,*APT] #a 
,JULY #aicf 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,/U>T ,*RI/IE 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,SPANI% >MY 9 ,MOROCCO ROSE 9 REBELLION AGA9/ ! ,SECOND ,SPANI% ,REPUBLIC ON #ag ,JULY #a#i#c#f4 ,BY ! FOLL[+ DAY1 ! LONG-PLANN$ C\P D'ETAT1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,G5]AL ,SANJURJO & A MILIT>Y DIRECTORATE CONSI/+ ( G5]ALS ,YAGUE1 ,QUIEPO DE ,LLANO1 ,MOLA & ,FRANCO1 HAD SPREAD TO ! ,SPANI% MA9L&4 

,! ,SPANI% AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ LABOR ORGANIZATION1 ! ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO 7,C,N,T71 HAD BE5 PREP>+ = ! EV5TUALITY ( SU* A C\P = SOME TIME4 ,E>LI] ?AT YE>1 ON #ad ,FEBRU>Y1 JU/ TWO DAYS BE=E ! ELECTIONS ?AT W]E TO BR+ TO P[] ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T ?AT PRECIPITAT$ ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+1 ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ,Z>AGOZA ISSU$ A PROPHETIC W>N+ TO ITS MEMB]S AS TO ! LIKELY CONSEQU5CES ( A LEFTI/ VICTORY 9 ! =?COM+ ELECTIONS4 ,?IS WAS A CLE> /ATEM5T ( 9T5T TO ! ,REPUBLICAN & SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC B\RGEOISIE1 AS WELL AS TO ! MILIT>Y PLOTT]S & ! L&$ OLIG>*S1 :OSE 9T]E/S !Y S]V$1 ?AT ! MO/ P[]FUL LABOR UNION 9 ,SPA9 W\LD RESPOND TO A MILIT>Y C\P ) ! ULTIMATE EXPRESSION ( WORK+ CLASS P[] @&EMDA%2 SOCIAL REVOLUTION3 

,ON A W> FOOT+1 PROLET>IAT1 AGA9/ ! MON>*I/ & FASCI/ CONSPIRACY6 

  
  

0,DAY BY DAY1 ! SUSPICION IS GR[+ ?AT RI<TI/ ELEM5TS >E READY TO PROVOKE 9T]V5TION BY ! MILIT>Y ,E ,9SURRECTION HAS BE5 DEF]R$1 P5D+ ! \TCOME ( ! ELECTIONS4 ,!Y HAVE A BLUEPR9T = ?W>T+ A VICTORY BY ! ,LEFT AT ! POLLS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 :]EV] ! LEGIONNAIRES ( TYRANNY MAY RISE 9 >MS1 WE HAVE NO HESITATION 9 CALL+ = AN IMM$IATE UND]/&+ ) ANTIFASCI/ GR\PS1 VIGOR\S PRECAUTIONS BE+ TAK5 TO 5SURE ?AT ! DEF5SIVE CONTRIBUTION ( ! MASSES MAY LEAD TO REAL SOCIAL REVOLUTION UND] ! AUSPICES ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM4 ,IF ! CONSPIRATORS OP5 FIRE !N ! ACT ( OPPOSITION MU/ BE TAK5 TO ITS UTMO/ CONSEQU5CES1 )\T ALL[+ ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE & ITS ,M>XI/ ALLIES TO APPLY ! BRAKES1 9 ! CASE :]E ! FASCI/ REBELLION IS DEFEAT$ 9 ITS FIR/ /AGES ,E 9 ! C\RSE ( ! PEOPLE'S VICTORY1 ITS DEMOCRATIC ILLUSIONS W\LD BE DISPELL$2 %\LD IT GO O!RWISE1 !N ! NI<TM>E ( DICTATOR%IP WILL ANNIHILATE US4 ,NO MATT] :O OP5S ! HO/ILITIES S]I\SLY1 DEMOCRACY WILL P]I% BETWE5 TWO FIRES1 BECAUSE IT IS IRRELEVANT & HAS NO PLACE ON ! FIELD ( BATTLE4 ,EI!R FASCISM OR SOCIAL REVOLUTION6 ,DEFEAT ( ! =M] IS A DUTY 9CUMB5T UPON ! :OLE PROLET>IAT & ALL FRE$OM-LOV]S1 WEAPONS 9 H&3 ?AT ! REVOLUTION %\LD BE SOCIAL & LIB]T>IAN \<T TO BE ! MO/ PR(\ND PREOCCUPATION ( MEMB]S ( ! ,CONF$]ATION4 .<#a.>  

,CO-ORD9AT+ ! RESI/ANCE 

  

,! PRECISE DATE ON :I* ! RIS+ WAS TO TAKE PLACE HAD BE5 DISCOV]$ ON #ac ,JULY BY ,C,N,T-,F,A,I AG5TS 9 ! B>RACKS4 ,IT WAS LAT] CONFIRM$ FOLL[+ ! >RE/ ( A ,GU>DIA ,CIVIL (FIC] C>RY+ WRITT5 ORD]S4 ,! #e-?\S& /RONG ,C,N,T UNION 7RIS+ TO >\ND TWO MILLION BY ! 5D ( #a#i#c#f7 & ITS SI/] ORGANIZATION1 ! ,F$]ACION ,AN>QUI/A ,IB]ICA 7,F,A,I71 BEGAN TO SPE$ UP !IR PLANS TO RESI/ ! MILIT>Y & OLIG>*IC CONSPIRACY4 ,9 L9E ) ! ,FEBRU>Y W>N+ ( ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T1 MILITANTS MET FREQU5TLY 9 !IR LOCALS ?R\<\T ,SPA9 TO PREP>E = ! 9EVITABLE CONFRONTATION ) ! REBELS4 

,ON #af ,JULY1 ! ,C,N,T HELD A REGIONAL ASSEMBLY 9 ,CATALONIA TO CO-ORD9ATE RESI/ANCE PLANS4 ,>MS W]E REQUE/$ ( ! REGIONAL GOV]NM5T ( ,CATALONIA1 ! ,G5]ALIDAD1 BUT !SE W]E REFUS$1 & ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I PATROLS ON ! /REETS W]E >RE/$4 ,C5SOR%IP ( ! ,C,N,T DAILY NEWSPAP] ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A PREV5T$ PUBLICATION ( A ,F,A,I MANIFE/O CALL+ UPON ALL AN>*I/ GR\PS TO JO9 ! ,C,N,T'S ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEES TO =M A UNIT$ FRONT4 ,! TEXT WAS PR9T$ AS A PO/] & DI/RIBUT$ ?R\<\T ! REGION4 

,9 SPITE ( ! BY N[ IRREFUTABLE EVID5CE ?AT ADVANC$ PREP>ATIONS = A MILIT>Y C\P W]E UND] WAY1 NEI!R ! NATIONAL PRIME M9I/] 9 ,MADRID1 ,CAS>ES ,QUIROGA1 NOR ! ,CATALAN PRESID5T1 ,LLUIS ,COMPANYS1 WAS PREP>$ TO ISSUE >MS TO ! ONLY ORGANIZ$ & RELIABLE OPPOSITION TO ! MILIT>Y CONSPIRATORS @&EMDA%2 ! LABOR UNIONS4 ,?IS HESITATION IS H>DLY SURPRIS+1 GIV5 ! CLE>LY REVOLUTION>Y NATURE ( ! L>GE/ ( !SE1 ! ,C,N,T4 ,= ! MIDDLE-CLASS BUS9ESSM51 CIVIL S]VANTS & POLITICIANS ( ! ,SECOND ,REPUBLIC1 ! PROSPECT ( UNLEA%+ A SOCIAL REVOLUTION BY >M+ ! PEOPLE WAS MORE FRI<T5+ ?AN ! ALT]NATIVE SC5>IO ( A MILIT>Y C\P & FASCISM4 ,HOP+ AGA9/ HOPE ?AT A LA/-M9UTE COMPROMISE C\LD BE REA*$ ) ! MILIT>Y1 ! GOV]NM5T /EADFA/LY REFUS$ TO C\NT5ANCE >M+ ! PEOPLE4 

,9 ,CATALONIA1 ! ,G5]ALIDAD HAD NO AU?ORITY OV] ! >MY4 ,MANY YE>S LAT]1 ,F$]ICO ,ESC(ET1 ! ,B>CELONA POLICE COMMISSION] 9 #a#i#c#f1 EXPLA9$ ! DILEMMA AS FOLL[S3  
  

0,TO >M ! ,C,N,T REPRES5T$ A DANG] = ! ,REPUBLICAN REGIME 9 ,CATALONIA -- ( EQUAL DANG] TO ITS EXI/5CE AS ! MILIT>Y REBELLION4 ,C\LD ! ,G5]ALIDAD VOLUNT>ILY ADOPT SU* MEASURES8 ,I BELIEV$1 = MY P>T1 ?AT ,I C\LD NOT TAKE ! 9ITIATIVE ) SU* POT5TIALLY S]I\S CONSEQU5CES1 O!R ?AN HAV+ BL9D FAI? 9 ! TRIUMPH ( ! =CES ( PUBLIC ORD]4 ,= ?IS REASON1 ,I DID NOT WANT TO >M ! PEOPLE40.<#b.> 

0,COMPANYS & ,I AGRE$ ON ! CONV5I5CE ( NOT DI/RIBUT+ ! >MS DEM&$ BY ! PEOPLE BECAUSE ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I WAS ! DOM9ANT =CE4 ,!SE >M$ ELEM5TS1 :I* UND\BT$LY W\LD PROVIDE 9VALUABLE ASSI/ANCE 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! REBELS1 W\LD ALSO 5DANG] ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,REPUBLIC & ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALIDAD4 ,! ,PRESID5T W>N$ ME TO BE P>TICUL>LY C>EFUL 9 GU>D+ ! >MORIES1 TO 5SURE !RE WAS NO REPETITION ( ! RAIDS SU* AS ?OSE ?AT TOOK PLACE ON #f ,OCTOB] #a#i#c#d4 ,EFFECTIVELY1 ! >MORIES W]E ATTACK$ ! FOLL[+ DAY40.<#c.>  
  

,ESC(ET CLAIMS HE DID NOT PLACE GU>DS 9 ORD] NOT TO DI/RACT ! ATT5TIONS ( ! =CES ( ORD]4 ,HE DID1 H[EV]1 BELIEVE ?AT ! GOV]NM5T %\LD HAVE >M$ ! SOCIALI/-L$ TRADE UNION1 ! ,U,G,T1 :OSE LEAD]S1 9 SPITE ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y RHETORIC1 HE CONSID]$ 'REALI/IC'4 ,TOGE!R ) ! =CES ( PUBLIC ORD]1 !SE W]E P]CEIV$ AS BE+ SUFFICI5T TO CONTA9 ! RIS+4 

,JULIAN ,ZUGAZAGOITIA1 A SOCIALI/ LEAD] & LAT] M9I/] ( ! 9T]IOR1 QUOTES ! FOLL[+ EYEWITNESS ACC\NT ( ,CAS>ES ,QUIROGA'S F9AL DAYS AS PREMI]3  
  

0,HIS M9I/RY IS A MADH\SE & ! WILDE/ 9MATE IS ! M9I/] HIMSELF4 ,HE NEI!R EATS NOR SLEEPS4 ,HE %\TS & SCREAMS AS ?\< POSSESS$4 ,HIS APPE>ANCE FRI<T5S Y\1 & IT W\LD NOT SURPRISE ME IF HE W]E TO DROP DEAD DUR+ ONE ( HIS FR5ZI$ \TBUR/S ,E ,HE WILL HE> NO?+ ( >M+ ! PEOPLE & SAYS 9 ! MO/ EMPHATIC T]MS ?AT ANYONE :O TAKES IT UPON HIMSELF TO DO SO WILL BE %OT40.<#d.>  

,CLASS L9ES DRAWN 

  

,9 A LA/-DIT* ATTEMPT TO /AVE (F ! MILIT>Y REBELLION1 ,QUIROGA RESIGN$ ON #ah ,JULY4 ,HIS PLACE AS PREMI] WAS TAK5 BY ,DIEGO ,M>T9EZ ,B>RIO1 A CONS]VATIVE REPUBLICAN1 :O ALSO REFUS$ TO >M ! WORK]S4 ,M>T9EZ ,B>RIO DID POLITICAL D\BLE-SOM]SAULTS 9 ORD] TO REA* A COMPROMISE SOLUTION ) ! MILIT>Y PLOTT]S1 (F]+ !M M9I/]IAL C>TE BLAN*E4 ,G5]AL ,MOLA1 :O AT ?AT TIME HAD NOT TAK5 OV] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! REVOLT 7HE TOOK OV] ! LEAD]%IP FOLL[+ ! ACCID5TAL DEA? ( ,G5]AL ,SANJURJO ON #b ,JULY71 WAS (F]$ ! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T'S ,M9I/RY ( ,W> 9 A PROPOS$ REGIME ( NATIONAL RECONCILIATION4 ,MOLA1 H[EV]1 MADE IT QUITE CLE> TO ! B\RGEOIS ,REPUBLICAN PREMI] ?AT ! CLASS L9ES HAD BE5 DRAWN UP1 & ?AT ! POLITICAL SITUATION HAD REA*$ ! PO9T ( NO RETURN -- CONFRONTATION WAS 9EVITABLE4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! ,C,N,T J\RNALI/ ,CANOVAS ,C]VANTES1 ,MOLA POLITELY REBUFF$ ,B>RIO'S DESP]ATE (F] 9 A %ORT TELEPHONE CONV]SATION3  
  

0,I AM MU* 9DEBT$ TO Y\ ,S5OR ,B>RIO1 = ! FLATT]+ & UNDES]V$ COMM5TS :I* MY WORK & MY PA/ S]VICE HAVE MOV$ Y\ TO4 ,I %ALL MAKE MY REPLY ) ! SAME C\RTESY & NOBILITY Y\ HAVE US$ 9 SPEAK+ TO ME4 ,! GOV]NM5T ) :OSE =MATION Y\ >E BURD5$ WILL NOT GET (F ! DRAW+ BO>D2 %\LD IT EV] TAKE %APE1 IT WILL BE %ORT-LIV$1 &1 RA!R ?AN REM$Y+ ! SITUATION1 WILL HAVE S]V$ TO WORS5 IT4 ,Y\ HAVE Y\R MASSES & ,I HAVE M9E4 ,IF Y\ & ,I W]E TO AGREE TO SOME DEAL WE %\LD BO? HAVE BETRAY$ \R IDEALS AS WELL AS \R M54 ,WE %\LD BO? DES]VE TO BE LYN*$40  
  

,AS ,MOLA PR$ICT$1 ! GOV]NM5T ( ,M>T9EZ ,B>RIO WAS %ORT-LIV$1 LA/+ ONLY ONE DAY4 ,9 ! SPACE ( ?REE DAYS1 TWO GOV]NM5TS FELL RA!R ?AN H& OV] >MS TO ! WORK]S4 ,B>RIO'S PLACE WAS TAK5 ! FOLL[+ DAY1 #ai ,JULY1 BY ,JOSE ,GIRAL1 :O REALIZ$ ?AT ALL HOPES ( A DEAL W]E ILLUSORY4 ,HE HAD NO OPTION BUT TO ORD] WEAPONS TO BE DI/RIBUT$ TO ! UNION ORGANIZATIONS NATIONALLY4 ,GIRAL'S DECREE1 H[EV]1 ONLY LEGALIZ$ :AT WAS BY !N A FAIT ACCOMPLI4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y G5]AL /RIKE 

  

,ON ! EV5+ ( #ah ,JULY1 ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T BROADCA/ AN APPEAL ON ,RADIO ,MADRID TO MOBILIZE = W>4 ,9 CONJUNCTION ) ! ,U,G,T1 ! ,C,N,T DECL>$ A REVOLUTION>Y G5]AL /RIKE4 ,EV5 BE=E ?IS1 ON ! PREVI\S DAY1 #ag ,JULY1 ! V]Y FIR/ DAY ( ! MILIT>Y RIS+1 ! TRANSPORT WORK]S' SECTION ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ,B>CELONA HAD /ORM$ TWO %IPS AN*OR$ 9 ! PORT & EXPROPRIAT$ >\ND TWO HUNDR$ GUNS4 ,GR\PS ( WORK]S RAID$ >MORIES & GUN %OPS1 :ILE ANTIQUE & DILAPIDAT$ RIFLES & REVOLV]S APPE>$ FROM HID+ PLACES UND] FLOORBO>DS & 9 ATTICS4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! ,C,N,T 9 ,MADRID HAD ALSO1 UNSUCCESSFULLY1 REQUE/$ WEAPONS1 & HAD TAK5 MATT]S 9TO ITS [N H&S4 ,A ,MADRID ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE WAS SET UP ON #ah ,JULY1 :I* ORGANIZ$ FIVE-MAN PATROLS1 EA* MEMB] >M$ ) A PI/OL & A GR5ADE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,JUAN ,GOMEZ ,CASAS1.<#e.> ! FIR/ WEAPONS W]E ISSU$ 9 ,MADRID ON ! NI<T ( #ah -#a#i ,JULY ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( 0MILIT>Y FIGURES EXASP]AT$ ) ! /UPIDITY ( A GOV]NM5T ?AT BELIEV$ ITSELF /ILL 9 CONTROL ( ! SITUATION40 ,! FIR/ >MS DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I WORK]S 9 ,MADRID W]E ?OSE !Y TOOK !MSELVES AFT] /ORM+ A TRUCK4 

,! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T 9 ,MADRID & ! ,G5]ALIDAD 9 ,CATALONIA1 :O W]E1 EV5 AT ?IS LATE /AGE1 /ILL CL++ TO ! HOPE ?AT !Y C\LD REA* A SETTLEM5T ) ! MILIT>Y1 ORD]$ ! SECURITY =CES TO RECOV] ! WEAPONS SEIZ$ BY ! WORK]S4 

,IT SEEMS ?AT ALSO AT ?IS /AGE1 NEWS ( ! RIS+ 9 ,MOROCCO HAD ALREADY REA*$ ,B>CELONA4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,F$]ICO ,>COS3  
  

0,?AT DAY WAS ,SATURDAY1 MY SIXTE5? BIR?DAY1 EV]Y:]E PEOPLE W]E TALK+ AB\T IT 7! RIS+74444 ,!RE W]E FIE/AS DE B>RIO ?AT DAY4 ,/REETS W]E DECORAT$ ) ! P>TICIPATION ( ALL ! NEI<BORS4 ,?AT EV5+ ON ! ! ORGANIZ+ COMMITTEE REF]R$ TO ! ,MOROCCAN RIS+ & ! ,C,N,T'S EXPECTATION ?AT ! >MY W\LD REVOLT 9 ! RE/ ( ,SPA94 ,= ?IS REASON IT WAS DECID$ TO CANCEL ! CELEBRATIONS & PREP>E = ! EXPECT$ BATTLE40  
  

,C]TA9LY1 AS YET1 !RE HAD BE5 NO FI<T+ 9 ,B>CELONA1 & ,POLICE ,COMMISSION] ,ESC(ET S5T A COMPANY ( ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS TO RECOV] ! /OL5 >MS4 ,GU>N]1 ! (FIC] 9 *>GE ( ! RAID ON ! ,C,N,T TRANSPORT WORK]S' LOCAL1 :]E ! >MS W]E BE+ /OR$1 SPOKE TO ! PROM95T AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MILITANT ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI1 :O EXPLA9$ TO HIM :Y ! >MS HAD BE5 SEIZ$3  
  

0,!RE >E TIMES 9 LIFE :5 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO C>RY \T AN ORD]1 NO MATT] H[ HI<LY PLAC$ ! P]SON :O GAVE ! ORD]4 ,IT IS ?R\< DISOB$I5CE ?AT MAN BECOMES CIVILIZ$4 ,9 Y\R CASE1 !N1 CIVILIZE Y\RSELF BY MAK+ COMMON CAUSE ) ! PEOPLE4 ,UNI=MS NO LONG] HAVE ANY MEAN+4 ,NO O!R AU?ORITY EXI/S EXCEPT REVOLUTION>Y ORD]1 & ! LATT] REQUIRES ?AT !SE GUNS /AY 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S40.<#f.>  
  

