif ! C\NTRY HAD NO RAILWAYS1 TWO DOCTORS1 ?REE 5G9E]S & #g TELEPHONES40.<#b.> ,9 #aifc ! VALUE ( ! C\NTRY'S IMPORTS WAS =TY TIMES ?AT ( ITS EXPORTS3 

,ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T HAS BE5 VIRTUALLY NON-EXI/5T & ! ATTEMPTS BY ! ,AM]ICANS TO /ABILIZE A RI<T-W+ & PRO-,WE/]N REGIME BY LAVI% AID PROGRAMS L$ M]ELY TO CORRUPTION1 9FLATION & NEW GRADI5TS ( WEAL? )9 ! C\NTRY & SO PLAY$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! EXTREME LEFT1 ! ,PA!T ,LAO4.<#c.> 

,9 #a#i#f#h1 #ic P]C5T ( ! EXPORTS W]E T91 WOOD1 & C(FEE1 :ILE #ga P]C5T ( ! IMPORTS 7BY VALUE7 W]E FOOD1 GASOL9E & VEHICLES4 .<#d.> 

,! ,LAO $UCATIONAL SY/EM PRES5TS A SIMIL> PICTURE4 ,IT IS E/IMAT$ ?AT ONLY AB\T HALF ( ! *ILDR5 EV] REA* S*OOL4 ,( AB\T #a#h#e1 *ILDR5 9 S*OOL 9 #a#i#f#f-#g1 #ie P]C5T W]E 9 ! FIR/ SIX GRADES1 #g P]C5T 9 ! FIR/ ?REE GRADES4 ,9 #a#i#f#i1 ONLY #f1#f#f#i /UD5TS W]E 5ROLL$ 9 SECOND>Y S*OOLS4 ,! ,AM]ICAN AID PROGRAM HAS HELP$1 BUT IT TOO T5DS TO P]PETUATE ! DI/ORT$ PATT]N ( $UCATION = ! ELITE4 ,SECOND>Y $UCATION HAS AB\T ! SAME FUNDS AS PRIM>Y $UCATION3 

,! S*OOL IS /ILL TRA9+ A M9ORITY ( ! Y\?1 P>TICUL>LY AT SECOND>Y LEVELS1 TO TAKE !IR PLACE 9 ADM9I/RATION4 ,! BIGGE/ & BE/ S*OOLS >E /ILL LOCAT$ 9 ! CITIES4 ,! VALUES & ATTITUDES COMMUNICAT$ TO *ILDR5 >E /ILL ?OSE ( AN URBAN-?9K+1 TE*NOCRATIC ,WE/4 ,! CURRICULUM IS /ILL A CAT* ALL ( (T5 UNRELAT$ PIECES ( 9=MATION4 ,& ! CONCEPT ( RESPONSIBILITY TO ! NATION IS /ILL NOT BE+ TAU<T =CEFULLY ANY:]E 9 ,LAOTIAN SOCIETY4.<#e.> 

,! S5SIBLE ,$UCATION ,RE=M ,ACT ( #aifb REMA9S L>GELY A PAP] PROGRAM4 ,BRANFMAN CONCLUDES ?AT 0! S*OOL SY/EM IS TRA9+ A CLASS ( CONSUM]S1 NOT PRODUC]S ( WEAL?10 A ,WE/]N-ORI5T$ ELITE ?AT MI<T1 AT BE/1 ADM9I/] ,LAO SOCIETY 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! DOME/IC ELITE & ITS ,AM]ICAN BACK]S4 

,POLITICAL LIFE AS WELL IS LIMIT$ TO A T9Y ELITE4 ,! ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T ,BACKGR\ND ,NOTES1 ,M>*1 #a#i#f#i1 CONT5DS ?AT 0ONLY A FEW ?\S& 9DIVIDUALS1 MANY ( !M ,FR5*-$UCAT$1 P>TICIPATE 9 GOV]NM5T & POLITICS2 ! BULK ( ! POPULATION IS ILLIT]ATE & POLITICALLY PASSIVE40 ,SURELY ?IS IS TRUE ( ! ,GOV]NM5T-CONTROLL$ >EAS4 ,I %ALL RETURN TO ! >EAS UND] ,PA!T ,LAO CONTROL LAT] ON4 

,! ,LAO ELITE DO NOT SEEM POPUL> AMONG =EIGN OBS]V]S 9 ,VI5TIANE1 :O COMM5T REPEAT$LY ON !IR V5ALITY & CORRUPTION4 ,TYPICAL IS A REPORT BY TWO ,FR5* J\RNALI/S :O W]E AT ! SITE ( A %ORT BUT BRUTAL BATTLE NE> ,PAKSANE1 S\!A/ ( ! ,PLA9 ( ,J>S4 ,!Y DESCRIBE ! >RIVAL BY HELICOPT] ( 0! /RONGMAN ( ,VI5TIANE1 ,G5]AL ,K\PRASI?1444! MO/ P[]FUL ( ! ,LAO G5]ALS10 WELL AFT] ! BATTLE WAS OV]3 

,A P]SON ) AN 5ORM\S FACE & BODY1 WE>+ HEAVILY CAM\FLAG$ CLO?+1 HE APPROA*ES ONE ( ! #g W\ND$ SOLDI]S WAIT+ TO BE EVACUAT$1 TAPS HIM ON ! %\LD]1 & CRIES COM+ T[>D US3 0,Y\ DON'T SEE ANY ,AM]ICANS H]E1 NO?+ BUT ,LAOS40 ,BEH9D HIM1 SOMEONE BR+S OV] A CASE ( PEPSI COLA & AMMUNITION4 ,! G5]AL HAS HIMSELF PHOTOGRAPH$1 >MS AKIMBO1 BEH9D A CADAV] PRESUM$ TO BE ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE4 ,IT HAS BE5 SE>*$ = AN ID5TITY C>D BY A SOLDI]1 BUT 9 VA94444 ,AT ! ,PAKSANE AIRPORT1 WE COME ACROSS ! ,AM]ICAN PILOT :O GUID$ ! ,T#b#h BOMB+4 ,HE IS DRESS$ LIKE A %]IFF ) SUNGLASSES1 A C>TRIDGE BOX1 & A PI/OL 9 HIS BELT4 ,HE SAYS TO ,G5]AL ,K\PRASI?3 0,WE HAVE DONE A GOOD JOB TODAY1 ,G5]AL40 ,HE ADDS3 0,DON'T =GET TO GO SEE ! COLONEL0--& HE SAYS AN ,ANGLO-,SAXON NAME--0HE IS WAIT+ = Y\40 ,K\PRASI? MAKES AN IMPATI5T GE/URE4.<#f.> 

,A WELL-9=M$ OBS]V] DESCRIBES ! ,ROYAL ,LAO ,GOV]NM5T 9 ! FOLL[+ WAY3 

,ITS CORRUPTION1 LE?>GY & 9DIFF]5CE IS AS GREAT IF NOT GREAT] ?AN IT EV] WAS4 ,FEW PEOPLE LIV+ UND] ITS RULE ACTIVELY SUPPORT IT4 ,AM]ICAN (FICIALS HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO PU% = BASIC RE=MS DUE TO ! POLITICAL NECESSITY ( GETT+ ON ) ! ,LAO CIVILIAN & MILIT>Y ELITE SO ?AT CONT9U$ ,AM]ICAN BOMB+ WILL BE P]MITT$4.<#g.> 

,I DISCUSS$ !SE MATT]S ) A MIDDLE-AG$ ,LAO 9TELLECTUAL1 NON-,COMMUNI/ & RA!R LEFT-W+ 9 \TLOOK1 A MAN :O HAS HAD MU* EXP]I5CE ) ! ,ROYAL ,LAO ,GOV]NM5T & :O ALSO LIV$ = SOME TIME 9 A ,PA!T ,LAO >EA4 ,HE SEEM$ TO FEEL ?AT ! ONLY HOPE = ,LAOS WAS A ,PA!T ,LAO VICTORY1 ?\< HE HIMSELF1 AS A ,LAO B\RGEOIS1 DID NOT LOOK =W>D TO ?IS ) MU* 5?USIASM4 ,HE FELT1 H[EV]1 ?AT NATIONALI/IC & UNCORRUPT$ B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS W\LD F9D A PLACE 9 A SOCIETY ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,PA!T ,LAO4 

,= ! ,R,L,G HE FELT ONLY CONTEMPT1 & HE EXPRESS$ HIS BELIEF ?AT EV5 Y\NG] M51 ?\< LESS D$ICAT$ TO TOTAL CORRUPTION1 W\LD BE ABLE TO DO V]Y LITTLE4 ,HE RECALL$ ?AT :ILE ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,NATIONAL ,UNION WAS FUNCTION+1 ,PR9CE ,S\PHAN\VONG1 ! LEAD+ FIGURE ( ! ,PA!T ,LAO1 WAS WIDELY REG>D$ AS ITS MO/ CAPABLE & EFFICI5T MEMB]1 & ONE ( ! FEW HONE/ M5 9 ,LAOTIAN PUBLIC LIFE4 ,HE SAW NO SIGN ?AT A PRODUCTIVE ECONOMY C\LD BE DEVELOP$ OR ?AT CONTROL BY =EIGN]S C\LD BE OV]COME1 9 VIEW ( ! NATURE ( EXI/+ PROGRAMS4 ,HE M5TION$ EF=TS TO DEVELOP A 0NEUTRALI/0 ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON Y\NG]1 MORE NATIONALI/IC1 & LESS CORRUPT SEGM5TS ( ! ELITE1 BUT HE HAD LITTLE HOPE ( !IR SUCCESS4 

,) SOME BITT]NESS HE GE/UR$ TO ! /REET \TSIDE ! ROOM :]E WE W]E TALK+1 OBS]V+ ?AT EV]Y ONE ( ! /ORES ?AT L9$ ! /REET WAS [N$ BY A NON-,LAO4 ,! ,LAO ELITE IS BUSY BUILD+ B[L+ ALLEYS1 RUNN+ ! PRO/ITUTION & OPIUM RACKETS1.<#h.> R5T+ VILLAS TO ,AM]ICANS1 LIV+ AT ! EXORBITANT LEVEL P]MITT$ BY ! FL[ ( ,AM]ICAN COMMODITIES & ! P]VASIVE CORRUPTION4 ,HE FELT ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN AID PROGRAM WAS ESS5TIALLY DE/RUCTIVE 9 HAV+ P]PETUAT$ A CONSUM]-ORI5T$ SOCIETY :I* B5EFIT$1 :ILE CORRUPT+1 ! ELITE1 & 9 NOT HAV+ EV5 BEGUN TO LAY ! BASIS = DEVELOPM5T OR MOD]NIZATION ?AT W\LD 9VOLVE ! ,LAO MASSES OR CREATE A PRODUCTIVE SOCIETY4 

,O!R KN[L$GEABLE OBS]V]S AGRE$ 9 A G5]AL WAY ) ?IS ANALYSIS4 ,ONE ( !M PO9T$ TO A L>GE MONUM5T 9 ! C5T] ( ,VI5TIANE REF]R$ TO AS ! 0V]TICAL RUNWAY0 BECAUSE IT WAS BUILT BY DICTATOR ,PH\MI ,NOSAVAN ) MAT]IALS ?AT W]E MEANT TO BE US$ = IMPROV+ ! ,VI5TIANE AIRPORT4.<#i.> 

,A Y\NG ,LAO TEA*]1 OP5LY SYMPA!TIC TO ! ,PA!T ,LAO1 GAVE A SIMIL> 7?\< MORE VEHEM5T7 ACC\NT4 ,ASK$ :E!R ! ,PA!T ,LAO W]E ATTEMPT+ TO BUILD A CL&E/9E ORGANIZATION )9 ,VI5TIANE TO EXPLOIT SU* GRIEVANCES & PLAN = AN ULTIMATE TAKE-OV]1 HE SAID ?AT TO HIS KN[L$GE !Y W]E NOT1 BUT ?AT !RE WAS ALSO NO NECESSITY TO DO SO4 ,MANY PEOPLE1 HE REPORT$1 LI/5 REGUL>LY TO ! ,PA!T ,LAO RADIO1 & HAVE CONSID]ABLE1 ?\< HIDD51 SYMPA?Y = ! ,PA!T ,LAO4 ,HE REF]R$ TO ! ELECTIONS ( #a#i#e#h1 ! ONLY REAL ELECTIONS EV] HELD 9 ,LAOS1 9 :I* ! ,N,L,H,S1 ! POLITICAL P>TY ( ! ,PA!T ,LAO1 HAD DONE V]Y WELL 9 ,VI5TIANE1 & HE ASS]T$ ?AT !SE SYMPA?IES W\LD ONCE AGA9 BE REVEAL$ IF HONE/ ELECTIONS C\LD BE HELD4 ,HE CLAIM$ ?AT SIMIL> S5TIM5TS >E WIDELY HELD AMONG Y\NG URBAN 9TELLECTUALS1 ?\< !Y >E R>ELY EXPRESS$ 9 ,VI5TIANE1 :]E ! ATMOSPH]E IS ?AT ( A POLICE /ATE--ALBEIT A RA!R LAX & 9EFFICI5T ONE4 

,VI5TIANE IS A PLACE ( RUMOR & SUSPICION4 ,DIRECT ACCESS TO NEWS IS LIMIT$4 ,MO/ ( :AT APPE>S 9 ! PRESS IS SIMPLY BAS$ ON ,AM]ICAN ,GOV]NM5T H&\TS4 ,LITTLE ( ! C\NTRY IS FIRMLY UND] ,ROYAL ,LAO ,GOV]NM5T CONTROL4 ,WE W]E W>N$ NOT TO TRAVEL TOO F> FROM ,VI5TIANE1 & TAXI DRIV]S MADE MU* ( ! DANG]S ( GO+ MORE ?AN A FEW MILES FROM ! CITY 7P>TLY1 NO D\BT1 BECAUSE !Y C\LD DEM& HI<] F>ES74 ,9 A REFUGEE CAMP AB\T #ce MILES FROM ,VI5TIANE ALONG ONE ( ! FEW ROADS ?AT CAN BE FREELY TRAVEL$1 9HABITANTS REFUS$ TO TAKE US \T TO ! =E/ :]E1 !Y SAID1 M5 W]E WORK+2 !Y CLAIM$ ?AT ! ,PA!T ,LAO W]E !RE & ! DANG] WAS TOO GREAT4 ,ONE MAN F9ALLY AGRE$ TO TAKE US1 BUT AFT] LEAD+ US ON A RA!R AIMLESS PA?1 SAID ?AT ! TRIP WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,AGA91 !RE MAY HAVE BE5 O!R REASONS4 

,P>TS ( ! NOM9ALLY ,GOV]NM5T-CONTROLL$ >EAS >E ACTUALLY RUN BY ! ,C,I,A1 & NO ONE SEEMS SURE :]E ! ,C,I,A 5DS & ! CIVILIAN AID PROGRAM1 ,U,S,A,I,D1 BEG9S4.<#a.> ,! ,C,I,A BASES ( ,SAM ,?ONG & ,LONG ,*5G1 NOR? ( ,VI5TIANE1 >E 9 AN >EA ?AT IS DESIGNAT$ AS UN9HABIT$ ON ! DETAIL$ MAP ?AT ,I B\<T AT ! ,S]VICE ,GEOGRAPHIQUE ,NATIONAL DU ,LAOS1 DAT$ #aifh 7SUPPLI$1 ,I WAS TOLD1 BY ! ,U,S74 ,!RE >E REPORT$ TO BE OV] #e1 PEOPLE 9 OR NE> ! TWO BASES1 & P]HAPS SEV]AL HUNDR$ ?\S& 9 ! VIC9ITY1 ALMO/ ALL ( !M REFUGEES4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! SPOKESMAN = ! ,PA!T ,LAO ,9=MATION ,(FICE 9 ,HANOI1.<#a#a.> S9CE #aifd !SE >EAS HAVE BE5 TURN$ 9TO 0A SECOND CAPITAL ( ,LAOS40 ,!Y S]VE AS ! HEADQU>T]S = ,VANG ,PAO'S ,CL&E/9E ,>MY4 

,CORRESPOND5TS & CONGRESSM5 HAVE BE5 TO ,SAM ,?ONG4 ,LONG ,*5G IS (F LIMITS4 ,H[EV]1 ,T4 ,D4 ,ALLMAN MADE HIS WAY !RE ON HIS [N SEV]AL MON?S AGO1 & LA/ ,FEBRU>Y 9 A ,T,V 9T]VIEW ) ,B]N>D ,KALB HE REPORT$ :AT HE HAD F\ND BE=E HE WAS PICK$ UP & %IPP$ \T AFT] A TWO-H\R /AY4.<#a#b.> ,HE DESCRIBES ,LONG ,*5G AS AN IMM5SE 9TELLIG5CE GA!R+ & ADM9I/RATIVE LOGI/ICS BASE1 ) A #c-FOOT RUNWAY1 MANY PLANES1 & RESCUE HELICOPT]S 7ONE 9 ! AIR CON/ANTLY7 TO PICK UP ,AM]ICAN PILOTS %OT D[N BY ,COMMUNI/ ANTI-AIRCRAFT4 ,HE E/IMATES ?AT T5 TO TWELVE ,AM]ICANS A MON? >E LO/ 9 CRA%ES ( JETS BOMB+ 9 ?AT >EA FROM !IR ,?AI BASES4 ,! ,=W>D ,AIR ,CONTROL PLANES1 :I* M>K T>GETS = ! ,AM]ICAN JETS1 >E ALSO BAS$ 9 ,LONG ,*5G & FL[N BY ,AM]ICAN PILOTS4 ,HE REPORTS ?AT !RE >E ,C,I,A H\SES EV]Y:]E1 :I* CAN BE READILY ID5TIFI$ BY !IR LACK ( W9D[S & !IR ABUNDANCE ( ANT5NAS & AIR CONDITION]S4 

,SAM ,?ONG HAS BE5 REPORT$ CAPTUR$ SEV]AL TIMES1 MO/ REC5TLY 9 MID-,MAY1 #a#i#g4.<#a#c.> ,IT WAS AB&ON$ BY ! ,VANG ,PAO >MY 9 MID-,M>* & OCCUPI$ AB\T TWO WEEKS LAT]4 

,ALLI$ S\RCES SAID LOOT+ & V&ALISM BY ,LAOTIAN TROOPS HAD R$UC$ ! BASE TO 0A %AMBLES40 ,! S\RCES SAID LOOT+ HAD BE5 GO+ ON S9CE GOV]NM5T =CES RETOOK ! BASE E>LI] ?IS WEEK4 .<#a#d.> 

,MO/ OBS]V]S FEEL ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ =CES CAN TAKE !SE BASES IF !Y >E WILL+ TO PAY ! PRICE1 & ?AT IF !Y DO ! ,VANG ,PAO >MY1 L>GELY COMPOS$ ( ,MEO M\NTA9E]S1 MAY DIS9TEGRATE1 & MAY MAKE AN ACCOMMODATION ) ! ,PA!T ,LAO1 OR MAY BE MOV$ TO ,?AIL&4 ,?IS W\LD BE A MAJOR BL[ TO ! ,AM]ICAN EF=T S9CE ! ,CL&E/9E ,>MY IS A MORE S]I\S FI<T+ =CE ?AN ! ,ROYAL ,LAO ,>MY4 ,:ILE WE W]E 9 ,VI5TIANE !RE W]E ALMO/ DAILY RUMORS ( AN ATTACK ON ! BASES1 & ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE TANKS W]E REPORT$ 9 ! VIC9ITY--SURPRIS+1 IT SEEM$ TO ME1 9 VIEW ( ! 9T5SE BOMB>DM5T ( ,NOR!RN ,LAOS1 ?\< IT WAS PO9T$ \T ?AT JET BOMB+ IS 9EFFECTIVE AGA9/ MILIT>Y T>GETS 9 ! JUNGLE & M\NTA9\S T]RA94 

