,A ,M\NTA9 ,RIV] ,HAS ,MANY ,B5DS 
,! ,HI/ORY & ,CONTEXT ( ! ,ROJAVA ,REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,/RANG]S ,9 A ,TANGL$ ,WILD]NESS 

,TEXT 3 

,9 ,NOR!RN ,SYRIA1 #b4#e MILLION PEOPLE >E LIV+ 9 A /ATELESS1 FEM9I/1 RELIGI\SLY TOL]ANT1 ANTI-CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ( !IR [N CREATION4 ,!Y CALL !IR T]RITORY ,ROJAVA1 & !Y DEF5D IT FI]CELY4 ,!Y'RE AT W> ) ! EXTREMI/ GR\P ,I,S,I,S1 & !Y'RE DO+ BETT] ?AN ANYONE 9 ! WORLD EXPECT$ -- LEA/ ( ALL ! ,WE/]N P[]S :O SEEK TO TREAT !M AS PAWNS4 

,IT'S A COMPLICAT$ SITUATION1 BUT WE 9 ! RE/ ( ! WORLD HAVE MU* TO LE>N FROM ! ,ROJAVA REVOLUTION4 ,TO ?AT 5D1 WE (F] ?IS LONG-=M 9TRODUCTION TO ! HI/ORY & ! PRES5T /RUGGLE ( ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE4 

,LONG LIVE ! ,ROJAVA REVOLUTION6 

,ROJAVA3 ,FACTS AT A ,GLANCE 

,NAME3 0,ROJAVA0 IS A WORD ?AT MEANS BO? 0,WE/0 & 0,SUNSET0 9 ,KURDI%4 ,EA* CANTON HAS ITS [N AN!M & FLAG4 

,GEOGRAPHY3 ,ROJAVA LIES 9 ! NOR!RN P>T ( ,SYRIA & ! WE/]N P>T ( ,KURDI/AN4,! >EA /RET*ES OV] #a1#d#c#g SQU>E MILES 7MAK+ IT A BIT BIGG] ?AN ,RHODE ,ISL&71 & IT IS HOME TO A TOTAL ( #* CITIES1 T[NS1 & VILLAGES4 

,POPULATION3 ,AT ! />T ( ! ,SYRIAN CIVIL W>1 ,ROJAVA WAS HOME TO NE>LY #c4#e MILLION PEOPLE4 ,N[1 IT IS HOME TO A LITTLE OV] #b4#e MILLION 7R\<LY TWICE ! POPULATION ( ,RHODE ,ISL&74 ,NE>LY A MILLION PEOPLE HAVE FL$1 MANY TO REFUGEE CAMPS 9 ,TURKEY & ,IRAQ4 ,! MO/ POPUL\S CITY 9 ,ROJAVA IS ,QAMISLO 7,CIZIRE ,CANTON71 ) MORE ?AN #d1 PEOPLE4 

,ECONOMICS3 ,ROJAVA'S MAJOR ECONOMIC RES\RCE IS OIL4 ,! REGION PRODUCES AB\T #d1 B>RELS ( CRUDE OIL A DAY4 ,ALL ,SYRIAN REF9]IES W]E LOCAT$ 9 ! S\? ( ! C\NTRY1 SO ,ROJAVA HAS HAD TO BUILD ITS [N ,D,I,Y REF9]Y4 ,BE=E ! W> !RE W]E SOME 9DU/RIES1 NAMELY CONCRETE PRODUCTION SITES & METAL F\NDRIES1 BUT ! PRODUCTION FROM !SE 9DU/RIES HAS BE5 DISRUPT$ BY ! CIVIL W>4 ,ROJAVA IS CONSID]$ ! BREADBASKET ( ,SYRIA1 CRADL$ :]E IT IS BETWE5 ! ,TIGRIS & ,EUPHRATES RIV]S4 ,! REGION'S MAJOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS >E %EEP1 GRA91 & COTTON4 ,IT WAS ! ONLY AGRICULTURAL REGION 9 ,SYRIA TO HAVE A ?RIV+ EXPORT BUS9ESS PRIOR TO ! W> & ! RESULT+ EMB>GO4 

,MILIT>Y3 ,! MA9 FI<T+ =CES ( ,ROJAVA >E VOLUNTE] MILITIAS 7NAMELY ! ,Y,P,G & ,Y,P,J74 ,! ,Y,P,G_/,Y,P,J HAVE A COMB9$ =C$ ( #d1 LI<TLY->M$ FI<T]S4 ,MO/ ( ! WEAPONS >E LI<T FIRE>MS COMB9$ ) ,RUSSIAN-MADE LI<TWEI<T ROCKET LAUN*]S4 ,!Y HAVE ALSO REPURPOS$ AB\T #d G>BAGE TRUCKS & O!R HEAVY TRUCKS 9TO >MOR$ P]SONNEL C>RI]S4 ,!Y HAVE NO AIRCRAFT4 