,DURRUTI'S S9C]E SPEE* CONV9C$ ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>D CAPTA91 :O LEFT ) HIS M51 TAK+ ) !M A FEW UNUSABLE WEAPONS1 ?US SAV+ FACE & AVOID+ A CONFRONTATION4 ,9 FACT1 ANO!R AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ACTIVI/1 ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 TURN$ UP %ORTLY AFT]W>DS AT ,ESC(ET'S (FICE TO DEM& ! RETURN ( !SE WEAPONS4 ,HE LEFT ) F\R OR FIVE PI/OLS FROM ,ESC(ET'S DRAW]4 

,! CALL TO >MS 

  

,! ,C,N,T ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE 9 ,B>CELONA HAD ITS BASE 9 ! WORK+-CLASS DI/RICT ( ,PUEBLO ,NUEVO4 ,TWO TRUCKS HAD BE5 MODIFI$ = USE AS MOBILE HEADQU>T]S1 ONE ( :I* WAS MANN$ BY ! AN>*I/S ( ! ,NOSOTROS AFF9ITY GR\P1 9CLUD+ ,DURRUTI1 ,FRANCISCO ,ASCASO1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 ,GREGORIO ,JOV] & ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ4 ,:5 ! ,C,N,T ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE RECEIV$ 9=MATION ?AT ! 9FANTRY REGIM5T /ATION$ 9 ! ,P$RALBES B>RACKS & ! ,MONTESA CAVALRY W]E BE+ MOBILIZ$1 ! TWO ,C,N,T-,F,A,I TRUCKS SET (F = !IR PRE>RANG$ LOCATIONS4 

',WORK]S' PATROLS PO/$ ALONG ! WAY REALIZ$ ?AT ! H\R ( ! REVOLUTION HAD COME4'.<#g.> ,%ORTLY AFT]W>DS1 ! SIR5S FROM ! FACTORIES & %IPS 9 ! H>BOR BEGAN TO S\ND1 ! PRE>RANG$ SIGNAL BY ! ,B>CELONA ,C,N,T ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE CALL+ ITS SUPPORT]S TO >MS4 ,! O!R MOBILE COMM& PO/ WAS 9 ! (FICES ( ! CON/RUCTION UNION1 !N BAS$ 9 ! ,CASA ,CAMBO1 :I*1 )9 #bd H\RS1 WAS TO BECOME ! ',CASA ,C,N,T-,F,A,I'4 ,?R\<\T ! EV5+ ( #ah ,JULY & ! E>LY H\RS ( #ai ,JULY1 ! WORK]S BUSI$ !MSELVES MAK+ !IR F9AL PREP>ATIONS4 ,:5 ! MILIT>Y F9ALLY LEFT ! ,P$RALBES B>RACKS AT #d4#a#e A4M4 ON ! MORN+ ( #ai ,JULY TO OCCUPY /RATEGIC PO9TS 9 ,B>CELONA1 !Y W]E MET ON ! /REETS BY ! PEOPLE 9 >MS4 ,:E!R !Y W]E CAU<T UP 9 ! EUPHORIA ( ! MOM5T OR1 P]HAPS1 AW>E ( ! OV]:ELM+ ODDS AGA9/ !M1 FIR/ ! ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & !N ! ,GU>DIA ,CIVIL ?REW 9 !IR LOT ) ! PEOPLE2 !N IT WAS ! TURN ( ! SOLDI]S ON ! /REETS TO SURR5D] !IR WEAPONS4 

,9SIDE ! ,AT>AZANAS ,B>RACKS1 ! MA9 >MY /RON<OLD 9 D[NT[N ,B>CELONA AT ?IS TIME1 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I HAD A NUMB] ( AFFILIATES1 P>TICUL>LY ,S]GEANTS ,GORDO & ,MANZANA1 :O1 E>LY ON #ai ,JULY1 ATTEMPT$ TO RISE AGA9/ !IR (FIC]S4 ,!Y W]E UNABLE TO GA9 CONTROL ( ! BUILD+1 BUT !Y DID MANAGE TO REMOVE MA*9E-GUNS1 RIFLES & H&-GR5ADES1 :I* !Y H&$ OV] TO ! ,C,N,T ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE4 ,!Y ALSO E/ABLI%$ A GUN EMPLACEM5T 9 ! ,PLAZA DEL ,TEATRO1 :I* PREV5T$ ! REBELS 9 ! ,PLAZA DE ,CATALUNYA FROM MAK+ CONTACT ) O!R ISOLAT$ REBEL =CES4 

,! PR9CIPAL OBJECTIVE ( ! ,C,N,T ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE WAS ! ,SAN ,&RES ,B>RACKS1 BECAUSE IT CONTA9$ ! >S5AL ?AT WAS TO MAKE ! ,C,N,T ! MA/]S ( ,CATALONIA4 ,! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNION HAD ! SUPPORT ( ! AIR =CE ?R\< ,LIEUT5ANT ,MEANA4 ,SAID ,ESC(ET3  
  

0,I WAS T]RIBLY AFRAID ( ! CONSEQU5CES ( :AT W\LD HAPP5 IF ! >MS 9 ! ,SAN ,&RES B>RACKS FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ! MILITANTS -- ,I ORD]$ A COMPANY ( ! ,GU>DIA ,NACIONAL ,REPUBLICAN TO OCCUPY ! ,P>QUE DE ,>TILT]RA TO PREV5T ! PILLAGE ( >MS !RE40  
  

,CAPTA9 ,FRANCISCO ,LOPEZ ,GATEL WAS 9 *>GE @&EMDA%2 HE RETURN$ %ORTLY AFT] ) TE>S 9 HIS EYES1 & PLEAD$ = ,ESC(ET'S =GIV5ESS = NOT HAV+ BE5 ABLE TO FULFILL ! MISSION2 ! B>RACKS HAD BE5 9VAD$ & ! ,CAPTA9 HAD BE5 UNABLE TO OP5 FIRE ON ! PEOPLE4 ',BUT :AT A RESPONSIBILITY = ME @&EMDA%2 & H[ GREAT W]E TO BE ! CONSEQU5CES1' HE LAT] WROTE4.<#h.> 

,COMPANYS'S WOR/ NI<TM>ES 

  

,= ,ESC(ET1 ! SITUATION 9 ! CITY ?AT NI<T WAS TRULY AL>M+4  
  

0,! REBELLION HAD BE5 PUT D[N1 BUT ! REBELS HAD DE/ROY$ ! =CES ( 'PUBLIC ORD]'4 ,?\S&S ( PEOPLE ( BO? SEXES1 :O HAD NOT F\<T1 W]E RUNN+ ?R\< ! CITY /REETS1 >M$ & WE>+ COMBAT HELMETS & O!R MILIT>Y CLO?+ TAK5 FROM ! B>RACKS OR FROM ! SOLDI]S2 ?\S&S ( EXCIT$ PEOPLE1 :O REFUS$ TO BE OV]COME BY EXHAU/ION1 DID NOT /OP CELEBRAT+ -- WAV+ FLAGS & RAIS+ ! CL5*$ FI/4 ,CIVILIANS M+L$ ) SECURITY GU>DS1 ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS1 EV5 ! ,C,N,T1 UNBUTTON$ OR 9 %IRTSLEEVES1 RAIS+ ! CL5*$ FI/1 ! NEWLY 9V5T$ SALUTE ( ! PEOPLE 9 >MS4 ,9 ?OSE MOM5TS1 ,I ASK$ MYSELF ) ANGUI% H[ ,I C\LD PUT D[N ?IS POPUL> 9UNDATION -- H[ C\LD ,I PREV5T IT FROM BECOM+ WORSE8 ,! REBELLION HAD BE5 DEFEAT$ ?R\<\T ,CATALONIA4 ,! TRAGIC CONSEQU5CES PROVOK$ BY ! CRIM9AL ELEM5TS ( ! MILIT>Y REBELS BECAME CLE>4 ,! PRIORITY ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I WAS TO IMPLEM5T ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION -- UTOPIAN & UNREALIZABLE -- 9/EAD ( RE9=C+ REGIM5T$ AU?ORITY40 .<#i.> 

0,) ! REBELLION OV]1 ,I FELT IT NECESS>Y TO VISIT ,PRESID5T ,COMPANYS 9 ! ,PALACIO DE LA ,G5]ALIDAD4 ,HIS FACE %[$ NO SIGN ( RELIEF AT ! VICTORY WE HAD A*IEV$ 9 ,B>CELONA & ?R\<\T ,CATALONIA AGA9/ ! MILIT>Y REBELLION1 A TRIUMPH ?AT %\LD HAVE CONSOLIDAT$ ! AU?ORITY & PRE/IGE ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,G5]ALIDAD4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 HIS FACE EXPRESS$ A PR(\ND GRAVITY1 %[+ MIX$ EMOTIONS -- SADNESS & WORRY4 ,POSSIBLY1 HE SAW SIMIL> EMOTIONS REFLECT$ 9 MY FACE1 C]TA9LY ?OSE W]E ! ONES ?AT ,I FELT4 ',PRESID5T'1 ,I TOLD HIM1 ',I COME TO COMMUNICATE ) Y\ (FICIALLY ?AT ! REBELLION HAS BE5 COMPLETELY OV]COME4 ,! LA/ /RON<OLDS & R$\BTS HAVE BE5 TAK54 ,ALL ! REBEL *IEFS & (FIC]S >E PRISON]S4 ,ALL ?AT REMA9S >E ONE OR TWO SNIP]S40 

0,YES1 ,ESC(ET1 V]Y WELL1' ! ,PRESID5T REPLI$4 ',BUT ! SITUATION IS *AOTIC4 ,! >M$ & UNCONTROLLABLE MOB IS RAMPAG+ ?R\< ! /REETS1 COMMITT+ EV]Y TYPE ( EXCESS4 ,&1 ON ! O!R H& ! ,C,N,T1 P[]FULLY >M$1 IS MA/] ( ! CITY & HOLD] ( P[] -- :AT CAN WE DO80 

',PRESID5T'1 ,I ADD$1 ',I UND]TOOK TO DOM9ATE ! MILIT>Y REVOLT 9 ,B>CELONA1 & ,I HAVE DONE ?IS4 ,BUT AN AU?ORITY REQUIRES ! MEANS ( CO]CION TO MAKE ITSELF OBEY$1 & !SE DO NOT EXI/ TODAY4 ,AS A RESULT1 !RE IS NO AU?ORITY4 ,& ,I1 MY DE> ,PRESID5T1 DO NOT KN[ H[ TO P]=M MIRACLES4 ,I HAVE SPOK5 ) ,G5]AL ,>ANGUR51 COMM&] ( ! ,G,N,R & ALSO HEAD ( ITS ,I,V ,ORGANIC ,DIVISIONS1 & ) ,G5]AL ,>&O1 HEAD ( ! ,ASSAULT & ,SECURITY ,GU>DS1 & BO? >E CONV9C$1 AS AM ,I1 ?AT 9 ORD] TO REE/ABLI% PUBLIC ORD]1 WE W\LD HAVE TO EMB>K ON A BATTLE AS GREAT AS ! ONE WE HAVE JU/ COMPLET$1 & ?IS SIMPLY IS NOT POSSIBLE4 ,H[ CAN WE EXPECT \R ,GU>DIAS1 TIR$ BUT EUPHORIC ) VICTORY1 TO CONFRONT ! PEOPLE ) :OM !Y HAVE BE5 FI<T+ = ?OSE SAME IDEALS ( LIB]TY8 ,IF WE W]E MAD 5\< TO TRY IT1 WE W\LD NEV] SUCCE$4 ,= ! SAME REASON1 & = HUMANITY1 ! =CES ( PUBLIC ORD] DID NOT FIRE ON ?OSE :O 9VAD$ ,SAN ,&RES1 9 SPITE ( ! FACT WE KNEW WE W\LD LOSE ALL ! >MS4 ,= ! MOM5T1 WE >E ALL OV]COME BY ! SITUATION1 9CLUD+ ! LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,! ONLY SOLUTION1 ,PRESID5T1 IS TO CONTA9 ! SITUATION POLITICALLY1 )\T M9IMIZ+ \R RESPECTIVE AU?ORITIES40.<#a.>  

,PSY*OLOGICAL & /RATEGIC OBJECTIVES 

  

,AS 9DICAT$ E>LI]1 ! FOCAL PO9T ( ! REBELLION 9 ,CATALONIA WAS ! ,AT>AZANAS ,B>RACKS4 ,! METALWORK]S' UNION ( ! ,C,N,T 9SI/$ ?AT ITS CAPTURE BE !IR RESPONSIBILITY ALONE4 ,!Y FELT IT A PO9T ( HONOR TO AV5GE !IR COMRADES :O HAD FALL5 9 ! ,RAMBLAS & 9 ! /REETS ADJAC5T TO ! B>RACKS4 ,?R\<\T ! NI<T ( ! #a#i-#b ,JULY1 ! LIB]T>IANS F\<T1 GO+ =W>D CAUTI\SLY1 E/ABLI%+ B>RICADES & SETT+ UP ADVANCE POSITIONS ?AT W\LD P]MIT AN ATTACK ON ! B>RACKS4 ,TEJ$OR1 SECRET>Y ( ! METALWORK]S' UNION1 GAVE ! FOLL[+ ACC\NT ( ! ATTACK3  
  

0,! GLORI\S FEAT ( ! ,AT>AZANAS CAPTURE WAS ! EXCLUSIVE A*IEVEM5T ( ! M5 ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,! ,GU>DIA ,CIVIL WANT$ TO TAKE P>T 9 ! ATTACK1 BUT WE W\LD NOT P]MIT ?IS4 ,IT WAS A MATT] ( HONOR4 ,ON #b ,JULY COMRADE ,DURRUTI %\T$ TO EV]YONE -- ',=W>D ! M5 ( ! ,C,N,T6' ,SO BEGAN ! EPIC ATTACK :I* OV]%AD[$ ! CAPTURE ( ! ,BA/ILLE BY ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS40.<#a#a.>  
  

,! CAPTURE ( ! ,AT>AZANAS =TRESS WAS NOT A MAJOR MILIT>Y OBJECTIVE -- ! REBELLION HAD ALREADY BE5 DEFEAT$2 BUT IT WAS A PSY*OLOGICAL SUCCESS = ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S4 ,! WEAPONS TAK5 FROM ! >MORY & ! AMMUNITION /ORES PROVID$ ! WORK]S ) MU*-NE$$ W> MAT]IEL1 :ILE ! CAPTURE ( ,G5]AL ,MANUEL ,GOD$1 LEAD] ( ! RIS+ 9 ,CATALONIA & ! ,BALE>ICS1 WAS A MAJOR PROPAG&A VICTORY ?AT S]I\SLY UND]M9$ FASCI/ & B\RGEOIS MORALE4 ,! ,C,N,T ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE ( ,CATALONIA1 :I* HAD BE5 RESPONSIBLE = ! DEFEAT ( ! NATIONALI/ RIS+ 9 ,B>CELONA1 REFUS$ TO ACCEPT ,GOD$'S SURR5D]4 ,9/EAD1 !Y *OSE TO PRESS ON ) ! FI<T UNTIL ALL ! REBELS HAD EI!R BE5 WIP$ \T OR SURR5D]$4 ,! T]MS ( ,GOD$'S SURR5D]1 ACCEPT$ BY ,COMPANYS1 W]E BROADCA/ FROM ! ,G5]ALIDAD ,PALACE4 ,H[EV]1 !Y REF]R$ ONLY TO HIMSELF2 HE DID NOT ORD] ! SURR5D] ( ! TROOPS UND] HIS COMM&3 ',I MU/ DECL>E TO ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE ?AT LUCK HAS NOT BE5 ) ME4 ,FROM ?IS MOM5T ON1 ANY :O SEEK TO CONT9UE FI<T+ %\LD NO LONG] C\NT ON ME4' ,! ,C,N,T ,DEF5SE ,COMMITTEE'S DECISION TO FI<T ON AFT] ! CAPTURE ( ,GOD$ WAS TO 9VE/ ! RESI/ANCE ) A REVOLUTION>Y DEP?1 & TO BREAK ! MY? ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD ALWAYS BE BEAT5 BY ! >MY4 ,HAD ! ACTIVI/S ( ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I LAID D[N !IR WEAPONS FOLL[+ ,GOD$'S SURR5D] & RETURN$ HOME1 AS ! B\RGEOIS POLITICIANS NO D\BT HOP$1 !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 NO SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 & ! UNIONS W\LD HAVE BE5 R$UC$ TO M]E AUXILI>IES ( ! =CES ( PUBLIC ORD]4 ,9/EAD1 ?IRTY-SIX H\RS AFT] ! MILIT>Y RIS+ />T$ ON MA9L& ,SPA91 B\RGEOIS P[] HAD COLLAPS$1 & ! WORK]S1 ! MAJORITY ( :OM ALIGN$ !MSELVES ) ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,C,N,T1 CONTROLL$ ! /REETS ( ! CAPITAL & HAD BECOME ! DE FACTO P[] 9 ,B>CELONA4 

,OV]NI<T1 P[] HAD %IFT$ FROM ! SMOKE-FILL$ COMMITTEE ROOMS ( ! ,G5]ALIDAD ,PALACE TO ! UNION LOCALS ( ,B>CELONA4 ,! ,C,N,T CONTROLL$ >MS1 TRANSPORT & COMMUNICATIONS4 ,AS HEAD ( ! ,G5]ALIDAD1 ,COMPANYS1 A REM>KABLY A/UTE1 ,MA*IAVELLIAN POLITICIAN1 RECOGNIZ$ ?IS & IMM$IATELY BEGAN MANEUV]+ TO SALVAGE :AT HE C\LD FROM ! SITUATION & SUFFOCATE ! LOOM+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION BE=E IT HAD TIME TO DRAW BREA? & DISPLACE ! ORD] & P[] /RUCTURE = EV]4 ,CONFID5T ( HIS ABILITY TO W9 ! COLLABORATION ( ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL AN>*I/ & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MILITANTS1 ,COMPANYS 9VIT$ ,C,N,T-,F,A,I REPRES5TATIVES TO HIS (FICE1 :]E LEAD]S ( ! O!R ,CATALAN P>TIES -- B\RGEOIS & ,M>XI/ -- HAD ALREADY BE5 ASSEMBL$ 9 AN ADJO9+ ROOM4 

,! PIVOTAL MI/AKE 

  

,IT WAS ,JUAN ,G>CIA ,OLIV] & ,BU5AV5TURA ,DURRUTI :O CAME ON BEHALF ( ! ,C,N,T 9 RESPONSE TO ,COMPANYS'S CALL ON #b ,JULY4 ,!Y >RIV$ /RAI<T FROM ! B>RICADES AS VICTORS ( ! DAY1 '>M$ TO ! TEE? ,E %ABBY & SOIL$ BY DU/ & SMOKE'1.<#a#b.> TO LI/5 TO ! WILY ,COMPANYS'S HONEY$ SPEE*4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] HAS GIV5 ! FOLL[+ ACC\NT ( :AT ,COMPANYS HAD TO SAY3  
  