,I,I 

,! REC5T HI/ORY ( ,LAOS CONTRIBUTES TO ! ATMOSPH]E ( SUSPICION4 ,! FIR/ ,GOV]NM5T ( ,NATIONAL ,UNION ( #aieh WAS OV]?R[N BY ,AM]ICAN SUBV]SION4 ,AS ,AMBASSADOR ,GRAHAM ,P>SONS C&IDLY REM>K$ 9 ,CONGRESSIONAL ,HE>+S ( #a#i#e#i1 0,I /RUGGL$ = SIXTE5 MON?S TO PREV5T A COALITION40 ,AN ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y MISSION WAS OP]AT+ AT ! TIME1 HEAD$ BY A ,U,S ,>MY G5]AL 9 CIVILIAN GUISE4 ,9 ! #aieh ELECTIONS1 ( TW5TY-ONE SEATS CONTE/$ = ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 N9E W]E WON BY ! ,NEO ,LAO ,HAK ,SAT 7,N,L,H,S7 & F\R BY ! C&IDATES ( ! ,COMMITTEE = ,PEACE & ,NEUTRALITY ( ,QU9IM ,PHOLS5A1 A 0LEFT-LEAN+ NEUTRALI/0 ALLI$ ) ! ,N,L,H,S4 ,FIVE RI<T-W+ & ?REE NONP>TY DELEGATES W]E ELECT$4 ,! ,N,L,H,S HAD PUT UP ONLY ?IRTE5 C&IDATES4 ,ITS LEAD]1 ,S\PHAN\VONG1 GOT ! L>GE/ VOTE & WAS ELECT$ *AIRMAN ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES )HELD FUNDS1 ?US IMPELL+ ! ,LAO ELITE TO 9TRODUCE A NEW GOV]NM5T HEAD$ BY 0PRO-,WE/]N NEUTRALI/0 ,PH\I ,SANANIKONE4 ,%ORTLY AFT]1 ,PH\I DECL>$ HIS 9T5TION TO DISB& ! ,N,L,H,S AS BE+ SUBV]SIVE1 ?US SCRAPP+ ! E>LI] SUCCESSFUL AGREEM5TS ?AT HAD E/ABLI%$ ! COALITION4 ,U,S AID SOON RESUM$ & ,PH\I PL$G$ 0TO COEXI/ ) ! ,FREE ,WORLD ONLY40 

,9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#e#i1 HE WAS OV]?R[N BY ! ,C,I,A FAVORITE1 ,PH\MI ,NOSAVAN1 A ,LAO EQUIVAL5T TO ! MILIT>Y DICTATOR ( ,?AIL& 7HIS C\S91 AS IT HAPP5S71 :O WAS ALSO RECEIV+ SUB/ANTIAL ,U,S SUPPORT4 ,AL?\< ! C\P GOV]NM5T DID NOT LA/1 ,PH\MI RETA9$ HIS P[]FUL POSITION AS ,M9I/] ( ,NATIONAL ,DEF5SE1 ?US CONTROLL+ MO/ ( ! BUDGET2 & ! EXTREME RI<T WON ! RIDICUL\S #aif ELECTIONS :I* W]E SO CRUDELY RIGG$ BY ! ,C,I,A & ITS FAVORITES ?AT EV5 CONS]VATIVE PRO-,U,S OBS]V]S W]E APPALL$4 

,A C\P BY P>ATROOP CAPTA9 ,KONG ,LE RE/OR$ ,PR9CE ,S\VANNA ,PH\MA1 & CIVIL W> BROKE \T1 ) ! ,S\VANNA ,PH\MA GOV]NM5T1 SUPPORT$ BY ,RUSSIA & ,*9A1 OPPOS+ ! ,AM]ICAN-BACK$ ,G5]AL ,PH\MI ,NOSAVAN & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! REACTION>Y PR9CE ,B\N ,\M4 ,RECOGNIZ+ ?AT ITS POLICIES W]E FAIL+ DISA/R\SLY1.<#a#e.> ! ,AM]ICAN ,GOV]NM5T AGRE$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 A NEW ,G5EVA ,CONF]5CE1 :I* TOOK PLACE 9 #a#i#f#a-#b4 

,! SETTLEM5T REA*$ AT ,G5EVA1 H[EV]1 DID NOT LA/ LONG4 ,AFT] A S]IES ( ASSASS9ATIONS 9 E>LY #a#i#f#c1 ! TWO MO/ PROM95T ,PA!T ,LAO LEAD]S1 ,PR9CE ,S\PHAN\VONG & ,PH\MI ,VONGVI*IT1 DEP>T$ FROM ,VI5TIANE4 ,AS A ,R,& ,CORPORATION /UDY BY ,P4 ,F4 ,LANG] & ,J4 ,J4 ,ZASL(F DESCRIBES ?IS 9CID5T1 !Y LEFT 0CONT5D+1 NOT 5TIRELY )\T JU/IFICATION1 ?AT !IR SECURITY WAS ?REAT5$ 9 ! CAPITAL40.<#a#f.> ,! O!R TWO ,N,L,H,S CAB9ET MEMB]S LEFT SOON AFT]4 ,! CIVIL W> RESUM$ ) SOME:AT DIFF]5T ALIGNM5TS4 ,?IS TIME ! ,AM]ICANS W]E SUPPORT+ ,S\VANNA ,PH\MA & ,KONG ,LE1 :O JO9$ =CES ) ! ,LAO RI<T 7,KONG ,LE PRES5TLY DEP>T$ = ,FRANCE1 :]E HE N[ LIVES 9 EXILE71 AGA9/ ! ,PA!T ,LAO & ! 0LEFT-LEAN+ NEUTRALI/S0 UND] ,COLONEL ,DEUANE4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! ,G5EVA AGREEM5TS ( #a#i#f#b1 =EIGN TROOPS W]E TO DEP>T1 ALONG ) ALL ADVIS]S1 9/RUCTORS1 & =EIGN CIVILIANS 0CONNECT$ ) ! SUPPLY444( W> MAT]IALS40 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES CLAIMS ?AT ,NOR? ,VIETNAM NEV] ADH]$ TO ?IS AGREEM5T1 LEAV+ #f1 SOLDI]S 9 ,LAOS4 ,! ,*9ESE CLAIM$ AT ! TIME ?AT HUNDR$S ( ,AM]ICAN SOLDI]S SIMPLY *ANG$ 9TO CIVILIAN CLO!S1 AS 9 ! LATE #a#i#eS4 ,! ,PA!T ,LAO MA9TA9 ?AT 0AFT] ! SIGN+ ( ! #aifb ,G5EVA ,AGREEM5TS ON ,LAOS1 ! MISSIONS ( MILIT>Y 'ADVIS]S'--,P,E,O1 ,M,A,A,G1 ,P,A,G1 ,U,S,O,M--PUT ON A COMMON CIVILIAN CLOAK3 ,U,S,A,I,D40 ,!Y CLAIM ?AT !RE W]E #c1#e SU* MILIT>Y 0ADVIS]S0 9 CIVILIAN CAM\FLAGE BY #aifh & ?AT 0! :OLE SY/EM IS DIRECTLY UND] ! ,U,S 'SPECIAL =CES' COMM&1 CODE-NAM$ ,H4,Q4#c#c#c & BAS$ 9 ,\DONE 7NOR!A/ ,?AIL&740.<#a#g.> ,9 !IR ,R,& /UDY PUBLI%$ 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#f#i1 ,LANG] & ,ZASL(F E/IMATE ?AT !RE >E AB\T #g ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE MILIT>Y ADVIS]S ) ! ,PA!T ,LAO4 

,*9ESE NATIONALI/ TROOPS SUPPORT$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES REMA9$ AFT] ,G5EVA1 #a#i#f#b1 AL?\< SOME MAY HAVE BE5 EVACUAT$4 ,!Y W]E REPORT$ AT ONE TIME TO NUMB] 9 ! ?\S&S1 & >E SAID TO BE A FAIRLY EFFECTIVE FI<T+ =CE--! ONLY ,*9ESE FI<T+ 9 ,LAOS1 9CID5TALLY4 ,VONGVI*IT E/IMATES ?AT !RE W]E #f BY #a#i#f#h1 & REPORTS ?AT !IR ACTIVITIES W]E CONFIRM$ BY AN ,I,C,C 9VE/IGATION 9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#f#b4 

,AM]ICAN-SUPPORT$ ,?AI & ,S\? ,VIETNAMESE TROOPS >E ALSO REPORT$ TO HAVE REMA9$4.<#a#h.> ,VONGVI*IT ASS]TS ?AT 0?\S&S ( ,?AI SOLDI]S & AG5TS1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE ( ,LAO /OCK & COM+ FROM NOR!A/]N ,?AIL&1 HAVE WORM$ !IR WAY 9TO ! ROYAL >MY1 POLICE & ADM9I/RATION1 OR HAVE M+L$ ) ! POPULATION 9 /RATEGIC >EAS & ECONOMIC C5T]S40 ,SIMIL> REPORTS ( ,?AI SOLDI]S 9 ,LAOTIAN UNI=M >E COMMON1 & G5]ALLY BELIEV$1 9 ,VI5TIANE4 ,NO ONE HAS ANY IDEA H[ MANY ,C,I,A OP]ATIVES REMA9$1 OR :AT 9 DETAIL !Y W]E UP TO1 OR TO :AT EXT5T !Y OP]ATE UND] CIVILIAN COV]4.<#a#i.> 

,OBVI\SLY ,U,S,A,I,D TRIES TO IMPLEM5T ,AM]ICAN ,GOV]NM5T POLICY 9 ,LAOS & TO BUILD DOME/IC SUPPORT = ! ,AM]ICAN-SPONSOR$ ,ROYAL ,LAO ,GOV]NM5T4 ,A MORE 9T]E/+ EXAMPLE ( ! DIFFICULTY ( DET]M9+ JU/ H[ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS 9T]V5+ 9 ! 9T]NAL AFFAIRS ( ,LAOS IS ! CASE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,VOLUNT>Y ,S]VICES 7,I,V,S74 ,?IS IS A PRIVATE VOLUNTE] GR\P ?AT HAS ATTRACT$ MANY IDEALI/IC Y\NG PEOPLE :O >E EAG] TO HELP ) MOD]NIZATION & DEVELOPM5T 9 TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES1 )\T MIX+ 9 LOCAL POLITICS4 ,I,V,S HAS OP]AT$ 9 ,LAOS = AB\T FIFTE5 YE>S4 ,9 #a#i#f#b1 ! GR\P WAS (F]$ A L>GE ,U,S,A,I,D CONTRACT = WORK 9 ,LAOS1 & ITS MEMB]%IP GREW TO AB\T ONE HUNDR$4 ,! REASONS = ?IS SUDD5 ,AM]ICAN 9T]E/ SEEM CLE>4 ,BE=E #a#i#f#b1 MO/ ,AM]ICAN AID HAD GONE TO ! URBAN >EAS4 ,9 FACT1 LESS ?AN HALF ( #a P]C5T ( ! EXT5SIVE ,AM]ICAN AID FUNDS.<#b.> W]E SP5T ON AGRICULTURE1 ! LIVELIHOOD ( OV] #i P]C5T ( ! POPULATION4 

,?IS WAS1 ( C\RSE1 A FACTOR 9 ! SUPPORT = ! ,PA!T ,LAO REVEAL$ BY ! #aieh ELECTIONS & SUBSEQU5TLY4 ,AS ,DOMM5 PO9TS \T 9 HIS BOOK ,CONFLICT 9 ,LAOS1 ! ,PA!T ,LAO NE$$ NO PROPAG&A TO TURN ! RURAL POPULATION AGA9/ ! T[NSPEOPLE2 9DE$ ! 5ORM\S CORRUPTION & GRAFT ASSOCIAT$ ) ! AID PROGRAM SICK5$ MANY CITY DWELL]S AS WELL4 ,9 #aifb ! ,U,S !RE=E DECID$ TO *ANNEL MORE FUNDS TO ! C\NTRYSIDE & TO DO ?IS ?R\< AN ,AM]ICAN-CONTROLL$ APP>ATUS SO AS TO R$UCE CORRUPTION4 ,! PLAN REQUIR$ ! PRES5CE ( ,AM]ICANS 9 ! VILLAGES1 & ,I,V,S FILL$ ! BREA*4 ,AS ONE VOLUNTE] PUTS IT1 0,I,V,S BECAME A PRIVATE AG5CY RECRUIT+ Y\NG1 RELATIVELY IDEALI/IC ,AM]ICANS TO 5GAGE 9 POLITICALLY MOTIVAT$ C\NT]-9SURG5CY PROGRAMS 9 ,LAOS40 

,MANY ( ! VOLUNTE]S WORK$ 9 ! ,=W>D ,>EAS ,PROGRAM1 :I* IS DESCRIB$ AS FOLL[S 9 AN ,I,V,S BULLET93 

,=W>D ,>EA ,TEAM OP]ATIONS444.<>E.> COMPOS$ ( ONE OR TWO ,I,V,S M54 ,!Y MOVE 9TO >EAS REC5TLY SECUR$ FROM ! ,PA!T ,LAO ) BASIC TOOLS & H\S+ SUPPLIES & PROCE$ ) ! 0IMPACT PROGRAM40 ,! IDEA IS TO HELP ! PEOPLE 9 !SE >EAS BUILD :AT !Y NE$1 :E!R IT BE A WELL1 S*OOL OR DISP5S>Y2 GIV+ !M A CONCRETE EXAMPLE ( ! ,ROYAL ,LAO ,GOV]NM5T'S & ,U,S,A,I,D'S 9T]E/ 9 !IR WELF>E4 

,S9CE !RE >E NO ,U,S,A,I,D P]SONNEL 9 ,=W>D ,>EA FIELD /ATIONS1 ! ,I,V,S]1 AS A REPRES5TATIVE ( ,U,S,A,I,D1 WORKS CLOSELY ) ! ,*AO ,M\NG .<VILLAGE LEAD].> & ! LOCAL MILIT>Y COMM&ANT4 

,9 LAT] YE>S ,I,V,S WORK]S W]E ! ONLY ,AM]ICANS 9 MANY RURAL >EAS4 ,SOME W]E DI/URB$ AT ! ,AM]ICAN ,GOV]NM5T CONNECTION4 ,!Y FELT ?AT !Y W]E S]V+ 9 EFFECT AS PROPAG&A AG5TS = ! ,U,S & ! ,R,L,G BY VIRTUE ( !IR CONTROL ( ,U,S,A,I,D COMMODITIES1 & ?AT !Y W]E 9ADV]T5TLY GIV+ MILIT>Y 9=MATION TO ! ,AM]ICAN ,GOV]NM5T4 ,EV5 9 SOME URBAN C5T]S !RE HAS BE5 DISSATISFACTION AMONG VOLUNTE]S ) ,U,S,A,I,D POLICY1 :I* IS ADM9I/]$ 9 SOME CASES BY 0RETIR$0 MILIT>Y (FIC]S4 

,S9CE LATE #a#i#f#i1 ,I,V,S WORK]S HAVE BE5 )DRAWN TO PROV9CIAL CAPITALS = SECURITY REASONS 7SEV]AL HAD BE5 KILL$71 & ! SCALE ( ! OP]ATION WAS ALSO R$UC$4 ,MANY ( ! VOLUNTE]S !N JO9$ ,U,S,A,I,D4 ,9 MANY >EAS :]E ,I,V,S]S =M]LY WORK$ !RE IS N[ NO ,AM]ICAN OR ,R,L,G PRES5CE4 

,IT IS DIFFICULT TO AVOID CONCLUD+ ?AT ,I,V,S IS ACT+ ON BEHALF ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,GOV]NM5T & ! ,R,L,G 9 ! MID/ ( A CIVIL W>4 ,ACCORD+ TO AN ,I,V,S H&BOOK3 

,I,V,S4449 ,LAOS444IS WORK+ BY VIRTUE ( GOV]NM5T CONTRACTS & ITS ACTIVITIES MU/ H>MONIZE ) ,U,S GOV]NM5T POLICIES 9 ! BROAD S5SE4 ,!RE IS1 !RE=E1 AN OBLIGATION ON ! P>T ( ,I,V,S TEAM MEMB]S TO 5DEAVOR TO UND]/& ! NATURE ( ,U,S POLICY & TO AVOID ACTIONS OR /ATEM5TS TO \TSID]S ?AT MI<T IMPAIR ,U,S POLICY OBJECTIVES4 

,:E!R ,I,V,S EF=TS ACTUALLY HELP ! ,R,L,G IS OP5 TO QUE/ION2 SOME FEEL ?AT ,I,V,S ACTIVITIES SIMPLY RE9=CE ! ,R,L,G'S IMAGE ( 9COMPET5CE & CORRUPTION BY %[+ ?AT ! RURAL ASSI/ANCE PROGRAM MU/ BE IMPLEM5T$ BY ,AM]ICANS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! ,I,V,S CAN H>DLY S]VE AS ANY?+ O!R ?AN AN 9/RUM5T ( ,AM]ICAN =EIGN POLICY 9 ,LAOS4.<#b#a.> 

,PA!T ,LAO SPOKESM5 HAVE NO ILLUSIONS AB\T ! ROLE ( ,I,V,S4 ,PH\MI ,VONGVI*IT WRITES3 

,AT PRES5T ,AM]ICANS ( ! 0,RURAL ,DEVELOPM5T ,S]VICE0 .<( ,I,V,S.> GO TO SCORES ( PROV9CIAL CAPITALS & DI/RICT C5T]S1 T[NS & VILLAGES1 9 ELEV5 \T ( A TOTAL ( SIXTE5 PROV9CES 9 ,LAOS TO SUP]VISE ! IMPLEM5TATION ( ?AT PROGRAM1 COLLECT 9TELLIG5CE DATA & E/ABLI% POLITICAL BASES 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4.<#b#b.> 

,IT W\LD APPE> ?AT !SE SUSPICIONS >E JU/IFI$4 

,:AT IS TRUE ( ,I,V,S APPLIES1 F> MORE CLE>LY1 TO ! ,AM]ICAN AID PROGRAM &1 ( C\RSE1 TO ! DIRECT 9VOLVEM5T ( ! ,U,S ?R\< ! ,C,I,A & ! MILIT>Y4 ,FROM ! 9=MATION AVAILABLE1 ONE MU/ CONCLUDE ?AT !RE HAS BE5 VA/ ,AM]ICAN 9T]V5TION 9 ! 9T]NAL AFFAIRS ( ,LAOS 9 AN EF=T TO DEFEAT ! ,PA!T ,LAO 9SURG5TS & E/ABLI% ! RULE ( ! ,R,L,G4 ,?IS 9T]V5TION 9CLUDES HEAVY BOMB>DM5T1 SUPPORT = GU]RILLA ACTIVITY 9 ,PA!T ,LAO-CONTROLL$ >EAS 7BY ! ,C,I,A & ITS CIVILIAN AIR >M1 ,AIR ,AM]ICA71 ! OP]ATIONS ( ! ,C,I,A ,CL&E/9E ,>MY1 MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS ( ! ,U,S-SUPPORT$ & ADVIS$ ,R,L,G >MY1 DIRECT SUPPORT TO ,R,L,G ADM9I/RATION & O!R PROGRAMS1 & AID & DEVELOPM5T PROGRAMS ADM9I/]$ BY ! ,AM]ICANS SOMETIMES BY WAY ( PURPORT$LY NEUTRAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,TO A SIGNIFICANT EXT5T1 !SE ACTIVITIES >E 9 VIOLATION ( ! ,G5EVA AGREEM5TS ( #a#i#f#b4 

,! ,AM]ICAN 9VOLVEM5T IS 5ORM\S4 ,! ,GROSS ,NATIONAL ,PRODUCT ( ,LAOS IS E/IMAT$ AT AB\T @s#a#e MILLION A YE>4 ,9 ! FISCAL YE> 5D+ 9 ,JUNE1 #a#i#f#i1 ,U,S,A,I,D SP5T AB\T @s#e#b MILLION4 ,9 ADDITION1 @s#i#b MILLION WAS SP5T ON DIRECT MILIT>Y ASSI/ANCE4 ,! =M] ,U,S ,AMBASSADOR1 ,WILLIAM ,SULLIVAN1 SAID ?IS WAS 0MU* LESS0 ?AN ! CO/ ( ! ,AM]ICAN P>TICIPATION 9 ! AIR W> OV] ! NOR!RN P>T ( ,LAOS1 :I* IS CLASSIFI$4.<#b#c.> ,! CO/S ( ! AIR W> 9 ,S\!RN ,LAOS & ! FUNDS EXP5D$ 9 ,C,I,A OP]ATIONS >E ALSO UNKN[N4 ,9 ADDITION1 !RE IS ! MATT] ( SUPPORT = ! ,?AI TROOPS 9 ,LAOS4 ,ON ?IS ! ,SYM+TON ,SUBCOMMITTEE ,HE>+S (F] ! FOLL[+ CL>IFICATION3 

,MR4 ,PAUL .<( ! ,COMMITTEE /AFF.>3 ,!RE HAVE BE5 REPORTS 9 ! PRESS ?AT HAVE RANG$ AS HI< AS #e NEW ,?AI TROOPS 9 ,LAOS4 ,IS ?IS APOCRYPHAL8 

,MR4 ,SULLIVAN3 ,APOCRYPHAL8 

,MR4 ,PAUL3 ,>E !RE NEW ,?AIS8 

,MR4 ,SULLIVAN3 .<,DELET$4.> 

,MR4 ,PAUL3 ,DO Y\ KN[ ( ANY QUID PRO QUO ?AT WAS GIV5 BY ! ,AM]ICANS 9 RETURN = ! ,?AI CONTRIBUTION TO ! ,LAOTIAN EF=T8 

,MR4 ,SULLIVAN3 ,WELL1 ,I ?9K1 AS WE M5TION$ E>LI]1 ! QUE/ION ( !SE AIRCRAFT ?AT W]E TURN$ OV] TO ! ,LAO BY ! ,?AI1 ,I BELIEVE ,I AM CORRECT .<DELET$.> ?AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES !N REPLAC$ ?OSE AIRCRAFT 9 ! ,?AI 9V5TORY4 .<,DELET$4.>.<#b#d.> 