,POLITICAL ,/RUCTURE3 ,ROJAVA IS MADE UP ( ?REE AUTONOM\S BUT CONF$]AT$ 0CANTONS40 ,!SE CANTONS >E NOT GEOGRAPHICALLY CONTIGU\S4 ,! DECISIONMAK+ /RUCTURE IS COMPOS$ ( V>I\S C\NCILS4 ,! AV]AGE SIZE ( NEI<BORHOOD C\NCILS IS #c-#a#e FAMILIES4 ,A CITY DI/RICT _/ VILLAGE C\NCIL IS MADE UP ( #e-#a#g NEI<BORHOOD C\NCILS 7ALONG ) WORK]1 NONPR(IT1 & RELIGI\S C\NCILS74 ,CITY DI/RICT C\NCILS ELECT TWO REPRES5TATIVES TO ! CITY C\NCIL 7ONE MAN & ONE WOMAN74 ,!Y ALSO ELECT SECURITY & ,Y,P,G_/,Y,P,J MILITIAS4 

,! ,HI/ORY & ,CONTEXT ( ! ,ROJAVA ,REVOLUTION 

,A M\NTA9 RIV] HAS MANY B5DS4 

--,FROM A ,KURDI% FOLK SONG 

,IT IS NE>LY AN IMPOSSIBLE TASK TO *>T ! B5DS & TRIBUT>IES ( ONE ( ! WORLD'S LONGE/ RUNN+ CONTEMPOR>Y RESI/ANCE MOVEM5TS -- A ONE-HUNDR$-&-FIFTY-YE>-OLD /RUGGLE ?AT /RET*ES FROM ! OPUL5CE ( ! ,OTTOMAN ,EMPIRE TO TODAY'S BLOODY CIVIL W>S 9 ,SYRIA & ,IRAQ4 ,BOOKS C\LD BE & HAVE BE5 WRITT5 AB\T ! HI/ORY1 RESI/ANCE1 & HOPE = FRE$OM ( MORE ?AN TW5TY-FIVE MILLION ,KURDS SCATT]$ ACROSS F\R BELLIG]5T & OPPRESSIVE NATION /ATES4 ,?IS SLIM VOLUME IS NOT A COMPREH5SIVE HI/ORY ( ?IS COMPLEX PEOPLE & !IR 5DUR+ /RUGGLE1 NOR IS IT AN ESSAY ON ! ,MA*IAVELLIAN GEOPOLITICS ?AT HAVE KEPT T5S ( MILLIONS ( PEOPLE OPPRESS$ = G5]ATIONS4 ,?IS BOOK IS A BRIDGE -- BETWE5 US RADICALS 9 ! ,WE/1 :O HAVE BECOME CYNICAL TO ! IDEA ?AT ANY?+ CAN REALLY *ANGE1 & ?OSE :O HAVE D>$ AN EXP]IM5T 9 FRE$OM 9 ONE ( ! MO/ DANG]\S P>TS ( ! WORLD AGA9/ 5EMIES SO ABSURDLY REPRESSIVE & SAVAGE !Y SEEM TO HAVE COME FROM A ,HOLLYWOOD SCRIPT4 ,WE NE$ SOME CONTEXT TO TRULY UND]/& ! WORDS & IDEAS ( ! REBELS ( ,ROJAVA1 ELSE WE CAN BE EASILY S$UC$ BY OV]-SIMPLIFICATIONS & DI/ORTIONS -- LIKE ! CLAIMS ?AT ! /RUGGLE 9 ,ROJAVA IS A REPLAY ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 OR ?AT IT IS A SOPHI/ICAT$ PUBLIC RELATIONS MAKEOV] = A ,MAOI/ NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE4 ,!SE MISUND]/&+S >E NOT UNIQUELY HELD BY RADICALS -- EV5 ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T SEEMS CONFUS$1 ! /ATE DEP>TM5T HAS V>I\S ,ROJAVAN GR\PS ON ! T]RORI/ WAT* LI/ :ILE AT ! SAME TIME ! P5TAGON CALLS ,KURDI% FI<T]S DANG]\S & ILLEGAL T]RORI/S4 