0,BE=E ,I BEG91 ,I MU/ SAY ?AT ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I HAVE NOT RECEIV$ ! TREATM5T1 :I* !Y M]IT BY VIRTUE ( !IR TRUE IMPORTANCE -- ,I HAVE F\ND MYSELF OBLIG$ TO CONFRONT & P]SECUTE Y\4 ,Y\ >E N[ MA/]S ( ! CITY & ,CATALONIA1 = Y\ ALONE HAVE DEFEAT$ ! FASCI/ SOLDI]Y -- ! FACT IS ?AT TODAY1 Y\1 :O W]E SUBJECT TO H>ASSM5T UP UNTIL YE/]DAY1 HAVE SE5 (F ! FASCI/S & ! MILIT>Y4 ,KN[+1 !N1 :O & :AT Y\ >E1 ,I CAN BUT ADDRESS Y\ 9 TONES ( UTMO/ S9C]ITY4 ,Y\ HAVE WON & EV]Y?+ LIES AT Y\R FEET2 IF Y\ HAVE ANY NE$ ( ME1 OR NO LONG] WANT ME AS PRESID5T ( ,CATALONIA1 JU/ SAY ! WORD N[ & ,I %ALL BECOME JU/ ANO!R FOOT SOLDI] 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,I1 ALONG ) ! M5 ( MY P>TY1 MY NAME & MY PRE/IGE1 MAY BE ( USE 9 ! /RUGGLE :I* HAS 5D$ SO FELICIT\SLY 9 ?IS CITY TODAY @&EMDA%2 Y\ MAY RELY UPON ME & MY LOYALTY AS A MAN & A POLITICIAN CONV9C$ ?AT TODAY HAS SE5 ! DEMISE ( A :OLE DI%ONORABLE PA/1 AS A MAN :O HONE/LY WI%ES TO SEE ,CATALONIA M>* 9 ! VAN ( ! MO/ SOCIALLY PROGRESSIVE C\NTRIES40.<#a#c.>  
  

,! ,PRESID5T W5T ON TO SUGGE/ ?AT UND] HIS *AIRMAN%IP ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I1 TOGE!R ) ALL ! ANTIFASCI/ P>TIES1 %\LD SET UP 0AN ORGAN CAPABLE ( PURSU+ ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE UNTIL VICTORY IS ASSUR$40 ,?IS AD HOC RUL+ BODY WAS TO BE KN[N AS ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS 7,C,C,M,A74 ,AFT] PRELIM9>Y DISCUSSIONS ) ! ASSEMBL$ B\RGEOIS & ,M>XI/ POLITICIANS1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] TOLD !M ?AT !IR SUGGE/ION = ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS WAS A MATT] = ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T TO DECIDE1 & ?AT !Y W\LD BE 9=M$ AS SOON AS ?IS WAS DONE4 ,COMPANYS'S >TFUL FLATT]Y & SKILLFUL MANEUV]+ HAD ITS DESIR$ EFFECT4.<#a#d.> ,! AN>*I/ MILITANTS :O HAD GONE 9TO ! MEET+ AS VICTORS EM]G$ AS ! VANQUI%$4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] & ,DURRUTI GAVE !IR RESPECTIVE ACC\NTS ( ,COMPANYS'S PROPOSAL TO ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,UNC]TA9 AS TO ! ROLE ( ?AT ORGANIZATION1 N[ ?AT ! MILIT>Y & ! B\RGEOISIE HAD BE5 R\T$1 & ?AT P[] HAD PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! WORK+ CLASSES1 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE W]E ANXI\SLY POND]+ ,C,N,T /RATEGY4 ,! AMBIGU\S ROLE ( ! UNIONS 9 ! REVOLUTION HAD BE5 DEBAT$ AT GREAT L5G? AT ! ,C,N,T'S NATIONAL CONGRESS AT ,Z>AGOZA 9 ,MAY ?AT YE>4 ,F$]ICO ,URALES1 ! FA!R ( ! AN>*I/ ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y1 HAD >GU$1 CONV9C+LY1 ?AT ! GREAT UNIONS & ! MAMMO? 9DU/RIAL F$]ATIONS W\LD CEASE TO EXI/ 0BY REASON ( ! SU/A9$ DEC5TRALIZATION ( ! F$]AL COMPACT ( SOLID>ITY40 ,IMPLICIT 9 HIS >GUM5T WAS ?AT REVOLUTION SPELL$ DEA? = ! OLD SY/EM -- 9CLUD+ ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I AS ORGANIZATIONS4 ,URALES'S >GUM5T WAS NOT MADE EXPLICITLY1 BUT IT C\LD BE D$UC$ FROM HIS WORDS ON ! PRODUC]-CONSUM] RELATION%IP1 9 :I* HE 9DICAT$ ?AT ! PRODUC] BO? HAD A SPH]E ( ECONOMIC 9FLU5CE 9 ! WORKPLACE & WAS AN ADM9I/RATIVE-POLITICAL CONSUM] )9 ! MUNICIPALITY4 ,BECAUSE ! ASSEMBLY WAS SOV]EIGN 9 WORK AS WELL AS 9 ! MUNICIPALITY1 !RE C\LD BE NO ROOM = ANY?+ SEP>ATE FROM & \TSIDE !SE TWO ASPECTS ( DAILY LIFE4 

,! QUE/ION ( P[] 

  

,! COMMITTEE ( ! ,CATALAN ,REGIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ! ,C,N,T1 :OSE SECRET>Y AT ! TIME WAS ,M>IANO ,R4 ,VAZQUEZ1 OPT$1 H[EV]1 TO DEAL ) ! QUE/ION ( P[] ON ,COMPANYS'S T]MS RA!R ?AN TO ACCEPT ! FACT ?AT ! POPUL> ORGANS ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION :I* W]E BE+ ?R[N UP BY ! PEOPLE 9 >MS HAD MADE IT R$UNDANT4 ,! ]/:ILE DEF5SE COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I1 REPRES5T+ #f P] C5T ( ,B>CELONA'S WORK+ CLASS1 HAD1 ) ! COLLAPSE ( B\RGEOIS P[]1 SUP]S$$ !IR ORGANIZATIONAL ID5TITY & BECOME ! POPUL> REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES ( EA* B>RIO OR VILLAGE1 NATURAL ORGANISMS ( ! REVOLUTION ITSELF4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 BY *OOS+ POLITICAL COLLABORATION1 ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T BEGAN TO TRANS=M ITSELF FROM BE+ AN 9/RUM5T ( ITS MEMB]%IP 9TO A SELF-S]V+ 9/ITUTION CONC]N$ ONLY ) ITS [N SURVIVAL2 ITS LEGITIMATE AU?ORITY1 D]IV$ FROM ITS LONG TRADITION ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY & ACC\NTABILITY1 WAS TO BECOME CO]CIVE P[]4 

,! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS 

  

,COMPANYS WAS CONTACT$ BY TELEPHONE1 & 9=M$ ( ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE'S ACCEPTANCE1 9 PR9CIPLE1 ( ! SETT+ UP ( A ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS = ,CATALONIA1 P5D+ ! AGREEM5T ( ALL ! O!R P>TIES -- &1 ( C\RSE1 ! DECISION ( A ,PL5UM ( LOCAL ,C,N,T UNIONS1 :I* W\LD BE CONV5$ AS SOON AS POSSIBLE4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 ,DURRUTI1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] & ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ W]E EMP[]$ BY ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE TO CONT9UE NEGOTIATIONS TO 5SURE ?AT %\LD ! ,PL5UM AGREE TO ! SETT+ UP ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS !N IT W\LD COME 9TO OP]ATION PROMPTLY & SMOO?LY4 

,AP>T FROM FLY+ 9 ! FACE ( AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES1 IT %\LD BE /RESS$ ?AT ! DECISION ( ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE TO CONT9UE NEGOTIATIONS ) ! POLITICIANS & ! REMNANTS ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS WAS DIRECTLY CONTR>Y TO NORMAL ,C,N,T PRACTICE -- :I* WAS TO HAVE NO DEAL+S :ATSOEV] ) POLITICAL P>TIES OR REPRES5TATIVES ( ! /ATE UNTIL ! ORGANIZATION ITSELF HAD PRON\NC$ ON ! MATT]4 ,IT WAS A DECISION ?AT REFLECT$ A LONG-/&+ WEAKNESS )9 ! ,C,N,T4 

,DANG]S ( 9DULG+ 'M5 ( G5IUS' 

  

,BECAUSE !RE WAS NO PAID TRADE UNION APP>ATUS1 IT WAS BELIEV$ ?AT NEI!R BUREAUCRACY NOR 'LEAD]ISM' EXI/$ )9 ! ORGANIZATION4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS WAS NOT QUITE ! CASE4 ,! DEF]5CE ( ! RANK & FILE TO ! 'NATURAL' LEAD]S :O HAD WON ! WORK]S' TRU/ BY !IR P]SONAL SACRIFICE & COMMITM5T TO ! 'IDEA' L$ 9EXORABLY TO OLIG>*Y4 ,BAKUN9 HAD BE5 V]Y CONSCI\S ( !SE DANG]S SIXTY YE>S BE=E1 & MADE ! PO9T CLE>LY 9 ,GOD & ! ,/ATE --  
  

0,!RE %\LD BE NO FIX$ & CON/ANT AU?ORITY1 BUT MUTUAL & VOLUNT>Y AU?ORITY4 ,SOCIETY %\LD NOT 9DULGE M5 ( G5IUS1 NOR %\LD IT ACCORD !M SPECIAL RI<TS OR PRIVILEGES BECAUSE3 IT W\LD (T5 MI/AKE A *>LATAN = A MAN ( G5IUS2 BECAUSE ?R\< SU* SY/EMS ( PRIVILEGES IT MI<T EV5 TRANS=M A G5IUS 9TO A *>LATAN2 IT W\LD E/ABLI% A MA/] OV] ITSELF40  
  

,! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE RETURN$ TO ! ,G5]ALIDAD ,PALACE ?AT SAME EV5+ TO BEG9 PROVISIONAL DISCUSSIONS ) ! ,CATALAN POLITICIANS -- ,JOSE ,T>ADELLAS1 ,>TEMIO ,AIGUAD] & ,JAIME ,MIRAVILLAS ( ! ,REPUBLICAN ,LEFT ( ,CATALONIA2 ,PEY ,PO* ( ,CATALAN ,ACTION2 ,JUAN ,COMOR]A ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,UNION ( ,CATALONIA2 ,RAFAEL ,VIDIELLA ( ! ,U,G,T & ,P,S,O,E 7,P>TIDO ,SOCIALI/A ,OBR]A ,ESPANOLA2 & ,JULIAN ,GORK9 ( ! ,P,\,M 7,P>TIDO ,OBR]O DE ,UNIFICACION ,M>XI/A74 ,! ,E/AT ,CATALA WAS DISB>R$ FROM P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! ,MILITIAS ,COMMITTEE ON ! GR\NDS ?AT ITS LEAD]1 ,D5CAS1 WAS A FASCI/1 :O HAD FL$ TO ,ITALY4 

,! FOLL[+ DAY1 #ba ,JULY1 ! ,C,N,T ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE HA/ILY SUMMON$ AN ,EXTRAORD9>Y ,ASSEMBLY ( ,REGIONAL ,PL5UMS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,JOSE ,PEIRATS1.<#a#e.> ?IS WAS NOT1 9 FACT1 A PROP]LY CON/ITUT$ ,PL5UM ( ,UNIONS ) AN AG5DA TO BE DISCUSS$ 9 A REGUL> WAY BY ! UNION DELEGATES2 IT WAS1 RA!R1 A GA!R+ ( MILITANTS AT ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE LEVEL :O -- PRES5T 9 A P]SONAL CAPACITY -- HAD NO M&ATE OR AU?ORITY TO DECIDE ON ! ISSUES UND] DISCUSSION4 ,MORE ?AN A MON? WAS TO PASS BE=E A REGUL> ,PL5UM ( ! ,CATALAN ,C,N,T UNIONS WAS HELD4 ,AT ! #ba ,JULY MEET+1 DE ,SANTILLAN1 = ! ,F,A,I1 MOV$ ?AT 0LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM BE WAIV$ .<I4E41 AB&ON$ -- ,S,C.> AS AN IMM$IATE OBJECTIVE1 & P>TICIPATION 9 ! MILITIAS COMMITTEE APPROV$40 ,?IS WAS PASS$1 = ! REASONS SET =? AT ! 5D ( ! FOLL[+ YE> BY ,M>IANO ,R4 ,VAZQUEZ1 BY !N ! SECRET>Y ( ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T1 9 HIS REPORT TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 7,A,I,T73  
  

0,! SITUATION WAS ANALYZ$1 & IT WAS UNANIM\SLY DECID$ NOT TO M5TION ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM UNTIL SU* TIME AS WE HAD CAPTUR$ ?AT P>T ( ,SPA9 ?AT WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! REBELS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! ,PL5UM RESOLV$ NOT TO PRESS ON T[>DS ! COMPLETE A*IEVEM5T ( \R REVOLUTION>Y AIMS1 = WE W]E FAC+ A PROBLEM3 IMPOS+ A DICTATOR%IP -- WIP+ \T ALL ! GU>DS & ACTIVI/S FROM ! POLITICAL P>TIES :O HAD PLAY$ !IR P>T 9 ! VICTORY OV] ! REBELS ON #ai & #b ,JULY2 A DICTATOR%IP :I*1 9 ANY EV5T1 W\LD BE CRU%$ FROM )\T EV5 IF IT SUCCE$$ FROM )94 ,! ,PL5UM1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! ,REGIONAL ,F$]ATION ( ,BAJO ,LLOBREGAT1 OPT$ = COLLABORATION ) ! O!R POLITICAL P>TIES & ORGANIZATIONS 9 SETT+ UP ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS 7,C,C,M,A74 ,ON ! DECISION ( ?IS ,PL5UM1 ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I S5T !IR REPRES5TATIVES TO IT40  

,! WORLD TURN$ UPSIDE D[N 

  

,BY N[1 ! ,CATALAN MIDDLE CLASSES W]E HORRIFI$ BY ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?AT WAS GA!R+ MOM5TUM BE=E !IR EYES4 ,!IR WORLD WAS BE+ TURN$ UPSIDE D[N & !Y %RILLY D5\NC$ ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S AS RESPONSIBLE = ! EXCESSES & \TRAGES ?AT OCCURR$ 9 ! WAKE ( ! WORK]S' RESI/ANCE TO ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+4 ,! PEOPLE 9 >MS HAD BEGUN TO SETTLE OLD SCORES1 DIRECT+ !IR FURY AGA9/ ! MORE NOTORI\S TORTUR]S1 GUNM5 & PR(ESSIONAL 9=M]S ( ! ,REPUBLIC & ! ,DICTATOR%IP4 ,RAMON ,SALES 9 ,B>CELONA & ,9OC5CIO ,FEC$ 9 ,ALICANTE W]E EXAMPLES ( M5 :O HAD BE5 9VOLV$ 9 ! MURD]S ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S UND] ! T]RORI/ REGIME ( ,G5]ALS ,ANIDO & ,>LEGUI & :O HAD BE5 SUMM>ILY EXECUT$4 ,!RE W]E ALSO NUM]\S CASES ( \TRAGES & ! SETTL+ ( OLD SCORES BY 'REVOLUTIONI/S ( ! LA/ MOM5T' AS A MEANS ( E/ABLI%+ !IR CR$IBILITY AS MILITANTS4 

,LAW & ORD] 

  

,IT WAS ! S5SITIVE QUE/ION ( 'LAW & ORD]' ?AT PROVID$ ! B\RGEOISIE ) !IR FIR/ PO9T ( LEV]AGE AGA9/ ! ,C,N,T4 ,! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I LEAD]%IPS 9 ,CATALONIA HAD %[N !MSELVES EAG] TO E/ABLI% !IR CR$5TIALS AS HONORABLE & RESPONSIBLE MEMB]S ( ! 'REVOLUTION>Y' GOV]NM5T1 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS4 ,FOLL[+ A SU/A9$ MIS9=MATION CAMPAIGN ( EXAGG]AT$ ALLEGATIONS1 HALF-TRU?S & D[NRI<T LIES MADE BY A NE>-HY/]ICAL B\RGEOISIE1 (F5D$ & ?REAT5$ BY ! CLOSE ATT5TION PAID TO !IR CLASS BY ! UNION-ORGANIZ$ PATROLS & SE>* P>TIES1 ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE & ! ,LOCAL ,F$]ATION ( ,C,N,T UNIONS ( ,B>CELONA ROSE TO ! BAIT1 & BROADCA/ A W>N+ ON ,RADIO ,B>CELONA ON #be ,JULY1 DAY FIVE ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ?AT ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I1 AS 0! AU!NTIC REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ANTIFASCI/ PROLET>IAT0 HAD 0RESOLV$ UPON V]Y SEV]E MEASURES0 :I* W\LD BE 05=C$ )\T A SECOND ?\<T0 AGA9/ ANY P]SON OR P]SONS CAU<T LOOT+4 

',= !Y >E ALL HONORABLE M5' 

  

,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A1 ON ! O!R H&1 HAD A MORE CONSID]$ P]SPECTIVE ON ! ALLEG$ BREAKD[N ( 'LAW & ORD]'4  
  

0,= A P]IOD ( TWO DAYS1 ,B>CELONA WAS R$UC$ TO TWO >MIES1 EA* /RUGGL+ TO VANQUI% ! O!R1 & !RE IS NO?+ LIKE ! /5* ( GUNP[D] TO UNLEA% ALL ! 9/9CTS ?AT MAN C>RIES 9 HIS S\L4 ,!N AGA91 ! CONVULSIONS REA*$ A PO9T :]E CONTROL WAS LO/ OV] ?OSE FOLK :OSE SOLE CONC]N IS TO SATISFY !IR SELFI% :IMS & V5GEFUL 9/9CTS4 ,TO !SE & TO !SE ALONE DO WE [E IT ?AT ?IS WEEK 7& NOT SO MANY AS REPUT$7 HAVE BE5 P]PETRAT$ 9 ,B>CELONA EV5TS ?AT ! ,C,N,T &1 ) IT1 ALL ( ! ORGANIZATIONS ?AT HAVE P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! REVOLUTION1 W\LD HAVE PREF]R$ NOT TO SEE P]PETRAT$4 ,NONE!LESS1 WE CANNOT JO9 9 ! *ORUS ( ?OSE :O1 :5 ALL IS SAID & DONE1 C>RY ! RESPONSIBILITY1 NOT M]ELY = ! FASCI/ REVOLT BUT ALSO = HAV+ KEPT ! PEOPLE = YE>S & YE>S ON 5D 9 A CONDITION ( P]MAN5T DE/ITUTION & AN EV5 MORE L+]+ IGNORANCE4 ,S9CE !SE ET]NAL GRUMBL]S FAIL TO DO SO1 WE >E UND] AN OBLIGATION TO PO9T \T ?AT ! LOOT+ HAS NOT BE5 ! :OLE /ORY4 ,C\NTLESS VALUABLES DISCOV]$ DUR+ SE>*ES & 9 BURN$ BUILD+S HAVE NOT W\ND UP 9 ANYONE'S PRIVATE POSSESSION4 ,! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS' ,COMMITTEE HAVE 9 !IR SAFEKEEP+ PRECI\S METALS & OBJETS D'>T TO ! VALUE ( F\R MILLION PESETAS4 ,! DAILY NEWSPAP]S HAVE C>RI$ REPORTS ON C\NTLESS 9/ANCES ( ! SURR5D] ( SU* ITEMS BY WORK]S :O MI<T NOT HAVE HAD A CRUMB TO EAT )9 ! WEEK -- :O CAN TELL80  
  

,HONOR+ ! LIB]T>IANS1 ,ESC(ET SAID3  
  

0,I %\LD RECOGNIZE !IR HONE/Y & ! ROMANTICISM ( MANY ( !M :O W5T \T ( !IR WAY TO H& 9 TRUE TREASURES 9 BANK NOTES1 VALUABLE JEWELS :I* HAD FALL5 9TO !IR H&S4 ,SOME TRI$ TO PURIFY !MSELVES BY BURN+ BANK NOTES4 ,I HAD TO FILL SEV]AL SAFES ) ! GOODS H&$ 9 444 ,9 CONTRA/1 ! CRIMES COMMITT$ 9 ,CATALONIA & ?R\<\T ! ,REPUBLICAN ZONE W]E G5]ALLY 9EVITABLE EXCESSES1 ONES ONE C\LD EXPECT AFT] A GREAT REVOLUTION>Y CONVULSION4 ,!Y W]E DISORD]S ( A PASS+ & EPHEM]AL TYPE1 NOT P>T ( A SY/EM BAS$ 9 ! =CE OR ! LACK ( HUMANITY40.<#a#f.>  