,!RE IS NO AVAILABLE 9=MATION ON ! CO/ ( ! ,AM]ICAN 9T]V5TION S9CE #a#i#f#b1 BUT ! FOLL[+ C5SOR$ EXC]PT FROM ! ,SYM+TON ,SUB-COMMITTEE ,HE>+S1 P4 #e#e#c1 GIVES SOME 9DICATION ( ITS SCALE3 

,S5ATOR ,FULBRI<T3 ,AS ,I UND]/& IT1 ! MILIT>Y ASSI/ANCE TO ,LAOS HAS BE5 .<DELET$.> FROM #aifb TO #a#i#g1 ACCORD+ TO \R FIGURES4 ,NONMILIT>Y1 ECONOMIC ASSI/ANCE TO ,LAOS FROM #aidf ?R\< #a#i#f#h444WAS @s#e#i#a MILLION4 ,?IS IS OV] A BILLION DOLL>S4 

,NOTE ?AT ! REF]5CE IS TO ! N>R[E/ CATEGORY ( MILIT>Y ASSI/ANCE1 :I* CO/ ONLY AB\T @s#i MILLION 9 #a#i#f#i4 

,! ,U,S HAS P5ETRAT$ EV]Y PHASE ( ! EXI/5CE 7AS WELL AS ! DE/RUCTION7 ( ,LAOS4 ,TO CITE JU/ ONE RELATIVELY 9NOCU\S CASE1 CONSID] ! ROLE ( ! ,U,S ,9=MATION ,S]VICE1 ! ,U,S,I,S1 9 09=MATION DISSEM9ATION0 9 ,LAOS4.<#b#e.> ,AB\T HALF ( ! PROGRAMM+ ON ! ,LAOTIAN RADIO IS MUSIC4 ,( ! O!R HALF1 ,U,S,I,S1 ACCORD+ TO ,ADM9I/RATION TE/IMONY1 0PREP>$ OR P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! PREP>ATION0 ( AB\T TWO-?IRDS4 ,U,S,I,S ALSO P>TICIPATES 9 ! PUBLICATION ( A BIMON?LY MAGAZ9E ) A CIRCULATION ( #d#c1 7! L>GE/ ,LAO NEWSPAP] HAS A CIRCULATION ( #c1#c74 ,9 ADDITION !RE >E FILMS & O!R PR9T$ MAT]IAL1 PAMPHLETS & PO/]S1 WALL NEWSPAP]S1 LEAFLETS = AIR DROPS4 ,9 MO/ ( ?IS 0!RE IS NOT ,U,S ,GOV]NM5T ATTRIBUTION0--I4E41 ! IMPRESSION IS CONVEY$ ?AT !SE APPE> AS DOCUM5TS OR PROGRAMS SPONSOR$ BY ! ,R,L,G4 ,BUT ! ,GOV]NM5T WITNESS D5I$ ?AT ANY ( ?IS IS DONE 0COV]TLY40 ,:5 ASK$ TO EXPLA91 HE ANSW]$ AS FOLL[S3 

,WE DO NOT HIDE \R P>TICIPATION4 ,IT IS NOT DONE SECRETLY1 & ,I BELIEVE ?AT MANY PEOPLE1 ,I ?9K ?AT MO/ PEOPLE1 9 ! ,LAO ,GOV]NM5T1 = 9/ANCE1 OR 9 ! ,LAO BUREAUCRACY >E V]Y AW>E ( ,AM]ICAN P>TICIPATION 9 ! PREP>ATION ( !SE ?+S4 

,?US ONE C\LD NOT ACCUSE ! ,U,S ,GOV]NM5T ( ANY COV]T ATTEMPT TO EXT5D ,R,L,G 9FLU5CE OV] ! POPULATION 7OR1 AS ! MORE SKEPTICAL W\LD SAY1 TO PRET5D ?AT ! ,R,L,G EXI/S74 

,! (FICIAL JU/IFICATION = ,U,S 9VOLVEM5T IS ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO DEF5D ,LAOS AGA9/ ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE AGGRESSION4 ,I WILL RETURN TO ! DETAILS ( ! *>GES & SU* FACTS AS HAVE BE5 PRES5T$ TO SUPPORT !M4 ,A C]TA9 DEGREE ( SKEPTICISM1 H[EV]1 >ISES AT ONCE1 D]IV+ 9 P>T FROM ! RECORD PRIOR TO #a#i#f#b4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT DUR+ ?IS P]IOD \TSIDE 9T]V5TION 9 ,LAOS WAS OV]:ELM+LY ,AM]ICAN4 ,ALL S\RCES AGREE ?AT ! ,AM]ICANS ATTEMPT$ TO SUBV]T ! ACCOMMODATION ( #aieh 7& SUCCE$$1 AS NOT$ E>LI]71 & ?AT ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE PLAY$ PRACTICALLY NO P>T 9 ,LAOTIAN AFFAIRS1 NOR DID ! ,*9ESE OR ,RUSSIANS1 PRIOR TO ! EV5TS ( #aif DESCRIB$ E>LI]4 

,DUR+ ! #a#i#fS1 ( C\RSE1 ! ,VIETNAM W> COMPLICAT$ MATT]S4 ,! RETURN ( ,S\? ,VIETNAMESE CADRES TO ,S\? ,VIETNAM FROM ! ,NOR? IS SAID TO HAVE BEGUN 9 #a#i#e#i1 & 9VOLV$ SECTIONS ( ,S\!RN ,LAOS 7! SO-CALL$ 0,HO ,*I ,M9H TRAIL074 ,! ,AM]ICAN USE ( ,?AIL& AS A BASE = ! BOMB>DM5T ( ,NOR!RN ,LAOS & LAT] ,NOR? ,VIETNAM DATES FROM E>LY #a#i#f#d1 ACCORD+ TO ,AM]ICAN ,GOV]NM5T S\RCES 7,AM]ICAN TROOPS W]E S5T TO ,?AIL& AT ! TIME ( ! ,NAM ,?A 9CID5T ( #a#i#f#b.<#b#f.> & HAVE REMA9$ !RE UND] ! ,U,S ,MILIT>Y ,ASSI/ANCE ,COMM&-,?AIL&1 E/ABLI%$ AT ! TIME ( ! L&+74 

,A SECOND S\RCE ( SKEPTICISM WAS EXPRESS$1 9 A DIFF]5T CONNECTION1 BY ,S5ATOR ,SYM+TON 9 ! SUB-COMMITTEE HE>+S3 

,WE HAVE AN OV] @s#h BILLION GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT2 ! ,VIETNAMESE .<,D,R,V.> HAVE PRACTICALLY NONE4 ,WE HAVE #b MILLION PEOPLE2 ! ,VIETNAMESE SOME #ag MILLION4 ,WE HAVE BE5 ESCALAT+ ! FI<T+ \T !RE = OV] #d YE>S4 ,WE HAVE HAD NE>LY #c1 CASUALTIES1 BUT >E N[ 9 ! PROCESS ( ACKN[L$G+ A /ALEMATE1 OR A PASS+ OV]1 OR SOME K9D ( DEFEAT4 7P4 #e#i#a47 

,TO ACCEPT ! (FICIAL ,AM]ICAN ,GOV]NM5T POSITION1 ONE MU/ BELIEVE ?AT ! ,VIETNAMESE >E SUP]M51 ABLE TO OV]?R[ O!R GOV]NM5TS ) A FLICK ( ! WRI/1 C>RY+ \T AGGRESSION ?R\<\T ,9DO*9A1 SUCCESSFULLY C\NT]+ 5ORM\S ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y & ECONOMIC P[]--9/EAD ( A SMALL1 POOR NATION ?AT HAS BE5 SUBJECT$ TO DEVA/AT+ BOMB>DM5T 9 :I* VIRTUALLY ALL ( ITS MEAG] 9DU/RIAL RES\RCES1 NOT TO SPEAK ( MO/ ( ITS CITIES1 T[NS1 & COMMUNICATIONS1 HAVE BE5 DE/ROY$4 

,IT IS P]HAPS SURPRIS+ ?AT !SE LUDICR\S *>GES >E SO WIDELY BELIEV$ BY ,AM]ICANS4 ,EV5 SELF-/YL$ 0DOVES0 CONT9UALLY REF] TO ! ,AM]ICAN W> 9 ,9DO*9A AS A W> AGA9/ ,HANOI4 ,I ?9K IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT ! PROPAG&A A*IEVEM5T ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,GOV]NM5T1 9 ?IS REG>D1 IS PROBABLY GREAT] ?AN ?AT ( ANY O!R USE ( ! ,BIG ,LIE S9CE ! TE*NIQUE WAS P]FECT$ A G5]ATION AGO4 

,I,I,I 

,S9CE ! CIVIL W> 9 ,LAOS WAS RESUM$ 9 E>NE/ 9 #a#i#f#c1 ,AM]ICAN P>TICIPATION HAS BE5 VEIL$ 9 SECRECY4 ,! VEIL WAS LIFT$ SLI<TLY BY ! ,SYM+TON ,SUBCOMMITTEE ,HE>+S1 BUT !SE /ILL CONTA9 MANY LIES ?AT >E NOT *ALL5G$ 9 ! PUBLI%$ RECORD4 ,TO SELECT JU/ ! UGLIE/1 ,WILLIAM ,SULLIVAN1 :O PRES5T$ ! BULK ( ! ,ADM9I/RATION'S CASE1 /AT$ ?AT0IT WAS ! POLICY NOT TO ATTACK POPULAT$ >EAS10.<#b#g.> REF]R+ TO ! P]IOD #a#i#f#h-#i 7P4 #e74 ,HE ALSO TE/IFI$ ?AT AS AMBASSADOR 7UNTIL #a#i#f#i7 HE APPROV$ EA* AIR/RIKE4 ,?US HE MU/ SURELY HAVE KN[N ?AT ! POLICY WAS PRECISELY TO ATTACK & DE/ROY POPULAT$ >EAS 9 ! T]RITORY CONTROLL$ BY ! ,PA!T ,LAO4 ,! EVID5CE ?AT ! BOMB+ HAS BE5 DIRECT$ AGA9/ F>MS1 VILLAGES1 & T[NS1 MO/ ( :I* HAVE BE5 TOTALLY DE/ROY$ 9 !SE T]RITORIES1 IS 9CONTROV]TIBLE4 

,GOV]NM5T DECEIT HAS BE5 SO GREAT ?AT VIRTUALLY NO ,GOV]NM5T /ATEM5T CAN BE1 OR %\LD BE1 BELIEV$4 ,CONSID]1 = EXAMPLE1 ,PRESID5T ,NIXON'S SPEE* ON ,LAOS ON ,M>* #f4.<#b#h.> ,! KEY P>AGRAPH IS ?IS3 

,HANOI'S MO/ REC5T MILIT>Y BUILDUP 9 ,LAOS HAS BE5 P>TICUL>LY ESCALATORY4 ,!Y HAVE P\R$ OV] #a#c1 ADDITIONAL TROOPS 9TO ,LAOS DUR+ ! PA/ FEW MON?S1 RAIS+ !IR TOTAL 9 ,LAOS TO OV] #f#g14 ,?IRTY ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE BATTALIONS FROM REGUL> DIVISION UNITS P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! CURR5T CAMPAIGN 9 ! ,PLA9 ( ,J>S ) TANKS1 >MOR$ C>S & LONG-RANGE >TILL]Y4 ,! 9DIG5\S ,LAOTIAN COMMUNI/S1 ! ,PA!T ,LAO1 >E PLAY+ AN 9SIGNIFICANT ROLE4 

,!SE CLAIMS >E PRESUMABLY 9T5D$ TO JU/IFY ! ,AM]ICAN ESCALATION ( ! AIR W>1 = EXAMPLE1 ! FIR/ ,B-#e#b RAIDS 9 ,NOR!RN ,LAOS 9 E>LY #a#i#g4 

,:5 ,I >RIV$ 9 ,VI5TIANE A FEW WEEKS AFT] ,NIXON'S SPEE*1 ,I DISCOV]$ ?AT IT WAS A FAVORITE TOPIC ( CONV]SATION & RIDICULE4 ,EV]Y REPORT] 9 ,VI5TIANE WAS AW>E ?AT ONLY A FEW DAYS BE=E ! ,PRESID5T'S SPEE*1 ! ,U,S MILIT>Y ATTA*E 9 ,VI5TIANE HAD GIV5 ! FIGURE ( #e1 ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE1 APPROXIMATELY ! SAME FIGURE ?AT HAD BE5 REPORT$ BY ! ,U,S = ! PREC$+ YE>4 ,?IS 9T]E/+ FACT WAS REPORT$ BY ,D4,S4 ,GRE5WAY1 HEAD ( ! ,TIME-,LIFE ,BUREAU 9 ,BANGKOK1 :O WROTE ?AT 0! ,PRESID5T'S E/IMATE ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE TROOP /R5G? WAS AT LEA/ #a#g1 HI<] ?AN ! HI<E/ RELIABLE E/IMATES ( ! ,AM]ICANS !MSELVES40.<#b#i.> 

,FUR!RMORE1 ALL W]E AW>E ( H[ MISLEAD+ !SE FIGURES >E4 ,! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE 9VASION ?AT ,NIXON ATTEMPT$ TO CONJURE UP WAS 9 ! ,PLA9 ( ,J>S >EA1 RECAPTUR$ BY ,COMMUNI/ =CES 9 ,FEBRU>Y 9 A FIVE-DAY BATTLE ?AT RECON/ITUT$ ! T]RITORIAL DIVISION ?AT EXI/$ BETWE5 #aifd & ,AUGU/ #a#i#f#i1 :5 ! ,CL&E/9E ,>MY ( ! ,C,I,A SWEPT ?R\< ! >EA4 ,NIXON'S FIGURE ( #f#g1 ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE DOES NOT DI/+UI% BETWE5 ?OSE 9 ,S\!RN ,LAOS--REALLY AN EXT5SION ( ! ,VIETNAMESE W>--& ?OSE ) ! ,PA!T ,LAO 9 ,NOR!RN ,LAOS :]E ! 09VASION0 HAD TAK5 PLACE4 ,IT ALSO DOES NOT DI/+UI% COMBAT TROOPS FROM SUPPORT & COMMUNICATIONS UNITS1 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO MILIT>Y OBS]V]S 9 ,VI5TIANE1 COMPRISE AB\T ?REE-F\R?S ( ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE =CES1 H>DLY A SURPRISE :5 ONE REALIZES ?AT !Y BR+ ALL ( !IR SUPPLIES1 9CLUD+ FOOD1 ?R\< A HEAVILY BOMB$ >EA4 

,9 FACT1 IT IS LIKELY ?AT ?IS RATIO IS N[ TOO L[4 ,! EFFECT & PRESUMABLY ! PURPOSE ( ! ,AM]ICAN BOMB>DM5T 9 ,NOR!RN ,LAOS HAVE BE5 TO DE/ROY ! CIVIL SOCIETY ADM9I/]$ BY ! ,PA!T ,LAO & TO DRIVE AS MU* ( ! POPULATION AS POSSIBLE 9TO ,GOV]NM5T-CONTROLL$ >EAS4 ,AS ,TAMMY ,>BUCKLE REPORTS3 

,WELL-9=M$ S\RCES SAID ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS PURSU+ A 0SCOR*$ E>?0 POLICY TO =CE ! PEOPLE TO MOVE 9TO GOV]NM5T >EAS--& ?US DEPRIVE ! ,R$S ( 9=MATION1 RECRUITS & PORT]S4.<#c.> 

,:5 ! POPULATION IS =C$ 9TO ,GOV]NM5T >EAS OR DRIV5 9TO CAVES & TUNNELS1 IT CAN NO LONG] PROVIDE SUPPORT = ! ,PA!T ,LAO & ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE TROOPS1 :O >E !RE=E =C$ TO RELY 9CREAS+LY ON SUPPLIES FROM ,NOR? ,VIETNAM4 ,H5CE ! PROPORTION ( COMBAT TROOPS MU/ HAVE DECREAS$4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! SUPPORT & COMMUNICATIONS 0TROOPS0 >E SAID TO 9CLUDE A L>GE P]C5TAGE ( WOM5 & OLD M54 

,!RE HAVE BE5 WIDESPREAD REPORTS1 CONFIRM$ BY ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y S\RCES1 ?AT ! L>GE/ ATTACKS 9 ! REC5T 09VASION0--NAMELY ! ATTACK ON ,M\NG ,S\I & ! ,XI5G ,KH\ANG AIRFIELD--9VOLV$ AB\T #d ,COMMUNI/ TROOPS1 APP>5TLY %OCK TROOPS4 ,AS TO PRISON]S1 EI<T ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE W]E REPORT$ CAPTUR$ 9 ! 09VASION0 :I* RECAPTUR$ ! ,PLA9 ( ,J>S4 ,9 FACT1 S9CE #aifd AB\T EI<TY ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE HAVE BE5 CAPTUR$1 A FIGURE :I* MAY BE COMP>$ TO ! #b ,AM]ICANS LI/$ AS MISS+ 9 ACTION OR PRISON]S ( W>1 9 ADDITION TO 0SOME?+ UND] #b0 LI/$ AS KILL$ 9 MILIT>Y ACTIONS 9 ,LAOS4.<#c#a.> 

,ALL ( !SE /ATI/ICS MU/ BE TAK5 ) A GRA9 ( SALT4 ,ACCORD+ TO EV]Y OBS]V]1 ! ,PA!T ,LAO & P>TICUL>LY ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE KEEP TO ISOLAT$1 HEAVILY =E/$1 & (T5 M\NTA9\S >EAS4 ,FEW REFUGEES REPORT CONTACTS ) ,VIETNAMESE4 ,DESPITE ! VA/ 9TELLIG5CE GA!R+ EF=T ( ! ,U,S1 IT IS D\BTFUL ?AT ANY SIGNIFICANT 9=MATION ON ! NUMB] ( ,N,V,A TROOPS IS AVAILABLE4 

,CONSID] ,NIXON'S CLAIM ?AT 9 ! REC5T (F5SIVE ! ,PA!T ,LAO PLAY$ ONLY AN 9SIGNIFICANT ROLE4 ,9 SUPPORT ( ?IS CLAIM1 ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y S\RCES 9 ,VI5TIANE CITE ONLY ONE BIT ( EVID5CE1 NAMELY1 CAPTUR$ PRISON]S4 ,AS NOT$1 EI<T ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE W]E REPORT$ CAPTUR$ 7ACCORD+ TO ! ,LAO (FIC]S 9 *>GE ( PRISON]S74 ,! ,AM]ICAN MILIT>Y CLAIMS ?AT NO ,PA!T ,LAO PRISON]S W]E TAK54 ,H[EV]1 ,AM]ICANS 9 ,SAM ,?ONG HAVE SPOK5 TO SOLDI]S ( ! ,R,L,G >MY1 :O DO REPORT ?AT ,PA!T ,LAO PRISON]S W]E TAK54 ,!RE IS ALSO A REPORT1 ATTRIBUT$ TO A S\RCE )9 ! ,U,S ,EMBASSY1 ?AT BETWE5 TW5TY & ?IRTY ,PA!T ,LAO PRISON]S W]E TAK5 BUT W]E 9DUCT$ AT ONCE 9TO ! ,C,I,A ,CL&E/9E ,>MY4 ,FROM SU* /ATI/ICS 7EI<T1 TW5TY TO ?IRTY7 ONE CAN CONCLUDE V]Y LITTLE4 

,9=M$ OBS]V]S :O HAVE ATTEMPT$ TO SIFT ?R\< ! AVAILABLE 9=MATION SPECULATE ?AT AT MO/ !RE MAY BE #e1 ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE COMBAT TROOPS 9VOLV$ 9 ! FI<T+ 9 ,LAOS--A FIGURE :I* MAY BE COMP>$ ) ! #e1 ,?AI COMBAT TROOPS REPORT$1 ! UNKN[N ?\S&S ( ,AM]ICANS 9VOLV$ DIRECTLY 9 BOMB+ & GR\ND OP]ATIONS1 & ! O!R =CES REPORT$ TO BE 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,AM]ICAN OP]ATIONS4 

,! ,PA!T ,LAO CLAIMS ?AT !RE >E #a1#b ,AM]ICAN ,GRE5 ,B]ETS FI<T+ 9 ,LAOS4 ,?IS IS D5I$ BY ! ,AM]ICANS4 ,! ,PA!T ,LAO ALSO CLAIMS ?AT ! ,C,I,A ,CL&E/9E ,>MY 9CLUDES TRIBESM5 BR\<T 9 FROM ,BURMA & ,?AIL& AS WELL AS ! ,*9ESE ,NATIONALI/ TROOPS :O REMA9 9 ,NOR!RN ,LAOS4.<#c#b.> ,SU* REPORTS >E TAK5 S]I\SLY BY 9=M$ OBS]V]S 9 ,LAOS1 SOME ( :OM NOTE ?AT ! MULTI-E?NIC *>ACT] ( ! ,VANG ,PAO ,CL&E/9E ,>MY MU/ REQUIRE ,AM]ICAN COORD9ATION & CONTROL D[N TO ! FIELD LEVEL4 

