,*APT] #b 
,AUGU/ #aicf 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,/U>T ,*RI/IE 

,TEXT 3 

,9 ,VAL5CIA1 ! MILITANTS ( ! ,C,N,T1 ,F,A,I & ,F,I,J,L 7,F$]ACION ,IB]ICA DE ,JUV5TUDES ,LIB]T>IAS -- ! AN>*I/ Y\? MOVEM5T7 :O HAD L$ ! ATTACK ON ! CITY'S >MY B>RACKS ON #ah ,JULY MET 9 A MONA/]Y ?AT !Y HAD CONV]T$ 9TO A TEMPOR>Y MILITIA QU>T]S1 & =M$ :AT WAS TO BECOME KN[N AS ! ,IRON ,COLUMN4 ,9 L9E ) AN>*I/ POLICY1 ALL PRISON]S W]E RELEAS$ :5 ! JAILS W]E OP5$ DUR+ AN 9SURRECTION4 ,MANY ( !SE W]E COMMON-LAW PRISON]S1 :O HAD BE5 POLITICIZ$ DUR+ !IR IMPRISONM5T BY AN>*I/ OR 'SOCIAL' PRISON]S1 & *OSE TO FI<T ALONGSIDE !IR LIB]ATORS4 ,) SEV]AL HUNDR$ FRE$ PRISON]S AMONG ITS NUMB]S1 ! NEW COLUMN SET (F = ! ,T]UEL ,FRONT1 :]E !Y LAT] R\T$ ! FASCI/S AT ,S>ION1 9 ! ,MA/RAZGO1 ON #ac ,AUGU/4 ,! COLUMN !N CAPTUR$ ! VILLAGE ( ,LA ,PUEBLA1 :]E !Y DECL>$ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM & SET UP !IR HEADQU>T]S4 ,!Y QUICKLY E/ABLI%$ A DEF5SIVE L9E1 SOME #ae MILES FROM ,T]UEL1 :I* /RET*$ FROM ,&EGUELA TO ,=NI*E4 ,! REBEL ADVANCE ON ,VAL5CIA WAS HALT$4 

',\R V]Y [N' 

  

,ONE ( ! PRISON]S LIB]AT$ BY ! AN>*I/S FROM ! ,VAL5CIAN PRISON ( ,SAN ,MIGUEL DE ,LOS ,REYES HAS LEFT US A P]SONAL ACC\NT ( ! =MATION ( :AT WAS QUICKLY TO BECOME ! MO/ UNCOMPROMIS+LY REVOLUTION>Y BUT ALSO ! MO/ VILIFI$ ( ALL ! MILITIA COLUMNS3  
  

0,I AM ONE ( ! ONES :O W]E FRE$ FROM ,SAN ,MIGUEL DE ,LOS ,REYES1 A S9I/] PRISON BUILT BY ! MON>*Y AS A BURIAL PLACE = M5 LIKE US :O1 BE+ NO C[>DS1 HAVE NEV] SUBMITT$ TO ! 9FAM\S LAWS DEVIS$ BY ! P[]FUL AGA9/ ! OPPRESS$4 ,LIKE SO MANY O!RS1 ,I WAS TAK5 !RE = HAV+ COMMITT$ AN (F5SE 9 ?AT ,I HAD REVOLT$ AGA9/ ! DEGRADATION VISIT$ UPON AN 5TIRE C\NTRY 444 ,I HAD TAK5 ! LIFE ( A BULLY4 ,\T ALONG ) ME CAME MANY M5 :O HAD ALSO SUFF]$ & ALSO BE5 SC>R$ BY ! ILL-TREATM5T !Y HAD EXP]I5C$ S9CE BIR?4 ,SOME1 AS SOON AS !Y HIT ! /REETS1 DISP]S$ ?R\<\T ! WORLD2 O!RS ( US RALLI$ TO \R LIB]ATORS :O TREAT$ US AS FRI5DS & LOV$ US AS BRO!RS4 ,TOGE!R ) !SE WE HAVE GRADUALLY =M$ ! ,IRON ,COLUMN1 TOGE!R ) !M WE HAVE WA/$ NO TIME 9 /ORM+ ! B>RACKS & DIS>M+ FE>FUL GU>DS2 TOGE!R WE HAVE1 9 H>D-F\<T ATTACKS1 DRIV5 ! FASCI/S BACK AS F> AS ! ,SI]RA PEAKS :]E !Y REMA9 TODAY4 ,ACCU/OM$ TO TAK+ :AT WE NE$1 WE SEIZ$ RIFLES & PROVISIONS 9 REPULS+ ! FASCI/S4 ,& = A TIME WE D9$ (F :AT WAS (F]$ TO US BY ! PEASANTRY4 ,& )\T ANYONE MAK+ US A GIFT ( A S+LE WEAPON1 WE HAVE >M$ \RSELVES ) :AT WE HAVE WRE/$ FROM ! 9SURG5T TROOPS BY ! /R5G? ( \R >MS4 ,! RIFLE ?AT ,I CLUT*1 ! RIFLE ?AT HAS BE5 AT MY SIDE EV] S9CE ,I TURN$ MY BACK ON ?AT FATEFUL PRISON IS M9E1 MY V]Y [N1 ,I TOOK IT FROM ! MAN :O BORE IT & NE>LY ALL ! RIFLES ?AT MY COMRADES C>RY >E1 BY ! SAME TOK51 \R V]Y [N40.<#d#a.>  
  

,! ,IRON ,COLUMN1 LIKE O!R MILITIAS1 SET UP A W> COMMITTEE ) ! FOLL[+ /RUCTURE3  
  

0,! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,W> ,COMMITTEE IS ACCEPTABLE TO ALL ! CONF$]AL MILITIAS4 ,TAK+ ! 9DIVIDUAL AS ! />T+ PO9T1 WE =M GR\PS ( T51 :I* MANAGE M9OR OP]ATIONS = !MSELVES4 ,T5 GR\PS MAKE UP ONE C5TURIA1 :I* NOM9ATES A DELEGATE TO REPRES5T IT4 ,?IRTY C5TURIAS MAKE UP ONE COLUMN1 :I* IS L$ BY ! ,W> ,COMMITTEE COMPOS$ ( ! C5TURIA DELEGATES40.<#d#b.>  

,A T>GET = VILIFICATION 

  