,P[] CORRUPTS 

  

,! B\RGEOIS M$IA ACC\NTS ( ALLEG$ EXCESSES BE+ P]PETRAT$ AGA9/ !IR NEW-F\ND P>TN]S 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM A*IEV$ !IR AU?ORS' AIM4 ,NOT ONLY W]E A NUMB] ( SO-CALL$ 'UNCONTROLLABLE' MILITANTS EXECUT$ = '\TRAGES' COMMITT$ 9 ! FIR/ WEEKS ( ! REVOLUTION1 BUT ALSO ! AU?ORITY ( ! 'HI<]' COMMITTEES GREW 9CREAS+LY MORE P[]FUL4 ,IT WAS AN AU?ORITY ?AT 9CREAS+LY BEGAN TO BE DIRECT$ AGA9/ MILITANTS ( !IR [N ORGANIZATION :5EV] !Y *ALL5G$ ?AT AU?ORITY BY OV]/EPP+ C]TA9 PRESCRIB$ LIMITS ?AT1 IT WAS FELT1 MI<T UPSET ! NEW-F\ND H>MONY 9 ! COMMON /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM4 

,9DE$1 ! DECL>ATIONS & PRON\NCEM5TS ?AT EMANAT$ FROM ! V>I\S COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I AT ?IS TIME ALL IGNOR$ ANY REF]5CE TO ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 :I* WAS BY !N 9 FULL SW+4 ,NOR DID !Y PROVIDE ANY GUIDEL9ES4 ,!Y SIMPLY LIMIT$ !MSELVES TO CALL+ (F ! G5]AL /RIKE DECL>$ ON #ai ,JULY1 ORD]+ A RETURN TO WORK & AT ! SAME TIME EXHORT+ !IR MEMB]S TO PRESS ON = A MILIT>Y VICTORY AGA9/ FASCISM4 

,! PRICE ( POLITICAL NAIVETY 

  

,! OBVI\S UNWILL+NESS ( ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I LEAD]%IP TO PRESS HOME !IR REVOLUTION>Y ADVANTAGE WAS NOT LO/1 EI!R ON ,COMPANYS OR ON ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T ( ,JOSE ,GIRAL4 ,9 ! FACE ( A MASSIVE SQUATT+ CAMPAIGN 9 PROP]TIES AB&ON$ BY ! PRO-,FRANCOI/ B\RGEOISIE1 ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T ANN\NC$ A #be P] C5T CUT 9 R5TS1 :ILE ! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T FIX$ ! CUT AT #e P] C5T4 ,9/EAD ( *ALL5G+ ?IS MOVE BY *AMPION+ ! SOCIALIZATION ( B\RGEOIS PROP]TY1 BY !N A FAIT ACCOMPLI1 ,SOLID>IDAD ,OBR]A PLUMP$ = ! #e P] C5T R5T4 

,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S PR9CIPL$ OPPOSITION TO COLLABORATION ) ! B\RGEOIS P>TIES DID NOT PREV5T HIM REFUS+ ! NOM9ATION ?AT 5DORS$ HIS MEMB]%IP ( ! ,MILITIAS ,COMMITTEE1 ALONG ) ,M>COS ,ALCON1 ,DURRUTI'S REPLACEM5T1 ,JOSE ,AS5S1 ,AURELIO ,F]N&EZ & ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN4 ,9 A COMMEMORATIVE >TICLE ON ! ,MILITIAS ,COMMITTEE ! FOLL[+ YE>1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] WROTE (  
  

0! MO/ EXTRAORD9>Y ,PL5UM ( ,LOCALS & ,COM>CALS1 :I*1 SUMMON$ 9 HA/E ) DELEGATES IGNORANT AS TO ! NATURE ( ! ,PL5UM1 HAD SUCCE$$ 9 OV]TURN+ ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( ! ,C,N,T3 

,! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I OPT$ = COLLABORATION & DEMOCRACY1 ES*EW+ ! REVOLUTION>Y S+LE-M9D$NESS1 :I* SIMPLY HAD TO HAVE L$ TO ! REVOLUTION'S BE+ /RANGL$ BY ! CONF$]AL & AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP4 ,!Y TRU/$ 9 ! WORD & 9 ! P]SON ( A ,CATALAN DEMOCRAT & RETA9$ & SUPPORT$ ,COMPANYS 9 ! (FICE ( ,PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]ALIDAD2 !Y ACCEPT$ ! ,MILITIAS ,COMMITTEE1 & WORK$ \T A SY/EM ( REPRES5TATION PROPORTIONATE ) NUMB]S UND] :I* ! ,U,G,T & ! SOCIALI/ P>TY1 ?\< !Y W]E M9ORITY GR\PS 9 ,CATALONIA1 W]E ASSIGN$ AN EQUAL NUMB] ( POSITIONS ) ! TRIUMPHANT ,C,N,T & AN>*I/S40.<#a#g.>  
  

,9 MITIGATION1 IT %\LD BE SAID ?AT ! OV]:ELM+ ACCEPTANCE ( ! FATEFUL DE ,SANTILLAN PROPOSITION BY ! ,EXTRAORD9>Y ,PL5UM ( #ba ,JULY WAS DUE NOT SO MU* TO UNC]TA9 COMMITM5T TO LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM AS TO A CONVICTION ?AT A DECL>ATION ( LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM W\LD PROVOKE IMM$IATE 9T]NATIONAL RETALIATION4 ,BRITI% W>%IPS W]E AN*OR$ 9 ! VIC9ITY &1 IT WAS WIDELY ?\<T1 PREP>+ TO L& TROOPS & OCCUPY ! CITY TO PROTECT ,BRITI% 9T]E/S !RE4 ,BY COLLABORAT+ ) ! B\RGEOIS ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS1 ! ,C,N,T DELEGATES ?\<T !Y C\LD DECEIVE ! =EIGN P[]S & ! ,MADRID GOV]NM5T 9TO BELIEV+ ?AT ! B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC ORD] /ILL HELD 9 ,CATALONIA :ILE1 9 FACT1 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I WIELD$ REAL ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & MILIT>Y P[]4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 H[EV]1 ! ONLY PEOPLE DECEIV$ W]E !MSELVES2 ON #bc ,JULY1 ! ,U,S ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE1 ,CORDELL ,HULL1 NOTIFI$ ,PRESID5T ,ROOSEVELT ?AT 0ONE ( ! MO/ S]I\S FACTORS 9 ?IS SITUATION LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T HAS DI/RIBUT$ L>GE QUANTITIES ( >MS & AMMUNITION 9TO ! H&S ( IRRESPONSIBLE MEMB]S ( LEFT W+ POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS40.<#a#h.> 

,! C\P ?AT NEV] WAS -- BUT %\LD HAVE BE56 

  

,G>CIA ,OLIV] CLAIMS ?AT 9 SPITE ( ! OV]:ELM+ VOTE AGA9/ ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION TAK5 BY ! DELEGATES AT ! #ba ,JULY ,PL5UM1 HE /ILL REFUS$ TO ACCEPT ! DECISION & CALL$ A MEET+ ( ! ,NOSOTROS GR\P ?AT SAME EV5+ TO PROPOSE A C\P4 ,HE SUGGE/$ ?AT UND] ,DURRUTI'S LEAD]%IP AN>*I/ COLUMNS %\LD SEIZE ! MA9 C5T]S ( GOV]NM5T1 ! ,G5]ALIDAD & ! ,CITY *AMB]S1 ! TELEPHONE EX*ANGE & ! ,PLAZA DE ,CATALUNA1 & ! ,M9I/RY ( ! ,9T]IOR & ,SECURITY ,DIRECTORATE4 ,DURRUTI1 :O1 MU* TO ,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S *AGR91 HAD BE5 NOTICEABLY SIL5T DUR+ ! DEBATE1 DID NOT RISE TO ! BAIT3  
  

0,G>CIA ,OLIV]'S >GUM5T1 H]E & DUR+ ! ,PL5UM1 /RIKES ME AS SPL5DID4 ,HIS PLAN TO C>RY \T A C\P IS P]FECT4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS DOES NOT SEEM TO ME TO BE ! OPPORTUNE MOM5T4 ,MY FEEL+ IS ?AT IT %\LD BE PUT (F UNTIL AFT] ! CAPTURE ( ,Z>AGOZA1 :I* CANNOT TAKE MORE ?AN T5 DAYS4 ,I 9SI/ ?AT WE %ELVE !SE PLANS UNTIL ,Z>AGOZA HAS BE5 TAK54 ,AT PRES5T1 ) ONLY ,CATALONIA AS A BASE1 WE W\LD BE R$UC$ TO ! MO/ M9IMAL GEOGRAPHICAL >EA40.<#a#i.>  
  

,! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS MET = ! FIR/ TIME ?AT SAME NI<T1 #ba ,JULY1 9 ! ,M>ITIME ,MUSEUM1 :]E IT E/ABLI%$ ITS P]MAN5T HEADQU>T]S4 ,ITS REPRES5TATION CONSI/$ ( ! FOLL[+3 ,C,N,T -- #c2 ,U,G,T -- #c2 ,ESQU]RA ,REPUBLICANA 7,COMPANYS'S P>TY7 -- #c2 ,F,A,I -- #a2 ,CATALAN ,ACTION -- #a2 ,P,\,M -- #a2 ,P,S,O,E -- #a2 ,UNION DE ,RABASSAIRES 7,CATALAN PEASANTS' P>TY7 -- #a4 ,A ,COMMISSION] REPRES5T$ ! ,G5]ALIDAD ) A MILIT>Y ADVIS]4 ,DURRUTI ATT5D$ ! COMMITTEE MEET+ AS A ,C,N,T DELEGATE1 BUT = ! FIR/ & LA/ TIME4 ,HE FELT ONLY TOO KE5LY ! CONTRADICTIONS & T5SIONS1 :I* EXI/$ BETWE5 ! RULE ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS & ! POPUL> ORGANS ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,MADRID -- ,JULY #aicf 

  

,9 ,MADRID1 ! >M$ WORK+ CLASS ALSO QUICKLY PUT D[N ! MILIT>Y REBELLION UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,G5]AL ,FANJUL4 ,! AN>*I/S W]E NUM]ICALLY LESS /RONG 9 ! CAPITAL1 ALWAYS A /RON<OLD ( ! SOCIALI/ ,U,G,T UNION1 ONE ( ! REASONS :Y >MS HAD BE5 DI/RIBUT$ ONLY AT ! LA/ MOM5T1 BUT !Y DID PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 CRU%+ ! REBELLION & HALT+ ! ADVANCE ( ,G5]AL ,MOLA'S ,>MY ( ! ,NOR?4 ,DAVID ,ANTONA1 ACT+ SECRET>Y ( ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ,MADRID1 HAD ISSU$ AN ULTIMATUM TO ,PREMI] ,GIRAL ?AT HE %\LD RELEASE ! ,C,N,T MILITANTS HELD 9 ! ,REPUBLIC'S JAILS )9 ?REE H\RS1 OR ELSE 0! ,C,N,T WILL SEE TO !IR LIB]ATION ITSELF40 ,! ?REAT HAD ! DESIR$ EFFECT1 & ! AN>*I/ PRISON]S W]E RELEAS$4 ,ANTONA GAVE ! FOLL[+ MOV+ ACC\NT ( EV5TS 9 ,CA/ILE3  
  

0,EV]Y ONE ( ! B>RACKS 9 ,MADRID HAS RIS5 UP 9 >MS4 ,! SAME /ORY 9 ,TOL$O1 ,GUADALAJ>A & ,ALCALA DE ,H5>ES4 ,>\ND ,MADRID1 ! FASCI/S HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 ?R[+ UP A CORDON ( GUNMETAL4 ,NO LONG] N[ ONLY A QUE/ION ( ! ,MONTANA ,B>RACKS :I* AT ! MOM5T 7#a#a A4M4 ON #b ,JULY7 WAS BE+ BOMB$ BY LOYALI/ AIRCRAFT1 ! BOMB>DM5T CONT9UES4 ,MADRID RESEMBLES HELL4 ,! C\RAGE ( H] SONS 9 ?OSE H\RS ( DRAMA DES]VES TO BE WRITT5 9 LETT]S ( GOLD4 ,ONE MI<T SAY ?AT ! :OLE ( ,MADRID WAS MOBILIZ$4 ,9 PROPORTION AS ! GRAVITY ( ! SITUATION BECOMES KN[N1 SO ! REVOLUTION>Y >DOR ( ! PEOPLE GR[S4 ,NO AU?ORITY1 ONE ?9KS1 WILL BE ABLE TO CALL ?IS CYCLONE TO HEEL4 ,?OSE :O HAVE UNLEA%$ IT WILL HAVE TO EAT ! DU/ ( DEFEAT4 ,! TELEPHONE GOES AGA94 ,I PICK UP ! RECEIV] & A COMRADE %RIEKS AT ME ?AT ! ,MONTANA ,B>RACKS HAS FALL54 ,CONTEMPTU\S ( DEA?1 SOME ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & ,Y\NG ,SOCIALI/S1 ) M5 ( ! ,C,N,T AT !IR HEAD1 BUR/ 9TO ! B>RACKS1 RAZ+ ! PREMISES4 ,?IS WAS ! PEOPLE'S P[] MAK+ READY TO METE \T JU/ICE ,E ! ONLY CREATIVE JU/ICE4 ,AT ?AT SOLEMN H\R 7#a#b NOON1 ,JULY #b71 AN 5TIRE REGIME P]I%$ AT ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! BULLETS ?AT 5D$ ! LIVES ( >MY (FIC]S & COMM&]S FROM ! ,MONTANA ,B>RACKS KILL$1 NOT M51 BUT AN 5TIRE SOCIETY4  

,B\NDLESS ZEAL 

  
  

0,9 ! WAKE ( ! FALL ( ! ,MONTANA ,B>RACKS1 ! REMA9+ REBEL /RON<OLDS 9 ,MADRID W]E FALL+ ONE AFT] ANO!R4 ,) EXEMPL>Y H]OISM1 ! ,MADRID POPULACE WAS COMMITT+ ITSELF ) B>$ BREA/ TO ! ASSAULT ON ! B>RACKS1 PROMPT$ BY ! B\NDLESS ZEAL ?AT MAKES ! GREAT FEATS ( HI/ORY POSSIBLE4 ,MOLA'S ADVANCE ON ,MADRID WAS HALT$ 9 ! ,SI]RA4 ,PEASANTS1 UN>M$ EXCEPT = A FEW HUNT+ PIECES & ) A H&FUL ( ,C,N,T PEOPLE & SOME FROM ! ,U,G,T1 :O HAD SET \T FROM ,MADRID ) A FEW DOZ5 H&-GR5ADES1 CONTA9$ AN 5TIRE >MY4 ,! NEXT DAY1 ONCE ! REVOLT 9 ,MADRID HAD BE5 BR\<T UND] CONTROL1 RE9=CEM5TS W]E DISPAT*$ TO ! ,SI]RA DEL ,GUAD>RAMA1 :]E 444 ! TROOPS ( ! BLOOD?IR/Y EX-G5]AL ,MOLA HAD .<ALREADY.> BE5 BR\<T TO A /&/ILL40 .<#b.>  
  

,! PEOPLE 9 >MS HAD BROK5 ! MILIT>Y 5CIRCLEM5T ( ! CAPITAL4 

,Z>AGOZA -- A /RATEGIC & TRAGIC FAILURE 

  

,9 ,B>CELONA1 ONE ( ! FIR/ ACTIONS ( ! NEWLY E/ABLI%$ ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS WAS TO SET AB\T ORGANIZ+ & CO-ORD9AT+ COLUMNS \T ( ! WORK]S' MILITIAS & >M$ GR\PS ?AT HAD DEVELOP$ ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! DEF5SE COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T4 ,IT WAS DECID$ ?AT ! FIR/ ( !SE COLUMNS1 L$ BY ,DURRUTI1 %\LD BE S5T TO RELIEVE ,Z>AGOZA1 :I* HAD FALL5 TO ! MILIT>Y UND] ! COMM& ( ,G5]AL ,CABANELLAS4 ,Z>AGOZA WAS AN IMPORTANT OBJECTIVE1 BO? /RATEGICALLY & = REASONS ( SOLID>ITY4 ,IT GU>D$ ! ,EBRO ,VALLEY1 DOM9AT$ ! 5TIRE REGION1 WAS AN IMPORTANT COMMUNICATIONS C5T]1 & WAS ! MA9 OB/ACLE TO ! UNION ( ,CATALONIA ) ! ,A/URIAS & ! ,BASQUE ,C\NTRY1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9DU/RIAL REGION ( ,SPA94 ,Z>AGOZA ALSO HAD AN IMPORTANT >S5AL CONTA9+ SOME #d1 GUNS1 &1 LA/ BUT NOT LEA/ FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! ,C,N,T1 IT WAS AN IMPORTANT AN>*I/ /RON<OLD :]E ?\S&S ( LIB]T>IANS HAD FALL5 9TO ! H&S ( ! MILIT>Y4 

,:Y HAD SU* AN AN>*I/ /RON<OLD FALL5 SO EASILY TO ! 9SURG5TS1 ALMO/ )\T A %OT BE+ FIR$8 

,C]TA9LY1 ! RIS+ HAD BE5 WELL ORGANIZ$1 ) VIRTUALLY EV]Y REPRESSIVE AG5CY ( ! /ATE ?R[+ 9 ITS LOT ) ! FASCI/S4 ,?IS HAD BE5 F> FROM ! CASE 9 ,B>CELONA & ,MADRID1 :]E SUB/ANTIAL NUMB]S ( ,ASSAULT ,GU>DS & ,GU>DIA ,CIVIL HAD REMA9$ LOYAL TO ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,ALSO1 ! TASK ( ! MILIT>Y HAD BE5 MADE EASI] BY ! GOV]NM5T DECREE ( #ad ,JULY1 :I* ORD]$ ! CLOSURE ( ALL ,C,N,T LOCALS4 ,?IS HAD S]I\SLY LIMIT$ ! CAPACITY ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S TO ORGANIZE RESI/ANCE1 BUT ! REAL REASON LAY ELSE:]E4 ,= SOME TIME1 ! RE=MI/ ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP 9 ,Z>AGOZA HAD BE5 COOP]AT+ CLOSELY ) ! LOCAL ,POPUL> ,FRONT ADM9I/RATION 9 5C\RAG+ ECONOMIC RECOV]Y1 & COLLABORAT+ ) LOCAL BUS9ESSM5 ON PLANS TO R$UCE UNEMPLOYM5T -- &1 PRESUMABLY TO FACILITATE ! FREE+ ( POLITICAL PRISON]S4 ,PRON\NC+ 9 FAVOR ( VOT+ DUR+ ! ,FEBRU>Y ELECTIONS1 !Y HAD BE5 EFFECTIVELY CO-OPT$ 9TO ! SY/EM4 ,AT A MEET+ CALL$ BY ! ,Z>AGOZA ,C,N,T ON ! EVE ( ! REBELLION1 MILITANTS HAD BE5 SWAY$ BY ! >GUM5TS ( ! PACIFI/ ,MIGUEL ,ABOS1 ?AT !Y %\LD NOT RESPOND HA/ILY TO ! MILIT>Y ?REAT1 BUT %\LD 9/EAD PURSUE A PACIFIC & RE/RA9$ /RATEGY ( NONVIOL5CE4 ,!Y HAD1 !Y BELIEV$1 A GOOD WORK+ RELATION%IP ) ! AU?ORITIES 9 ! CITY &1 ) A MEMB]%IP ( #c11 ?\<T !Y HAD LITTLE TO FE>4 ,C,N,T MILITANTS SU* AS ,MIGUEL ,*ECA & METALWORK] ,FRANCISCO ,G>AITA TRI$ TO MOBILIZE RESI/ANCE1 BUT SO WELL ORGANIZ$ & DET]M9$ W]E ! MILIT>Y & !IR ALLIES ?AT BY #ai ,JULY IT WAS TOO LATE TO RALLY EV5 A FRACTION ( ! MEMB]%IP4 ,! G5]AL /RIKE CALL$ BY ! ,C,N,T ON #ai ,JULY WAS1 9 ,Z>AGOZA1 ESS5TIALLY A DEF5SIVE RA!R ?AN AN (F5SIVE WEAPON1 & 9 ! FACE ( MASSIVE & BRUTAL REPRESSION IT BEGAN TO WEAK5 AFT] A H]OIC TWO WEEKS ( PASSIVE RESI/ANCE4 ,! ONLY HOPE ! WORK]S HAD N[ LAY ) ! MILITIA COLUMNS FROM ,B>CELONA4.<#b#a.> 