,AM]ICAN ,GOV]NM5T S\RCES1 ?\< NATURALLY ANTAGONI/IC1 ALSO GIVE SOME IDEA ( LIFE 9 ,PA!T ,LAO >EAS1 AS 9T]PRET$ BY HO/ILE OBS]V]S4 ,! ,EMBASSY 9 ,VI5TIANE SUPPLIES TWO DOCUM5TS BY ,$W9 ,T4 ,MC,KEI!N1 :OM !Y DESCRIBE AS ONE ( !IR \T/&+ SPECIALI/S ON ! ,PA!T ,LAO4.<#c#c.> ,HE WRITES ?AT3 

,ONE ( ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL ALT]ATIONS .<! ,PA!T ,LAO.> SEEK 9 ! ,LAO P]SONALITY IS ! ADDITION ( P]SUASION & GUILT TO TRADITIONAL AU?ORITY AS MEANS ( SOCIAL CONTROL4 ,P4,L4 CADRES >E URG$ TO REASON1 TO QUE/ION & TO DISCUSS ) VILLAG]S UNTIL ! VILLAG]S AGREE ) ! ,P4,L4 VIEWPO9T4 ,DIRECT ORD]S >E NOT 5\<2 PEOPLE MU/ BE 0TAU<T0 UNTIL !Y G5U9ELY BELIEVE 9 :AT !Y >E DO+4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 A VILLAG] :O *EATS OR COMMITS CRIMES AGA9/ ! /ATE MU/ BE 5LI<T5$ UNTIL HE FEELS GUILTY = HIS ACTIONS4 ,?IS GUILT MU/ >ISE FROM AN 9T]NALIZ$ HI<] MORALITY & NOT FROM A SIMPLE FEEL+ ( %AME OR LOSS ( FACE AMONG FELL[S4 

,!SE TE*NIQUES HE DESCRIBES AS ! 9TRODUCTION ( 0! RA!R =EIGN CONCEPTS ( P]SUASION & GUILT444AS ME*ANISMS ( SOCIAL CONTROL40 ,MC,KEI!N DOES NOT EXPLA9 :AT HE W\LD REG>D AS MORE HUMANE OR 5LI<T5$ ME?ODS1 NOR DOES HE EXPLA9 :]E9 HE OBJECTS TO ! GOALS ( ! ,PA!T ,LAO EF=T TO TRANS=M ,LAO SOCIETY3 

,!Y HAVE PRESS$ = ECONOMIC EQUALITY BY 9TRODUC+ PROGRESSIVE TAXATION & DISC\RAG+ ! CONSPICU\S CONSUMPTION ?AT E/ABLI%ES A WEAL?Y VILLAG]'S /ATUS4 ,!Y HAVE ALMO/ ELIM9AT$ ! 0WA/$ RES\RCES0 ?AT >E SP5T ON B\NS1 M>RIAGES1 FUN]ALS1 & TRADITIONAL CELEBRATIONS4.<#c#d.> ,!Y HAVE TAK5 9ITIAL /EPS T[>D ! COMMUNALIZATION ( PROP]TY BY E/ABLI%+ 0PUBLIC0 PADI1 BY CLOSELY CONTROLL+ LIVE/OCK SALES & SLAU<T] & BY 9TRODUC+ PUBLIC [N]%IP ( LIVE/OCK 9 ! S*OOL SY/EM4444 ,! /ATUS ( WOM5 HAS ALSO BE5 ALT]$1 AS !Y HAVE BE5 GIV5 GREAT] RESPONSIBILITY 9 ADM9I/RATIVE AFFAIRS & HAVE ASSUM$ JOBS TRADITIONALLY RE/RICT$ TO M54444 .<,!Y HAVE SET UP.> 0Y\? ORGANIZATION.<S.>0 DEVOT$ TO L(TY PR9CIPLES & D$ICAT$ TO ! ADVANCEM5T ( LONG-RANGE GOALS4 

,BE+ FAIR-M9D$1 ,MC,KEI!N DOES NOT LIMIT HIMSELF TO !SE COMM5TS1 :I* HE APP>5TLY REG>DS AS NEGATIVE1 TO JUDGE BY ! P>AGRAPH ?AT FOLL[S3 

,F9ALLY1 WE %\LD NOTE ! FAVORABLE ASPECTS ( ,P4,L4 RULE AS REPORT$ BY ! REFUGEES4 ,!Y FAVOR$ ! IDEAS ( ADULT LIT]ACY & AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPM5T BUT NOT ! WAYS ?AT ! ,P4,L4 HAD BE5 C>RY+ !M \T4 ,!Y ALSO SPOKE FAVORABLY ( ! VIRTUAL ELIM9ATION ( (FICIAL CORRUPTION4 

,LAT] ON1 HE DESCRIBES ,PA!T ,LAO MEASURES TO IMPROVE AGRICULTURE 7USE ( F]TILIZ]S & IRRIGATION1 DIRECT$ BY ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE TE*NICIANS72 E/ABLI%M5T ( CO-OPS & LOCAL CONTROL ( COMM]CE1 DISPLAC+ ! =M] ,*9ESE & ,VIETNAMESE M]*ANTS2 PROGRESSIVE TAXATION TO SUPPORT TEA*]S & M$ICS & A BASIC TAX 7#a#e P]C5T AFT] EXEMPTIONS7 0TO HELP ! /ATE02 $UCATIONAL RE=MS1 9CLUD+ PRIM>Y S*OOL+ 9 VIRTUALLY ALL VILLAGES & ! 9TRODUCTION ( TEXTBOOKS :I* 0EMPHASIZE HYGI5E & BETT] AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES1 AS WELL AS SELF-D5IAL1 COMMUNAL 5DEAVOR & SOLID>ITY AGA9/ ,U,S IMP]IALISM02 ADULT LIT]ACY PROGRAMS2 IMPROV$ M$ICAL S]VICES2 A BAN ON POLYGAMY & ! PRACTICE ( BRIDE ABDUCTION 9 ,MEO >EAS2 & SO ON4 

,9 HIS /UDY ( ! ROLE ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE CADRES1 ,MC,KEI!N ALSO EMPHASIZES !IR RELIANCE ON 0PATI5T C\NSEL RA!R ?AN DIRECT COMM&10 !IR 0S(TE/ ( S(T-SELL APPROA*ES 9 DEAL+ ) !IR ,LAO C\NT]P>TS10 !IR 0DEEP FAI? 9 ! EFFICACY ( 5DLESS P]SUASION0 & ON 0! SPIRIT ( BRO!RHOOD ?AT %\LD BOND !IR RELATION%IP40 ,HE CLAIMS ?AT 0VIRTUALLY ALL IMPORTANT POLICY DECISIONS >E MADE BY ! ,N,V,N CADRES1 BUT 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! DECISIONS APPE> TO BE ! WORK ( ,LAO (FICIALS40 ,H[EV]1 HE ADMITS ?AT HE HAS V]Y LITTLE EVID5CE S9CE ! REFUGEES ON :OSE TE/IMONY ! REPORT IS BAS$ HAD LITTLE CONTACT ) ,VIETNAMESE ADVIS]S4 

,! ,VIETNAMESE KEEP TO !MSELVES1 EV5 RAIS+ !IR [N FOOD4 ,HE REPORTS ?AT ,VIETNAMESE S]V$ AS POLITICAL ADVIS]S AT HI<] LEVELS1 & ?AT ECONOMIC & O!R ADVIS]S WORK ALSO AT L[] LEVELS 9 GIV+ TE*NICAL ASSI/ANCE & AS TEA*]S4 ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE PRODUCTS >E ALSO AVAILABLE AT CO-OP /ORES1 ANO!R WAY 09 :I* !IR 9FLU5CE IS FELT40 ,9 LI/+ GOV]NM5T (FICIALS 9 ,XI5G ,KH\ANG PROV9CE HE CITES ?REE ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE \T ( SEV5TE5 AT ! HI<] 7,KH\5G ,GR\P7 LEVEL 7ONE A 0GR\P REPRES5TATIVE10 ONE AN ADVIS]1 & ONE 9 *>GE ( IRRIGATION7 & NONE \T ( F\RTE5 AT ! L[] 7,MUONG7 LEVEL4.<#c#e.> 

,MC,KEI!N CLAIMS ?AT ONE ( ! GOALS ( ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE IS 0TO ANNEX ,LAOS & TO TILL ITS UND]POPULAT$ L&40 ,SE>*+ DILIG5TLY ?R\< HIS MAT]IAL1 ,I CAN F9D ?REE PIECES ( 0CONFIRMATORY EVID5CE0 = ?IS JUDGM5T4 ,ONE IS A 0BRIEF 5TRY0 9 A DI>Y ( A ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE MAJOR F\ND ON ! ,PLA9 ( ,J>S1 :I* /ATES3 0.<,WE MU/.> HELP ,LAOS )\T RE/RICTION1 BUT WE HAVE TO KEEP ,LAOS ) US TO REALIZE P]MAN5T DUTY ( .<\R.> VOLUNTE] TROOPS1 .<TO.> PROVIDE L&1 .<TO.> M>RY NATIVES1 & TO BE SETTL$ 9 ,LAOS40 ,SECOND1 0! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE HAVE REQUE/$ P]MISSION FROM ! ,N,L,H,S TO MOVE 9 #b1 FAMILIES--DEP5D5TS ( ! ,N,V,A TROOPS 9 ,LAOS40 ,! REQUE/ WAS TURN$ D[N BY ! ,N,L,H,S1 & ! PLAN1 APP>5TLY1 WAS NOT IMPLEM5T$4 

,F9ALLY1 ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE ADVIS]S W]E 9/RUM5TAL 9 9/ITUT+ A SECOND RICE H>VE/ & EXT5SIVE IRRIGATION PROJECTS1 & ,MC,KEI!N 0CANNOT HELP BUT FEEL0 ?AT ?IS IS 9 ANTICIPATION ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE MIGRATION1 S9CE !RE IS SO MU* UNUS$ L&4 ,S9CE ,MC,KEI!N'S PAP]S >E OBVI\SLY PROPAG&A DOCUM5TS ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,GOV]NM5T1 ,I ASSUME ?AT HE MADE AS /RONG A CASE AS HE C\LD = HIS CONCLUSION1 :I*1 CLE>LY1 MU/ BE REG>D$ AS LACK+ S]I\S SUPPORT4 

,! EXT5SIVE ,R,& ,CORPORATION /UDY BY ,LANG] & ,ZASL(F ALSO ATTEMPTS TO DEMON/RATE ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE DOM9ATION ( ! ,PA!T ,LAO4 .<#c#f.> ,ACCORD+ TO ! AU?ORS1 ! ,VIETNAMESE ADVIS]S 

444PROVIDE EXP]I5C$1 DISCIPL9$ P]SONNEL :O ADD COMPET5CE TO ! OP]ATIONS ( !IR ,LAO ASSOCIATES4 ,WE HAVE F\ND ?AT !SE ,VIETNAMESE ADVIS]S >E WIDELY RESPECT$ BY ! ,LAO = !IR D$ICATION TO DUTY4 ,BY !IR EXAMPLE1 BY ON-!-JOB TRA9+1 & BY GUIDANCE1 G5]ALLY TACTFUL1 !Y GOAD ! LESS VIGOR\S ,LAO 9TO BETT] P]=MANCE4 .<P4 #a#d#f4.> 

,!Y ALSO PROVIDE M$ICAL & TE*NICAL AID1 & HAVE TRA9$ NATIVE ,LAO1 MAK+ 0A BEG9N+4449 DEVELOP+ 9DIG5\S TE*NICAL SKILLS40 ,!IR 0DOCTR9E PLACES GREAT EMPHASIS ON W9N+ OV] ! POPULATION444ONE W\LD EXPECT CONSID]ABLE T5SION BETWE5 ! ,LAO & !IR ,VIETNAMESE M5TORS444BUT WE W]E /RUCK BY H[ SUCCESSFUL ! ,VIETNAMESE W]E 9 KEEP+ SU* RES5TM5T AT A M9IMUM40 

,:5 ,I DISCUSS$ ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC PROGRAMS ( ! ,PA!T ,LAO ) ,AM]ICAN ,EMBASSY (FICIALS !Y GAVE ME ! IMPRESSION ?AT !Y W\LD BE FAVORABLY IMPRESS$ ) :AT ! ,PA!T ,LAO HAD DONE & MI<T A*IEVE W]E IT NOT = ! 0,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE AGGRESSION10 :I*1 !Y >GUE1 IS ! CAUSE ( ! PROBLEMS ( ,LAOS4 ,ONE (FICIAL AGRE$ ?AT ! ,PA!T ,LAO $UCATIONAL RE=MS W]E P>TICUL>LY GOOD1 BUT SAID ?AT ! ,R,L,G WAS N[ IMITAT+ !SE PROGRAMS1 SPECIFICALLY ! ADULT LIT]ACY PROGRAM4 ,I TRI$ TO *ECK ?IS 9=MATION ) REPORT]S & ) ,LAO RESID5TS ( ,VI5TIANE :O W]E FAMILI> ) GOV]NM5T ACTIVITIES4 ,!IR RESPONSE RANG$ BETWE5 SKEPTICISM & RIDICULE4 ,I MET NO ONE \TSIDE ! ,EMBASSY :O BELIEV$ ?AT ! ,R,L,G WAS CAPABLE ( IMPLEM5T+ SU* A PROGRAM4 ,S9CE ,I DID NOT HAVE ! TIME TO 9QUIRE FUR!R1 ,I MU/ LEAVE IT AT ?AT4 

,! ,AM]ICAN ,EMBASSY WAS ALSO HELPFUL 9 PROVID+ ME ) DATA SUPPORT+ !IR CLAIM ?AT ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE AGGRESSION IS ! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM ( ,LAOS4 ,!Y DIRECT$ ME TO REPORTS ( ! ,R,& ,CORPORATION & ! ,I,C,C1 9 ADDITION TO ! DOCUM5TS CIT$ ABOVE4 ,P>TICUL>LY CONCLUSIVE1 !Y >GU$1 WAS AN ,I,C,C 9VE/IGATION ( A COMPLA9T FROM ! ,R,L,G ON ,OCTOB] #b1 #a#i#f#d1 REPORT+ ! CAPTURE ( ?REE ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE PRISON]S1.<#c#g.> :I* WAS CONFIRM$4 ,! ,I,C,C REPORT CONCLUD$ ?AT !SE PRISON]S HAD 5T]$ ,LAOS AS MEMB]S ( COMPLETE ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE >MY UNITS FROM ,FEBRU>Y TO ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#f#d1 9 GR\PS RANG+ FROM FIFTY TO #fe SOLDI]S4 ,! REPORT ALSO /AT$3 

,! ,COMMISSION NOTES ) 9T]E/ ?AT ?IS WAS ! FIR/ TIME1 S9CE ! ,COMMISSION'S RECONV5+ 9 #a#i#f#a1 ?AT IT HAD BE5 BR\<T TO ! ATT5TION ( ! ,COMMISSION ?AT PRISON]S1 ALLEG$ TO HAVE BE5 ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE1 HAD BE5 CAPTUR$ BY ! >M$ =CES ( ! ,ROYAL ,LAOTIAN ,GOV]NM5T & W]E AVAILABLE = 9T]ROGATION4 

,! REPORT OP5S ) ! LETT] ( ,OCTOB] #b FROM ! ,R,L,G CONTA9+ ! COMPLA9TS :I* IT LAT] 9VE/IGAT$1 AS WELL AS A LETT] ( ,SEPTEMB] #bh FROM ,PH\MI ,VONGVI*IT1 ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,N,L,H,S AT ,VI5TIANE1 ALLEG+ ?AT ,AM]ICAN AIRCRAFT BAS$ 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM HAD ATTACK$ ,LAOTIAN T]RITORY & P>A*UT$ ,S\? ,VIETNAMESE MILIT>Y P]SONNEL 9TO ,LAOS1 ?REE ( :OM W]E CAPTUR$ 7TWO >E ID5TIFI$ BY NAME74 ,! LATT] *>GE IS DISCUSS$ 9 0A SEP>ATE MESSAGE10 PRESUMABLY ,MESSAGE ,NO4 #c#f4 ,ON RETURN+ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,I TRI$ TO OBTA9 ,MESSAGE ,NO4 #c#f1 BUT )\T SUCCESS4 ,I HAVE BE5 9=M$ ?AT IT HAS NOT BE5 DECLASSIFI$ 7BY ! ,BRITI% ,GOV]NM5T1 :I* IS CO*AIRMAN ( ! ,CONTROL ,COMMISSION74 ,?\< ?IS FACT NATURALLY >\SES SUSPICIONS1 NEV]!LESS IT IS LIKELY ?AT ! ,MESSAGE IS P]FUNCTORY4 

,A SECOND ,I,C,C DOCUM5T REPORTS ! 9VE/IGATION ( A COMPLA9T ?AT ! ,(FIC]S ,S*OOL ( ! ,ROYAL ,>MY AT ,DONG ,H5E 9 ,S\!RN ,LAOS WAS ATTACK$ ON ,M>* #h-#i1 #a#i#f#e1 BY A COMB9$ ,PA!T ,LAO & ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE =CE4 ,! 9VE/IGATION CONFIRM$ ! ALLEGATION4 ,MO/ ( ! CAPTUR$ PRISON]S TE/IFI$ ?AT !Y W]E ON !IR WAY TO ,S\? ,VIETNAM4.<#c#h.> 

,! F9AL SUPPORT+ DOCUM5T IS A REPORT ( 9T]VIEWS ) A ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE ADVIS] TO A ,PA!T ,LAO BATTALION1 ,MAI ,DAI ,HAP1 :O DEFECT$ 9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#f#f4.<#c#i.> ,! 9=MANT WAS A CAPTA9 9 ! ,N,V,A & A MEMB] ( ! ,LAO ,DONG 7,WORK]S7 ,P>TY ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM4 ,HE CLAIMS TO HAVE BE5 ONE ( ?IRTY ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE ASSIGN$ TO ,LAOS 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#f#d1 TO S]VE AS ADVIS]S4 ,HE TRA9$ ! P]SONNEL ( A ,LAO BATTALION & DIRECT$ ITS OP]ATIONS4 ,HE S]V$ 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ,NAM ,?A NE> ! ,*9ESE & ,BURMESE BORD]S4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#f#f1 HIS UNIT WAS S5T TO ,MUONG ,LONG 9 ! >EA ( ! ,CO1 A HI<L& TRIBAL M9ORITY1 NE> ,BURMA1 9 ,NOR?WE/ ,LAOS1 TO DEF5D A ,PA!T ,LAO BASE ?AT WAS UND] ATTACK BY ,R,L,G =CES4 

,?IS WAS1 ACCORD+ TO ,LANG] & ,ZASL(F1 A REGION 9 :I* 0! ,VIETNAMESE & ,PA!T ,LAO HAD BUILT RESI/ANCE BASES AGA9/ ! ,FR5*1 SO ?AT ! ,CO PEOPLE WELCOM$ !M HE>TILY1 ESPECIALLY AFT] SEE+ ! ,VIETNAMESE ) ! UNIT40 ,DISC\RAG$ BY ! H>D%IPS ( COMBAT1 ! FEEL+ ?AT HE HAD FAIL$ 9 HIS LEAD]%IP1 & CONC]N ?AT ! 5EMY1 N[ SUPPLI$ ) >TILL]Y & BOMB]S1 WAS GR[+ 9 /R5G? & RECEIV+ SUPPORT FROM ! L[L&]S1 AS WELL AS BY A NUMB] ( P]SONAL PROBLEMS 9CLUD+ HIS REM>RIAGE1 HE DEFECT$ 9 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#f#f4 

,CAPTA9 ,HAP REPORTS ?AT 9 ADDITION TO MILIT>Y TASKS HE HAD A POLITICAL PROGRAM CONTA9+ ! FOLL[+ TOPICS3 

#a4 ,OBJECTIVES & TASKS ( ! ,LAOTIAN REVOLUTION 

#b4 ,! L& ( ,LAOS IS BEAUTIFUL & RI*1 ! POPULATION ( ,LAOS IS 9DU/RI\S2 :Y >E ! ,LAOTIAN PEOPLE SUFF]+8 

#c4 ,:O IS ! 5EMY ( ! ,LAOTIAN PEOPLE8 

#d4 ,! TASKS & NATURE ( ! ,LAOTIAN ,LIB]ATION ,>MY 

,ONE COMM5T ( ,HAP'S ?AT IS FREQU5TLY QUOT$ BY ,AM]ICAN S\RCES IS ?IS3 

,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 EV]Y?+ IS 9ITIAT$ BY ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE ADVIS]S1 BE IT IMPORTANT OR UNIMPORTANT4 ,IF ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE ADVISORY MA*9]Y W]E TO GET /UCK1 ! ,PA!T ,LAO MA*9]Y W\LD BE P>ALYZ$4 