,! ,IRON ,COLUMN'S FI<T+ /R5G? 9 ! E>LY DAYS WAS SOME #a1#e M51 BUT 9 SPITE ( ! OB/ACLES PLAC$ 9 ITS WAY BY ! GOV]NM5T & ! REGIONAL LEAD]%IP ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ,CATALONIA1 ?IS LAT] ROSE TO #c4 ,IT HAD BASES SCATT]$ ?R\<\T FIVE PROV9CES3 ,CA/ELLON DE LA ,PLANA1 ,VAL5CIA1 ,ALICANTE1 ,MURCIA & ,ALBACETE4 ,! ,IRON ,COLUMN ALSO 5JOY$ ! SUPPORT ( TWO PUBLICATIONS -- ,L9EA DE ,FUEGO1 A F\R-PAGE DAILY NEWS BULLET9 = ! M5 AT ! FRONT1 & ,NOSOTROS1 BAS$ 9 ,VAL5CIA4 ,! LATT] ALSO ACT$ AS ! ORGAN ( ! ,F,A,I & ! ,F,I,J,L4 ,L9EA DEL ,FUEGO PUBLI%$ G5]AL CULTURAL >TICLES -- POEMS1 %ORT /ORIES1 LIT]>Y CRITICISM -- &1 ( C\RSE1 >TICLES ON POLITICS1 SOCIOLOGY1 PHILOSOPHY1 ECONOMY & SO ON4 ,MILITANTS ALSO CONTRIBUT$ ) >TICLES AB\T !IR EV]YDAY LIVES1 ON ! RUNN+ ( ! COLUMN1 & ON O!R NATIONAL ISSUES4 ,IT WAS A G5U9E =UM = ! DISCUSSION ( ISSUES PECULI> TO ! COLUMN4 

,BECAUSE ( ITS TOTAL COMMITM5T TO AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES1 & ITS REFUSAL TO COMPROMISE OR =M ALLIANCES ) B\RGEOIS OR POLITICAL P>TIES1 H[EV]1 ! ,IRON ,COLUMN BECAME ! IMM$IATE T>GET ( A CAMPAIGN ( VILIFICATION & DIS9=MATION FROM ! POLITICAL P>TIES1 LIBELS ?AT HAVE BE5 PICK$ UP & REPEAT$ BY SUBSEQU5T G5]ATIONS ( COMM5TATORS ON ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,9 RESPONSE TO !SE1 WE CAN QUOTE ! TE/IMONY ( ,MIKA ,ET*EB]E1 A CAPTA9 9 ! ,REPUBLICAN >MY & A MEMB] ( ! ,P,\,M1 :O HAD SOME LIB]AT$ PRISON]S UND] HIS COMM&3  
  

0,WE1 TOO1 HAVE HAD ?REE OR F\R SU* CASES 9 \R COLUMN1 & !Y F\<T SPL5DIDLY4 ,AT FIR/ WE W]E /&-(FI%2 LAT]1 BE+ TOGE!R1 !Y CAME TO SUBSCRIBE TO \R IDEAS & N[ IT C\LD NOT BE SAID ?AT !Y /OLE OR ANY?+ ( ?AT SORT40 .<#d#c.>  
  

,ON #a ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#f1 ANGRY AT ! RE/ORATION ( B\RGEOIS ORD] 9 ! RE>GU>D1 9T]V5TION UNITS FROM ! COLUMN1 SET UP SPECIALLY TO RESI/ SU* DEVELOPM5TS1 LEFT ! ,T]UEL FRONT & RETURN$ TO ,VAL5CIA TO DEMON/RATE TO ! B\RGEOISIE ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS WAS NOT FI<T+ TO DEF5D B\RGEOIS PROP]TY RI<TS & JU/ICE1 BUT TO E/ABLI% A NEW SOCIAL ORD]4 ,!Y ATTACK$ & DIS>M$ ! GU>DS1 9VAD$ ! C\RTS & DE/ROY$ C\RT RECORDS4 ,!Y ALSO RAID$ ! NI<TCLUBS & CAB>ETS FREQU5T$ BY ! WELL-TO-DO & RELIEV$ !M ( !IR JEWELRY & WALLETS4 ,ANO!R UNIT W5T TO ,CA/ELLON DE LA ,PLANA ON #a ,OCTOB] ON A SIMIL> MISSION & BURN$ ALL ! CRIM9AL & JUDICIAL RECORDS 9 ! T[N4 ,LAT] ?AT SAME MON?1 #c ,OCTOB]1 ! FUN]AL ( ,>IZA ,GONZALES1 ONE ( ! ,IRON ,COLUMN LEAD]S :OM IT IS BELIEV$ WAS KILL$ 9 A REPRISAL1 TURN$ 9TO AN >M$ UPRIS+4 0,9 ! 5D1 SURR\ND$ 9 ! ,PLAZA ,TETUAL BY COMMUNI/ UNITS >M$ ) MA*9E GUNS1 ! DEMON/RATORS SUFF]$ HEAVY CASUALTIES ) AB\T #e OR SO BE+ KILL$40.<#d#d.> 

',/RANGLE ! LIFE \T ( FASCISM' 

  

,! ,IRON ,COLUMN DEF5D$ ITS ACTIONS AGA9/ ! CAMPAIGN ( VILIFICATION M\NT$ BY ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T 9 ! FOLL[+ MANIFE/O AIM$ AT %[+ ?AT ITS MILITANTS W]E NOT GIV5 TO RHETORIC & MEANT BUS9ESS3  
  

0444 ,AS AN>*I/S1 WE :O -- UND] ! FAMILI> D5OM9ATION ',IRON ,COLUMN' -- /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! CL]ICAL & MILIT>I/ REACTION ON ! ,T]UEL ,FRONT >E CONC]N$1 ( C\RSE1 ) ! PROBLEMS ( ! FRONT1 BUT ALSO ) ?OSE ( ! RE>GU>D4 ,CONSEQU5TLY :5 WE REALIZ$ ?AT 9 ,VAL5CIA ?+S W]E NOT MOV+ 9 ! DIRECTION ?AT WE WI%$1 :5 WE NOT$ ?AT ! RE>GU>D1 F> FROM BE+ A REASSURANCE TO US1 WAS A FOCUS ( CONC]N & MISGIV+S1 WE RESOLV$ TO 9T]V5E &1 TO ?AT 5D1 WE DISPAT*$ ! FOLL[+ REQUE/S TO ! RELEVANT ORGANIZATIONS3  