,) SO MU* MIS9=MATION & CONFUSION AB\T ?IS LITTLE UND]/OOD /RUGGLE1 IT IS TOO EASY = RADICALS TO SIMPLY LOOK ! O!R WAY1 ADMITT+ !RE IS SO MU* WE DON'T KN[ & UND]/&4 ,9 TODAY'S WORLD ( /IFL+ /ATE & CORPORATE CONTROL IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE & A BETRAYAL ( SOLID>ITY TO IGNORE ! /RUGGLES ( ?IS OBSCURE REGION ( NOR!RN ,SYRIA N[ CALL$ ,ROJAVA4 ,TO 9SPIRE \R [N WORK AT HOME1 WE NE$ TO HE> FROM ?OSE CREAT+ FRAGILE & IMP]FECT OASES ( FRE$OM4 ,! PEOPLE RISK+ !IR LIVES 9 ! RUBBLE ( ,KOBANI NE$ \R SUPPORT NOT ONLY TO RESI/ ! REACTION>Y FANATIC BUT*]S ?AT SEEK TO KILL EV]Y ONE ( !M BUT ALSO AS !Y TRY TO CREATE A /ATELESS SOCIETY BAS$ ON IDEALS ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY4 

,! ,KURDS >E AN E?NICALLY NON-,>AB GR\P 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,TW5TY-EI<T MILLION ( !M 9HABIT A REGION KN[N AS ,KURDI/AN1 :I* SPANS ADJAC5T >EAS ( ,SYRIA1 ,TURKEY1 ,IRAN1 & ,IRAQ4 ,BY E?NICITY & LANGUAGE1 ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE >E CLOS] TO ,P]SIANS ?AN !Y >E TO O!R PEOPLES 9 ! REGION4 ,9 ANCI5T TIMES ,KURDI% CITY-/ATES W]E CONQU]$ & SUBJUGAT$ BY ,P]SIANS1 ,ROMANS1 & ,>AB 9VAD]S4 ,ALL ( !SE CONQU]ORS /RUGGL$ TO SUBDUE ! ,KURDS1 (T5 REM>K+ ON ! ,KURD'S 0/UBBORN DEM& ( AUTONOMY40 ,BY ! TIME ( ! RISE ( ! ,OTTOMAN ,EMPIRE 9 ! #a#eS1 ! ,KURDS HAD SECUR$ SOME AUTONOMY ?R\< A /R+ ( 9DEP5D5T PR9CIPALITIES /RET*+ FROM ,SYRIA TO ,IRAQ4 ,! ,OTTOMANS LEFT !M ALONE = ! MO/ P>T UNTIL ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 :5 A NUMB] ( BLOODY BATTLES W]E F\<T TO BR+ ! 9DEP5D5T >EAS UND] ! CONTROL ( ,CON/ANT9OPLE4 ,! FIR/ MAJOR #a#i? C5TURY ,KURDI% UPRIS+1 ,BADR ,KHAN ,BEG1 TOOK PLACE 9 #a#h#d#g4 ,! ,OTTOMANS CRU%$ ?IS & SUBSEQU5T UPRIS+S1 BUT ! DEM& = ,KURDI% 9DEP5D5CE CONT9U$ ?R\<\T ! RE/ ( ! C5TURY4 