,?IS EXHAU/S ! DOCUM5T>Y EVID5CE ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE CONTROL OV] ! ,PA!T ,LAO ?AT ,I WAS ABLE TO OBTA94 ,9 READ+ !SE MAT]IALS1 ONE IS /RUCK BY ! L[-KEY$ & G5]ALLY CON/RUCTIVE APPROA* ( ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE1 ! LIMIT$ EVID5CE = ACTUAL ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE CONTROL OV] ! ,PA!T ,LAO1 & ! GULF BETWE5 ! EVID5CE & ! CLAIMS :I* IT IS MEANT TO SUPPORT4 

,IT IS1 AFT] ALL1 H>DLY SURPRIS+ ?AT !RE W]E ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE TROOPS 9 ,S\!RN ,LAOS A MON? AFT] ! REGUL> BOMB+ ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM WAS 9ITIAT$ 7! ,DONG ,H5E 9CID5T74 ,NOR IS IT SURPRIS+ ?AT ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE ADVIS]S %\LD HAVE >RIV$ 9 ,NOR!RN ,LAOS 9 E>LY #aifd 7NOTE ?AT ! FIR/ COMPLA9T TO ! ,I,C,C WAS 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#f#d71 9 VIEW ( ! EV5TS \TL9$ ABOVE4 ,RECALL ?AT REGUL> BOMB>DM5T ( ,NOR!RN ,LAOS FROM ,?AI SANCTU>IES BEGAN 9 ,MAY1 #a#i#f#d4 ,RECALL AS WELL ?AT ! ,C,I,A E/ABLI%$ BASES ALONG ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE FRONTI] = SABOTAGE & GU]RILLA ACTION1 AS WELL AS TO GUIDE ! ALL-WEA!R BOMB>DM5T ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAM4.<#d.> ,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO COMP>E ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE 9VOLVEM5T ) ! ,AM]ICAN PROGRAM1 ASPECTS ( :I* W]E DISCUSS$ E>LI]4 ,ALSO REM>KABLE IS ! B>ELY SUPPRESS$ \TRAGE OV] ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE ACTIVITIES4 ,H[ D>E !Y ASSI/ ON !IR BORD] FRI5DLY =CES :I* ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS DET]M9$ TO DE/ROY6 

,SUPPOSE ?AT ! ,PA!T ,LAO W]E TO TAKE OV] ,LAOS COMPLETELY4 ,:AT W\LD BE ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE ROLE8 ,:5 ASK$ ?IS QUE/ION1 A ,LAO DEFECTOR SAID ?AT HE EXPECTS !M TO LEAVE :5 !Y F9I% !IR MISSION ( HELP+ ! ,PA!T ,LAO3 

,IT IS JU/ LIKE :5 ! ,*9ESE W5T TO HELP ! ,KOREANS4 ,AFT] !Y HAD WON ! W>1 !Y LEFT4 

,! URBAN 9TELLECTUAL :OSE REM>KS ,I HAVE REPORT$ E>LI] WAS LESS SURE4 ,HE ?\<T ?AT ,LAOTIAN 9DEP5D5CE W\LD ALWAYS BE ?REAT5$ BY ,NOR? ,VIETNAM1 ,?AIL&1 & ,*9A1 ?\< HE FELT ?AT !RE WAS A FAIR *ANCE ?AT ALL MI<T AGREE ?AT ,LAOS %\LD BE LEFT AS A NEUTRAL BUFF]4 ,PR9CE ,S\VANNA ,PH\MA1 9 AN 9T]VIEW ) US1 HAD NO D\BTS AB\T ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE 9T5TION TO CONQU] ,LAOS4 ,HE EXPLA9$3 

,NOR? ,VIETNAM WANTS TO COLONIZE ,LAOS ) ,VIETNAMESE BECAUSE !IR C\NTRY IS TOO OV]POPULAT$4 ,IT'S OBVI\S4 ,LOOK AT !IR FLAG ) ITS FIVE-PO9T$ />4 ,ONE IS = ,TONK91 ONE = ,ANNAM1 ONE = ,CO*9 ,*9A1.<#d#a.> ONE = ,LAOS1 & ONE = ,CAMBODIA4.<#d#b.> 

7,IF WE W]E TO APPLY ?IS REASON+ TO ! ,AM]ICAN FLAG44447 ,HE (F]$ NO O!R >GUM5T1 APP>5TLY REG>D+ ?IS AS CONCLUSIVE4 

,A ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE SPOKESMAN DESCRIB$ ! 9T]E/ ( HIS C\NTRY 9 ,LAOS AS PURELY /RATEGIC3 

,IT IS ON \R ,WE/]N BORD]4 ,= \R [N SECURITY1 WE CANNOT ALL[ ,LAOS TO TURN 9TO A BASE = ! ,AM]ICANS TO ?REAT5 US4 ,Y\ KN[ ?AT ! ,AM]ICANS HAVE BE5 US+ ,LAOS AS A =W>D BASE BO? = !MSELVES & ! ,?AIS1 & HAVE GUID$ !IR PLANES = BOMB+ US FROM ,LAOS4444 ,LAOS HAS BE5 A HI/ORIC 9VASION R\TE 9TO ,NOR? ,VIETNAM4 ,! ,FR5* TOOK ,LAOS FIR/1 ORIG9ALLY1 BE=E SETT+ \T TO COLONIZE US4 ,AT ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I !Y W5T BACK 9 & TOOK ,LAOS FIR/1 !N US$ R\TE #i TO TRANSPORT M5 & MAT]IALS TO TAKE ,HUE1 & ALSO R\TE #g4 ,\R ONLY CONC]N = ,LAOS IS ?AT IT REMA9 /RICTLY NEUTRAL4 ,WE CANNOT ALL[ ,LAOS TO BE A BASE = ! ,AM]ICANS1 ) !IR PLANES1 !IR SOLDI]S1 !IR SPECIAL =CES1 !IR ,C,I,A1 !IR ,?AIS & O!R M]C5>IES4 

,NATURALLY1 ,NOR? ,VIETNAM REG>DS 0! ,LAO T]RITORY BORD]+ ON ,NOR? ,VIETNAM1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! PROV9CES ( ,PHONG ,SALY1 ,LUANG ,PRABANG1 ,SAM ,NEUA1 & ,XI5G ,KH\ANG1 AS ESS5TIAL TO ITS SECURITY & WILL /RIVE TO 5SURE ?AT !SE >EAS >E NOT CONTROLL$ BY HO/ILE =CES40.<#d#c.> ,*9A ALSO HAS AN OBVI\S SECURITY 9T]E/ 9 !SE >EAS4 ,SO LONG AS !SE >EAS >E UND] ATTACK BY ,AM]ICAN =CES OR BY =CES :I* ,NOR? ,VIETNAM & ,*9A CAN REG>D1 ) JU/IFICATION1 AS ,AM]ICAN PUPPET =CES1 ONE CAN EXPECT A CONT9U+ ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE 9VOLVEM5T4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO SEE :Y ,NOR? ,VIETNAM %\LD ATTEMPT TO CONQU] ,LAOS1 ?US BE+ =C$ TO CONTROL A HO/ILE POPULATION & COM+ FACE TO FACE ) ! ,?AI4 ,NOR CAN ,I F9D ANY S]I\S EVID5CE = SU* AN 9T5T4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,AM]ICAN ,EMBASSY S\RCES1 OV] A MILLION PEOPLE 9 ?IS NATION ( SOME ?REE MILLION REMA9 9 ,PA!T ,LAO-CONTROLL$ >EAS4 ,H>RISON ,SALISBURY1 9 HIS REPORT FROM ,NOR? ,VIETNAM.<#d#d.> QUOT$ A =EIGN ,COMMUNI/ VISITOR TO !SE >EAS3 

,Y\ CANNOT IMAG9E :AT IT IS LIKE 9 ! HEADQU>T]S ( !SE PEOPLE4 ,NEV] IS !RE ANY HALT 9 ! BOMB+4 ,NOT AT NI<T4 ,NOT BY DAY4 ,ONE DAY WE W]E 9 ! CAVE4 ,! BOMB+ W5T ON & ON4 ,! TOILET WAS 9 ANO!R CAVE ONLY #b Y>DS AWAY4 ,WE C\LD NOT LEAVE4 ,WE C\LD NOT EV5 RUN ! #b Y>DS4 ,IT WAS TOO DANG]\S4 

,ACCORD+ TO ?IS VISITOR1 ! ,PA!T ,LAO HAD SET UP A HOSPITAL1 A PR9T+ PRESS1 A SMALL TEXTILE MILL1 A BAK]Y1 & A %OP = MAK+ >MS & AMMUNITION 9 ! CAVES4 ,! BOMB>DM5T WAS SAID TO 9CLUDE GUID$ MISSILES ?AT CAN DOVE 9TO A CAVE1 AS WELL AS HI< EXPLOSIVES & ANTI-P]SONNEL WEAPONS4 ,! PEOPLE COME \T ONLY AT DUSK & DAWN TO TRY TO F>M1 BUT ! PLANES ATTACK ANY VISIBLE T>GET1 EV5 TRAILS & CULTIVAT$ FIELDS4 ,!SE REPORTS ATTRACT$ LITTLE ATT5TION1 PRESUMABLY BECAUSE ! S\RCE WAS NOT BELIEV$4 ,9 ,JUNE1 #a#i#f#h1 ,JACQUES ,DECORNOY ( ,LE ,MONDE TRAVEL$ TO ,SAM ,NEUA PROV9CE & CONFIRM$ !SE REPORTS4.<#d#e.> ,HIS H>R[+ ACC\NT ( LIFE UND] P]HAPS ! MO/ 9T5SIVE BOMB>DM5T 9 HI/ORY RECEIV$ LITTLE ATT5TION 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,S\VANNA ,PH\MA & ! ,AM]ICAN ,EMBASSY1 SOME #g1 REFUGEES >E SAID TO HAVE FL$ TO ,GOV]NM5T-CONTROLL$ >EAS4 ,! MO/ REC5T >RIVALS >E FROM ! ,PLA9 ( ,J>S >EA4 ,AS NOT$ E>LI]1 ?IS >EA WAS UND] ,PA!T ,LAO CONTROL FROM #aifd UNTIL #a#i#f#i4 ,DUR+ ! (F5SIVE 9 ! FALL ( #a#i#f#i1 ! ,C,I,A ,CL&E/9E ,>MY CONQU]$ ! PLA9 AFT] HEAVY BOMB>DM5T--! FIR/ L>GE %IFT 9 T]RITORIAL B\ND>IES S9CE ! \TBREAK ( ! CIVIL W>4 ,:5 ,COMMUNI/ =CES W]E AB\T TO RETAKE ! ,PLA9 ( ,J>S 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#g1 ! POPULATION WAS EVACUAT$ & ! >EA TURN$ 9TO A ZONE ( DEVA/ATION4 ,IT IS E/IMAT$ ?AT AB\T #a#e1 REFUGEES W]E TAK51 MO/LY BY AIR1 TO ,VI5TIANE1 :]E !Y >E N[ SCATT]$ 9 REFUGEE CAMPS4 

,JU/ PRIOR TO ! ,COMMUNI/ RECAPTURE ( ! ,PLA9 ( ,J>S 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#g1 ,H5RY ,KAMM REPORT$ ?AT ! ,LAO PEASANTS W]E NOT 9=M$ ?AT !Y W]E TO BE EVACUAT$1 ?\< ?OSE :O WI%$ TO /AY 79 :AT W\LD BECOME A FREE FIRE ZONE1 9 FACT7 W\LD BE P]MITT$ TO DO SO4.<#d#f.> ,REPORTS 9 ,VI5TIANE 9DICATE ?AT A L>GE P>T ( ! POPULATION W5T OV] TO ! ,PA!T ,LAO DESPITE ! ABYSMAL CONDITIONS4 

,I,V 

,I SP5T SEV]AL DAYS VISIT+ A REFUGEE CAMP NE> ,VI5TIANE4 ,! CAMP CONSI/S ( FIVE LONG %$S ) AN AISLE BETWE5 TWO RAIS$ FLOORS4 ,EA* FAMILY HAS AB\T FIFTE5 SQU>E FEET ( SPACE1 )\T P>TITIONS & M>K$ (F ONLY BY PO/S4 ,!RE >E P]HAPS #a PEOPLE H\S$ 9 EA* %$--MANY *ILDR51 OLD M5 & WOM51 A FEW Y\NG MO!RS1 SOME Y\NG M5 :O W]E W\ND$ 9 ! FI<T+1 & A FEW O!R Y\NG ADULTS4 ,MANY OBS]V]S BELIEVE1 & HAVE REPORT$1 ?AT MO/ ( ! Y\NG PEOPLE JO9$ ! ,PA!T ,LAO BE=E ! EVACUATION4 ,!SE REFUGEES HAD BE5 9 ! VILLAGE = AB\T TWO MON?S4 

,! REFUGEES GIVE ! IMPRESSION ( BE+ SEV]ELY DEMORALIZ$4 ,ONLY R>ELY DO ANY ( !M WORK4 ,!RE HAS APP>5TLY BE5 LITTLE ATTEMPT TO CLE> L& = CULTIVATION1 ?\< IT IS LIKELY ?AT !Y WILL /AY 9 ?IS >EA4 ,!Y !MSELVES DO NOT KN[ :AT WILL HAPP5 TO !M4 ,! GOV]NM5T PROVIDES !M ) A RICE RATION1 BUT LITTLE FUR!R C>E & NO 9=MATION4 ,PROMISES TO REIMBURSE !M = LO/ PROP]TY OR TO *ANGE !IR ,PA!T ,LAO MONEY = ,R,L,G CURR5CY HAVE NOT BE5 FULFILL$4 ,! REFUGEES ASK$ ME--SOME BEGG$ ME--TO HELP !M TO HAVE !IR MONEY EX*ANG$4 ,SOME SAID ?AT !Y W\LD />VE O!RWISE1 & ?IS IS POSSIBLE1 S9CE APP>5TLY !Y HAVE NO FOOD EXCEPT = ! RICE RATION & :AT !Y CAN F9D 9 ! =E/4 

,BUT !SE PEOPLE >E NOT M5DICANTS4 ,!Y W]E1 9 FACT1 PROBABLY ! MO/ WELL-TO-DO ( ! ,LAO PEASANTRY4 ,SOME HAD C>EFUL RECORDS ( !IR POSSESSIONS4 ,ONE SIXTY-YE>-OLD MAN :O HAD [N$ =TY C[S & N9E BUFFALOES E/IMAT$ ?AT ! VALUE ( HIS BELONG+S WAS AB\T @s#c1#f4 ,ANO!R %[$ US DETAIL$ RECORDS WRITT5 UP = ! ,R,L,G BUT NEV] HONOR$ :I* CALCULAT$ HIS POSSESSIONS AS WOR? @s#e1 BE=E ! BOMB+4 ,SU* REPORTS W]E NOT UNIQUE1 ?\< SOME ( ! REFUGEES HAD BE5 V]Y POOR4 ,SOME HAD BR\<T ) !M GOOD CLO!S1 OCCASIONALLY A SEW+ MA*9E OR O!R POSSESSIONS4 ,ALL SPOKE ) GREAT LONG+ ( !IR WI% TO RETURN TO !IR HOMES 9 ! ,PLA9 ( ,J>S1 ) ITS F]TILE & ABUNDANT L&1 ITS COOL CLIMATE1 DI/ANT HILLS1 RIV]S1 & /REAMS4 

,! REFUGEES W]E ACQUA9T$ ) \R 9T]PRET] FROM PREVI\S VISITS1 & W]E SUP]FICIALLY FRI5DLY1 ?\< W>Y4 ,!Y NATURALLY ASSUM$ ?AT WE W]E CONNECT$ ) ! ,AM]ICAN ,GOV]NM5T1 & !Y OBVI\SLY W]E NOT GO+ TO TELL US ANY?+ ?AT MI<T LEAD TO SOME NEW CATA/ROPHE4 ,CONDUCT+ EXT5SIVE 9T]VIEWS MAKES ONE FEEL UNCOM=TABLE4 ,! REFUGEES HAVE GOOD REASON TO DISSIMULATE1 & AT ! SAME TIME !Y DO NOT WI% TO BE UNCOOP]ATIVE4 ,) REPEAT$ QUE/ION+1 IT IS EASY TO DISCOV] 9CONSI/5CIES & EV5 ABSURDITIES 9 !IR ANSW]S1 BUT IT IS NOT PLEASANT TO TAKE ON ! ROLE ( A POLICE AG5T4 ,AP>T FROM ?IS1 IT IS HE>T-R5D+ TO SEE !IR DEMORALIZATION & DESPAIR1 TO WAT* AN OLD WOMAN CR\*+ D[N 9 UNACCU/OM$ SUPPLICATION1 OR TO SEE ! *ILDR5 SITT+ QUIETLY H\R AFT] H\R 9 ! OPPRESSIVE HEAT & DU/ ( ! CAMP4 

,! FIR/ /ORY TOLD BY VIRTUALLY EV]Y REFUGEE IS /RAI<T=W>D4 ,!Y CAME TO ! ,GOV]NM5T SIDE BECAUSE !Y HAT$ ! ,PA!T ,LAO1 :O W]E OPPRESSIVE4 ,:Y DID ! ,PA!T ,LAO OPPRESS ! PEOPLE8 0,I DON'T KN[2 ,I GUESS !Y >E JU/ CRAZY10 ONE MAN TOLD US4 

,ANO!R MAN :O HAD BE5 A RA!R POOR F>M] 9 HIS =M] VILLAGE SPOKE QUITE OP5LY & FAVORABLY AB\T ! ,PA!T ,LAO4 ,AS HE W5T ON1 A SMALL GR\P COLLECT$ & LI/5$ QUIETLY4 ,AN AL]T Y\NG MAN BEGAN TO 9T]RUPT1 CORRECT+ \R 9=MANT & GIV+ ! NEGATIVE1 /]EOTYP$ ANSW]S TO :I* WE HAD ALREADY BECOME ACCU/OM$4 ,)9 MOM5TS1 \R 9=MANT'S ANSW]S ALSO %IFT$4 ,:5 ! SAME SEQU5CE WAS REPEAT$ 9 O!R 9T]VIEWS1 WE REALIZ$ ?AT SO LONG AS ?IS MAN WAS PRES5T1 !RE WAS NO PO9T 9 CONT9U+ ! DISCUSSION4 ,:O HE WAS1 ( C\RSE1 ,I HAVE NO IDEA--P]HAPS A ,PA!T ,LAO CADRE4 ,C]TA9LY ! REASONABLE APPROA*1 FROM !IR PO9T ( VIEW1 WAS TO APPE> TO BE PRO-,GOV]NM5T & ANTAGONI/IC TO ! ,PA!T ,LAO4 

,WE SPOKE TO ONE Y\NG WOMAN :O HAD FL$ TO ! ,GOV]NM5T SIDE SOME YE>S E>LI]1 ) SEV]AL O!R Y\NG PEOPLE4 ,:5 ASK$ :Y1 %E SAID ?AT IT WAS BECAUSE ( PORT]AGE :I* !Y W]E =C$ TO DO = ! ,PA!T ,LAO4 ,WE ASK$ :E!R %E FL$ AFT] H] VILLAGE WAS DE/ROY$ BY BOMB+4 0,NO1 BE=E10 %E ANSW]$4 ,AN OLD] MAN 9T]RUPT$1 SAY+3 0,NO1 AFT]1 Y\ KN[1 !RE W]E MANY PEOPLE KILL$ 9 ! BOMB+40 ,%E !N SAID3 0,YES1 WE ESCAP$ AFT] ! BOMB+40 0,W]E Y\ AFRAID ( ! BOMB+ OR ! PORT]AGE80 0,BO?10 %E ANSW]$4 