 7#a7 ?AT ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D BE DIS>M$ & DISB&$2  

 7#b7 ?AT ALL ( ! >M$ =CES ( ! /ATE 9 ! RE>GU>D 7,ASSAULT ,GU>DS1 ,C>AB9]OS1 ,SEGURIDAD1 ETC47 BE S5T IMM$IATELY TO ! FRONT2 &  

 7#c7 ?AT ALL RECORDS & >*IVES HELD 9 CAPITALI/ & /ATE 9/ITUTIONS BE DE/ROY$ =?)40 

,!SE REQUE/S HAD !IR F\NDATIONS 9 REVOLUTION>Y & IDEOLOGICAL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,AS AN>*I/S & AS REVOLUTION>IES1 WE CONSID]$ ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,CIVIL ,GU>D TO BE A ?REAT2 IT IS A REACTION>Y CORPS ?AT HAS1 ?R\<\T ITS LIFE & MORE ESPECIALLY DUR+ ! PRES5T REVOLT1 CLE>LY DISPLAY$ ITS M5TALITY & ITS 9T5TIONS4 ,! ,CIVIL ,GU>D WAS ODI\S 9 \R EYES = MANY REASONS & WE HAD NO CONFID5CE 9 IT4 ,SO WE ASK$ ?AT IT MI<T BE DIS>M$ & PROCE$$ TO DIS>M IT4 

,WE ASK$ ?AT ALL ( ! >M$ CORPS BE MOV$ UP TO ! FRONT L9ES BECAUSE M5 & WEAPONS >E 9 %ORT SUPPLY !RE1 :ILE 9 ! CITY1 UND] ! PRES5T /ATE ( AFFAIRS1 !IR PRES5CE WAS MORE ( A PROVOCATION ?AN A NECESSITY4 ,WE HAVE BE5 HALFWAY SUCCESSFUL ON ?IS C\NT & WE %ALL PRESS ON UNTIL \R OBJECTIVE HAS BE5 COMPLETELY A*IEV$4 

,F9ALLY WE ASK$ = ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL ! DOCUM5TS ?AT REPRES5T$ A :OLE PA/ ]A ( TYRANNY & OPPRESSION AGA9/ :I* \R FREE CONSCI5CES HAD REVOLT$4 ,LET US DE/ROY ! RECORDS & GIVE CONSID]ATION TO REQUISITION+ ?OSE BUILD+S ?AT1 LIKE ! C\RT BUILD+S1 HAVE BE5 US$ 9 O!R TIMES TO 5TOMB REVOLUTION>IES 9 PRISONS & HAVE NO RAISON D'ETRE TODAY1 N[ ?AT WE F9D \RSELVES AT ! DAWN+ ( A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY4 

,SU* OBJECTIVES BR\<T US 9TO ,VAL5CIA & ?IS EXPLA9S ALL ?AT WE DID 9 ! MANN] DEEM$ MO/ APPROPRIATE4 

,LAT]1 DUR+ \R /AY 9 ,VAL5CIA1 WE OBS]V$ ?AT :]EAS EF=TS TO ACQUIRE WEAPONS F\ND]$ DUE TO \R LACK ( FUNDS1 !RE WAS A HUGE QUANTITY ( GOLD & O!R PRECI\S METALS 9 MANY PLACES -- ?IS PROMPT$ US TO REQUISITION ! GOLD1 SILV] & PLAT9UM ( SOME JEWEL]S 9 9SIGNIFICANT QUANTITIES :I* W]E SURR5D]$ TO ! ,ORGANIZATION4 ,! ABOVE IS :AT WE HAVE DONE4 ,N[ LET US EXAM9E :AT WE DID NOT DO4 

,WE >E ACCUS$ ( LOOT+ BUILD+S4 ,?IS IS A LIE4 ,WE DEFY ANYONE TO PRES5T US ) AN ACC\NT ( ?IS & TO %[ ?AT \R M5 W]E NOT ACT+ \T ( NECESSITY BUT FROM M]E CAPRICE & A DESIRE TO CREATE CONFUSION4 ,WE /& ACCUS$ ( MURD]+ PEOPLE = AMUSEM5T4 ,?IS IS A F\L CALUMNY4 ,:AT HAVE WE DONE TO DES]VE ?IS REPUTATION8 ,:AT CRIMES HAVE WE COMMITT$8 ,A DEPLORABLE EPISODE1 :I* WE >E FIR/ TO LAM5T & TO CONDEMN1 APPE>S TO BE ! PROSECUTION EVID5CE4 ,WE HAD NO?+ TO DO ) ! DEA? ( \R SOCIALI/ COMRADE ,JOSE ,P>DO ,>ACIL4 ,IT WAS %[N1 ON ! V]Y NI<T ( HIS DEA?1 ?AT NO MEMB] ( \R COLUMN HAD ANY H& 9 IT4 ,IT HAS NEV] OCCURR$ TO US TO ATTACK ! SOCIALI/S NOR ANY O!R ANTIFASCI/ GR\P1 MU* LESS TO DO SO 9 ! TREA*]\S FA%ION 9 :I* ,P>DO WAS ATTACK$4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT WE R5EGE ON \R AIMS1 = !SE >E ! SOLE MOTIVATIONS = \R FI<T3 WE REALIZE1 H[EV]1 ?AT AT ! PRES5T MOM5T1 9T]NEC9E W>F>E W\LD BE A CRIME4 ,WE >E FAC+ A =MIDABLE 5EMY & ALL \R EX]TIONS MU/ BE B5T TO HIS DE/RUCTION4 ,9 !SE CRUCIAL TIMES = ,SPA9'S FUTURE1 \R POSITION IS CLE> & UNMI/AKABLE4 ,WE %ALL FI<T ) ALL \R MANP[]1 ALL \R 5]GIES1 ALL \R 5?USIASM 9 ORD] TO CONF\ND ! VIL5ESS ( FASCISM =EV]4 ,WE /RUGGLE TO MAKE A REALITY ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,LET US M>* T[>DS ,AN>*Y4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 H]E & N[1 WE %ALL /& BY EV]Y?+ ?AT MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO LIVE ) GREAT] FRE$OM1 TO SMA% ! YOKES ?AT OPPRESS US & TO DE/ROY ! VE/IGES ( ! PA/4 