,AT ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 ! CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*I/ P>TY ( ,TURKEY1 ! 0,Y\NG ,TURKS10 BEGAN A SY/EMATIC E?NIC CLEANS+ ( ! ,KURDS &1 MORE 9FAM\SLY1 ! ,>M5IANS4 ,FROM #aiaf TO #aiah ! ,Y\NG ,TURKS =CIBLY DEPORT$ #g1 ,KURDS1 MORE ?AN HALF ( !M DY+ DUR+ ! BRUTAL PROCESS4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #a1 #a#i#b1 AFT] ! CONCLUSION ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 ! DEFEAT$ ,OTTOMANS W]E COMPELL$ TO SIGN ! ,TREATY ( ,SEVRES4 ,! TREATY SPLIT UP ! ,OTTOMAN EMPIRE1 AT ! TIME DUBB$ 0! SICK MAN ( ! ,BOSPHORUS10 9TO A NUMB] ( 9DEP5D5T NON-,TURKI% /ATES1 :I* W]E TO 9CLUDE AN 9DEP5D5T ,KURDI/AN4 ,BUT 9 #aibb ! ,TURKI% NATIONAL MOVEM5T1 L$ BY ,MU/AFA ,KEMAL ,ATATURK1 A VEHEM5T ,TURKI% NATIONALI/ & MILIT>Y (FIC]1 WON ! ,W> ( ,9DEP5D5CE & ABOLI%$ ! SULTANATE4 ,?IS VIOL5T *ANGE ( REGIMES =C$ ,5GL& & ! O!R ALLI$ P[]S TO R5EGOTIATE ! T]MS ( ! TREATY ) ! FL$GL+ NATIONALI/ /ATE ( ,TURKEY4 ,! ,TREATY ( ,SEVRES WAS SCRAPP$1 & A NEW TREATY1 ! ,TREATY ( ,LAUSANNE1 WAS SIGN$ BY ,ATATURK & HIS NATIONALI/ CONGRESS ,JULY #b#d1 #a#i#b#c4 ,! ,TREATY ( ,LAUSANNE GAVE ,KURDI/AN BACK TO ,TURKEY1 FAIL+ TO EV5 RECOGNIZE ?AT ! ,KURDS EXI/$4 ,?AT SAME YE>1 ,ATATURK DECRE$ SOME #fe LAWS AIM$ AT DE/ROY+ ,KURDI% ID5TITY3 R5AM+ !M 0,M\NTA9 ,TURKS20 \TLAW+ PUBLIC USE ( ! ,KURDI% LANGUAGE2 MAK+ ,KURDI% CELEBRATIONS ILLEGAL2 =CIBLY *ANG+ ,KURDI% NAMES ( /REETS1 VILLAGES1 BUS9ESSES1 ETC4 TO 0PROP] ,TURKI%0 NAMES2 CONFISCAT+ HUGE TRACTS ( ,KURDI% COMMUNAL L&S2 SEIZ+ ,KURDI% COMMUNITY FUNDS2 ELIM9AT+ ALL ,KURDI% OR ,KURD-SYMPA!TIC ORGANIZATIONS OR POLITICAL P>TIES2 & SO ON4 ,! FEW YE>S ( HOPE FOLL[+ ! ,TREATY ( ,SEVRES SLIPP$ 9TO MANY DECADES ( BRUTAL /ATE REPRESSION4 

,IRAQ1 ,IRAN1 & ,SYRIA1 9 :I* !RE W]E SIZABLE ,KURDI% POPULATIONS1 ALSO S\<T TO KEEP ! ,KURDS SUBJUGAT$4 ,! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I SIMPLY SWIT*$ ,OTTOMAN IMP]IAL OPPRESSION ( ! ,KURDS TO ! MORE SY/EMATIC OPPRESSION ( F\R AU?ORIT>IAN NATION /ATES1 ALL ( :I* HAD BE5 EI!R CREAT$ OR MILIT>ILY PROPP$ UP BY ! MAJOR ALLI$ VICTORS ( ,W,W,I AS !IR PROTECTORATES4 

,TODAY'S ,SYRIA WAS E/ABLI%$ AS A ,FR5* ,COLONIAL ,M&ATE AFT] ! DISMEMB]+ ( ! ,OTTOMAN ,EMPIRE4 ,AT ! TIME ( ! SIGN+ ( ! ,TREATY ( ,LAUSANNE1 #a#h.0 ( PEOPLE LIV+ 9 ! ,FR5* ,M&ATE ID5TIFI$ AS ,KURDI%1 MAK+ !M ! L>GE/ M9ORITY 9 ! COLONY4 ,AFT] A NUMB] ( FAIL$ UPRIS+S BY ,SYRIAN ,>ABS1 ! ,FR5* ADOPT$ A DIVIDE-&-CONQU] /RATEGY4 ,!Y FILL$ !IR COLONIAL >MIES ) ,KURDS1 ,*RI/IANS1 ,DRUZE1 & O!R E?NIC M9ORITIES & GAVE SIGNIFICANT GOV]N+ P[]S TO ,KURDI% REGIONAL TRIBAL LEAD]S4 ,:5 ,SYRIA GA9$ 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,FRANCE 9 #aidf IT QUICKLY ATTACK$ ITS 09T]NAL 5EMIES40 ,CLOSE TO #b1 ,KURDS HAD !IR ID5TITY PAP]S TAK5 AWAY & W]E DECL>$ /ATELESS1 ALL[+ ! NEW ,SYRIAN ,REPUBLIC TO SEIZE !IR L& & PROP]TY & TO CONSCRIPT !M 9TO =C$ LABOR4 ,! NEW ,>AB-CONTROLL$ REPUBLIC *ANG$ ALL ! NAMES ( ,KURDI% T[NS & RESETTL$ ,>AB ,B$\9S 9TO MO/ ( ! ,KURD VILLAGES & T[NS TO S]VE AS POLICE4 ,9 ! FIR/ DECADES AFT] 9DEP5D5CE1 ,KURDI% ORGANIZATIONS & CU/OMS W]E PROHIBIT$1 & ?\S&S ( ,KURDI% POLITICAL & TRIBAL LEAD]S W]E >RE/$4 ,9 #a#i#g#c1 ,SYRIAN (FICIALS DECID$ TO CREATE AN ,>AB CORRIDOR ALONG ! ,TURKI% BORD] & DISPLAC$ AB\T #a#e1 ,KURDS )\T COMP5SATION4 ,! #a#i#hS & #iS SAW P]IODIC FL>E-UPS ( ,KURDI% DEM&S = RECOGNITION ( !IR CULTURE & CIVIL RI<TS1 :I* W]E (T5 MET ) DEADLY 9T]V5TIONS BY ! ,SYRIAN POLICE OR1 9 SOME CASES1 ! >MY4 ,DESPITE ! SY/EMATIC NEGLECT & ABUSE ( ! ,KURDS )9 ITS [N BORD]S1 ,SYRIA BECAME AN IMPORTANT TRA9+ BASE & REFUGE = ! ,TURKI% ,P,K,K -- A ,M>XI/-,L59I/ ORGANIZATION D$ICAT$ TO SECUR+ RI<TS = ! ,KURDS 9 ,TURKEY -- UNTIL ! #a#i#iS4 ,SYRIA WAS PLAY+ A GAME ( 0MY 5EMY'S 5EMY IS MY FRI5D0 AGA9/ ,TURKEY1 A POLICY ?AT SET ! /AGE = ! CURR5T EV5TS 9 ,ROJAVA4 