,EV]Y REFUGEE ) :OM ,I SPOKE SAID ?AT EV]Y?+ ?AT HE KNEW (--HIS [N VILLAGE1 & ALL DWELL+S )9 SEV]AL DAYS J\RNEY--HAD BE5 DE/ROY$ BY BOMB>DM5T BE=E !Y W]E EVACUAT$4 ,PRIOR TO #aifh ! BOMB+ ( ! ,PLA9 ( ,J>S WAS SPORADIC4 ,9 ,APRIL ( #aifh IT BECAME MORE 9T5SE1 & ! VILLAG]S SOON HAD TO LEAVE !IR VILLAGES & DIG TR5*ES & TUNNELS 9 ! SURR\ND+ =E/4 ,AT FIR/ !Y W]E ABLE TO F>M SOMETIMES1 MA9LY AT NI<T1 BUT ?IS BECAME IMPOSSIBLE AS ! BOMB+ 9CREAS$ 9 9T5SITY4 ,ONE MAN TOLD US ?AT ! PEOPLE ( HIS VILLAGE HAD BE5 =C$ TO MOVE EI<T OR N9E TIMES1 DEEP] & DEEP] 9TO ! =E/ 9TO NEW SY/EMS ( TR5*ES AS ! BOMB+ EXT5D$ ITS SCOPE4 ,HE REPORT$ ?AT BY ,APRIL1 #a#i#f#i1 HIS VILLAGE WAS DE/ROY$ BY BOMBS & NAPALM4 ,! ,PA!T ,LAO %[$ !M H[ TO DIG TR5*ES & TUNNELS1 & ID5TIFI$ ! TYPES ( PLANES4 

,ANO!R REPORT$ ?AT 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#f#i1 ! BOMB+ DE/ROY$ EV]Y?+ 9 ! VILLAGE4 ,! FIR/ BOMB+1 ( A VILLAGE NE>BY1 WAS 9 ,JUNE1 #a#i#f#g4 ,LAT]1 ! BOMB+ WAS CON/ANT1 & ! PEOPLE LIV$ 9 TUNNELS 9 ! HILLS1 COM+ \T ONLY ON DAYS :5 ! BOMB+ /OPP$4 ,\R 9T]PRET]1 :O HAD 9T]VIEW$ AB\T #c REFUGEES1 9=M$ US ?AT !SE /ORIES W]E TYPICAL4 ,EV]Y REFUGEE TO :OM HE HAD SPOK5 REPORT$ ?AT EV]Y?+ HE KNEW ( P]SONALLY OR HAD HE>D AB\T WAS DE/ROY$ BY BOMB>DM5T BE=E ! EVACUATION4 

,9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#f#i1 ! ,VANG ,PAO >MY CONQU]$ ! ,PLA94 ,! ,MEO SOLDI]S W]E UNDISCIPL9$ & KILL$ MANY ( ! C[S & BUFFALOES4 ,MANY ( ! Y\NG M5 JO9$ ! ,PA!T ,LAO3 O!RS W]E TAK5 9TO ! ,VANG ,PAO >MY4 ,WE ASK$ :Y ! ,MEO SOLDI]S KILL$ ! CATTLE4 ,ONE MAN SAID ! SOLDI]S TOLD ! VILLAG]S ?AT !Y DIDN'T WANT CATTLE LEFT TO N\RI% ! ,PA!T ,LAO4 ,! REFUGEES W]E CONC5TRAT$ 9 NEW VILLAGES--/RATEGIC HAMLETS1 APP>5TLY--:5 ! ,VANG ,PAO >MY CAME4 ,!N1 :5 IT WAS CLE> ?AT ! ,PLA9 C\LD NOT BE HELD1 !Y W]E EVACUAT$4 

,! PRIM>Y COMPLA9T AGA9/ ! ,PA!T ,LAO HAD TO DO ) ! COMPULSORY PORT]AGE4 ,PRIOR TO ! BOMB+1 !RE WAS V]Y LITTLE PORT]AGE1 BUT :5 ! BOMB+ BEGAN1 ! ,PA!T ,LAO SOLDI]S MOV$ TO REMOTE >EAS & C\LD NO LONG] USE TRUCKS1 AS BE=E4 0,! PLANES MADE ! SOLDI]S DISP]SE & !Y =C$ US TO DO PORT]AGE10 ONE REFUGEE SAID4 ,ONE CLAIM$ ?AT ! PORT]AGE HAD BEGUN AS E>LY AS #a#i#f#d4 ,O!RS GAVE LAT] DATES4 ,ALL1 :5 PRESS$1 SAID ?AT ! PORT]AGE BEGAN :5 ! SOLDI]S W]E =C$ BY ! BOMB+ TO MOVE TO 9ACCESSIBLE PLACES4 

,FEW ( ! REFUGEES HAD EV] SE5 ANY ,VIETNAMESE1 ?\< ONE 9=MANT1 :5 9T]RUPT$ BY ! Y\NG MAN :OM ,I M5TION$ E>LI]1 AGRE$ ) ?IS MAN ?AT ! ,PA!T ,LAO W]E REALLY ,VIETNAMESE :O SPOKE ,LAO4 ,A MOM5T BE=E1 9 ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION1 0,:AT K9D ( PEOPLE >E !Y80 HE HAD SAID3 0,OH1 !Y >E \R [N ,LAO PEOPLE40 ,HE WAS UNWILL+ TO TALK ANY LONG] AT ?AT PO9T4 

,!RE W]E ALSO O!R COMPLA9TS AB\T ! ,PA!T ,LAO4 ,ONE RELATIVELY RI* F>M] SAID HE C\LD NOT LIVE COM=TABLY ) ! ,PA!T ,LAO EV5 IF ! BOMB+ W]E TO 5D1 SO ?AT NO MORE PORT]AGE W\LD BE NECESS>Y3 

,!Y W\LD TAKE US TO /UDY ALL ! TIME4 ,!RE WAS NO MONEY1 NO COMM]CE4 ,!Y ONLY RESPECT Y\ IF Y\ HAVE TORN CLO?+ SO WE HAVE TO WE> TORN CLO?+ ALL ! TIME4 

,! POOR F>M] ,I M5TION$ E>LI] GAVE A MORE SYMPA!TIC ACC\NT4 ,HE DESCRIB$ A MILD L& RE=M 9 #a#i#f#e3 

,!Y TOLD ! PEOPLE :O HAD A LOT ( L& TO GIVE SOME TO ! PEOPLE :O HAD ONLY A LITTLE4 ,I DIDN'T GET ANY1 & NONE WAS TAK5 AWAY4 ,I HAD 5\<4 ,!Y ONLY TOOK L& TO GIVE TO ! REALLY POOR4 ,! PEOPLE FROM :OM !Y TOOK ! L& AWAY SOMETIMES W]E ANGRY4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 ! ,PA!T ,LAO W\LD SAY3 0,LOOK1 Y\ HAVE A LOT ( L& & HE DOESN'T HAVE ANY4 ,DO Y\ WANT HIM TO DIE80 ,!Y ALWAYS EXPLA9$4 ,!Y R>ELY PUT ANYONE 9 JAIL4 ,ONLY IF !Y EXPLA9$ = A LONG TIME & !Y /ILL DIDN'T GIVE ANY L&4 

,! PEOPLE :O W]E TAK5 AWAY W]E NOT PUT 9 PRISON4 ,!Y W]E TAK5 TO ,PHONESAVAN TO /UDY & WORK4 ,IF A P]SON CAUS$ TR\BLE !Y ALSO TOOK HIM TO /UDY4 ,ALSO LAZY PEOPLE4 ,!Y W\LD TEA* !M NOT TO /EAL OR Y\R FRI5DS WILL KILL Y\4 ,BE+ LAZY OR NOT GIV+ UP Y\R L& IS /EAL+ FROM Y\R FRI5DS4 ,! ,PA!T ,LAO NEV] YELL$4 ,!Y REALLY DID WELL4 ,!Y REALLY ACT$ NICELY4 ,!Y NEV] /OLE4 ,NEV] TOOK ANYONE OR BEAT ANYONE4 

,?IS 9=MANT HAD NEV] BE5 TO S*OOL & WAS PLEAS$ ) ! ,PA!T ,LAO $UCATIONAL RE=MS4 ,HE SAID ?AT ! TEA*]S W]E TAK5 TO ,PHONESAVAN TO BE TAU<T & !N RETURN$ TO ! VILLAGE4 ,O!R BOYS JO9$ ! ,PA!T ,LAO TO BE SOLDI]S1 & SOME W5T TO ! T[NS = M$ICAL TRA9+ OR TO JO9 ! CIVIL ADM9I/RATION4 ,NO ,PA!T ,LAO LIV$ P]MAN5TLY 9 ! VILLAGE1 HE REPORT$4 

,HE WAS NOT SURE :AT ! ,PA!T ,LAO TAU<T ! TEA*]S1 BUT :5 !Y RETURN$ !Y TAU<T ONLY 9 ,LAO1 NO LONG] 9 ,FR5*4 ,EV]YONE WAS TAU<T TO READ1 P>TICUL>LY ! WOM54 

,! ONLY PEOPLE :O DIDN'T /UDY W]E ?OSE :O W]E BL9D4 ,I KNEW H[ TO READ4 ,I /UDI$ >I?METIC4 ,BE=E ,I DIDN'T KN[ ANY?+4 ,BE=E1 ! TEA*] DIDN'T WORK AS MU*4 ,N[ HE WORK$ MU* MORE4 ,! TEA*] WASN'T HAPPY BECAUSE HE WAS WORK+ ALL ! TIME4 .<,G5]AL LAU<T]4.> 

,WE 9T]VIEW$ TWO ( ! VILLAGE TEA*]S4 ,!Y SAID ?AT :5 ! ,PA!T ,LAO CAME 9 #a#i#f#d1 AFT] DRIV+ ! ,KONG ,LE =CES (F ( ! ,PLA91 !Y TOOK ! TEA*]S = T5 DAYS TO ,PHONESAVAN4 ,!Y 9/RUCT$ !M 9 TEA*+ ME?ODS1 & TOLD !M !Y MU/ TEA* 9 ,LAO1 NOT ,FR5*4 0,!Y EXPLA9$ ?AT ,LAO IS \R [N LANGUAGE & ,LAOS IS \R C\NTRY & WE DON'T NE$ =EIGN LANGUAGES40 ,!Y ALSO GAVE !M POLITICAL $UCATION4 

,!Y TAU<T US ?AT UND] ! ,FR5* A ,FR5*-/YLE $UCATION WAS TAU<T BECAUSE !Y WANT$ PEOPLE TO LOVE ,FRANCE4 ,BUT N[ !Y TAU<T US ?AT \R C\NTRY WAS LIB]AT$ & WE HAVE A LIB]AT$ /YLE ( $UCATION & $UCATION W\LD TEA* PEOPLE TO LOVE !IR C\NTRY4 ,$UCATION WAS N[ = EV]YONE1 NOT JU/ = ! RI*4 ,9 ! OLD DAYS $UCATION WAS MA9LY 9 ! T[NS & CITIES4 ,MANY VILLAGES HAD NO S*OOLS4 ,:5 ! ,PA!T ,LAO CAME 9 !Y TRA9$ MANY TEA*]S & MANY MORE PEOPLE W]E $UCAT$1 ?\< S*OOL+ WAS /ILL NOT UNIV]SAL4 

,LANGUAGE TEA*+ & MA!MATICS W]E MADE MORE DEM&+ ?AN BE=E & F\R GRADES W]E TO BE 9/ITUT$ = EV]YONE4 ,! TEA*] WAS REQUIR$ TO RUN AN ADULT LIT]ACY PROGRAM ON ,SATURDAYS & ,SUNDAYS4 ,VILLAG]S :O KNEW H[ TO READ ALSO BECAME LIT]ACY 9/RUCTORS4 ,!Y DESCRIB$ ! LIT]ACY CAMPAIGN AS V]Y GOOD1 & VIRTUALLY UNIV]SAL4 ,BE=E !RE HAD BE5 JU/ ME*ANICAL TEA*+ ( READ+1 ) NO CONT5T4 ,UND] ! ,PA!T ,LAO1 ! TEXTS DEALT ) AGRICULTURE & LIVE/OCK & LOVE ( C\NTRY4 ,! POLITICAL CONT5T WAS SOME?+ LIKE ?IS3 0,BE=E1 UND] ! ,FR5*1 WE HAD TO PAY TAXES & MONEY WAS S5T TO ,FRANCE4 ,N[ WE'RE BUILD+ \R [N C\NTRY & >E NOT WORK+ = =EIGN PEOPLE40 ,! 9T5TION WAS TO EXT5D $UCATION TO GRADES FIVE TO SEV51 BUT ?IS PROGRAM C\LD NOT BE C>RI$ \T1 BECAUSE ( ! W>4 

,AN OLD] MAN1 =M]LY QUITE WELL (F1 ADD$ ?AT ! ,PA!T ,LAO MADE !M /UDY BE=E WORK1 & TOOK SOME M5 FROM ! VILLAGE TO /UDY4 

,!Y TAU<T US MA9LY AGRICULTURE4 ,ONE MU/ PRODUCE MORE4 ,BUILD ! ECONOMY4 ,ONE MAN %\LD DO ! WORK ( T54 ,IF Y\ PRODUCE MORE Y\ CAN EX*ANGE IT = CLO!S & MONEY4 ,!N WE CAN EX*ANGE ! PRODUCE ) O!R C\NTRIES4 

,9 !ORY1 HE SAID1 IT WAS A GOOD IDEA1 BUT HE WASN'T HAPPY AB\T IT1 P>TICUL>LY BECAUSE ( ! TAXATION4 ,! ,PA!T ,LAO TOOK #ae P]C5T ( EV]Y?+ ABOVE SUBSI/5CE4 ,?IS WAS = ! SOLDI]S1 TEA*]S1 & M$ICAL P]SONNEL :OM !Y TRA9$ & RETURN$ TO ! VILLAGE4 

,ANO!R REFUGEE :O HAD LIV$ 9 ,PHONESAVAN GAVE US ADDITIONAL 9=MATION4 ,! ACTIVI/S1 9 ! E>LY P]IOD1 W]E 9TELLECTUALS FROM ,VI5TIANE & ,SAM ,NEUA :O HAD /UDI$ 9 ,FRANCE4 ,! ,PA!T ,LAO T5D$ MORE TO LIVE AMONG ! PEOPLE & RECRUIT$ PEASANTS FROM ! >EA1 :ILE ! 9TELLECTUALS W]E1 = ! MO/ P>T1 ) ,KONG ,LE & ! NEUTRALI/S4 ,AT FIR/ ! ,PA!T ,LAO KEPT !IR ID5TITY SECRET4 ,LAT] !Y BEGAN SPEAK+ MORE OP5LY TO PEOPLE :OM !Y FELT !Y C\LD TRU/4 ,!Y ALWAYS SPOKE NICELY 7?IS HE REIT]AT$ OV] & OV]71 & GAVE LONG EXPLANATIONS BE=E SUGGE/+ ANY ACTION4 ,!Y LIV$ LIKE ! POOR PEASANTS1 = EXAMPLE REFUS+ TO RIDE 9 TRUCKS AS ! ,KONG ,LE SOLDI]S DID4 ,!Y W]E V]Y PRUD5T4 

,! ,PA!T ,LAO CADRES 5C\RAG$ ! PEOPLE NOT TO BE AFRAID ( IMPORTANT M5 OR TO USE HONORIFIC =MS ( ADDRESS4 

,! ,PA!T ,LAO *ANG$ MANY ?+S4 ,!Y HELP$ ! VILLAG]S F>M RICE & BUILD H\SES1 & GAVE RICE TO PEOPLE :O DIDN'T HAVE 5\<4 ,!Y *ANG$ ! /ATUS ( WOM54 ,WOM5 BECAME EQUAL TO M54 ,!Y BECAME NURSES & SOLDI]S4 ,WIVES W]E NOT AFRAID ( HUSB&S ANY MORE4 

,AT FIR/ SOME HUSB&S GOT ANGRY1 BUT !Y W]E TOLD ?AT !RE WAS TO BE NO MORE OPPRESSION3 0,LOOK1 %E'S HUMAN1 Y\ DON'T HAVE SPECIAL RI<TS40 

,BE=E1 EV]Y?+ WAS = HIRE4 ,AFT] ! ,PA!T ,LAO CAME1 MONEY WASN'T NECESS>Y4 ,!Y TRI$ TO 9DUCE COOP]ATION AMONG ! VILLAG]S & TO BR+ FAMILIES TO COOP]ATE 9 AGRICULTURAL WORK4 ,!Y US$ NO =CE1 BUT TRI$ TO %AME PEOPLE 9TO HELP+ IF !Y REFUS$1 TO 5C\RAGE !M TO SEE ?AT ALL W\LD B5EFIT FROM COOP]ATION4 

,!Y =M$ 0,AWAK5+ GR\PS0 ( CADRES FROM ! VILLAGE ?AT W]E RESPONSIBLE = 5C\RAG+ COOP]ATION & COLLECTIVIZATION4 ,BY #a#i#f#g1 VIRTUALLY EV]YONE WAS 9VOLV$ 9 COLLECTIVE F>M+1 ?\< !Y ALSO KEPT PRIVATE PLOTS4 ,! CADRES NEV] 9SULT$ ANYONE4 ,!Y TRI$ TO MAKE Y\ LIKE !M4 ,!Y W\LD NEV] TAKE \T GUNS & MONEY TO IMPRESS PEOPLE4 ,9 #aifg !Y SUDD5LY REPLAC$ ALL \TSID]S ) LOCAL CADRES DRAWN FROM ! ,AWAK5+ GR\PS1 MANY ( :OM HAD BE5 TAK5 AWAY = TRA9+ = A MON? OR SO4 

,EA* VILLAGE HAD A COMPLICAT$ SY/EM ( ORGANIZATION3 POLITICAL1 ADM9I/RATIVE1 DEF5SE 7POLICE71 Y\NG BOYS1 Y\NG GIRLS1 WOM51 CLEANL9ESS1 $UCATION1 COOP]ATION1 ETC4 ,EV]YONE BELONG$4 ,!Y ELECT$ !IR [N LEAD]S4 ,!RE W]E ALSO TE*NICAL ORGANIZATIONS CONC]N$ ) IRRIGATION1 LIVE/OCK1 AGRICULTURE1 ADULT LIT]ACY1 =E/RY4 ,REPRES5TATIVES ( !SE GR\PS W\LD DEAL ) EXP]TS FROM ! \TSIDE 9 MATT]S SU* AS IRRIGATION4 

,! FIR/ BOMB+ BEGAN 9 ,MAY1 #a#i#f#d4 ,PHONESAVAN ITSELF WAS BOMB$ 9 #a#i#f#e4 ,BETWE5 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#i#f#h1 & ,JANU>Y1 #a#i#f#i1 ! T[N WAS COMPLETELY EVACUAT$ & DE/ROY$4 ,! ,VANG ,PAO >MY CAME ?R\< 9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#i#f#i4 

,DUR+ #aifd & #aife ONLY V]Y FEW ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE SOLDI]S W]E 9 ! VIC9ITY4 ,BY #aifi !RE W]E MANY ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE4 ,! SOLDI]S MA9TA9$ A V]Y /RICT DISCIPL9E & KEPT AWAY FROM ! VILLAG]S4 ,PEOPLE FELT SORRY = !M BECAUSE ( !IR 5=C$ ISOLATION4 ,! ,PA!T ,LAO TAU<T !M ?AT ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE W]E !IR FRI5DS :O HAD COME TO GIVE !M TE*NICAL ASSI/ANCE & HELP !M TO SURVIVE4 ,!Y HAD 5ORM\S RESPECT = ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE4 ,TO ILLU/RATE1 HE TOLD A /ORY ( A ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE IRRIGATION ADVIS] :O WAS CONDEMN$ TO DEA? BY ! ,PA!T ,LAO AFT] HE HAD KILL$ A WAT] BUFFALO4 ,! PEOPLE OBJECT$ & PROTE/$ TO ! ,G5]AL1 :O AFFIRM$ ! S5T5CE4 ,! MAN !N KILL$ HIMSELF4 ,9 G5]AL1 !Y REG>D$ ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE ) AWE4 

,! ,PA!T ,LAO ALSO TAU<T !M NOT TO HATE ! ,AM]ICAN PILOTS1 SOME ( :OM W]E CAPTUR$ & L$ ?R\< ! T[N1 BUT 0ONLY !IR LEAD]S40.<#d#g.> 

,I ASK$ ONE MAN AB\T FIFTY YE>S OLD1 :O LOOK$ /RONG & HEAL?Y1 :Y NEI!R HE NOR ANYONE ELSE SEEM$ TO BE WORK+1 :Y !Y W]E JU/ SITT+ 9 ! %$S :5 SURELY !Y %\LD BE PREP>+ TO F>M4 ,HE SAID3 

,LET ! W> 5D & WE CAN RETURN TO \R VILLAGE4 ,I DON'T KN[ H[ TO F>M H]E4 ,NO ONE COMES TO EXPLA9 OR HELP OR TELL US H[ TO DO IT4 ,WE DON'T HAVE ! /R5G? TO CUT D[N ! TREES4 ,! ,GOV]NM5T SAYS NO?+4 ,!Y DON'T TELL US :E!R WE CAN EV] GO HOME4 ,WE DON'T KN[4 ,ALL ! L& HAS TREES OR BU%ES4 ,WE >E TOO TIR$ TO CUT ! BU%ES & ! TREES4 ,!RE >E NO HILLS OR M\NTA9S H]E4 ,IT IS ALL FLAT4 ,:5 WE DO ,HAI 7UPL& F>M+7 :]E WE COME FROM1 ! TREES ALL FALL 9 ONE DIRECTION & IT WAS EASY TO BURN !M4 ,H]E !Y JU/ FALL 9 ALL DIRECTIONS4 ,WE DO NOT KN[ H[ TO F>M H]E4 