,TO EV]Y WORK]1 EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y1 EV]Y AN>*I/1 LET US SAY3 /RUGGLE1 :]EV] Y\ MAY BE -- AT ! FRONT L9E OR 9 ! RE>GU>D1 AGA9/ ALL ! 5EMIES ( Y\R LIB]TY4 ,/RANGLE ! LIFE \T ( FASCISM4 ,BUT SEE TO IT ALSO ?AT AS A RESULT ( Y\R EF=TS NO DICTATORIAL REGIME IS 9/ALL$1 NO CONT9UATION 7) ALL ! VICES & DEFECTS7 ( ?AT /ATE ( AFFAIRS ?AT WE >E /RIV+ TO ]ADICATE4 ,) WEAPONS N[ & ) WORK+ TOOLS LAT] ON1 LE>N TO LIVE )\T TYRANTS1 LE>N TO EMANCIPATE Y\RSELVES1 = ?IS IS ! ONLY PA? TO FRE$OM4 ,SU*1 CLE>LY EXP\ND$1 IS ! ?9K+ ( ! ',IRON ,COLUMN'4 

,COMRADES6 ,DEA? TO FASCISM6 ,LONG LIVE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION6 ,LONG LIVE AN>*Y60.<#d#e.>  

,A SURREALI/ WRITES HOME 

  

,! SURREALI/ WRIT] ,B5JAM9 ,P]ET WAS AMONG ! FIR/ VOLUNTE]S TO FI<T 9 ,SPA94 ,HIS LETT]S TO ,&RE ,BRETON PROVIDE US ) A LUCID & MOV+ 9SI<T 9TO ! FL[]+ & DECL9E ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION4 ,HIS FIR/ LETT]1 SIMPLE & S9C]E1 WAS S5T FROM ,B>CELONA ON #aa ,AUGU/3  
  

0,MY V]Y DE> ,&RE1 IF Y\ W]E TO SEE ,B>CELONA TODAY1 FILL$ ) B>RICADES1 DECORAT$ ) *UR*ES GUTT$ EXCEPT = !IR EMPTY WALLS1 Y\1 LIKE ME1 W\LD EXULT4 ,! AN>*I/S >E VIRTUALLY ! MA/]S ( ,CATALUNYA .<SIC.> & ! ONLY =CE BESIDE !M IS ! ,P,\,M4 ,! RATIO BETWE5 US IS ?REE TO ONE :I* ISN'T EXCESSIVE & 9 ! PRES5T CIRCUM/ANCES CAN EASILY *ANGE4 ,WE HAVE #a#e1 >M$ M5 & !Y HAVE #d1@&5DA%2#e14 ,! ,COMMUNI/S1 :O HAVE FUZ$ ) ?REE OR F\R SMALL P>TIES1 >E A NEGLIGIBLE =CE4 ,9 !IR NEWSPAP] ON ,FRIDAY !Y DECL>$ ?AT :AT IS NECESS>Y ISN'T A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION BUT A DEF5SE ( ! ,REPUBLIC1 & :OEV] TRIES TO MAKE A REVOLUTION WILL F9D !MSELVES OPPOS$ BY ! MILITIAS40.<#d#f.>  
  

,ANO!R =EIGN >RIVAL 9 ,AUGU/ WAS ,ABDELKJALAK ,TORRES1 ! ,MOROCCAN NATIONALI/ LEAD]1 :O CAME TO ,B>CELONA CL&E/9ELY ) AN (FICIAL DELEGATION FROM ! ,MOROCCAN 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T4 ,!Y PROPOS$ TO ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS TO UNLEA% A REVOLUTION>Y REVOLT 9 ! ,SPANI% PROTECTORATE1 ! HOME BASE ( ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+1 IF WEAPONS OR MONEY C\LD BE PROVID$4 ,ALL !Y ASK$ = 9 RETURN WAS A PROMISE ( RECOGNITION ( ,MOROCCO'S 9DEP5D5CE 9 ! EV5T ( A ,REPUBLICAN VICTORY4 ,! POT5TIAL EFFECT ( SU* AN UPRIS+ 9 ,FRANCO'S RE>GU>D W\LD HAVE BE5 5ORM\S1 BUT ! PROPOSITION WAS TURN$ D[N BY ! ,CABALL]O GOV]NM5T .<#d#g.> BECAUSE ( ! 9T]NATIONAL REP]CUSSIONS ( SU* A MOVE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 REG>D TO ,FRANCE & ,BRITA91 ,H[EV] ! IDEA ( PROMOT+ AN 9SURRECTION 9 ,MOROCCO WAS ONE ?AT ! AN>*I/S W]E TO PRESS ?R\<\T ! C\RSE ( ! W>4 

,W> OR ,REVOLUTION8 

  

,AS ! FI<T+ REC$$ E>LY 9 ,AUGU/1 & CONFUSION BEGAN TO LIFT1 ! B\RGEOISIE />T$ TO F9D !IR SECOND W9D & PREP>$ TO REGA9 LO/ GR\ND4 ,ON ! MILIT>Y FRONT1 ! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T MADE ! FIR/ T5TATIVE MOVES TO RE/ORE ITS AU?ORITY BY ISSU+ A DECREE CALL+ UP ! RES]VES FROM ! 9TAKE ( ! PREVI\S ?REE YE>S1 ) ! CLE> 9T5TION ( CREAT+ A CONSCRIPT FI<T+ =CE TO RIVAL & NO D\BT EV5TUALLY REPLACE ! POPUL> VOLUNTE] MILITIAS4 

,9 ,B>CELONA1 ! Y\NG PEOPLE CALL$ TO ! COLORS RESPOND$ TO ?IS BY ORGANIZ+ HEAT$ ANTI-MILIT>I/ DEMON/RATIONS 9 :I* !Y TORE UP !IR >MY TUNICS TO ANGRY CRIES ( ',D[N ) ! ,>MY6' & ',LONG LIVE ! ,PEOPLE'S MILITIA6'4 ,! ,MILITIAS ,COMMITTEE 7SKILLFULLY 9/IGAT$ BY ,PRESID5T ,COMPANYS & EXPLOIT+ ! OPPORTUNISM -- H[EV] CONFUS$ & NAIVE -- ( ! AN>*I/ MILITANTS :O SAT ON IT1 ) ! AIM ( H>NESS+ POPUL> P[] TO HIS [N B\RGEOIS PURPOSES -- SEE ,JULY71 S\<T IMM$IATELY TO MOLD ?IS UNRE/ 9TO A =M AM5ABLE TO ITS C5TRAL COMM&2 ?US ! FOLL[+ ANN\NCEM5T WAS MADE ON #f ,AUGU/ BY DE ,SANTILLAN1 ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,F,A,I3  
  