,! WORK]S' MILITIAS 

  

,! MOBILIZATION ( !SE WAS RAPID4 ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN WAS ! AN>*I/ REPRES5TATIVE ON ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS ) ! TASK ( ORGANIZ+ ! MILITIA COLUMNS ALONG LIB]T>IAN L9ES4 ,TO PREV5T ! CREATION ( AN >MY DEP5D5T ON A C5TRALIZ$ G5]AL /AFF1 ! MILITIA COLUMNS W]E CONTROLL$ BY ! UNIONS & DI/RICT DEF5SE COMMITTEES1 :I* W]E RESPONSIBLE = RECRUIT+ & ORGANIZ+ !IR [N COLUMNS4 ,! UNIONS ALSO TOOK RESPONSIBILITY = ! FAMILIES ( ! VOLUNTE]S :O W5T TO ! FRONT4 

,F\R DAYS AFT] ! REBELS HAD BE5 DEFEAT$ 9 ,B>CELONA1 ! FIR/ MILITIA COLUMNS BEGAN TO LEAVE ! ,CATALAN CAPITAL TO LIB]ATE !IR COMRADES 9 ,Z>AGOZA4 ,!SE WORK+-CLASS %OCK TROOPS1 NUMB]+ >\ND #c11 HAD BE5 RECRUIT$ MA9LY FROM ! RANKS ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I1 & W]E L$ BY ,DURRUTI & ! COLUMN'S MILIT>Y ADVIS]1 ,P]EZ ,F>RAS4 ,O!R AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ COLUMNS & >M$ GR\PS SU* AS ?AT RAIS$ BY ,SATURN9O ,C>OD & ! ,ORTIZ COLUMN ALSO W]E HA/ILY ORGANIZ$ TO =CE ! REBELS BACK & RELIEVE ! ,>AGONESE CAPITAL4 ,! ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE ( ! MILITIA UNITS WAS A PR9CIPAL PO9T ( DISCUSSION AMONG ! VOLUNTE]S4 ,!RE C\LD BE NO QUE/ION ( RE/OR+ ! AU?ORIT>IAN MILIT>I/ PR9CIPLES ( COMM&-&-OBEY4 ,SL[LY1 ?R\< DISCUSSION & ! EXP]I5CES ( TRIAL & ]ROR1 LITTLE BY LITTLE1 ! /RUCTURE ( ! LIB]T>IAN MILITIAS EVOLV$ AS !Y M>*$ T[>DS ,>AGON4 

,9 ! BEG9N+1 ! ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLES W]E REASONABLY SIMPLE1 EVOLV+ TO MEET ! REQUIREM5TS ( EA* NEW SITUATION AS !Y PRES5T$ !MSELVES4  
  

0,T5 M5 =M$ A GR\P ) A DELEGATE FREELY *OS5 TO HEAD IT4 ,T5 ( !SE GR\PS =M$ A C5TURY & ! MAN 9 *>GE WAS *OS5 9 ! SAME WAY4 ,FIVE C5TURIES =M$ AN ASSEMBLY1 :I* ALSO HAD A DELEGATE4 ,! DELEGATES ( ! C5TURIES & ! DELEGATE ( ! ASSEMBLY =M$ ! COMMITTEE ( ! ASSEMBLY4 ,! DELEGATES ( ! ASSEMBLY ) ! G5]AL DELEGATE ( ! COLUMN =M$ ! W> COMMITTEE ( ! COLUMN40.<#b#b.>  
  

,AN >TILL]Y COLONEL REC5TLY ESCAP$ FROM ,PAMPLONA COMM5T$ DRYLY3  
  

0,FROM ! MILIT>Y PO9T ( VIEW !RE WAS FRI<T5+ *AOS1 BUT ! IMPORTANT ?+ WAS ?AT ! *AOS WAS WORK+40  
  

,GEORGE ,ORWELL'S OBS]VATIONS1 AL?\< MADE ! FOLL[+ YE>1 CAPTURE ! SPIRIT ( ! MILITIAS3  
  

0,! ESS5TIAL PO9T ( ! SY/EM WAS ! SOCIAL EQUALITY BETWE5 (FIC]S & M54 ,EV]YONE FROM G5]AL TO PRIVATE DREW ! SAME PAY1 ATE ! SAME FOOD1 WORE ! SAME CLO!S1 & M+L$ ON T]MS ( COMPLETE EQUALITY4 ,IF Y\ WANT$ TO SLAP ! G5]AL COMM&+ ! DIVISION ON ! BACK & ASK HIM = A CIG>ETTE1 Y\ C\LD DO SO1 & NO ONE ?\<T IT CURI\S4 ,9 !ORY AT ANY RATE EA* MILITIA WAS A DEMOCRACY & NOT A HI]>*Y4 ,IT WAS UND]/OOD ?AT ORD]S HAD TO BE OBEY$1 BUT IT WAS ALSO UND]/OOD ?AT :5 Y\ GAVE AN ORD] Y\ GAVE IT AS A COMRADE TO A COMRADE & NOT AS A SUP]IOR TO 9F]IOR4 ,!RE W]E (FIC]S & ,N,C,OS1 BUT !RE WAS NO MILIT>Y HEEL-CLICK+ & SALUT+4 ,!Y HAD ATTEMPT$ TO PRODUCE )9 ! MILITIAS A SORT ( TEMPOR>Y WORK+ MODEL ( ! CLASSLESS SOCIETY4 ,( C\RSE1 !RE WAS NO P]FECT EQUALITY BUT !RE WAS A NE>] APPROA* TO IT ?AN ,I HAD EV] SE5 OR ?AN ,I W\LD HAVE ?\<T CONCEIVABLE 9 TIME ( W>40.<#b#c.>  

,MILIT>Y 5DS & MEANS 

  

,DURRUTI'S MILIT>Y ADVIS]1 ,P]EZ ,F>RAS1 ,COMPANYS'S MAN ON ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS1 A PR(ESSIONAL SOLDI]1 WAS CONC]N$ TO RE/ORE ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,G5]ALIDAD OV] ! POPUL> =CE1 & REMON/RAT$ ) ,DURRUTI OV] ! APPLICATION ( LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES TO MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION4 ,DURRUTI REPLI$3  
  

0,I HAVE ALREADY SAID & ,I REPEAT2 DUR+ ALL MY LIFE1 ,I HAVE ACT$ AS AN AN>*I/4 ,! FACT ( HAV+ BE5 GIV5 POLITICAL RESPONSIBILITY = A HUMAN COLLECTIVE CANNOT *ANGE MY CONVICTIONS4 ,IT IS UND] !SE CONDITIONS ?AT ,I AGRE$ TO PLAY ! ROLE GIV5 TO ME BY ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,MILITIAS4 

,I ?\<T -- & :AT HAS HAPP5$ CONFIRMS MY BELIEF -- ?AT A WORK+M5'S MILITIA CANNOT BE L$ ACCORD+ TO ! SAME RULES AS AN >MY4 ,I ?9K ?AT DISCIPL9E1 COORD9ATION & ! FULFILLM5T ( A PLAN >E 9DISP5SABLE4 ,BUT ?IS IDEA CAN NO LONG] BE UND]/OOD 9 ! T]MS ( ! WORLD WE HAVE JU/ DE/ROY$4 ,WE HAVE NEW IDEAS4 ,WE ?9K ?AT SOLID>ITY AMONG M5 MU/ AWAK5 P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY1 :I* KN[S H[ TO ACCEPT DISCIPL9E AS AN AUTONOM\S ACT4 

,NECESSITY IMPOSES A W> ON US1 A /RUGGLE ?AT DIFF]S FROM MANY ( ?OSE ?AT WE HAVE C>RI$ ON BE=E4 ,BUT ! GOAL ( \R /RUGGLE IS ALWAYS ! TRIUMPH ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,?IS MEANS NOT ONLY VICTORY OV] ! 5EMY1 BUT ALSO A RADICAL *ANGE 9 MAN4 ,= ?IS *ANGE TO OCCUR1 MAN MU/ LE>N TO LIVE 9 FRE$OM & DEVELOP 9 HIMSELF HIS POT5TIALITIES AS A RESPONSIBLE 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! WORK] 9 ! FACTORY1 US+ HIS TOOLS & DIRECT+ PRODUCTION1 IS BR++ AB\T A *ANGE 9 HIMSELF4 ,! FI<T]1 LIKE ! WORK]1 USES HIS GUN AS A TOOL & HIS ACTS MU/ LEAD TO ! SAME GOALS AS ?OSE ( ! WORK]4 

,9 ! /RUGGLE HE CANNOT ACT LIKE A SOLDI] UND] ORD]S BUT LIKE A MAN :O IS CONSCI\S ( :AT HE IS DO+4 ,I KN[ IT IS NOT EASY TO GET SU* A RESULT1 BUT :AT ONE CANNOT GET BY REASON1 ONE CAN NEV] GET ?R\< =CE4 ,IF \R REVOLUTION>Y >MY MU/ BE MA9TA9$ ?R\< FE>1 WE WILL HAVE *ANG$ NO?+ BUT ! COLOR ( FE>4 ,IT IS ONLY BY FREE+ ITSELF FROM FE> ?AT A FREE SOCIETY CAN BE BUILT40 .<#b#d.>  

',A ,NEW ,WORLD 9 \R HE>TS' 

  

,BE=E LEAV+ = ,Z>AGOZA ON #bd ,JULY1 ,DURRUTI GAVE A MEMORABLE 9T]VIEW TO ,CANADIAN J\RNALI/ ,PI]RE ,VAN ,PAAS5 ( ! ,TORONTO ,DAILY ,/>4 ,! 9T]VIEW SUMS UP CONCISELY & ) FEEL+ ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION & ! POND]\S OB/ACLES ?AT /OOD 9 ITS WAY4 ,VAN ,PAAS5 ASK$ ,DURRUTI :Y HE HAD MADE :AT WAS TO HIM ! CURI\S /ATEM5T ?AT !Y W]E DET]M9$ 0TO F9I% ) FASCISM ONCE & = ALL1 9 SPITE ( ! GOV]NM5T40 ,DURRUTI REPLI$3  
  

0,NO GOV]NM5T 9 ! WORLD FI<TS FASCISM TO ! DEA?4 ,:5 ! B\RGEOISIE SEES P[] SLIPP+ FROM ITS GRASP1 IT HAS REC\RSE TO FASCISM TO MA9TA9 ITSELF4 ,! ,LIB]AL GOV]NM5T ( ,SPA9 C\LD HAVE R5D]$ FASCI/ ELEM5TS P[]LESS LONG AGO4 ,9/EAD IT TEMPORIZ$ & COMPROMIS$ & DALLI$4 ,EV5 N[1 !RE >E M5 9 ?IS GOV]NM5T :O WANT TO GO EASY ) ! REBELS4 ,Y\ CAN NEV] TELL1 Y\ KN[ .<HE LAU<$.>1 ! PRES5T GOV]NM5T MI<T YET NE$ !SE REBELLI\S =CES TO CRU% ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T40  
  

,VAN ,PAAS5 !N 9T]JECT$ ?AT BO? ,L>GO ,CABALL]O & ,9DALECIO ,PRIETO.<#b#e.> HAD /AT$ ?AT ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT'S ONLY CONC]N WAS TO SAVE ! ,REPUBLIC & RE/ORE ,REPUBLICAN ORD]4 ,DURRUTI REPLI$3  
  

0,?AT MAY BE ! VIEWS ( ?OSE S5ORES4 ,WE SYNDICALI/S1 WE >E FI<T+ = ! REVOLUTION4 ,WE KN[ :AT WE WANT4 ,TO US IT MEANS NO?+ ?AT !RE IS A ,SOVIET ,UNION SOME:]E 9 ?IS WORLD1 = ! SAKE ( :OSE PEACE & TRANQUILITY ,/AL9 SACRIFIC$ ! WORK]S ( ,G]MANY & ,*9A TO FASCI/ B>B>ISM4 ,WE WANT ! REVOLUTION H]E 9 ,SPA91 RI<T N[1 NOT MAYBE AFT] ! NEXT ,EUROPEAN W>4 ,WE >E GIV+ ,HITL] & ,MUSSOL9I F> MORE TO WORRY AB\T TODAY ) \R REVOLUTION ?AN ! :OLE ,RUSSIAN ,R$ ,>MY4 ,WE >E SETT+ AN EXAMPLE TO ! ,G]MAN & ,ITALIAN WORK+ CLASSES H[ TO DEAL ) FASCISM40  
  

0,DO Y\ EXPECT ANY HELP FROM ,FRANCE OR ,BRITA9 N[ ?AT ,HITL] & ,MUSSOL9I HAVE BEGUN TO HELP ! REBELS80 CONT9U$ ,VAN ,PAAS54 ,DURRUTI REPLI$ GRIMLY3  
  

0,I DO NOT EXPECT ANY HELP = A LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION FROM ANY GOV]NM5T 9 ! WORLD4 ,MAYBE ! CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S ( ! DIFF]5T IMP]IALISMS MI<T HAVE SOME 9FLU5CE ON \R /RUGGLE4 ,?AT IS QUITE POSSIBLE4 ,FRANCO IS DO+ HIS BE/ TO DRAG ,EUROPE 9TO ! QU>REL4 ,HE WILL NOT HESITATE TO PIT* ,G]MANY AGA9/ US4 ,BUT WE EXPECT NO HELP1 NOT EV5 FROM \R [N GOV]NM5T 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS40  
  

,VAN ,PAAS5 !N *ALL5G$ HIM3 0,CAN Y\ W9 ALONE80 ,DURRUTI CONSID]$ ! QUE/ION C>EFULLY4 ,! J\RNALI/ ADD$3 0,Y\ WILL BE SITT+ ON TOP ( A PILE ( RU9S EV5 IF Y\ >E VICTORI\S40 ,! AN>*I/ REPLI$ QUIETLY 9 A HO>SE :ISP]3  
  

0,WE HAVE ALWAYS LIV$ 9 SLUMS & HOLES 9 ! WALL4 ,WE WILL KN[ H[ TO ACCOMMODATE \RSELVES = A TIME4 ,= Y\ MU/ NOT =GET ?AT WE CAN ALSO BUILD4 ,IT IS WE :O BUILT !SE PALACES & CITIES1 H]E 9 ,SPA9 & 9 ,AM]ICA & ELSE:]E4 ,WE >E NOT 9 ! LEA/ AFRAID ( RU9S4 ,WE >E GO+ TO 9H]IT ! E>?4 ,!RE IS NOT ! SLI<TE/ D\BT AB\T ?AT4 ,! B\RGEOISIE MI<T BLA/ & RU9 ITS [N WORLD BE=E IT LEAVES ! /AGE ( HI/ORY4 ,WE C>RY A ,NEW ,WORLD1 H]E1 9 \R HE>TS4 

,?AT WORLD IS GR[+ 9 ?IS M9UTE4 0.<#b#f.>  

,Z>AGOZA SACRIFIC$ BY ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,ANTI-FASCI/ ,MILITIAS 

  

,HAV+ SECUR$ ,L]IDA1 ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN ADVANC$ QUICKLY1 VIRTUALLY UNOPPOS$1 T[>DS ,Z>AGOZA1 URG+ ! PEASANTS 9 ! VILLAGES !Y PASS$ ?R\< TO SEIZE & COLLECTIVIZE ! L& ON :I* !Y WORK$4 ,ON ! MORN+ ( #bg ,JULY1 AS ! COLUMN WAS LEAV+ ! T[N ( ,BUJ>ALOZ1 ?REE REBEL AIRPLANES SUDD5LY ATTACK$1 EXPOS+ ! WORK]S TO !IR FIR/ MAJOR BAPTISM ( FIRE4 ,! DEVA/AT+ BLITZKRIEG KILL$ #b M5 & 9JUR$ MANY MORE4 ,! M5 PANICK$4 ,MANY ?REW D[N !IR WEAPONS & SCATT]$ TO ! F\R W9DS TO ESCAPE ! NOISE & HORROR ( ! DEA? & DE/RUCTION ?AT RA9$ D[N ON !M FROM ! SKIES1 KILL+ & MUTILAT+ AT R&OM4 ,:5 ! PLANES HAD DISAPPE>$1 ! COLUMN SL[LY /RAGGL$ BACK TO ,BUJ>ALOZ1 :]E ,DURRUTI ASSEMBL$ HIS M5 9 ! MA9 SQU>E TO DELIV] :AT EYEWITNESSES HAVE DESCRIB$ AS P]HAPS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT SPEE*ES 9 HIS LONG C>E] AS AN ACTIVI/4  
  

0,FRI5DS4 ,NO ONE WAS =C$ TO COME H]E4 ,Y\ *OSE Y\R FATE1 & ! FATE ( ! FIR/ COLUMN ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,F,A,I IS A H>% ONE4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] SAID ON ! RADIO 9 ,B>CELONA ?AT WE W]E GO+ TO ,>AGON TO CONQU] ,Z>AGOZA OR TO LOSE \R LIVES 9 ! ATTEMPT4 ,I REPEAT ! SAME ?+4 ,RA!R ?AN RETREAT+1 WE MU/ DIE4 ,Z>AGOZA IS 9 ! H&S ( ! FASCI/S4 ,:Y DID WE LEAVE ,B>CELONA IF IT WASN'T TO HELP !M FREE !MSELVES8 ,!Y >E WAIT+ = US AS WE />T TO RUN4 ,?AT IS ! WAY Y\ %[ ! WORLD & \R COMRADES ! SPIRIT ( ! AN>*I/S1 BY SUCCUMB+ TO FE> :5 FAC$ BY ?REE PLANES4 

0,! B\RGEOISIE WILL NOT ALL[ US TO CREATE ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM BECAUSE WE WANT IT4 ,! B\RGEOISIE WILL RESI/ BECAUSE IT DEF5DS ITS PRIVILEGES & 9T]E/S4 ,! ONLY WAY TO CREATE ,LIB]T>IAN ,COMMUNISM IS TO DE/ROY ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,ONLY !N WILL ! ROAD TO \R IDEAL WORLD BE ASSUR$4 ,WE HAVE LEFT BEH9D US ! PEASANTS :O HAVE />T$ TO PUT 9TO PRACTICE \R IDEAL4 ,!Y DID ?IS1 FEEL+ CONFID5T ?AT \R GUNS W\LD GU>ANTEE !IR CROPS4 ,SO IF WE LEAVE ! ROAD OP5 TO ! 5EMY1 IT WILL MEAN ?AT ! 9ITIATIVES ( !SE PEASANTS >E USELESS1 & :AT IS WORSE1 ! CONQU]ORS WILL MAKE !M PAY = !IR D>+ BY ASSASS9AT+ !M4 ,?IS IS ! MEAN+ ( ! /RUGGLE1 A ?ANKLESS ONE :I* RESEMBLES NONE ?AT WE HAVE UND]TAK5 BE=E4 ,:AT HAPP5$ TODAY IS A SIMPLE W>N+4 ,N[ ! /RUGGLE IS REALLY GO+ TO />T4 ,!Y WILL %OOT AT US ) CANNONS4 ,!Y WILL /RAFE US ) TONS ( GRAPE%OT & SOMETIMES WE WILL HAVE TO FI<T ) GR5ADES1 & EV5 ) KNIVES4 ,AS ! 5EMY FEELS IT IS CORN]$1 IT WILL RESPOND LIKE A BEA/ & WILL BITE FI]CELY4 ,BUT IT ISN'T YET AT BAY & IT IS FI<T+ TO AVOID ?IS4 ,IT IS LEAN+ ON ! AID ( ,ITALY & ,G]MANY4 ,IF WE ALL[ !SE P[]S TO BECOME DEEPLY 9VOLV$ 9 \R W>1 IT WILL BE DIFFICULT TO BEAT ! FASCI/S1 BECAUSE !Y WILL HAVE >MAM5TS SUP]IOR TO \RS4 