,9 FACT1 !SE PEOPLE KN[ WELL H[ TO F>M 9 ?IS >EA1 & ! WORK W\LD NOT BE BEYOND !IR /R5G?1 AT LEA/ IF !Y HAD 5\< TO EAT4 ,BUT AS ! ABOVE ACC\NT 9DICATES1 !Y >E DEMORALIZ$ & )\T HOPE4 ,! ONLY TIME ?AT ,I SAW WORK BE+ DONE 9 ! VILLAGE OR ITS SURR\ND+S WAS DUR+ ONE VISIT1 :5 ,I WAT*$ SOME M5 & WOM5 CON/RUCT+ PRIVATE HUTS ) WOOD ?AT !Y HAD CUT 9 ! =E/4 ,SOME WOM5 W]E SEW+1 & O!RS W]E COOK+ OR COLLECT+ FOOD4 ,! RE/ SAT QUIETLY1 !IR 9T]E/ SOME:AT >\S$ BY \R PRES5CE1 BUT APP>5TLY ) NO PLAN OR HOPE = ! FUTURE4 

,V 

,A CORRESPOND5T = ! ,F> ,EA/]N ,ECONOMIC ,REVIEW HAS SUMM>IZ$ ! SITUATION :I* PRODUC$ ! REFUGEES AS FOLL[S3 

444,! >EA IS A C>PET ( =E/ DOTT$ BY VILLAGES & A FEW T[NS4 ,REFUGEES REPORT ?AT ! BOMB+ WAS PRIM>ILY DIRECT$ AGA9/ !IR VILLAGES4 ,OP]AT+ FROM ,?AI BASES & FROM AIRCRAFT C>RI]S1 ,AM]ICAN JETS HAVE DE/ROY$ ! GREAT MAJORITY ( VILLAGES & T[NS 9 ! NOR!A/4 ,SEV]E CASUALTIES HAVE BE5 9FLICT$ UPON ! 9HABITANTS ( ! REGION1 RICE FIELDS HAVE BE5 BURN$1 & ROADS TORN UP4 ,REFUGEES FROM ! ,PLA9 ( ,J>S REPORT !Y W]E BOMB$ ALMO/ DAILY BY ,AM]ICAN JETS LA/ YE>4 ,!Y SAY !Y SP5T MO/ ( ! PA/ TWO YE>S LIV+ 9 CAVES OR HOLES4.<#d#h.> 

,IT IS D\BTFUL ?AT ANY MILIT>Y PURPOSE1 9 ! N>R[ S5SE1 IS S]V$ BY ! DE/RUCTIVE BOMB+4 ,! CIVILIAN ECONOMY MAY HAVE BE5 DE/ROY$ & ?\S&S ( REFUGEES G5]AT$1 BUT ! ,PA!T ,LAO APPE> TO BE /RONG] ?AN EV]4 ,IF ANY?+1 ! BOMB+ APPE>S TO HAVE IMPROV$ ,PA!T ,LAO MORALE & 9CREAS$ SUPPORT AMONG ! PEASANTS1 :O NO LONG] HAVE TO BE 5C\RAG$ TO HATE ! ,AM]ICANS4 ,! SITUATION IS EXACTLY LIKE ?AT 9 ,VIETNAM1 :]E1 9 ! FIR/ YE> ( ! 9T5SIVE ,AM]ICAN BOMB>DM5T 9 ! ,S\? 7#a#i#f#e71 LOCAL RECRUITM5T = ! ,VIET ,CONG TRIPL$ TO AB\T #a#e11 ACCORD+ TO ,AM]ICAN S\RCES4 ,&1 AS 9 ,VIETNAM1 ! 9DIG5\S GU]RILLA =CES >E N[ MORE DEP5D5T ON \TSIDE ASSI/ANCE AS A RESULT ( ! DE/RUCTION ( ! CIVILIAN SOCIETY 9 :I* !Y HAD !IR ROOTS4 ,! CORRESPOND5T QUOT$ ABOVE COMM5TS3 

,BY DEPRIV+ COMMUNI/ =CES ( 9DIG5\S FOOD /ORES1 ! BOMB+ HAS CAUS$ !M TO RELY ON MORE DEP5DABLE SUPPLIES FROM ,NOR? ,VIETNAM4 ,= ALL ?AT IT HAS UND\BT$LY DEMORALIZ$ CIVILIANS1 REFUGEES REPORT ?AT ! BOMB+ HAS RAIS$ ! MORALE ( ,PA!T ,LAO FI<T+ =CES4 ,UNLIKE MO/ O!R SOLDI]S 9 ,LAOS1 !Y F9ALLY HAVE A CLE> IDEA ( :AT !Y >E FI<T+ =4 ,REFUGEES ALSO SAY ?AT VOLUNTE]S = ! ,PA!T ,LAO >MY HAVE D\BL$4449 ! LA/ FEW YE>S4 ,BE=E1 MANY VILLAGE Y\?S W]E RELUCTANT TO LEAVE !IR VILLAGES4 ,N[ ! ATTITUDE HAS BECOME1 0BETT] TO DIE AS A SOLDI] ?AN TO DIE HID+ FROM ! BOMB+ 9 HOLES 9 ! GR\ND4.<#d#i.> 

,AS 9 ,VIETNAM1 !RE IS A MILIT>Y PURPOSE TO !SE TACTICS 9 A BROAD] S5SE4 ,H]E AGA9 WE SEE ! TACTIC ( 0=C$-DRAFT URBANIZATION0 AT WORK4 ,TO FI<T AGA9/ A PEOPLE'S W>1 IT IS NECESS>Y1 H]E AS 9 ,S\? ,VIETNAM1 TO ELIM9ATE ! PEOPLE1 EI!R BY KILL+ !M1 DE/ROY+ !IR SOCIETY & =C+ !M 9TO CAVES1 OR 0URBANIZ+0 !M BY DRIV+ !M 9TO REFUGEE CAMPS OR URBAN C5T]S4 ,:O CAN TELL :E!R ?IS TACTIC MAY NOT SUCCE$8 

,WE DISCUSS$ ! BOMB>DM5T ) ,PR9CE ,S\VANNA ,PH\MA4 ,HE D5I$ ?AT ANY DE/RUCTION IS TAK+ PLACE3 

,!RE IS NO DE/RUCTION4 ,WE ONLY BOMB ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE4 ,WE HAVE 0TEAMS0 SCATT]$ ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,:5 !Y SEE ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE CONVOYS !Y CALL = BOMB+4 ,LAOS IS NOT LIKE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,IT IS NOT D5SELY POPULAT$1 ) MANY BIG CITIES4 ,NO CITIES OR VILLAGES >E DE/ROY$4 #g1 REFUGEES HAVE COME TO \R SIDE4 ,!RE >E NO PEOPLE ON ! O!R SIDE4 ,MAYBE A FEW HUTS DE/ROY$1 BUT NO SETTL$ >EAS4 ,PEOPLE FLEE :5 !Y HE> ?AT ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE >E COM+4.<#e.> 

,WE M5TION$ SPECIFICALLY ?AT REFUGEES HAVE TOLD US ?AT !IR VILLAGES W]E DE/ROY$ LONG BE=E !Y LEFT !M4 ,HE REPLI$3 

,NO1 NO4 ,SOMETIMES ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE MIX 9 ) ! POPULATION & WE HAVE TO MAKE A SACRIFICE ( !M & BOMB ! VILLAGE1 ?AT'S TRUE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 REC5TLY 9 ,PAKSANE SOME ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE HELD A VILLAGE & IT TOOK US ?REE DAYS TO DISLODGE !M4 ,9 ?AT CASE UN=TUNATELY ! VILLAG]S GOT BOMB$ ALSO4 

,HE !N %[$ US A L>GE RELIEF MAP ( ,9DO*9A ON ! WALL1 & REPEAT$3 0,Y\ SEE ?OSE M\NTA9\S >EAS CONTROLL$ BY ! ,PA!T ,LAO & ! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE4 ,NOBODY LIVES !RE40 

,ACCORD+ TO ,AM]ICAN FIGURES1 OV] A MILLION PEOPLE LIVE !RE1 WELL OV] A ?IRD ( ! POPULATION4 

,P>T ( ! POPULATION ( ,LAOS LIVES 9 URBAN C5T]S1 ,VI5TIANE BE+ ! L>GE/4 ,O!RS LIVE 9 ! ,PA!T ,LAO-CONTROLL$ >EAS UND] ! CONDITIONS ,I HAVE DESCRIB$4 ,/ILL O!RS REMA9 9 REFUGEE CAMPS4 ,9 ADDITION1 !RE >E ! ,MEO TRIBESM5 :O HAVE BE5 ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,C,I,A1 & ?AT P>T ( TRADITIONAL ,LAO PEASANT SOCIETY ?AT IS /ILL UNT\*$ BY ! W>4 

,REPORTS FROM ! ,VANG ,PAO >MY ( ,MEO 9DICATE ?AT !Y MAY BE NE>+ ! 5D ( !IR ABILITY TO CONT9UE FI<T+4 ,SEV]AL YE>S AGO1 ,ROB]T ,%APL5 QUOT$ ,$G> 0,POP0 ,BUELL1 ! ,AM]ICAN :O IS PRIM>ILY RESPONSIBLE = ! ,MEO OP]ATIONS3 

,A FEW DAYS AGO ,I WAS ) ,VANG ,PAO'S (FIC]S :5 !Y R\ND$ UP #c FRE% ,MEO RECRUITS4 ,?IRTY P]C5T ( ! KIDS W]E #ad YE>S OLD OR LESS & AB\T A DOZ5 W]E ONLY AB\T #a YE>S OLD4 ,ANO!R #c P]C5T W]E #ae OR #a#f4 ,! RE/ W]E #ce OR OV]4 ,:]E W]E ! ONES 9 BETWE58 ,I WILL TELL Y\1 !Y >E ALL DEAD4 ,H]E W]E !SE LITTLE KIDS 9 !IR CAM\FLAGE UNI=MS ?AT W]E MU* TOO BIG = !M1 BUT !Y LOOK$ REAL NEAT1 & :5 ! ,K+ ( ,LAOS TALK$ TO !M !Y W]E PR\D & COCKY AS C\LD BE4444 ,!Y >E TOO Y\NG & >E NOT TRA9$4 ,9 A FEW WEEKS #i P]C5T ( !M WILL BE KILL$4.<#e#a.> 

,S9CE !N1 ! ,VANG ,PAO =CES HAVE SUFF]$ S]I\S LOSSES1 & ALL CR$IBLE REPORTS 9DICATE ?AT !IR SITUATION IS F> WORSE4 ,BY 9CIT+ L>GE NUMB]S ( ,MEO TO FI<T AGA9/ ! ,PA!T ,LAO & ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES MAY HAVE BR\<T AB\T !IR DE/RUCTION AS AN ORGANIZ$ GR\P4 

0,POP0 ,BUELL REC5TLY REPORT$ ?AT 0ALL HIS FRI5DS FROM HIS E>LY DAYS 9 ,LAOS HAVE DI$ 9 COMBAT40.<#e#b.> ,HE ADD$3 

,! BE/ >E BE+ KILL$ (F 9 ?IS C\NTRY & ,AM]ICA WILL NEV] BE ABLE TO REPAY !M = :AT !Y'RE DO+4 

,! ,AM]ICAN POLICY ( SACRIFIC+ ! ,MEO TO ,AM]ICA'S ANTI-,COMMUNI/ CRUSADE MU/ BE REG>D$1 9 MY OP9ION1 AS ONE ( ! MO/ PR(\NDLY CYNICAL ASPECTS ( ! ,AM]ICAN W> 9 ,9DO*9A4 

,TO TRY TO GET A S5SE ( TRADITIONAL ,LAOS1 WE VISIT$ A VILLAGE JU/ A FEW MILES FROM ,VI5TIANE :I*--9CR$IBLY--SEEMS VIRTUALLY UNT\*$ BY ! W>1 9DE$ BY ! MOD]N AGE4 ,WE VISIT$ ! HOME ( AN OLD PEASANT C\PLE :]E \R GUIDE HAD LIV$ = SEV]AL YE>S AS AN ,I,V,S VOLUNTE]4 ,:5 WE >RIV$1 ! OLD MAN WAS SITT+ ON ! L>GE OP5 POR* \TSIDE ! SLEEP+ QU>T]S1 C>V+ ,BUDDHI/ V]SES ON LONG /RIPS ( BAMBOO4 ,HE WAS SO 5GROSS$ ?AT HE WAS UNAW>E ( \R PRES5CE UNTIL \R GUIDE TAPP$ HIM ON ! %\LD] 9 GREET+4 ,! MAN & HIS WIFE SEAT$ !MSELVES BE=E US & W\ND KNOTT$ /R+S >\ND \R WRI/S1 WI%+ US HEAL? & GOOD =TUNE4 ,! OLD WOMAN EXPLA9$ ?AT %E HAD JU/ RECEIV$ !SE P>TICUL> /R+S FROM A ,BUDDHI/ MONK AT A %R9E :]E %E HAD SP5T SEV]AL DAYS4 

,WAT] BUFFALOES1 G5TLE BEA/S1 TRUDG$ SL[LY ALONG ! DIRT PA?S1 PA/ KNOTS ( PEOPLE TALK+ & LAU<+ 9 ! QUIET ( ! E>LY EV5+4 ,! VILLAG]S GREET$ \R GUIDE W>MLY1 JOK+ & *ATT+ ) HIM AS WE WALK$ ?R\< ! VILLAGE4 ,SEV]AL W]E AT LEA/ HALF-/ON$1 CONTRIBUT+ TO ! ATMOSPH]E ( TRANQUILITY & AB&ON4 ,WE HAD BR\<T SOME MEAT = D9N]1 :I* ! PEASANT WOMAN COOK$4 ,AFT] A LEISURELY MEAL ) ! OLD C\PLE1 WE RETURN$1 LATE ?AT EV5+1 TO ,VI5TIANE4 

,SUP]FICIALLY1 SU* A VILLAGE SEEMS A HAV5 ( PEACE 9 ! TURMOIL & MIS]Y ( ,LAOS1 BUT !RE IS MORE TO ! /ORY4 ,\R GUIDE1 :O HAD /UDI$ ! VILLAGE ) GREAT C>E1 E/IMAT$ ?AT 9FANT MORTALITY MAY BE AS HI< AS #e P]C5T4 ,DYS5T]Y IS 5DEMIC1 & MU* ( ! POPULATION IS ALWAYS ILL4 ,9 FACT1 AS WE /ROLL$ ?R\< ! VILLAGE WE SAW C]EMONIES ON SEV]AL POR*ES = ?OSE :O W]E ILL4 ,!RE IS NO SANIT>Y WAT] SUPPLY1 & V]Y LITTLE M$ICAL C>E4 

,! LIFE ( ! VILLAGE IS LESS ?AN DELI<TFUL 9 MANY O!R WAYS4 ,! OLD MAN WE VISIT$ TOLD US ?AT HE WALKS A LONG DI/ANCE TO FET* WAT]4 ,?IS SEEM$ SURPRIS+1 S9CE !RE WAS A L>GE POND NE>BY4 ,:5 WE WALK$ TO ! POND1 WE DISCOV]$ ?AT IT WAS F5C$ (F1 AS WAS A L>GE >EA SURR\ND+ IT4 ,\R GUIDE EXPLA9$ ?AT SOME YE>S BACK A MAN HAD COME TO ! VILLAGE & SIMPLY TAK5 ! POND & ! SURR\ND+ L& = HIMSELF4 ,:5 ! VILLAG]S W5T TO ! VILLAGE *IEF1 !Y W]E TOLD ?AT ?AT IS ! WAY IT WAS TO BE4 

,! OLD] 9HABITANTS N[ SPEAK SADLY ( ! DAYS :5 !Y C\LD SIT B5EA? ! TALL TREES NE> ! POND & !Y COMPLA9 ( ! DIFFICULTY & 9CONV5I5CE & ! LOSS ( GOOD L&1 BUT !RE IS NO?+ ?AT !Y CAN DO4 ,:5 HE >RIV$ 9 ! VILLAGE & LE>N$ ( ! SITUATION1 ! ,I,V,S WORK] TRI$ TO CONV9CE !M TO GO TO ! CITY1 B>ELY FIVE MILES AWAY1 & BEG9 A LAW SUIT4 ,! MAN WAS QUICKLY TOLD ?AT ?IS WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! VILLAGE *IEF HAD AGRE$1 9DICAT+ ?AT HI<] (FICIALS W]E 9VOLV$ 9 BLOCK+ ! POND4 ,COMPLA9TS W\LD NOT BE HE$$ & MI<T EV5 BR+ SOLDI]S TO ! VILLAGE4 ,IT IS SU* ABUSES AS !SE1 TYPICAL ( A TRADITIONAL SOCIETY &1 IF ANY?+1 GIV5 ADD$ H>%NESS BY COLONIALISM1 ?AT ! ,PA!T ,LAO SEEK TO 5D4 

,LOR+ ,WAGON]1 A COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T >EA ADVIS] :O HAS WORK$ 9 ,LAOS = A NUMB] ( YE>S 9 ! ,U,S,A,I,D PROGRAM1 T\*$ UPON SU* MATT]S 9 HIS TE/IMONY BE=E ! ,SYM+TON ,SUBCOMMITTEE ,HE>+S 7PP4 #e#g#dF474 ,HE DESCRIB$ ! PEASANTS AS 0VILLAGE ORI5T$10 & NOT CONC]N$ ) ,LAOS AS A NATION4 ,) REG>D TO ! ,R,L,G3 

,! VILLAG] LOOKS AT ! ,GOV]NM5T (FICIALS 9 ,VI5TIANE AS PEOPLE :O HAVE ATTA9$ A POSITION :]E !Y CAN ASK & TAKE ?+S )\T CONSULTATION ) ! VILLAG]S1 ) ! LOCAL POPULATION4 ,!Y R>ELY MAKE PROTE/S AB\T ?IS TYPE ( CORRUPTION OR SKIMM+ (F ! TOP UNLESS1 ( C\RSE1 IT BEG9S TO P9* !M FAIRLY BADLY4 

,HE W5T ON TO DESCRIBE ! CORRUPTION ( ! ELITE 9 !IR DEAL+S ) ! VILLAG]S1 & OBS]V$ ?AT ! VILLAG]S DESCRIBE ! ,PA!T ,LAO AS 0HONE/ ) !M0 ?\< 0MU* MORE AU?ORIT>IAN ?AN ! ,LAO ,GOV]NM5T SEEMS TO BE40 ,! VILLAG]S T5D TO VIEW ! ,PA!T ,LAO AS TRADITIONALI/S :O EMPHASIZE 0! OLD WAY ( LIFE1 MAK+ IT ALL ,LAO40 

,:5 ,I >RIV$ 9 ,LAOS & F\ND Y\NG ,AM]ICANS LIV+ !RE1 \T ( FREE *OICE1 ,I WAS SURPRIS$4 ,AFT] ONLY A WEEK ,I BEGAN TO HAVE A S5SE ( ! APPEAL ( ! C\NTRY & ITS PEOPLE--ALONG ) DESPAIR AB\T ITS FUTURE4 

,NOTES 

,MC,KEI!N'S ANTI-,PA!T ,LAO BIAS IS SO EXTREME ?AT HE CANNOT EV5 MANAGE TO BE CONSI/5T4 ,?US HE WRITES ?AT ,PA!T ,LAO 0M9OR (FICIALS >E *OS5 ON ! BASIS ( !IR CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! /ATE & !IR RELIABILITY 7/RONG BACK _/ WEAK M9D70 7,LIFE UND] ! ,P4,L474 ,A FEW PAGES E>LI] WE READ ?AT 0,GOV]NM5T (FICIALS .<UND] ! ,PA!T ,LAO.> >E *OS5 ALMO/ 5TIRELY ON ! BASIS ( M]IT1 AL?\< !RE SEEMS TO BE A G5]AL PREF]5CE = ! ECONOMICALLY DEPRIV$ VILLAG] AS OPPOS$ TO HIS WEAL?I] C\NT]P>T40 

,! FIVE PO9TS ( ! /> DO HAVE A SYMBOLIC SIGNIFICANCE3 !Y /& = 9TELLECTUALS1 WORK]S1 PEASANTS1 TRADESM51 & SOLDI]S WORK+ TOGE!R TO DEF5D & BUILD ! C\NTRY4 

.<#a.> ,= A GOOD ACC\NT ( ITS OP]ATIONS1 SEE ,PET] ,DALE ,SCOTT1 0,AIR ,AM]ICA3 ,FLY+ ! ,U,S 9TO ,LAOS10 ,RAMP>TS1 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#g4 