0,! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS ( ,CATALONIA HAS DET]M9$ ?AT SOLDI]S FROM ! YE>S #a#i#c#c1 #a#i#c#d1 #aice & #aicf %\LD REPORT IMM$IATELY TO B>RACKS & !RE PLACE !MSELVES AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! ,MILITIAS' COMMITTEES SET UP UND] ! JURISDICTION ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE40  
  

,A FEW DAYS LAT]1 AT MASS RALLY ON #a ,AUGU/1 9 ,B>CELONA'S ,OLIMPIA ,!AT]1 #a1 Y\NG ,CATALANS ANN\NC$ !IR 9T5TION TO JO9 ! MILITIAS & HELP LIB]ATE !IR COMRADES 9 ,Z>AGOZA1 BUT TO REFUSE CONSCRIPTION ON ! GR\NDS ?AT !Y HAD NO CONFID5CE 9 ! (FIC] CORPS & W]E MORALLY OPPOS$ TO P>ADE-GR\ND & B>RACK-ROOM DISCIPL9E4 

,! NEXT DAY1 #aa ,AUGU/1 A MANIFE/O ISSU$ BY ! ,C,N,T D5\NC$ ! ,MADRID DECREE1 SUPPORT+ ! REFUSAL ( ! Y\NG TO BE CALL$ UP3  
  

,! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T'S LACK ( POLITICAL VISION CONFRONTS ! WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS ) A SOME:AT DIFFICULT PROBLEM -- A L>GE NUMB] ( !SE Y\?S >E ALREADY 5ROLL$ 9 ! MILITIAS2 O!RS HAVE DECL>$ A READ9ESS TO 5LI/ & TO SET (F = ,Z>AGOZA IMM$IATELY4 ,BUT :AT !Y DO NOT WANT1 & !IR ATTITUDE IS A LOGICAL ONE 9 ! LI<T ( ! TREA*]Y ( MILIT>Y FIGURES IMPLICAT$ 9 ! REC5T REVOLT1 IS ?AT !Y %\LD BE SUBJECT$ TO MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E & PLAC$ UND] ! ORD]S ( !IR OLD COMM&]S4 ,! =MIDABLE EF=T AT LIB]ATION MADE BY ! PEOPLE IMPLICITLY ON #ai ,JULY WAS NO IDLE EX]CISE2 IT WAS NOT MADE ?AT EV]Y?+ MI<T CONT9UE AS BE=E4 ,! UMBILICAL CORD ?AT B\ND US 9 ! PA/ HAS BROK5 =EV]4 ,NEW CONCEPTIONS ( SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS1 HUMAN EXI/5CE1 ( LAW & LIB]TY >E 9 =CE 444 ,! ,C,N,T CANNOT BE UNHE$FUL (1 NOR MAY IT FRU/RATE1 ! L(TY & WOR?Y EXPRESSION ( A RESOLVE ?US 5UNCIAT$ ) VIM & 5?USIASM40  
  

,! MANIFE/O CONT9U$ BY *AMPION+ ! NE$ ( ! POPULACE TO ORGANIZE !IR [N REVOLUTION>Y =CES3  
  

0,! SOLDI]S GA!R$ 9 ! ,OLIMPIA ,!AT] YE/]DAY EV5 UND]TOOK TO REJO9 !IR RESPECTIVE CORPS1 ON CONDITION ?AT !Y 5T] ! B>RACKS AS MILITIANS ABLE TO COME & GO AS FREE M51 VOLUNT>ILY EMBRAC+ ! DISCIPL9E ?AT IS A NECESS>Y P>T ( CONC]T$ ACTIONS1 & NOT AS AUTOMATA B]EFT ( ALL HUMAN P]SONALITY4 ,& ! ,C,N,T ( ,CATALONIA HAS TO PUT ! ISSUE PURE & SIMPLE TO ! ,G5]ALIDAD & ,MADRID GOV]NM5TS ALIKE4 ,WE CANNOT DEF5D ! EXI/5CE NOR CAN WE COMPREH5D ! NE$ = A REGUL>1 UNI=M$ & COMPULSORY >MY4 ,?AT >MY \<T TO BE SUPPLANT$ BY ! PEOPLE'S MILITIAS1 BY ! PEOPLE >M$1 ! SOLE GU>ANTEE ?AT FRE$OM WILL BE DEF5D$ ZEAL\SLY & ?AT FRE% PLOTS WILL NOT BE HAT*$ 9 ! %AD[S40 .<#d#h.>  
  

,AT ! SAME TIME1 BY NOT *ALL5G+ AS A USURPATION ! ASSUMPTION ( AU?ORITY OV] '! PEOPLE >M$' BY ! SEMI-B\RGEOIS ,MILITIAS ,COMMITTEE1 ! ,C,N,T'S /ATEM5T PLAC$ A FUR!R SEAL UPON ! H>NESS+ ( ! WORK]S' =CE TO ! PURPOSES ( !IR TRADITIONAL 5EMIES4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS WAS H>DLY SURPRIS+3 ! ,C,N,T WAS ITSELF ! MO/ P[]FUL ORGANIZATION REPRES5T$ ON ! ,COMMITTEE4 

,WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS 

  

,P>ALLEL DEVELOPM5TS TOOK PLACE )9 ! MILITIAS4 ,FE>FUL ( ! RISE ( A NEW (FIC] CLASS1 ! V>I\S WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS & P>TIES SET UP WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' COMMITTEES SIMIL> TO ! C\NCILS CREAT$ 9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,!SE COMMITTEES1 MADE UP ( DELEGATES FROM ! V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS1 ACT$ AS A WORK+-CLASS SECURITY S]VICE ?AT OP]AT$ ?R\<\T ALL ! >M$ S]VICES4 ,AN 9T]E/+ ACC\NT IS PROVID$ BY ! TE/IMONY ( ,ALFONSO ,MIGUEL1 A ,C,N,T MILITANT & *AMPION ( ! COMMITTEES3  
  