0,\R VICTORY DEP5DS ON ! SPE$ ) :I* WE ACT4 ,! FA/] WE ATTACK ! GREAT] *ANCE WE HAVE ( W9N+4 ,UP TO N[1 VICTORY IS ON \R SIDE4 ,= ?AT REASON1 WE MU/ CONQU] ,Z>AGOZA AT ONCE4 ,TOMORR[ !RE WILL BE NO OPPORTUNITIES EQUAL TO ?OSE ( TODAY4 ,9 ! RANKS ( ! ,C,N,T1 !RE >E NO C[>DS1 & ! M5 ( ! ,F,A,I DIE BUT DO NOT YIELD4 ,WE DON'T WANT PEOPLE AMONG US :O >E AFRAID ( ! FIR/ ATTACK4 ,I ASK ?OSE :O RAN1 H9D]+ ! ADVANCE ( ! COLUMN1 TO HAVE ! C\RAGE TO DROP !IR WEAPONS SO ?AT FIRM] H&S CAN PICK !M UP4 ,! RE/ ( US WILL CONT9UE \R M>*4 ,WE WILL >RIVE 9 ! NOR?4 ,WE WILL JO9 H&S ) \R ,A/URIAN COMRADES & WE WILL CONQU] & GIVE ,SPA9 A BETT] WORLD4 ,I ASK ?OSE :O GO BACK TO KEEP SIL5T AB\T :AT HAPP5$ TODAY BECAUSE IT FILLS ME ) %AME40.<#b#g.>  
  

,IT WAS A BITT] BUT 9VALUABLE LESSON1 :I* HELP$ TURN A RAW BODY ( 9EXP]I5C$ M5 9TO AN >MY ( FE>LESS W>RIORS4 

,! M>* ON ,Z>AGOZA WAS HALT$1 H[EV]4 ,DURRUTI WAS NO D\BT P>TIALLY 9FLU5C$ 9 HIS DECISION TO HOLD HIS ADVANCE BY ! EFFECT ! AIR ATTACK HAD HAD ON HIS M54 ,H[EV]1 ! (FIC] :O HAD BE5 9 *>GE ( ! G>RISON AT ,B>BA/RO1 ,COLONEL ,VILLALBA1 & ,COMPANYS'S MILIT>Y ADVIS]1 ,P]EZ ,F>RAS1 PUT PRESSURE ON ,DURRUTI NOT TO ADVANCE FUR!R UNTIL HIS FLANKS HAD BE5 SECUR$4 ,!RE WAS ALSO A %ORTAGE ( WEAPONS & AMMUNITION4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS 9 ,B>CELONA HAD DECID$1 9 ITS WISDOM1 ?AT ! SAV+ ( ,MAJORCA WAS ( GREAT] /RATEGIC IMPORTANCE ?AN ! CAPTURE ( ,Z>AGOZA & REFUS$ TO PROVISION ! COLUMN ) ! NECESS>Y WEAPONS1 & AMMUNITION REQUIR$ TO ADVANCE ! #ce KILOMET]S TO ! ,>AGON CAPITAL4 ,! FRONTS :]E AN>*I/ TROOPS DOM9AT$1 P>TICUL>LY ! ,>AGON FRONT1 W]E DELIB]ATELY />V$ ( >MS & AMMUNITION1 & ! ,C5TRAL FRONT :]E ,/AL9I/S DOM9AT$ WAS HEAVILY SUPPLI$1 EV5 ?\< IT WAS LESS VULN]ABLE & ! FI<T+ HAD MOV$ ELSE:]E4 ,?IS PREV5T$ ! POSSIBILITY ( ACTION 9 ! NOR?1 :I* MI<T HAVE UNIT$ ! ISOLAT$ REPUBLICAN REGION 9 ! NOR?-WE/ 7) ITS M9+ & 9DU/RIAL BASE7 ) ! MA9 >EA4 ,BUT ?IS W\LD ALSO HAVE UNIT$ REVOLUTION>Y ,A/URIAS ) REVOLUTION>Y ,>AGON & ,CATALONIA4 ,H[EV]1 !RE WAS MU* TO BE GA9$ = ! REPUBLICAN /ATE 9 AVOID+ A DYNAMIC APPROA*4 ,A VICTORY OV] ,FRANCO :ILE ! /ATE WAS /ILL NOT CONSOLIDAT$ & ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T WAS /ILL >M$ & 9 FULL FL[ C\LD ONLY /RIKE FE> 9TO ! HE>TS ( ! POLITICIANS4 

,! FATEFUL HALT 

  

,! FATEFUL HALT LA/$ N9E DAYS4 ,DUR+ ?AT CRUCIAL TIME1 9 ,Z>AGOZA ! 9ITIATIVE PASS$ TO ! 9SURG5TS4 ,! UNEXPECT$ BREA?+ SPACE GAVE ! MILIT>Y & !IR RI<TI/ SUPPORT]S TIME TO BREAK ! G5]AL /RIKE BY IMPRISON+ & SLAU<T]+ ! LEAD+ WORK+-CLASS MILITANTS4 ,! MILIT>IZATION ( ! RAILWAYS1 DUR+ :I* IT IS E/IMAT$ ?AT #f ,C,N,T RAILWAY WORK]S W]E EXECUT$1 5ABL$ ! REBELS TO RU% RE9=CEM5TS FROM ,PAMPLONA & SUCCESSFULLY RESI/ ! ATTACKS ( ! AN>*I/ MILITIA COLUMNS AT ,HUESCA & ,ALMUDEB>4 

,DURRUTI W5T IMM$IATELY TO ,B>CELONA TO PRESS ! CASE = ! ATTACK ON ,Z>AGOZA & TO /RESS HIS URG5T NE$ = W> MAT]IEL ) HIS ]/:ILE CLOSE COMRADE1 ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 N[ A ,C,N,T REPRES5TATIVE ON ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ,ANTIFASCI/ ,MILITIAS & HEAD ( ! ,CATALAN ,W> ,DEP>TM5T4.<#b#h.> ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 H[EV]1 HAD %IFT$ HIS POSITION FROM OPPOSITION TO ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE1 & WAS N[ VIEW+ EV5TS AS A COMMITT$ P>TISAN ( ?AT 9/ITUTION4 ,HE TOLD ,DURRUTI ?AT ! REVOLUTION HAD TO BE SUBORD9AT$ TO ! CONT+5CIES ( ! W> AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,! ATTACK ON ,MAJORCA HAD PRIORITY OV] EV]Y?+ ELSE4 ,IT W\LD =CE AN ,ITALIAN 9T]V5TION1 :I*1 9 TURN1 W\LD LEAD TO A DIRECT ,BRITI% 9T]V5TION TO RE/ORE '! BALANCE ( P[]' 9 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN4 ,NO?+ ,DURRUTI C\LD SAY TO ! CONTR>Y HAD ANY EFFECT ON HIS OLD COMRADE1 :O 9SI/$ ?AT ! W> HAD PRIORITY ABOVE EV]Y?+1 & N[ ! AN>*I/S1 HAV+ MADE !IR DECISION TO COLLABORATE ) ! LIB]AL DEMOCRATIC & SOCIALI/ P>TIES ( GOV]NM5T1 MU/ /ICK BY IT4 

,! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN 

  

,TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! /ALEMATE1 ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN DEPLOY$ OV] A WIDE FRONT & REORGANIZ$ ITSELF4 ,! COLUMN WAS N[ ORGANIZ$ 9TO TEAMS OR SQUADS ( #be MILITIAM51 F\RS ( :I*1 9 TURN1 MADE UP C5TURIES4 ,FIVES ( !SE C5TURIES B&$ TOGE!R 9TO DETA*M5TS2 EA* DETA*M5T BOA/$ A SURGICAL TEAM & A MA*9E-GUNN] TEAM4 ,! COLUMN WAS BACK$ UP BY >TILL]Y COMM&$ BY ,CAPTA9S ,C>CELL]1 ,COLE & ,BATET4 ,LAT]1 QU>T]MA/]1 HEAL? & TRANSPORT SECTIONS W]E =M$4 ,! COLUMN ALSO HAD AN ,ADVISORY ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL *AIR$ BY ,P]EZ ,F>RAS & MADE UP ( PR(ESSIONAL MILIT>Y M52 ?IS TOOK *>GE ( LIAISON & C>TOGRAPHY4 ,! COLUMN APPO9T$ A DELEGATE-G5]AL1 & CONSULTATION ) ! RANK & FILE TOOK PLACE ?R\< C5TURY COMMITTEES MADE UP ( ! GR\P DELEGATES1 DETA*M5T COMMITTEES 7! C5TURY DELEGATES71 & A ,W> ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,COLUMN1 :I* CONSI/$ ( ! DETA*M5T DELEGATES TOGE!R ) ! DELEGATE-G5]AL & WAS ADVIS$ BY ! ,ADVISORY ,MILIT>Y ,C\NCIL4 ,!RE WAS ALSO A PROPAG&A S]VICE UND] ! SUP]VISION ( ,FRANCISCO ,C>R5O1 :I* PUBLI%$ ,EL ,FR5TE1 ! BULLET9 ( ! COLUMN1 & RAN A RADIO /ATION4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! COLUMN PUT TOGE!R V>I\S SPECIAL-S]VICE UNITS ?AT OP]AT$ CL&E/9ELY BEH9D 5EMY L9ES4 ,!SE UNITS1 SU* AS ',SONS ( ! ,NI<T'1 & ',! ,BLACK ,GANG'1 W]E ORGANIZ$ BY ,FRANCISCO ,PONZAN1 AN AN>*I/ :O WAS LAT] TO PLAY A KEY ROLE 9 ! AN>*I/ MILIT>Y 9TELLIG5CE & COV]T OP]ATIONS S]VICE1 ! ,S,I,E,P 7,S]VICIO DE ,9VE/IGACION ,ESPECIAL ,P]IF]ICO74 7,LAT] /ILL1 ,PONZAN BECAME ! F\ND] & ORGANIZ] ( ! ',RESEAU ,PAT ,O',LE>Y'1 ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> ,ALLI$ ESCAPE NETWORK47 

,COLLECTIVE SUPPORT 

  

,! M5 ( ! ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN BEGAN TO CONC5TRATE !IR ACTIVITIES ON ASSI/+ ! COLLECTIVES !Y HAD HELP$ SET UP DUR+ !IR ADVANCE4 ,MANY ( ! MILITIAM5 VOLUNTE]$ TO BE FI<T]-PRODUC]S & W5T (F TO HELP ) ! H>VE/4 ,DURRUTI HIMSELF GAVE ! FOLL[+ ACC\NT ( ! COLUMN'S ACTIVITIES TO ! ,MADRID-BAS$ PAP] ,C,N,T3  
  

0,AS = MY COLUMN1 ,I AM SATISFI$ ) IT4 ,WE >E MAK+ W> & REVOLUTION SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,REVOLUTION>Y MEASURES >E BE+ TAK51 NOT JU/ 9 ,B>CELONA BUT RI<T UP TO ! FIR+ L9E4 ,EA* VILLAGE WE TAKE EMB>KS UPON A REVOLUTION>Y C\RSE4 ,A DEFEAT ( MY COLUMN W\LD BE QUITE AWFUL1 = \R RETREAT W\LD NOT BE COMP>ABLE TO ! RETREAT ( ANY >MY3 WE %\LD HAVE TO TAKE ) US ALL ( ! 9HABITANTS ( ! VILLAGES ?R\< :I* WE HAVE PASS$ -- FROM ! FIR+ L9E RI<T BACK TO ,B>CELONA4 ,ALONG ! R\TE WE HAVE FOLL[$1 !RE >E ONLY FI<T]S4 ,EV]YONE WORKS = ! W> & = ! REVOLUTION3 ?IS IS \R /R5G?4 ,AS = DISCIPL9E1 AS ,I SEE IT ?IS IS NO?+ MORE ?AN HONOR+ ONE'S [N RESPONSIBILITY & ?AT ( O!RS4 ,I AM AGA9/ ! B>RACK /YLE DISCIPL9E1 BUT EQUALLY ,I AM AGA9/ ! MI/AK5 CONCEPT ( FRE$OM TO :I* C[>DS HABITUALLY APPEAL 9 ORD] TO DODGE ! ISSUE4 ,9 W>1 DELEGATES %\LD BE OBEY$3 O!RWISE1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO M\NT ANY OP]ATION4 ,9 MY COLUMN1 ALL ( ! DODGES ( ! ,GREAT ,W> HAVE BE5 TRI$ -- ! MO!R ON H] DEA? B$1 ! SP\SE GO+ 9TO LABOR1 ! AIL+ *ILD1 FAIL+ EYESI<T1 ETC4 ,ANYONE SEEK+ TO GO HOME ON ! GR\NDS ?AT HE IS ALONG AS A VOLUNTE] & IS VOLUNTE]+ TO GO HOME1 ,I S5D HOME ON FOOT -- AFT] HE HAS HAD A PIECE ( MY M9D4 ,?+S H>DLY EV] GET ?AT F>4 ,TO BE FRANK1 ,I AM SATISFI$ ) ! COMRADES :O FOLL[ ME40.<#b#i.>  

,! WORK]S' VICTORY 

  

,A TELEGRAM FROM ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ,MADRID TO ! ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE DELEGATE 9 ,B>CELONA ON #c ,JULY SUMM$ UP ! MILIT>Y SITUATION ?R\<\T ! ,P59SULA3  
  

0,RECEIV$ Y\R TELEGRAM4 ,WE CELEBRATE VICTORY ALL ,CATALONIA [+ TO UN/OPPABLE IMPETUS \R COMRADES4 ,Z>AGOZA SITUATION DELICATE4 ,MAKE H]OIC EF=TS TO BOL/] ! /RUGGLE 9 ?IS SECTOR4 ,&ALUCIA RELATIVELY ,O,K4 ,SMALL SECTORS ( ,GALICIA1 ,A/URIAS1 C5T]S 9 ,GIJON & ,OVI$O4 ,SP>E NO EF=T AFT] Y\R VICTORY4 ,R$\BLE !M DISPAT*+ NECESS>Y ASSI/ANCE4 ,MADRID F9E4 ,COMRADES' H]OISM EXCELL+ ITSELF4 ,CA/ILE'S MESETA 9 REBEL H&S1 BE+ F\<T EV5 N[4 ,REPORT @&EMDA%2 ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEE40.<#c.>  
  

,! IMPETUS ( ! RI<TI/ REVOLT1 :I* HAD1 OV]ALL1 BE5 CONF9$ MA9LY TO ! >MY & MO/ ( ! POLICE1 HAD BE5 HALT$4 ,! ,SPANI% SAILORS HAD REMA9$ LOYAL1 BECAUSE ,C,N,T & ,U,G,T ACTIVI/S HAD E/ABLI%$ SAILORS' C\NCILS1 OV]P[]$ !IR (FIC]S & SAIL$ = ! ,BAY ( ,TANGI]S1 :]E !Y W]E ABLE TO PREV5T REBEL RE9=CEM5TS >RIV+ FROM ,MOROCCO4 ,!Y W\LD HAVE BE5 MORE SUCCESSFUL HAD IT NOT BE5 = ! 9T]V5TION ( ! ,ROYAL ,NAVY1 :O PREV5T$ ! ,SPANI% SAILORS BOMB>D+ ,ALGECIRAS1 :]E ! REBEL TROOPS W]E BE+ L&$4 ,H[EV]1 ! FAILURE ( ! REBELS TO W9 OV] ! NAVY WAS AN UN=ESE5 DEVELOPM5T1 :I* ?REW ! FIR/ MAJOR SPANN] 9 ! WORKS AS F> AS ! 9SURG5TS W]E CONC]N$4 ,! AIR =CE ALSO REMA9$ G5]ALLY LOYAL4 

,! FAILURE ( ! REVOLT TO A*IEVE A SPE$Y VICTORY LEFT ! G5]ALS ISOLAT$ 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ,SPA93 ,G5]AL ,MOLA'S ,>MY ( ! ,NOR? HOLD+ ,GALICIA & ,LEON 9 ! NOR?-WE/1 & ,NAV>RE & A L>GE P>T ( ,>AGON 9 ! NOR?2 ,G5]AL ,QUIEPO DE ,LLANO 9 ! S\? HOLD+ EA/]N ,&ALUCIA2 & ,G5]AL ,FRANCO'S ,>MY ( ,AFRICA HOLD+ ,MOROCCO1 ! CONSPIRATORS' BASE1 & ! ISL&S4 ,! MILIT>Y HAD ! UNLIMIT$ SUPPORT ( ,ITALY & ,PORTUGAL1 & ! SYMPA?Y & T5TATIVE SUPPORT ( ,HITL]'S ,G]MANY4 ,! ,G]MAN AMBASSADOR TO ,SPA9 9=M$ ,B]L9 ON #be ,JULY ?AT 0UNLESS SOME?+ UN=ESE5 OCCURS0 ! REVOLT C\LD NOT SUCCE$4 ,EV5 A MON? LAT]1 ,HITL]'S ACT+ ,SECRET>Y ( ,/ATE = ,=EIGN ,AFFAIRS1 ,HANS ,DIECKH(F1 NOT$ DISMALLY3 0,IT IS NOT TO BE EXPECT$ ?AT ! ,FRANCO GOV]NM5T CAN HOLD \T = LONG1 EV5 AFT] \TW>D SUCCESSES1 )\T L>GE-SCALE SUPPORT FROM \TSIDE40 

,LESS ?AN TWO WEEKS AFT] ! RIS+1 ON #a ,AUGU/1 ! SOCIALI/ PREMI] ( ,FRANCE1 ,LEON ,BLUM1 & HIS =EIGN SECRET>Y1 ,YVON ,DELBOS1 W]E TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! MA9 ,EUROPEAN P[]S SIGN A NON9T]V5TION PACT4 ,BRITA9 ACCEPT$ ! PROPOSAL EAG]LY1 & )\T DELAY4 ,IT WAS BELIEV$ ?AT IF !RE WAS NO 9T]NATIONAL 9T]V5TION !N ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T C\LD SUPPRESS ! REBELS ON ITS [N1 ?US AVOID+ AN OP5 CLA% DEVELOP+ BETWE5 ! GREAT P[]S4 ,AFT] SOME DELAY CAUS$ BY ,PORTUGAL & ,ITALY'S REFUSAL TO SIGN 7BO? !SE C\NTRIES W]E PROVID+ ASSI/ANCE TO ! ,SPANI% REBELS71 !SE F\R C\NTRIES TOGE!R ) ,RUSSIA & ,G]MANY SIGN$ ! SIX-P[] NON9T]V5TION ,PACT4 ,! ,AXIS P[]S HAD NO 9T5TION ( OBS]V+ ?IS AGREEM5T1 OR ( P]MITT+ ANY MOVES TO 5=CE IT IF SU* /EPS ?REAT5$ TO HAMP] ! 9SURG5TS 9 ANY WAY1 & ONLY AGRE$ TO IT KN[+ ?AT IT W\LD DO GREAT] DAMAGE TO ! ,REPUBLICAN CAUSE ?AN TO ?AT ( ! REBELS4 

,! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION 

  

,! MILIT>Y RIS+ ( #ag ,JULY IGNIT$ MORE ?AN A H]OIC WORK+-CLASS RESI/ANCE2 IT FIR$ JOY\S ELEM5TAL HOPES AMONG ,SPANI% WORK]S & PEASANTS1 HOPE FUEL$ BY OV] SIXTY YE>S ( AN>*I/ AGITATION & PROPAG&A1 & UNLEA%$ A SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?AT ?REAT5$ TO SWEEP ALL BE=E IT1 TRANS=M+ :AT HAD HI!RTO BE5 A UTOPIAN DREAM 9TO REALITY4 ,SPA9 WAS TO %[ ! WORLD ! WAY ( FREE COMMUNISM -- ( AN>*Y1 PUTT+ 9TO PRACTICE IDEAS ?AT HAD BE5 =MULAT$ BY ! EXP]I5CES ( E>LI] G5]ATIONS ( AN>*I/ ?9K]S & MILITANTS & 9 ! V>I\S 9SURRECTION>Y REHE>SALS = ! FREE SOCIETY ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 ,SPA9 BETWE5 #aica & #a#i#c#f4 ,HAV+ GA9$ CONTROL ( ! /REETS1 ! RESCUE ( A TREA*]\S B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC FROM ! CLUT*ES ( RI<TI/ G5]ALS WAS ! ?+ FUR!/ FROM ! M9DS ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE4 ,FROM ! FIR/ MOM5T ( ! RIS+1 ! 9ITIATIVE PASS$ FROM A HESITANT B\RGEOISIE1 NOT TO ! 9TELLECTUALS.<#c#a.> OR P>TY OR UNION LEAD]S1 BUT TO ! RANK & FILE ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS1 A SUB/ANTIAL NUMB] ( :OM EI!R BELONG$ TO ! ,C,N,T OR ,F,A,I OR %>$ A BELIEF 9 :AT ?OSE 9ITIALS /OOD = -- A FREE & JU/ SOCIETY4 

,A RADICAL TRANS=MATION ( ! SOCIAL ORD] HAD BEGUN TO TAKE PLACE ?R\<\T MO/ ( FREE ,SPA94 ,EYEWITNESS ,BURNETT ,BOLLOT51 A ,U,P,I CORRESPOND5T 9 ,MADRID AT ! \TBREAK ( ! RIS+1 PREFACES HIS /UDY ( ! FIR/ EI<TE5 MON?S ( ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 ,! ,GR& ,CAM\FLAGE1 ?US3  
  

0,AL?\< ! \TBREAK ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 9 ,JULY1 #a#i#c#f1 WAS FOLL[$ BY A F>-REA*+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ! ANTI-,FRANCO CAMP -- MORE PR(\ND 9 SOME RESPECTS ?AN ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION 9 ITS E>LY /AGES -- MILLIONS ( DISC]N+ PEOPLE \TSIDE ,SPA9 W]E KEPT 9 IGNORANCE1 NOT ONLY ( ITS DEP? & RANGE1 BUT EV5 ( ITS EXI/5CE1 BY VIRTUE ( A POLICY ( DUPLICITY & DISSIMULATION ( :I* !RE IS NO P>ALLEL 9 HI/ORY .<#c#b.>  

,W> & REVOLUTION 

  

,AFT] ! 9ITIAL SUCCESSES ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 !RE W]E ?REE DI/9CT PO9TS ( VIEW ON ! QUE/ION ( W> & REVOLUTION4 

,! FIR/ POSITION WAS ?AT HELD BY MO/ PEOPLE4 ,9 ! E>LY /AGES1 ! MAJORITY ( RANK-&-FILE MILITANTS BELIEV$ ?AT ! W> W\LD BE OV] 9 A MATT] ( WEEKS4 ,AFT] ALL1 A FEW DAYS HAD BE5 SUFFICI5T TO R\T ! >MY 9 ,B>CELONA & O!R 9DU/RIAL C5T]S4 ,!Y BELIEV$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION & LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM1 AS DEBAT$ & ADOPT$ BY ! ,C,N,T'S ,Z>AGOZA ,CONGRESS ( ,MAY ?AT YE>1 WAS AN 9SEP>ABLE ASPECT ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ECONOMIC & SOCIAL OPPRESSION & PROCE$$ IMM$IATELY TO SOCIALIZE ! FACTORIES1 L& & !IR COMMUNITIES1 :ATEV] ! =MAL DECL>ATIONS & ALLIANCES MADE BY MANY ( ! 'LEAD]S'4 

,! SECOND POSITION WAS ?AT HELD BY ?OSE 'LEAD]S' -- MEMB]S ( ! ,REGIONAL & ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEES ( ! ,C,N,T & ! ,P59SUL> ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,F,A,I1 SU* AS ,MONTS5Y1 ,SANTILLAN 79 ! E>LI] /AGES71 ,G>CIA ,OLIV]1 & O!RS -- :O ANTICIPAT$ A L5G?Y W> & OPPOS$ IMPLEM5T+ LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM UNTIL ?AT W> HAD BE5 WON4 ,!Y OPT$ 9/EAD = COMPROMISE & ALLIANCES ) ! B\RGEOIS & ,M>XI/ P>TIES4 ,!Y >GU$ ?AT ?IS PA? W\LD PREV5T A SITUATION DEVELOP+ :]E9 A VICTORI\S BUT EXHAU/$ ,C,N,T MI<T BE OV]:ELM$ BY ANO!R POLITICAL =CE ?AT HAD BE5 MORE SP>+ ) ITS MI<T4 ,IT WAS A FATAL /RATEGY1 :I* SOON ABSORB$ !M1 UND]M9$ !IR PR9CIPLES & TRANS=M$ :AT HAD HI!RTO BE5 A GREAT 9/RUM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9TO JU/ ANO!R BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTION4 ,!Y HAD IGNOR$ ! EXP]I5CES ( ! PREVI\S TWELVE YE>S OR SO1 :I* %[$ CLE>LY ?AT ! B\RGEOIS REPUBLICANS & RE=MI/ SOCIALI/S W\LD SEIZE EV]Y OPPORTUNITY TO P]SECUTE ! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION>IES )\T M]CY4 ,! SOCIALI/S HAD UNHESITAT+LY P]SECUT$ ! LIB]T>IANS UND] ! ,PRIMO DE ,RIV]A ,DICTATOR%IP FROM #aibc TO #a#i#c4.<#c#c.> ,!N1 ! ,C,N,T WAS \TLAW$ & =C$ TO OP]ATE CL&E/9ELY1 :ILE ! /ILL-LEGAL RE=MI/ ,U,G,T WAS ESPECIALLY FAVOR$ BY ! ELEVATION ( ITS G5]AL SECRET>Y ,L>GO ,CABALL]O TO ! POSITION ( ,M9I/] ( ,LABOR -- A SITUATION ?AT BO? 9 ?IS & 9 SOME O!R RESPECTS ALMO/ MADE ! ,U,G,T ITSELF A FASCI/ LABOR FRONT4.<#c#d.> ,!RE HAD ALSO BE5 ! VICI\S SUPPRESSION1 BY ! SOCIALI/S & LEFT REPUBLICANS G5]ALLY1 BO? ( ! REVOLUTION>Y RIS+ AT ,CASAS ,VIEJAS 9 ,&ALUCIA 9 #a#i#c#b1 ONE ( MANY ?R\<\T ,SPA9 DUR+ ! P]IOD1 9 :I* LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM WAS DECL>$1 & ( ! ,C,N,T G5]ALLY BY MEANS ( LEGISLATION E*O+ ?AT ( ! ,DICTATOR%IP4 

,CLE>LY1 ! COLLABORATIONI/S DID NOT APPRECIATE ?AT TO MAKE COMMON CAUSE ) Y\R 5EMIES CAN BE FATAL4 ,!Y WILL CONT9UE TO P]SECUTE Y\ & MAY WELL EV5 BETRAY Y\ TO Y\R COMMON NEW 5EMY4 ,ALSO1 TO 9SI/ ?AT ORD9>Y PEOPLE W]E D5I$ ! TRANS=MATION ( !IR EV]YDAY LIVES ?AT A REVOLUTION BR+S WAS ! QUICKE/ WAY = !M TO LOSE 9T]E/ 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ FASCISM4 ,OBVI\SLY1 ! COLLABORATIONI/S DID NOT SEE ?IS4 ,TO BE REALI/IC1 ?IS IS NOT SURPRIS+4 ,!IR P]SECUTORS SUDD5LY BECAME !IR ALLIES & !IR FLATT]]S1 ALMO/ CO]C+ !M 9TO OPPORTUNISM BY ! 5ORM\S PRESSURES !Y PLAC$ UPON !M4 ,G>CIA ,OLIV] HAD SP5T ALMO/ ! 5TIRE P]IOD ( ! ,DICTATOR%IP 9 PRISON1 !N EM]G$ TO A H]O'S WELCOME1 :I* HE HAD NO D\BT E>N$4 ,AFT] ?IS1 TO BE SUDD5LY (F]$ A M9I/RY C\LD TURN ANYBODY'S HEAD4 

,! ?IRD BODY ( OP9ION1 UN=TUNATELY A M9ORITY ONE HELD BY MILITANTS SU* AS ,DURRUTI1 ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I1 ,JAIME ,BALIUS1 &1 LAT]1 ,SANTILLAN1 ALSO ANTICIPAT$ A L5G?Y W>1 BUT HELD ?AT W> & REVOLUTION W]E 9SEP>ABLE4 ,ONLY A LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION C\LD F9ALLY DE/ROY FASCISM1 BECAUSE TO DO SO MEANT DE/ROY+ ! /ATE1 S9CE FASCISM ONLY MEANS A C]TA9 MODE ( ! /ATE3 ALL /ATES TURN FASCI/ :5 ! ?REAT TO ! PRIVILEGE ?AT ! /ATE PROTECTS1 & TO A DEGREE ALSO EMBODIES1 BECOMES /RONG 5\<1 :I* HAPP5S :5 ! P>TICIPATORY PROC$URES ( ! /ATE CAN NO LONG] SECURE ?AT PRIVILEGE4 ,FASCISM1 9 O!R WORDS1 IS 5=C$ CLASS COLLABORATION1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! VOLUNT>Y CLASS COLLABORATION ( P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T4 ,! COLLECTIVIZATIONS1 REQUISITIONS & IMP\NDM5TS ( L& & CAPITALI/ PROP]TY W]E1 !RE=E1 A FAIT ACCOMPLI FOI/$ UPON ! HI<] COMMITTEES BY POPUL> ASSEMBLIES ( A TRIUMPHANT RANK & FILE4 ,!SE HI<] COMMITTEES W]E N[ PRIM>ILY CONC]N$ ) W9N+ ! MILIT>Y W>1 ASSUR+ PUBLIC ORD]1 RE/OR+ NORMALITY 9 ! FIELD ( PRODUCTION1 & REASSUR+ !IR B\RGEOIS ALLIES ?AT !Y HAD NO?+ TO FE> FROM ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,ALREADY1 ! BUREAUCRATIC CONS]VATISM FO/]$ BY A UNIQUE POLITICAL SITUATION1 & ONE BR\<T AB\T BY A LIFE & DEA? /RUGGLE AT ?AT PROMPT$ ! FATEFUL DECISION TO GIVE PRIORITY TO ! W> OV] SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,IT L$ TO AN UNBRIDGEABLE GAP BETWE5 ! HI<] COMMITTEES & ! ASSEMBLIES1 :I* W]E EQUALLY PRESSUR$ 9TO PREOCCUPATION ) ! V]Y REAL PRACTICAL TASKS ( RECON/RUCTION4 

,COLLECTIVIZATION 

  

,!RE W]E TWO TYPES ( EXPROPRIATION ( CAPITALI/ PROP]TY4 ,ONE1 P>TIAL EXPROPRIATION1 :I* C\LD BE DESCRIB$ AS NATIONALIZATION1 WAS ! PREF]R$ SOCIALI/ SOLUTION2 ! O!R1 TOTAL EXPROPRIATION1 WAS ! AN>*I/ OPTION4 ,9CAUTACION 7=FEITURE71 ! AN>*I/ SOLUTION1 MEANT WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T BAS$ ON ! LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES ( MUTUAL AID & SOLID>ITY4 ,! SOCIALI/S1 ?R\< ! ,U,G,T UNIONS1 OPT$ = 9T]V5CION1 A SY/EM ( P>TIAL CONTROL ) WORK]S' DELEGATES & MANAGEM5T REPRES5TATIVES P>TICIPAT+ JO9TLY 9 ! RUNN+ ( ! FACTORY4 ,O!R COLLECTIVES W]E1 9 FACT1 RUN AS COOP]ATIVES1 ) WORK]S1 HAV+ TAK5 OV] ! FACTORY OR WORK%OP1 SIMPLY UTILIZ+ ! EXI/+ MONEY SY/EM & MA9TA9+ NORMAL M>KET RELATIONS AMONG !MSELVES1 !IR SUPPLI]S & CU/OM]S4 

,(T51 H[EV]1 ! ULTIMATE DECISION AS TO :I* TYPE ( ADM9I/RATION -- :E!R SOCIALIZ$1 NATIONALIZ$ OR COOP]ATIVE -- HAD AS MU* TO DO ) ECONOMIC & DIPLOMATIC FACTORS AS ! POLITICAL AFFILIATION ( ! WORK=CE4 ,FACTORS MILITAT+ AGA9/ \TRI<T SOCIALIZATION1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! L>G] 9DU/RIES1 9CLUD$ ! LOSS ( HOME & =EIGN M>KETS1 & %ORTAGES ( RAW MAT]IALS & =EIGN CURR5CY1 ! LATT] (T5 CONTRIV$ DELIB]ATELY BY ! B\RGEOIS C5TRAL GOV]NM5T 9 ,MADRID2 :ILE FUR!R DIFFICULTIES >OSE FROM ! DEP5D5CE ( ! MAJOR 9DU/RIES ON =EIGN CAPITAL4 ,JOSE ,PEIRATS QUOTES ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,BELGIAN CONSUL 9 ,B>CELONA1 :O 9=M$ ! ,C,N,T METALWORK]S' UNION ?AT #h P] C5T ( ! ,B>RAT F\NDRY WAS CONTROLL$ BY ,BELGIAN %>EHOLD]S4 ,:5 ! FIRM WAS EXPROPRIAT$1 ORD]S EVAPORAT$4.<#c#e.> ,! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,N,T1 ANXI\S TO AVOID A DIPLOMATIC CONFRONTATION ?AT MI<T UPSET ! PROSECUTION ( ! W>1 LEAN$ OV] BACKW>DS TO ACCOMMODATE ! CAPITALI/ P[]S1 :O1 ) ! ,BRITI% & O!R =EIGN W>%IPS AN*OR$ (F%ORE1 W]E MAK+ ?9LY VEIL$ ?REATS ( 9T]V5TION IF !IR 9T]E/S W]E ?REAT5$4 

,ON #bg ,JULY1 ,M>IANO ,R4 ,VAZQUEZ1 SECRET>Y ( ! ,REGIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ,CATALONIA1 MET ! ,BRITI% CONSUL 9 ,B>CELONA1 :O PRES5T$ HIM ) A LI/ ( #hg COMPANIES 9 :I* ,BRITA9 EXPRESS$ AN '9T]E/' & :OSE PREMISES W]E TO BE PROTECT$ AGA9/ SOCIALIZATION4 ,! FOLL[+ DAY1 ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ISSU$ A /ATEM5T ?AT 9DICAT$ H[ F> ITS MEMB]S HAD DEVELOP$ 9TO A DEF]5TIAL BUREAUCRATIC ELITE UND] ! PRESSURES ( W> & ! DYNAMIC ( P[]3  
  

0,FROM ! \TSET1 ! ,CONF$]AL ,ORGANIZATION HAS GIV5 A WIDE B]? TO ANY?+ ?AT MI<T CAUSE FRICTION ) =EIGN P[]S2 AS ?OSE 9 CONTROL ( ! CURR5T SITUATION1 \R L9E HAS BE5 ?AT ! BATTLE WAS AGA9/ FASCISM1 BUT ?AT AT ALL CO/S A SITUATION ( T5SION ?AT MI<T FURNI% O!R NATIONS ) AN EXCUSE TO 9T]V5E 9 ! FI<T+ ON ,SPANI% SOIL TO FAVOR AN 9T]NATIONAL DEF5SE ( CAPITALISM HAD TO BE AVOID$4 ,YE/]DAY ?IS COMMITTEE RECEIV$ A VISIT FROM A DELEGATION FROM ! ,BRITI% ,CONSULATE SEEK+ SOME =MULA ?AT MI<T AV]T ! P]PETRATION BY MILITIANS ( ACTS ?AT MI<T PROMPT 9T]V5TION FROM \TSIDE4 ,A =MULA WAS AGRE$ ACCORD+ TO :I* WE1 = \R P>T1 W\LD PUBLI% A LI/ ( ,BRITI% FIRMS E/ABLI%$ 9 ,B>CELONA & :I* >E TO BE RESPECT$ -- N[ ALL COMRADES >E AW>E ?AT !SE E/ABLI%M5TS HAVE TO BE RESPECT$4 ,?IS DOES NOT PRECLUDE ! EX]CISE ( VIGILANCE LE/ ANYONE SEEK TO ABUSE ! AGREEM5T &1 UND] COV] ( ?AT AGREEM5T1 TO FAVOR ! CONSPIRACY ( 5EMY =CES4 ,%\LD SU* BE ! CASE1 ! RESPONSIBILITY WILL FALL FULLY UPON ! ,BRITI% ,CONSULATE4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY EXPRESS$ \R WILL+NESS TO RESPECT =EIGN HOLD+S4  

 -- ,! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE40  

,EQUALITY & FRE$OM 

  

,! A*IEVEM5TS ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM 9 ,SPA9 BETWE5 ,JULY #aicf & ! 5D ( #aicg UND]M9E ALL ! CONV5TIONAL P]SPECTIVES ( LIB]AL & SOCIALI/ ?\<T4 ,! AGRICULTURAL COLLECTIVES PROVIDE ! CLE>E/ EXAMPLES ( AN>*I/ IDEAS 9 ACTION1 SIMPLY BECAUSE LIFE 9 ! C\NTRY WAS LESS COMPLEX 9 ! CITY4 ,COLLECTIVIZATION 9VOLV$ ! TAKE-OV] ( PRIVATELY [N$ L& & WORK+ IT UND] SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,! FACTS1 RECORD$ BY CONTEMPOR>Y EYEWITNESSES1 >E DOCUM5T$ 9 NUM]\S WORKS BY ,BOLLOT51 ,SAM ,DOLG(F1 ,RONALD ,FRAS]1 ,LEVAL1 ,FRANK ,M9TZ1 ,PEIRATS1 ,AGU/9 ,S\*Y & O!RS4 ,!SE ACC\NTS ( ! GREAT EXP]IM5T %\LD NOT BE /UDI$ AS M]E HI/ORY1 BUT AS ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 PO9TS \T1 AS 0! RAW MAT]IAL FROM :I* WE CAN CON/RUCT A REALI/IC VISION ( A LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY40 .<#c#f.> ,AMONG ! BE/ KN[N ( !SE DESCRIPTIONS &1 ACCORD+ TO EYE WITNESS ,MANUEL ,CRUELLS1 A ,CATALAN J\RNALI/1 ! ACC\NT ?AT CAPTUR$ ! MOOD & 'POLITICAL REALITY' ( ,B>CELONA ) 'COMPLETE FIDELITY' WAS ?AT P5N$ BY ,GEORGE ,ORWELL 9 ,HOMAGE TO ,CATALONIA3  
  