.<#b.> ,KEI? ,BU*ANAN1 ,! ,S\!A/ ,ASIAN ,WORLD1 ,LONDON1 ,BELL & ,SONS1 #a#i#f#g1 P4 #a#dF4 ,! PRES5T ,U,S,A,I,D ADM9I/RATOR REPORTS ?AT AS ( TODAY1 0,LAOS HAS VIRTUALLY NO 9DIG5\S M$ICAL CAPABILITY & !RE >E ONLY AB\T A DOZ5 =EIGN TRA9$ ,LAO DOCTORS 9-C\NTRY40 7,HE>+S ( ! ,SYM+TON ,SUBCOMMITTEE ON ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,SECURITY ,AGREEM5TS & ,COMMITM5TS ,ABROAD ( ! ,COMMITTEE ON ,=EIGN ,RELATIONS1 ,U,S ,S5ATE1 ,OCT4 #b-#b#h1 #a#i#f#i1 P4 #e#f#f1 RELEAS$ ) MANY DELETIONS 9 ,APRIL1 #a#i#g4 ,GOV]NM5T ,PR9T+ ,(FICE47 

.<#c.> ,BU*ANAN1 OP4 CIT4 

.<#d.> 0,RAPPORT SUR LA SITUATION ECONOMIQUE ET F9ANCI]E1 #a#i#f#h-#i40 

.<#e.> ,F]D ,BRANFMAN1 0,$UCATION 9 ,LAOS ,TODAY10 SPEE* GIV5 AT ,I,V,S ANNUAL CONF]5CE1 ,FEBRU>Y #a1 #a#i#f#h4 ,! REF]5CE IS TO ! P>T ( ,LAOTIAN SOCIETY ADM9I/]$ BY ! ,R,L,G4 ,! FIGURE ( #f1#f#f#i /UD5TS 9 SECOND>Y S*OOLS COMES FROM ! ,A,I,D REPORT 9 ! ,SYM+TON ,SUBCOMMITTEE ,HE>+S1 P4 #e#g4 

.<#f.> ,JACQUES ,DOYON & ,GUY ,HANNOTEAUX1 0L',AMBIGUITE DE L'5GAGEM5T AM]ICA9 AU ,LAOS10 ,FIG>O1 ,M>* #a#a1 #a#i#g1 ,VI5TIANE4 

.<#g.> 0,LAOS3 ! LABYR9?9E W>10 ,F> ,EA/]N ,ECONOMIC ,REVIEW1 ,APRIL #a#f1 #a#i#g1 CORRESPOND5T4 

.<#h.> ,! ,C,I,A IS ALSO REPORT$ TO BE 9VOLV$ 9 ! OPIUM TRAFFIC4 ,= BACKGR\ND & DISCUSSION1 SEE ! >TICLES BY ,DAVID ,FE+OLD & ,AL ,MC,COY 9 ,N9A ,ADAMS & ,ALFR$ ,MC,COY1 $S41 ,LAOS3 ,W> & ,REVOLUTION1 TO BE PUBLI%$ BY ,H>P] @& ,R[ 9 ,NOVEMB]4 ,SEE ALSO ,*RI/IAN ,SCI5CE ,MONITOR1 ,MAY #b#i1 #a#i#g1 = A REPORT ( DIRECT ,C,I,A 9VOLVEM5T 9 OPIUM %IPM5T4 

.<#i.> ,EMBASSY (FICIALS CLAIM ?AT ?IS P>TICUL> 9/ANCE ( CORRUPTION IS EXAGG]AT$1 & ?AT ,U,S,A,I,D SIMPLY DIV]T$ O!R FUNDS TO ! AIRPORT CON/RUCTION4 

.<#a.> ,?AT ,U,S,A,I,D S]VES AS A ,C,I,A COV]1 AS HAS LONG BE5 REPORT$1 HAS N[ BE5 (FICIALLY ADMITT$ BY ,=EIGN ,AID ,*IEF ,JOHN ,A4 ,HANNAH1 ,A,P ,BO/ON ,GLOBE1 ,JUNE #h1 #a#i#g4 

.<#a#a.> ,! ,PA!T ,LAO (FICIALLY FAVORS A RETURN TO ! G5]AL L9ES ( ! AGREEM5TS ( #aifb ?AT E/ABLI%$ A ,GOV]NM5T ( ,NATIONAL ,UNION1 & !RE=E HAS NO EMBASSY 9 ,HANOI4 ,!RE IS A ,R,L,G ,EMBASSY 9 ,HANOI1 /AFF$1 ,I WAS 9=M$1 BY ,PA!T ,LAO SYMPA?IZ]S4 ,! ,PA!T ,LAO ,9=MATION ,(FICE IS ! HI<E/ (FICIAL ,PA!T ,LAO REPRES5TATION 9 ,HANOI4 ,!RE IS ALSO A ,PA!T ,LAO REPRES5TATIVE 9 ,VI5TIANE1 ACCESSIBLE1 ?\< BLOCKAD$ BY ,R,L,G TROOPS1 &1 HE ASS]TS1 H>ASS$ 9 MANY WAYS BY ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,WE W]E NOT ABLE TO P5ETRATE ! BUREAUCRATIC MAZE 9 ! TIME AVAILABLE1 BUT WE DID MANAGE TO SPEAK TO HIM AT ! AIRPORT1 ON ! WAY TO ,HANOI4 ,! 9T]VIEW FROM :I* ! REM>K 9 ! TEXT IS TAK5 APPE>S 9 FULL 9 ,N4 ,ADAMS & ,A4 ,MC,COY1 OP4 CIT4 

.<#a#b.> ,SEE 0,LAOS3 ! LABYR9?9E W>10 ,F> ,EA/]N ,ECONOMIC ,REVIEW1 ,APRIL #a#f1 #a#i#g1 = SOME COMM5TS ON ,ALLMAN'S OBS]VATIONS4 

.<#a#c.> ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,MAY #b#e4 ,A,F,P REPORTS ?AT ,VANG ,PAO 0IS TRY+ TO RETAKE FIVE SMALL =W>D PO/S ( HIS BASE AT ,SAM ,?ONG4444 ,! BASE WAS CAPTUR$ BY LEFTI/ =CES 9 A SURPRISE ASSAULT LA/ WEEK40 

.<#a#d.> ,U,P,I1 ,9T]NATIONAL ,H]ALD ,TRIBUNE1 ,APRIL #d-#e1 #a#i#g4 ,!RE IS SOME SUSPICION ?AT ! REPORT ?AT ,COMMUNI/ TROOPS HAD OCCUPI$ ,SAM ,?ONG WAS RELEAS$ 9 AN EF=T TO CONCEAL ! V&ALISM ( ! ,CL&E/9E ,>MY4 

.<#a#e.> ,9 ! WORDS ( ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,/ATE ,BACKGR\ND ,NOTES1 ,M>* #a#i#f#i1 0,BY ! SPR+ ( #aifa ! ,N,L,H,S APPE>$ TO BE 9 A POSITION TO TAKE OV] ! 5TIRE C\NTRY40 

.<#a#f.> ,P4 ,F4 ,LANG] & ,J4 ,J4 ,ZASL(F1 ,REVOLUTION 9 ,LAOS3 ,! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE & ! ,PA!T ,LAO1 ,R,M-#e#i#c#e1 ,R,& ,CORPORATION1 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#f#i1 P4 #a#a#c2 TO BE PUBLI%$ ?IS FALL BY ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS AS ,NOR? ,VIETNAM & ! ,PA!T ,LAO3 ,P>TN]S 9 ! ,/RUGGLE = ,LAOS 7#a#g#e PP41 @s#e4#i#e74 

.<#a#g.> ,PH\MI ,VONGVI*IT1 ,LAOS & ! ,VICTORI\S ,/RUGGLE ( ! ,LAO ,PEOPLE ,AGA9/ ,U4,S4 ,NEOCOLONIALISM1 ,NEO ,LAO ,HAKSAT ,$ITIONS1 #a#i#f#i1 PP4 #g#g-#h4 ,P,E,O IS ! ,PROGRAM ,EVALUATION ,(FICE ( ! ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T1 CLAIM$ BY ,VONGVI*IT TO BE 0A ,U,S MILIT>Y COMM& 9 ,LAOS40 ,M,A,A,G IS ! ,MILIT>Y ,ASSI/ANCE ,ADVISORY ,GR\P3 ,P,A,G ! ,POLICE ,ADVISORY ,GR\P2 & ,U,S,O,M ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,OP]ATIONS ,MISSION4 

.<#a#h.> ,SEE ,JONA?AN ,MIRSKY & ,/EPH5 ,E4 ,/ONEFIELD1 0,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ,LAOS10 9 ,E4 ,FRI$MAN & ,M>K ,SELD5 7$S471 ,AM]ICA'S ,ASIA1 ,PAN!ON1 #a#i#g4 

.<#a#i.> ,= BACKGR\ND ON EV5TS PRIOR TO ! R5EWAL ( ! CIVIL W> 9 #a#i#f#c1 SEE ,>?UR ,DOMM51 ,CONFLICT 9 ,LAOS1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#d2 ,HU< ,TOYE1 ,LAOS3 ,BUFF] ,/ATE OR ,BATTLEGR\ND1 ,OX=D1 #a#i#f#h2 ,MIRSKY & ,/ONEFIELD1 OP4 CIT42 ,LANG] & ,ZASL(F1 OP4 CIT42 ,VONGVI*IT1 OP4 CIT4 ,SEE ALSO ,PET] ,DALE ,SCOTT1 0,LAOS1 ,NIXON & ! ,C,I,A10 ,NEW ,YORK ,REVIEW1 ,APRIL #i1 #a#i#g4 

.<#b.> 0,FROM #aidf TO #aifc ,LAOS RECEIV$ MORE ,AM]ICAN AID P] CAPITA ?AN ANY C\NTRY 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA4 ,BY #aieh ! ,ROYAL ,LAO ,>MY WAS ! ONLY =EIGN >MY 9 ! WORLD :OLLY SUPPORT$ BY ! TAXPAY]S ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES40 ,MIRSKY & ,/ONEFIELD1 OP4 CIT4 

.<#b#a.> ,?IS 9=MATION COMES FROM =M] ,I,V,S WORK]S4 ,I WAS NOT ABLE TO *ECK O!R S\RCES OR ! DOCUM5TS !MSELVES1 BUT ,I BELIEVE IT TO BE FULLY ACCURATE4 

.<#b#b.> ,VONGVI*IT1 OP4 CIT41 P4 #a#c4 

.<#b#c.> ,9T]ROGATION ( ,WILLIAM ,SULLIVAN1 ,DEPUTY ,ASSI/ANT ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE = ,EA/ ,ASIAN & ,PACIFIC ,AFFAIRS1 & =M] ,AMBASSADOR TO ,LAOS BY ,MR4 ,PAUL ( ! ,COMMITTEE ,/AFF1 ,HE>+S ( ! ,SYM+TON ,SUBCOMMITTEE1 PP4 #e#c#b-#c#c4 

.<#b#d.> ,IBID41 P4 #e#a#f-#g4 

.<#b#e.> ,IBID41 P4 #e#h#eF4 

.<#b#f.> ,SEE ,P4,D4 ,SCOTT1 0,LAOS1 ,NIXON1 & ! ,C,I,A10 & ,MIRSKY & ,/ONEFIELD1 OP4 CIT4 

.<#b#g.> ,HE CONT9UES ) ?IS PRET5SE 9 ! ,K5N$Y ,SUBCOMMITTEE HE>+S ON REFUGEES1 ,MAY1 #a#i#g3 0,WE E/ABLI%$ V]Y CLE> RULES PUTT+ ALL VILLAGES \T ( RANGE ( ,AM]ICAN AIR ACTIVITY4 ,BE=E ,I APPROV$ A /RIKE1 ,I 9SI/$ ON PHOTOGRAPHIC EVID5CE TO SEE ! >EA & ! T>GET40 ,HE ACCEPT$ ! E/IMATE ( #g SORTIES A DAY4 ,SEE ,MURRAY ,KEMPTON1 0,FROM ! ,CITY ( ,LIES40 ,NEW ,YORK ,REVIEW1 ,JUNE #d4 #a#i#g4 

.<#b#h.> ,= DETAIL$ DOCUM5TATION ( O!R FALSEHOODS 9 ?IS SPEE*1 SEE ,SCOTT1 0,LAOS1 ,NIXON1 & ! ,C,I,A40 

.<#b#i.> ,LIFE ,MAGAZ9E1 ,APRIL #c1 #a#i#g4 ,REPR9T$ 9 AN EXCELL5T SELECTION ( >TICLES ON ! CURR5T SITUATION 9 ,LAOS 9S]T$ BY ,S5ATOR ,K5N$Y 9 ! ,CONGRESSIONAL ,RECORD1 ,APRIL #b1 #a#i#g1 ,S#e#i#h#h-#i#b4 ,SEE ALSO ,C>L ,/ROCK1 0,LAOTIAN ,TRAG$Y10 ,NEW ,REPUBLIC1 ,MAY #i1 #a#i#g4 

.<#c.> ,WA%+TON ,/>1 ,APRIL #a#i1 #a#i#g4 ,REPR9T$ 9 ! ,CONGRESSIONAL ,RECORD COLLECTION CIT$ ABOVE4 

.<#c#a.> ,SEE ,SYM+TON ,SUBCOMMITTEE ,HE>+S1 P4 #c#h4 ,! REPORT ADDS ?AT 0( ?OSE KILL$ 9 ,LAOS UP TO ,OCTOB] #b#b1 #a#i#f#i1 SOME?+ >\ND ONE-QU>T] W]E KILL$ ) RESPECT TO OP]ATIONS 9 NOR!RN ,LAOS40 ,A ,U,P,I REPORT FROM ,G5EVA 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,H]ALD ,TRIBUNE1 ,APRIL #d-#e1 #a#i#g1 GIVES ! FIGURE ( #hf ,U,S ,AIR ,=CE ,P]SONNEL HELD PRISON] BY ! ,PA!T ,LAO 9 ,LAOS4 ,! FIGURE1 GIV5 BY TWO CL]GYM51 IS CLAIM$ TO BE BAS$ ON ,U,S S\RCES 0CONFIRM$ BY PRIVATE S\RCES 9 ,G5EVA40 ,! ,PA!T ,LAO CLAIMS TO HAVE %OT D[N OV] #a1#b ,AM]ICAN PLANES 9 ,LAOS4 

.<#c#b.> ,A /ATEM5T ON ?IS MATT] APPE>S 9 ! 9T]VIEW CIT$ 9 NOTE #a#a4 

.<#c#c.> ,LIFE UND] ! ,P4,L4 9 ! ,XI5G ,KH\ANG ,VILLE ,>EA1 UNDAT$2 ,! ,ROLE ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE ,CADRES 9 ! ,PA!T ,LAO ,ADM9I/RATION ( ,XI5G ,KH\ANG ,PROV9CE1 ,APRIL #a#i#g4 ,MC,KEI!N IS NOT FUR!R ID5TIFI$ 9 !SE DOCUM5TS4 ,PRESUMABLY1 HE IS ASSOCIAT$ ) ,U,S,A,I,D1 ! ,C,I,A1 OR BO?4 

.<#c#d.> ,H]E ,MC,KEI!N IS A BIT DIS+5U\S4 ,! VIRTUAL DE/RUCTION ( CIVIL SOCIETY BY A]IAL BOMB>DM5T IS OBVI\SLY A MAJOR REASON :Y PRECI\S RES\RCES MU/ BE CONS]V$4 ,ONE REFUGEE DESCRIB$ HIS [N M>RIAGE C]EMONY3 FEW PEOPLE C\LD ATT5D BECAUSE ( ! BOMB>DM5T & !Y HAD TO DOVE 9TO TR5*ES DUR+ ! C]EMONY BECAUSE ( A NE>BY RAID4 

.<#c#e.> ,LIFE UND] ! ,P4,L4 ,HE ALSO NOTES ?AT 0! ,KH\5G (FICES W]E LOCAT$ 9 A SMALL CAVE0 \TSIDE ! CITY1 BUT FAILS TO M5TION ! REASON4 

.<#c#f.> ,LANG] & ,ZASL(F1 OP4 CIT4 

.<#c#g.> ,MESSAGE ,NO4 #c#e1 #af ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#f#e4 ,9T]NATIONAL ,COMMISSION = ,SUP]VISION & ,CONTROL 9 ,LAOS1 TO ! ,CO*AIRMAN ( ! ,G5EVA ,CONF]5CE4 

.<#c#h.> ,REPORT ( AN ,9VE/IGATION BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,COMMISSION = ,SUP]VISION & ,CONTROL 9 ,LAOS ( AN ATTACK ON ,DONG ,H5E BY ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE ,TROOPS2 ?IS DOCUM5T1 UNDAT$ & UNID5TIFI$1 IS A REPRODUCTION ( P>TS ( ! ORIG9AL ,I,C,C DOCUM5T SUBMITT$ ON ,JUNE #a#d1 #a#i#f#f4 

.<#c#i.> ,PAUL ,LANG] & ,JOSEPH ,J4 ,ZASL(F1 ,! ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE ,MILIT>Y ,ADVIS] 9 ,LAOS1 ,R,& ,CORPORATION1 ,R,M-#e#f#h#h1 ,JULY1 #a#i#f#h4 

.<#d.> ,! DETAILS >E DIFFICULT TO DOCUM5T1 ( C\RSE1 S9CE ! ,R,& ,CORPORATION DOES NOT OBLIG+LY SUPPLY SELECT$ 9=MATION TO 9DICATE ! SCOPE & TIM+ ( !SE ACTIVITIES4 ,SOME DETAILS APPE> 9 ! ,SYM+TON ,SUBCOMMITTEE ,HE>+S4 ,IT IS H>DLY NECESS>Y TO EMPHASIZE ?AT EXCEPT = ! ,I,C,C REPORTS1 DOCUM5TS ( ! SORT REVIEW$ H]E >E ( DUBI\S VALUE4 ,! S\RCE MAT]IAL IS NOT AVAILABLE1 & !RE IS NO WAY ( *ECK+ DI/ORTIONS1 EXCISIONS1 OR OMISSIONS4 

.<#d#a.> ,! ?REE REGIONS ( ,VIETNAM1 9 ,WE/]N T]M9OLOGY4 ,9 ,VIETNAMESE3 ,BAC-,BO1 ,TRUNG-,BO1 ,NAM-,BO4 

.<#d#b.> ,I DID NOT TAKE NOTES DUR+ ! 9T]VIEW ) ,PR9CE ,S\VANNA ,PH\MA4 ,!SE REM>KS & ?OSE QUOT$ BEL[ W]E RECON/RUCT$ IMM$IATELY AFT] ! 9T]VIEW & *ECK$ ) O!R P>TICIPANTS4 

.<#d#c.> ,LANG] & ,ZASL(F1 ,REVOLUTION 9 ,LAOS1 P4 #b#a#b4 

.<#d#d.> ,BEH9D ! ,L9ES--,HANOI1 ,H>P] @& ,R[1 #a#i#f#g1 PP4 #c#e-#f4 ,SALISBURY ASSUM$ ?AT HE WAS REF]R+ TO ,S\!RN ,LAOS1 BUT ! DESCRIPTION IS REM>KABLY SIMIL> TO :AT HAS S9CE BE5 REPORT$ FROM ! ,NOR?4 ,9 VIEW ( :AT WE N[ KN[1 ! DESCRIPTION IS PROBABLY ( ,SAM ,NEUA PROV9CE4 

.<#d#e.> ,DECORNOY'S REPORTS >E GIV5 9 FULL1 9 TRANSLATION1 9 ,ADAMS & ,MC,COY1 OP4 CIT4 ,ALSO 9 ! ,BULLET9 ( ! ,CONC]N$ ,ASIAN ,S*OL>S1 ,APRIL-,JULY #a#i#g4 

.<#d#f.> ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,FEBRU>Y #e1 #a#i#g4 

.<#d#g.> ,?IS IS A CON/ANT REFRA9 AMONG ! ,COMMUNI/S ( ,9DO*9A4 

.<#d#h.> ,APRIL #a#f1 #a#i#g4 ,SEE NOTE #g4 

.<#d#i.> ,?IS P>AGRAPH IS TAK5 FROM ! ORIG9AL TEXT1 P>TS ( :I* APPE> 9 ! ,F> ,EA/]N ,ECONOMIC ,REVIEW1 ,APRIL #a#f1 #a#i#g4 

.<#e.> ,SEE NOTE #d#b4 

.<#e#a.> ,NEW ,YORK]1 ,MAY1 #a#i#f#h1 QUOT$ 9 ,SYM+TON ,SUBCOMMITTEE ,HE>+S1 P4 #e#e#b4 

.<#e#b.> ,H5RY ,KAMM1 ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 ,FEBRU>Y #e1 #a#i#g4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bba 3 ,A ,VISIT TO ,LAOS -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,A ,VISIT TO ,LAOS -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/