0,! FIR/ WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' COMMITTEES CAME 9TO EXI/5CE BY AGREEM5T ( ! ,C,N,T@&5DA%2,U,G,T4 ,!Y W]E BORN 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,!N !Y W]E =M$ 9 ! ,LEVANTE1 9 ,&ALUCIA & 9 ! CAPITAL ITSELF1 :I* WAS DEMORALIZ$ BY DEFEATISM & LURK+ TREA*]Y4 ,!Y SET AB\T MONITOR+ & C>RY+ \T PURGES4 ,! COMMITTEES ASSUM$ ! UN5VIABLE TASK ( RAIS+ MORALE1 MONITOR+ C]TA9 9TRIGUES & KEEP+ AN EYE ON SUSPECT (FIC]S & ASSI/+ ALL COMPET5T & S9C]E P]SONNEL4 ,) ! COMMITTEES IT WAS POSSIBLE TO SU/A9 MILIT>Y ACTIVITY & TO KEEP AT BAY ! FASCISM )94 ,BUT = !M1 FASCISM W\LD ASSUR$LY HAVE DEV\R$ US4 ,AT ?AT PA9FUL JUNCTURE1 9 ! E>LY MON?S ( ! W>1 :O WAS !RE CAPABLE ( BR++ UNITY BETWE5 ! PEOPLE & ! >MY 7AN >MY ON ITS LA/ LEGS7 & ! >M$ 9/ITUTIONS :I* HAD BE5 DEMORALIZ$ BY TREA*]Y & DECIMAT$ 9 ACTIVE S]VICE8 ,!Y W]E NOT SET UP = CONSID]ATIONS ( RHETORIC4 ,! CREATION ( ! COMMITTEES WAS DET]M9$ BY ! NECESSITY ( PRESS+ ON ) ! /RUGGLE & ! NE$ TO HAVE ! UTMO/ CONFID5CE 9 ! OV]ALL DECISIONS ( ! MILIT>Y COMM&4 ,! REVOLT HAD DA%$ ALL RESPECT & KILL$ EV]Y IOTA ( CONFID5CE4 ,SO1 DESPITE EV]Y?+1 IT WAS POSSIBLE TO MA9TA9 A FAIRLY COH]5T DIRECTION AMID ! G5]AL *AOS BY MEANS ( SUP]VISION 7OCCASIONALLY NOM9AL & AT O!R TIMES EFFECTIVE7 ( ! DECISIONS ( ! COMM&1 )\T :I* NO DECISIONS W\LD HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE4 ,! WORK]S' MILITIAS NE$$ AN ASSUR$ LEAD]%IP4 ,?IS !Y A*IEV$ BY BL5D+ !IR [N P]SONNEL ) ?OSE 7ELECT$ BY ! RESPECTIVE CORPS & MILIT>Y UNITS7 :O %>$ !IR COMMON AIM3 ',TO CAMPAIGN TOGE!R UND] A S+LE & LOYAL ACC\NTABLE LEAD]%IP4' ,=CE ( CIRCUM/ANCE DET]M9$ !IR CREATION40  
  

,!N1 9 ,MIGUEL'S [N WORDS3  
  

0,LAT]1 AS !Y DEVELOP$ !MSELVES1 !Y DET]M9$ ?AT ! MILITIAS %\LD BE REPLAC$4 ,& A NEW MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION1 ! POPUL> & REVOLUTION>Y >MY1 MOLD$ BY AN ANTI-MILIT>I/ POPULATION 9 ! MIDDLE ( A W> AGA9/ :AT HAD BE5 ITS [N >MY1 CAME 9TO EXI/5CE 9 ,SPA940.<#d#i.>  
  

,?AT IS1 AS ! REVOLUTION>Y IMPETUS WAS FIR/ H>NESS$1 !N LO/1 ! COMMITTEES BECAME 9/RUM5TS ( ! NEW B\RGEOIS-CUM-,/AL9I/ POLITICAL ORD]4 

,! B\RGEOISIE /RIKES BACK 

  

,MEAN:ILE1 ! ,G5]ALIDAD GRADUALLY BEGAN ALSO TO REASS]T ITS DOMA9 OV] ! ECONOMIC SECTOR1 AGA9 9 NO SMALL P>T ?ANKS TO ! ASSI/ANCE ( ITS ALLIES )9 ! ,C,N,T4 ,! PROM95T MILITANTS :O COMPOS$ ! ,C,N,T'S ,CATALAN ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE W]E BLUNT & TO ! PO9T :5 ON #i ,AUGU/1 AT ! FIR/ G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T TO TAKE PLACE S9CE ! RIS+ !Y EV5TUALLY EXPLA9$ TO ! RANK & FILE !IR BEHAVIOR 9 ! PREVI\S WEEKS3  
  

0,:5 ! CONSULS APPROA*$ US1 WE QUICKLY GU>ANTE$ ! =EIGN FIRMS .<SEE ',JULY' -- ,S,C.> SO ?AT NOBODY MI<T CONFISCATE !M4 ,& :5 ANY ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO DO SO1 WE EV5 DISPAT*$ GU>DS SO ?AT !IR 9T]E/S W\LD BE RESPECT$40 .<#e.>  
  

,G>CIA ,OLIV] ADD$3  
  

0,I ASK ! :OLE ( ! PROLET>IAT TO /AY 9 ! PLACES ( PRODUCTION & NOT TO BE SP>+ 9 !IR SACRIFICES 444 ,?IS IS NOT ! TIME TO SEEK A #d H\R WEEK & A #ae P] C5T WAGE 9CREASE40.<#e#a.>  
  

,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y TOPP$ !M ALL ) CLASSICAL UTILIT>IAN LOGIC3  
  

0,WE >E OBLIG$ TO GO BEYOND :AT WE HAD 9T5D$1 ON ACC\NT ( ! AB&ONM5T ( A HUGE NUMB] ( 9DU/RIES NECESS>Y TO ! ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,WE ACCEPT ?AT AB&ON$ RESPONSIBILITY 9 ORD] TO D]IVE M9IMUM PR(IT BY IT40.<#e#b.>  
  

,AT ! SAME MEET+1 ,M>IANO ,R4 ,VAZQUEZ1 ,REGIONAL ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,C,N,T = ,CATALONIA1 ANN\NC$ ?AT 9 H>MONY ) ! ,G5]ALIDAD GOV]NM5T BO? ORGANIZATIONS HAD AGRE$ TO BECOME P>T ( A PROPOS$ ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL ( ,CATALONIA4 ,?IS /ATEM5T WAS NOT1 H[EV]1 A PROPOSAL TO BE DISCUSS$ BY ! ASSEMBLIES & EI!R RATIFI$ OR REJECT$2 IT WAS A FAIT ACCOMPLI4 

,! ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL ( ,CATALONIA CAME 9TO EXI/5CE1 =MALLY1 UND] A ,G5]ALIDAD DECREE ON #ac ,AUGU/4 ,ON IT1 AN>*I/S W]E 9 A M9ORITY ( #e TO #a3 ! ,C,N,T HAD ?REE MEMB]S1 ,EUSEBIO ,C>BO1 ,JUAN ,P4 ,FABREGAS & ,COSME ,R(ES1 :ILE ! ,F,A,I WAS REPRES5T$ BY ,ANTONIO ,G>CIA ,BIRLAN & DE ,SANTILLAN4 ,! /ATI/ & ,M>XI/ P>TIES ) :OM ! AN>*I/S & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ LEAD]%IP HAD >BITR>ILY AGRE$ TO %>E RESPONSIBILITY = ! 'NORMALIZATION' ( ! ,CATALAN ECONOMY W]E ! RI<T-W+ ,ESQU]RA ,REPUBLICANA1 ,ACCION ,CATALANA ,REPUBLICANA1 ! ,UNION DE ,RABASSAIRES1 ! ,P,S,U,C1 ! ,UNIFI$ ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,CATALONIA1 :I* HAD BE5 =M$ ON #bd ,JULY #aicf BY A M]G] ( ! SOCIALI/S & COMMUNI/S1 & ! ,P,\,M4.<#e#c.> 

,MORE /EPS T[>DS COLLABORATION 

  

,! SAME DAY1 #a ,AUGU/1 ALSO SAW ! =MAL 9/ITUTIONALIZ+ ( ! ,CONTROL ,PATROLS1 ! POPUL> ORGANS ( PUBLIC SAFETY4 ,BASICALLY A ,B>CELONA PH5OM5ON1 ! ,PATROLS W]E MADE UP ( #g M5 FROM ALL ! ANTIFASCI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 ( :OM #ce W]E FROM ! ,C,N,T1 ! RE/ PROPORTIONALLY DIVID$ AMONG ! ,ESQU]RA1 ! ,U,G,T & ! ,P,\,M & DIVID$ 9TO #aa GEOGRAPHIC BRAN*ES4 ,:ILE ! =MALIZATION ( ! ,PATROLS C]TA9LY S]V$ TO MA9TA9 ! PO/-,JULY /ATUS QUO1 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I & ! ,P,\,M RESI/$ ! SUBSEQU5T ATTEMPTS ( ! ,P,S,U,C & B\RGEOIS POLITICIANS TO REORGANIZE ! /ATE POLICE 9 ,B>CELONA AT !IR EXP5SE1 & !IR MEMB]S PLAY$ A LEAD+ P>T 9 ! /REET FI<T+ 9 ! ,B>CELONA ,MAY ,DAYS ( #a#i#c#g4 ,AFT] ! ,MAY ,DAYS1 DUR+ :I* POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY WAS FIR/ REE/ABLI%$ BY MILITANT AN>*I/S 9 RESPONSE TO AN ATTEMPT$ COMMUNI/ C\P1 & !N ONCE MORE 7& F9ALLY7 DISC>D$ AT ! BEHE/ ( ! AN>*I/ LEAD]%IP1 ! ,PATROLS W]E DISB&$1 & !IR FUNCTIONS TAK5 OV] BY ! /ATE POLICE4 

,A DEVELOPM5T ( MORE IMM$IATE SIGNIFICANCE 9 ! ]OSION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVE ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T TOOK PLACE A FEW DAYS LAT] ON #ae ,AUGU/1 ) ! NEWS ( ! =MATION BY ! ,F,A,I1 ,C,N,T1 ,P,S,U,C & ,U,G,T ( A ',LIAISON ,COMMITTEE' TO /R5G!N & 'GALVANIZE' ANTI-FASCI/ UNITY BY SEEK+ \T 'SU* PO9TS ( AGREEM5T AS MAY EXI/ BETWE5 ?OSE BODIES1 SUBMITT+ !M = DISCUSSION & APPROVAL BY ALL1 SO ?AT PUBLIC GUIDEL9ES & EXHORTATIONS MAY BE ISSU$ 44410 COMM5D+ TO ITS AFFILIAT$ & ORGANIZATIONS '! =MATION ON EV]Y WORK SITE ( FACTORY COMMITTEES ) PROPORTIONAL REPRES5TATION = ,C,N,T & ,U,G,T MEMB]S 4440 & ALSO 0ES*EW.<+.> VIOL5T ATTACKS & CRITICISMS40 

,! SIGNATORY ( ?IS /ATEM5T ( ANTIFASCI/ UNITY ON BEHALF ( ! ,P,S,U,C WAS ,JUAN ,COMOR]A1 :O1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,G]MAN SOCIOLOGI/ & HI/ORIAN ,FRANZ ,BORK5AU1 A DISSID5T COMMUNI/ & SUPPORT] ( ! REVOLUTION>Y EXP]IM5T1 REPRES5T$  
  

0A POLITICAL ATTITUDE :I* CAN BE/ BE COMP>$ ) ?AT ( ! EXTREME RI<T W+ ( ! ,G]MAN SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,HE HAD ALWAYS REG>D$ ! FI<T AGA9/ AN>*ISM AS ! *IEF AIM ( SOCIALI/ POLICY 9 ,SPA9 @&5DA%2 TO HIS SURPRISE HE F\ND UNEXPECT$ ALLIES = HIS DISLIKE ( AN>*I/ POLICIES 9 ! COMMUNI/S40.<#e#d.>  

,RISE & RISE ( ! ,SPANI% ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 

  