0,IT WAS ! FIR/ TIME ,I HAD EV] BE5 9 A T[N :]E ! WORK+ CLASS WAS 9 ! SADDLE4 ,PRACTICALLY EV]Y BUILD+ ( ANY SIZE HAD BE5 SEIZ$ BY ! WORK]S & WAS DRAP$ ) R$ FLAGS OR ) ! R$ & BLACK FLAG ( ! AN>*I/S2 EV]Y WALL WAS SCRAWL$ ) ! HAMM] & SICKLE & ) ! 9ITIALS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES2 ALMO/ EV]Y *UR* HAD BE5 GUTT$ & ITS IMAGES BURNT4 ,EV]Y %OP & CAFE HAD AN 9SCRIPTION SAY+ IT HAD BE5 COLLECTIVIZ$2 EV5 ! BOOTBLACKS HAD BE5 COLLECTIVIZ$ & !IR BOXES PA9T$ R$ & BLACK4 ,WAIT]S & %OP-WALK]S LOOK$ Y\ 9 ! FACE & TREAT$ Y\ AS AN EQUAL4 ,S]VILE & EV5 C]EMONIAL =MS ( ADDRESS HAD TEMPOR>ILY DISAPPE>$4 ,NOBODY SAID 'S5OR' OR ',DON' OR EV5 ',U/$'2 EV]YONE CALL$ EV]YONE ELSE 'COMRADE' & '?\'1 & SAID 'SALUD6' 9/EAD ( 'BU5OS DIAS'4 ,TIPP+ WAS =BIDD5 BY LAW2 ALMO/ MY FIR/ EXP]I5CE WAS RECEIV+ A LECTURE FROM A HOTEL MANAG] = TRY+ TO TIP A LIFTBOY4 ,!RE W]E NO PRIVATE MOTOR C>S1 !Y HAD ALL BE5 COMM&E]$1 & ALL ! TRAMS & TAXIS & MU* ( ! O!R TRANSPORT W]E PA9T$ R$ & BLACK4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y PO/]S W]E EV]Y:]E1 FLAM+ FROM ! WALLS 9 CLEAN R$S & BLUES ?AT MADE ! FEW REMA9+ ADV]TISEM5TS LOOK LIKE DAUBS ( MUD4 ,D[N ! ,RAMBLAS1 ! WIDE C5TRAL >T]Y ( ! T[N :]E CR[DS ( PEOPLE /REAM$ CON/ANTLY TO & FRO1 ! L\DSPEAK]S W]E BELL[+ REVOLUTION>Y SONGS ALL DAY & F> 9TO ! NI<T4 ,& IT WAS ! ASPECT ( ! CR[DS ?AT WAS ! QUE]E/ ?+ ( ALL4 ,9 \TW>D APPE>ANCE IT WAS A T[N 9 :I* ! WEAL?Y CLASSES HAD PRACTICALLY CEAS$ TO EXI/4 ,EXCEPT = A SMALL NUMB] ( WOM5 & =EIGN]S !RE W]E NO 'WELL-DRESS$' PEOPLE AT ALL4 ,PRACTICALLY EV]YONE WORE R\< WORK+ CLASS CLO!S1 OR BLUE OV]ALLS2 OR SOME V>IANT ( ! MILITIA UNI=M4 ,ALL ?IS WAS QUE] & MOV+2 !RE WAS MU* 9 IT ?AT ,I DID NOT UND]/&1 9 SOME WAYS ,I DID NOT EV5 LIKE IT1 BUT ,I RECOGNIZ$ IT IMM$IATELY AS A /ATE ( AFFAIRS WOR? FI<T+ =4 ,ALSO1 ,I BELIEV$ ?AT ?+S W]E AS !Y APPE>$1 ?AT ?IS WAS REALLY A WORK]S' /ATE & ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE HAD EI!R FL$1 BE5 KILL$1 OR VOLUNT>ILY COME OV] TO ! WORK]S' SIDE2 ,I DID NOT REALIZE ?AT GREAT NUMB]S ( WELL-TO-DO B\RGEOIS W]E SIMPLY LY+ L[ & DISGUIS+ !MSELVES AS PROLET>IANS = ! TIME BE+4 

,TOGE!R ) ALL ?IS !RE WAS SOME?+ ( ! EVIL ATMOSPH]E ( W>4 ,! T[N HAD A GAUNT UNTIDY LOOK1 ROADS & BUILD+S W]E 9 POOR REPAIR1 ! /REETS AT NI<T W]E DIMLY LIT = FE> ( AIR RAIDS1 & ! %OPS W]E MO/LY %ABBY & HALF-EMPTY4 ,MEAT WAS SC>CE & MILK PRACTICALLY UNOBTA9ABLE1 !RE WAS A %ORTAGE ( COAL1 SUG>1 & PETROL1 & A REALLY S]I\S %ORTAGE ( BREAD4 ,EV5 AT ?IS P]IOD ! BREAD QUEUES W]E (T5 HUNDR$S ( Y>DS LONG4 ,YET SO F> AS ONE C\LD JUDGE ! PEOPLE W]E CONT5T$ & HOPEFUL4 ,!RE WAS NO UNEMPLOYM5T1 & ! PRICE ( LIV+ WAS /ILL EXTREMELY L[2 Y\ SAW V]Y FEW CONSPICU\SLY DE/ITUTE PEOPLE1 & NO BEGG>S EXCEPT ! GYPSIES4 ,ABOVE ALL1 !RE WAS A BELIEF 9 ! REVOLUTION & ! FUTURE1 A FEEL+ ( HAV+ SUDD5LY EM]G$ 9TO AN ]A ( EQUALITY & FRE$OM4 ,HUMAN BE+S W]E TRY+ TO BEHAVE AS HUMAN BE+S & NOT AS COGS 9 ! CAPITALI/ MA*9E4 ,9 ! B>B]S' %OPS W]E AN>*I/ NOTICES 7! B>B]S W]E MO/LY AN>*I/S7 SOLEMNLY EXPLA9+ ?AT B>B]S W]E NO LONG] SLAVES4 ,9 ! /REETS W]E COLOR$ PO/]S APPEAL+ TO PRO/ITUTES TO /OP BE+ PRO/ITUTES4 ,TO ANYONE FROM ! H>D-BOIL$1 SNE]+ CIVILIZATION ( ! ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ RACES !RE WAS SOME?+ PA!TIC 9 ! LIT]ALNESS ) :I* !SE IDEALI/IC ,SPANI>DS TOOK ! HACKNEY$ PHRASES ( REVOLUTION .<#c#g.>  

,IMAG9ATIVE EXP]IM5TS 

  

,IMAG9ATIVE EXP]IM5TS 9 COLLECTIVIZATION W]E NOT CONF9$ TO 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE2 !Y TOOK PLACE 9 ! PUBLIC SECTOR AS WELL4 ,9 ,B>CELONA AN AV]AGE ( #c1 SACKS ( FL\R W]E REQUIR$ EA* DAY = ! #gde BAK]IES SCATT]$ ?R\<\T ! CITY4 ,! ,BAK]S' ,SECTION ( ! ,C,N,T DECID$ TO SOCIALIZE ALL BAK]IES 9 ! CITY1 !REBY RATIONALIZ+ PRODUCTION & R$UC+ UNNECESS>Y CO/S4 

,! SOCIALIZATION ( ! HEAL? S]VICES WAS ANO!R GREAT A*IEVEM5T ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,9 ,CATALONIA1 MO/ ( ! HEAL? WORK]S1 9CLUD+ PORT]S & DOCTORS1 W]E UNIT$ 9 ONE UNION4 ,! S]VICE WAS COMPLETELY REORGANIZ$1 ) ! REGION BE+ DIVID$ 9TO N9E ADM9I/RATIVE ZONES ) #cf HEAL? C5T]S CO-ORD9AT+ HEAL? S]VICES 9 EV]Y VILLAGE 9 ! REGION4 ,! C5T]S W]E AUTONOM\S1 BUT IF A PROBLEM >OSE 9 A P>TICUL> REGION !Y W\LD ASK = SPECIALI/ ASSI/ANCE & A DOCTOR W\LD BE DRAFT$ FROM ANO!R >EA4 ,PEOPLE W]E NO LONG] REQUIR$ TO PAY = M$ICAL S]VICES4 ,EA* COLLECTIVE1 IF IT C\LD AF=D IT1 W\LD PAY A CONTRIBUTION TO ITS HEAL? C5T]4 ,BUILD+ & FACILITIES W]E IMPROV$ & MOD]N EQUIPM5T 9TRODUC$4 ,9 ,B>CELONA ALONE1 SIX NEW HOSPITALS & EI<T NEW SANATORIUMS W]E OP5$ DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,AS =ESE5 BY WRIT]S SU* AS ,ISAAC ,PU5TE1.<#c#h.> COLLECTIVIZATION 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE WAS EASI] TO IMPLEM5T & WAS MORE SUCCESSFUL ?AN SIMIL> V5TURES 9 9DU/RY4 ,!RE W]E TWO MA9 REASONS = ?IS3 FIR/LY1 VILLAGES & RURAL COMMUNITIES T5D TO HAVE A /RONG S5SE ( COMMUNITY & A COLLECTIVE TRADITION2 SECONDLY1 AN>*I/ TRADITIONS W]E P>TICUL>LY /RONG 9 ! C\NTRY >EAS4 

,L& SEIZURES 

  

,! MILIT>Y RIS+ HAD TRIGG]$ (F SPONTANE\S L& SEIZURES BY ! L&LESS PEASANTS & DAY LABOR]S1 P>TICUL>LY ( ! 5ORM\S E/ATES ( ! BIG L&[N]S1 ! LATIFUNDI/AS4 ,9 O!R CASES1 SU* AS 9 ,>AGON1 L& WAS EXPROPRIAT$ BY ! MILITIAS AS !Y ADVANC$ AGA9/ ! 5EMY1 TURN+ IT OV] TO LOCAL PEASANT SYNDICATES :O BEGAN TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES ALONG ECONOMIC & GEOGRAPHIC L9ES ) A G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( WORK+ PEASANTS ELECT+ A MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE RESPONSIBLE = ECONOMIC ADM9I/RATION4 ,SMALL L&[N]S HAD ! *OICE BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY & COLLECTIVE [N]%IP4 ,9 MO/ >EAS1 NO ONE WAS =C$ TO JO9 ! COLLECTIVE &1 LIKEWISE1 IF ANYONE WANT$ TO LEAVE NO B>RI]S W]E PLAC$ 9 !IR WAY4 ,9 ! VILLAGE ( ,P5ALBA1 9 ,HUESCA1 = EXAMPLE1 A ?IRD ( ! COLLECTIVE DECID$ TO GO '9DIVIDUALI/' & A PROPORTION ( L& WAS ALLOTT$ TO !M4 ,HAV+ *OS5 TO REMA9 \TSIDE ! COMMUNITY1 !Y C\LD NOT EXPECT TO B5EFIT FROM ITS S]VICES1 BUT !Y C\LD OPT TO P>TICIPATE 9 COMMUNAL WORK1 IF !Y WI%$1 & !Y C\LD BR+ !IR PRODUCE TO SELL 9 ! COMMUNAL %OPS4 

,A CLE>] IDEA ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOOD ?AT HAD TRANS=M$ ! ,SPANI% C\NTRYSIDE CAN BE SE5 9 ! PR9CIPLES EXP\ND$ 9 ! V>I\S *>T]S DRAWN UP BY ! AGR>IAN COLLECTIVES1 :I* UNIT$ PEOPLE ON ! BASIS ( COMMON WORK OR LOCALITY4 ,! *>T] ( ONE COLLECTIVE1 ,ESPLUGA DE ,FRANCOLI1 READS AS FOLL[S3  
  

,>TICLE #a -- ,ALL ?OSE :O MAY CON/ITUTE ! COLLECTIVE >E TO HAVE ! SAME RI<TS & DUTIES4 

,>TICLE #b -- ,! COLLECTIVE IS TO BE GOV]N$ BY DECISIONS REA*$ 9 ASSEMBLY1 ! LAW ( ! MAJORITY PREVAIL+ 444 

,>TICLE #e -- ,! COLLECTIVE WILL REW>D ITS COMPON5T FAMILIES 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! NUMB] ( MEMB]S EA* FAMILY MAY HAVE 444 

,>TICLE #g -- ,ALL MEMB]S ( ! COOP]ATIVE >E TO HAVE ACCESS TO ! PRODUCE 9 ITS POSSESSION1 )\T MONEY1 BUT A TALLY IS TO BE KEPT ( ALL ?AT IS ISSU$ & ON ,SATURDAYS AN ACC\NT WILL BE COMPIL$ ( :AT MAY HAVE BE5 ACQUIR$1 & :ATEV] ! DIFF]5CE MAY BE BETWE5 ?AT & ! SUM ( ! FAMILY'S 5TITLEM5T .<#c#i.>  
  

,GA/ON ,LEVAL DESCRIBES ! PROCESS ( SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION ?R\< ! ,COLLECTIVE3  
  

0,E ! ,COLLECTIVE WAS BORN ) *>ACT]I/ICS ( ITS [N4 ,IT IS NOT A ,SYNDICATE1 = IT 5COMPASSES ALL ?OSE :O WI% TO JO9 IT :E!R !Y >E PRODUC]S 9 ! CLASSIC ECONOMIC S5SE OR NOT4 ,!N IT BR+S !M TOGE!R AT ! COMPLETE HUMAN 9DIVIDUAL LEVEL ,E ,NEI!R IS ! ,COLLECTIVE ! MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL OR :AT IS CALL$ ! ,COMMUNE ,E = IT P>TS COMPANY ) ! POLITICAL P>TY TRADITIONS ON :I* ! COMMUNE IS NORMALLY BAS$ ,E ! :OLE POPULATION TAKES P>T 9 ITS MANAGEM5T1 :E!R IT IS A QUE/ION ( A POLICY = AGRICULTURE1 = ! CREATION ( NEW 9DU/RIES1 = SOCIAL SECURITY1 M$ICAL S]VICE OR PUBLIC $UCATION40.<#d.>  
  

,AL?\< AN>*I/ IDEAS PLAY$ A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 ! REVOLUTION1 IT MU/ BE /RESS$ ?AT ! COLLECTIVES W]E NOT ! CREATION ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,A GREAT MANY COLLECTIVES W]E CREAT$ SPONTANE\SLY BY PEOPLE REMOTE FROM \R MOVEM5T 7'LIB]T>IANS' )\T BE+ AW>E ( IT74 ,MO/ ( ! ,CA/ILE & ,EXTREMADURA COLLECTIVES W]E ORGANIZ$ BY ,CA?OLIC & ,SOCIALI/ PEASANTS3 9 SOME CASES ( C\RSE !Y MAY HAVE BE5 9SPIR$ BY ! PROPAG&A ( ISOLAT$ AN>*I/ MILITANTS4 

,G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( ! PEOPLE DISCUSS$ & VOT$ ON ISSUES1 :ILE ! DAY-TO-DAY ADM9I/RATIVE WORK ( ! COLLECTIVES WAS C>RI$ \T BY ELECT$ TEAMS ( WORK]S4 ,EA* TEAM NOM9AT$ A DELEGATE1 :O W\LD MEET ) ! DELEGATES FROM O!R TEAMS TO CO-ORD9ATE ! WORK ( ! COLLECTIVE4 ,DELEGATES W\LD BE *OS5 EI!R BY !IR P>TICUL> TEAM OR BY ! VILLAGE AS A :OLE4 ,! G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ! COLLECTIVE W\LD MEET REGUL>LY1 ACCORD+ TO ! WI%ES ( ! ASSEMBLY ITSELF4 ,! AM\NT ( P[] ! ASSEMBLIES HAD V>I$ FROM PLACE TO PLACE2 9 SOME PLACES ASSEMBLIES MADE DAY-TO-DAY DECISIONS1 :ILE 9 O!RS ONLY MAJOR DECISIONS W]E MADE BY ! ASSEMBLY1 ) ELECT$ DELEGATES DEAL+ ) ! DAY-TO-DAY AFFAIRS ( ! COMMUNITY4 

,! COLLECTIVES W]E NOT ISOLAT$4 ,ONE ( ! FUNCTIONS ( ! G5]AL ASSEMBLIES WAS TO DELEGATE MEMB]S TO ATT5D MEET+S ( ! CANTONAL F$]ATIONS1 ABOVE :I* W]E ! REGIONAL F$]ATIONS1 ! BASIS ( ECONOMIC CO-ORD9ATION4 ,LEVAL CITES AN EXAMPLE ( ?IS F$]AL SY/EM AT WORK3  
  

0,! #i COLLECTIVES W]E BR\<T TOGE!R 9 #$ CANTONAL 7LOCAL OR DI/RICT7 F$]ATIONS :I* GR\P$ !MSELVES & AT ! SAME TIME SUBDIVID$ 9TO FIVE PROV9CIAL F$]ATIONS :I* AT ! TOP LEVEL 5D$ ) ! ,REGIONAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,LEVANTE ,F$]ATION SITUAT$ 9 ,VAL5CIA & :I* CO-ORD9AT$ ! :OLE40  
  

,AN EXAMPLE ( ! L>GE SCALE ( ! OP]ATIONS ( ! ,PEASANT ,F$]ATION ( ! ,LEVANTE IS 9DICAT$ BY ! FACT ?AT IT PRODUC$ MORE ?AN HALF ! TOTAL ORANGE CROP 9 ,SPA9 & TRANSPORT$ & DI/RIBUT$ ?R\< ITS [N COMM]CIAL ORGANIZATION MORE ?AN #g P] C5T ( ! TOTAL H>VE/4 ,AGA91 IT IS IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ?AT AL?\< ! F$]ATIONS C>RI$ \T L>GE-SCALE OP]ATIONS1 ! COLLECTIVES W]E ORGANIZ$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 FROM ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION1 & REMA9$ AUTONOM\S UNITS4 

,AS APPROXIMATELY #g P] C5T ( ! RURAL POPULATION W]E ILLIT]ATE BE=E ! REVOLUTION1 $UCATION WAS AN ISSUE ( GREAT IMPORTANCE TO ! COLLECTIVI/S4 ,! AN>*I/ $UCATIONAL PRIM]1 ! ,C>TILLA FILOLOGICA ESPANOLA1 URG$3  
  

0,MANK9D CAN BE DIVID$ 9TO ! GOOD & ! BAD4 ,! GOOD & ! BAD CAN BE SUBDIVID$ 9TO ! LIT]ATE & ! ILLIT]ATE4 ,ANY O!R DIVISION IS >TIFICIAL1 FALSE1 RIDICUL\S OR /UPID4 ,! SUBDIVISION BETWE5 LIT]ATE & ILLIT]ATE1 PURELY ACCID5TAL1 %\LD NOT BE ! REASON = VANITY AMONG ?OSE MORE =TUNATE OR ! CAUSE ( %AME AMONG ?OSE :O HAVE NOT HAD ! GOOD LUCK OR ! OPPORTUNITY TO LE>N4 ,! BAD >E ALMO/ NEV] SO BAD BY NATURE1 BUT1 RA!R1 ALMO/ ALWAYS SO AS A RESULT ( SOCIAL PRESSURE1 9JU/ICE1 OR ! 9FLU5CE ( BAD EXAMPLES1 :I* CIRCUM/ANCES !Y CANNOT ALT]40  
  

,! COLLECTIVES DID NOT M]ELY CONT5T !MSELVES ) RAIS+ ! M9IMUM S*OOL-LEAV+ AGE TO #a#d2 !Y BUILT S*OOLS & TE*NICAL & AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AS WELL4 ,?ANKS TO !IR EF=TS1 ILLIT]ACY WAS VIRTUALLY ]ADICAT$ 9 ! COLLECTIVES ( ,>AGON1 ,LEVANT1 ,CA/ILE1 ,&ALUCIA & ,EXTREMADURA4 ,?IS L$ DIRECTLY TO IMPROV$ TRA9+1 TE*NICAL 9NOVATION & ! MOD]NIZATION ( AGRICULTURE1 :I* GREATLY BOO/$ PRODUCTION 9 MO/ >EAS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,UPDAT$4 

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