,REVOLUTION HAD BR\<T 9 ITS WAKE A MASSIVE 9FLUX 9TO ! WORK]S' P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS ( ! OPPORTUNI/ DETRITUS ( CAPITALISM4 ,! B\RGEOISIE BEGAN TO SEEK %ELT] 9 P>TICUL> 9 ! ORGANIZATION ?AT HAD OP5LY COMMITT$ ITSELF TO DEF5D+ B\RGEOIS 9T]E/S4 ,9 ,CATALONIA ?AT ORGANIZATION WAS ! ,U,G,T1 VIRTUALLY NON-EXI/5T 9 ! REGION UNTIL ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#f1 :5 IT BECAME A FIEF ( ! COMMUNI/S1.<#e#e.> :OSE C5TRAL COMMITTEE HAD REC5TLY PROCLAIM$ ! P>TY'S ADVOCACY ( 'REVOLUTION>Y ORD] )\T 9FR+EM5T ( RESPECT = PRIVATE PROP]TY'4 ,! POSITION ( ! 9T]NATIONAL COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T HAD BE5 EXPRESS$ CLE>LY BY ,&RE ,M>TY1 A MEMB] ( ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ( ! COMMUNI/ 9T]NATIONAL1 9 A /ATEM5T TO ! ,FR5* ,C,P PAP] ,L',HUMANITE3  
  

0,9 A C\NTRY LIKE ,SPA91 :]E FEUDAL 9/ITUTIONS >E /ILL DEEPLY ROOT$1 ! WORK+ CLASS & ! PEOPLE AS A :OLE HAVE AS !IR MO/ PRESS+ IMM$IATE TASK NOT ! C>RY+ ON ( ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION BUT ! DEF5SE1 CONSOLIDATION & C>RY+ ?R\< ( ! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 ,\R ,P>TY'S ONLY WAT*WORD AS PROPAG&A ?R\< \R PAP] ,MUNDO ,OBR]O1 ON #ai ,JULY1 WAS ',LONG ,LIVE ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC'4 ,?IS IS COMMON KN[L$GE4 ,ONLY PEOPLE ( ILL-WILL CAN >GUE O!RWISE40  
  

,! LEAD] ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,SPA9 7,P,C,E71 ,JOSE ,H]N&EZ1 & ,SANTIAGO ,C>RILLO1 ! LEAD] ( ! COMMUNI/-DOM9AT$ ,UNIT$ ,SOCIALI/ ,Y\? 7,J,S,U71 !MSELVES E*O$ ?IS L9E1 AFFIRM+ UNEQUIVOCALLY ?AT ! P>TY WAS 'NOT FI<T+ = ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION'4 

,BY *AMPION+ ! PRIVILEGES1 /ATUS & PROP]TY ( ! PR(ESSIONAL AS WELL AS ! URBAN & RURAL B\RGEOISIE AGA9/ ! RAPID ADVANCES ( ! AN>*I/-9SPIR$ SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ! ,P,C,E 9CREAS$ ITS MEMB]%IP DRAMATICALLY )9 A MATT] ( MON?S4 ,PEIRATS.<#e#f.> E/IMATES ?AT 9 ,CATALONIA1 9 ! FIR/ FEW MON?S AFT] ,JULY1 ! P>TY HAD ATTRACT$ #h1 L&[N]S & #a#f1 MEMB]S ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,BY ! 5D ( #a#i#c#f1 ! ,P,C,E HAD 9CREAS$ ITS MEMB]%IP T5-FOLD TO >\ND A MILLION4 

,BREA?+ SPACE = ,/AL9 

  

,AL?\< ! ,P,C,E HAD 9CREAS$ ITS MEMB]%IP 9 DIRECT PROPORTION TO ! DISCONT5T FELT BY ! B\RGEOISIE & PEASANT SMALLHOLD]S AT ! PROGRESS ( COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! L& & FACTORIES UND] SELF-MANAGEM5T1 !RE WAS ANO!R1 MORE P[]FUL REASON = ITS RAPID GR[? 9 9FLU5CE BY ! 5D ( #a#i#c#f4 ,?AT REASON WAS ,/AL9'S DECISION TO PROVIDE MILIT>Y SUPPORT = ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T4 ,IT MU/ BE /RESS$ FROM ! \TSET ?AT ?IS HAD NO?+ TO DO ) ANY ALTRUI/IC MOTIVES ( WORK+ CLASS SOLID>ITY @&5DA%2 A CONCEPT ,/AL9 HAD R5\NC$ PUBLICLY S9CE HIS 5TRY 9TO ! ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS 9 #a#i#c#d1 COMMITT+ HIMSELF 9/EAD TO SUPPORT+ LIB]AL DEMOCRACY4 ,/AL9'S DECISION TO S5D >MS TO ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 WAS BAS$ /RICTLY ON ! DIPLOMATIC & /RATEGIC EXIG5CIES ( ,SOVIET =EIGN POLICY4 

,= ,/AL91 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> WAS A SMALL P>T ( A DIPLOMATIC *ESS GAME BE+ PLAY$ \T BY ! ?REE GREAT ,EUROPEAN P[] BLOCS @&5DA%2 ! ,G]MANY-,ITALY ,AXIS1 ,FRANCE & ,BRITA91 & ,RUSSIA4 ,/AL9 HOP$ ?AT ! SURROGATE W> BE+ F\<T 9 ,SPA9 W\LD PROVIDE HIM ) SUFFICI5T BREA?+ SPACE TO DIV]T OR M9IMIZE ! EFFECT ON ! ,SOVIET ,UNION ( ! 9EVITABLE WID] ,EUROPEAN W>4 ,HITL]'S EXPANSIONI/ POLICIES W\LD1 ,/AL9 BELIEV$1 DRAG ,G]MANY 9TO CONFLICT ) ,BRITA9 & ,FRANCE1 LEAV+ ,RUSSIA AS AN ONLOOK]4 ,H[EV]1 ,SOVIET =EIGN POLICY AT ! TIME ALSO REQUIR$ ?AT ! BALANCE ( =CES 9 ,EUROPE %\LD NOT BE UPSET4 ,SOVIET SUPPORT = SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,EUROPE W\LD AFFECT ,RUSSIA'S DELICATE MILIT>Y ALLIANCE ) ,FRANCE & ITS RELATION%IP ) ,GREAT ,BRITA94 

,H[EV]1 AS ! DISSID5T COMMUNI/ HI/ORIAN ,F]N&O ,CLAUD9 PO9TS \T1 NEI!R C\LD ! ,SOVIET ,UNION REALI/ICALLY DODGE ITS DUTY 0TO %[ ACTIVE SOLID>ITY ) ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE 9 >MS )\T RISK ( LOS+ ALL PRE/IGE 9 ! EYES ( ! WORLD PROLET>IAT40.<#e#g.> 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #b -- ,UPDAT$4 

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