,9 ,IRAQ1 ! ,KURDI% SITUATION WAS SIMIL>LY CRUEL1 ?\< !RE IT WAS ! ,BRITI% :O W]E ! PRIM>Y >*ITECTS ( !IR SUFF]+1 MOD]N ,IRAQ HAV+ BE5 CREAT$ AS A RESULT ( ! ,SYKES-,PICOT ,AGREEM5T ( ,W,W,I4 ,! TREATY ( ,LAUSANNE EFFECTIVELY TORP$O$ ,KURDI% HOPES = 9DEP5D5CE 9 ,NOR!RN ,IRAQ1 & SO ! ,KURDS BEGAN A PROTRACT$ CAMPAIGN ( >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ !IR NEW ,BRITI% OV]SE]S4 ,! ,BRITI% US$ A]IAL BOMB>DM5TS & PUNITIVE VILLAGE BURN+S 9 ORD] TO CRU% ! ONGO+ ,KURDI% REVOLTS 9 ! ,NOR!A/ ( ,IRAQ4 ,AFT] PUTT+ D[N ?REE UNSUCCESSFUL BUT V]Y BLOODY REVOLTS1 ! ,BRITI% =MALLY TRANSF]R$ CONTROL ( ,IRAQI ,KURDI/AN TO ! NEWLY =M$ ,K+DOM ( ,IRAQ1 :I* FUNCTION$ AS A ,BRITI% PUPPET /ATE UNTIL A S]IES ( MILIT>Y C\PS EV5TUALLY ELEVAT$ ! ,BA'A? P>TY TO P[] 9 #a#i#f#h4 ,! ,KURDS CONT9U$ TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! V>I\S ,IRAQI MILIT>Y REGIMES1 BO? MILIT>ILY & POLITICALLY4 ,9 #aidf !Y =M$ FIR/ ! ,KURDI% ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY & LAT]1 9 #a#i#g#e1 ! ,PATRIOTIC ,UNION ( ,KURDI/AN4 ,EV5TUALLY F9D+ !MSELVES 9 AN UNEASY TRUCE ) ! ,BA'A? P>TY 9 ! E>LY #gS1 ,IRAQI ,KURDS EXP]I5C$ A FEW BRIEF YE>S ( RELATIVE CALM BE=E ,SADDAM ,HUSSE9 CAME TO P[] 9 #a#i#g#i4 ,ALMO/ IMM$IATELY1 ,SADDAM 5T]$ 9TO ! DECADE-LONG ,IRAN-,IRAQ W>1 DUR+ :I* HE BR\<T P>TICUL> BRUTALITY D[N ONTO ! ,IRAQI ,KURDS BECAUSE HE BELIEV$ !Y W]E NOT SUFFICI5TLY ,IRAQI & ?US IMPLICITLY SUPPORT$ ,IRAN4 ,9 ! AL-,ANFAL ,CAMPAIGN ( #a#i#h#f-#h#i ALONE1 BETWE5 #a1 & #b1 ,KURDI% CIVILIANS W]E MASSACR$ ) *EMICAL WEAPONS & 9 CONC5TRATION CAMPS4 ,! W> W\LD 5D 9 A DRAW1 BUT ,IRAQ W\LD NOT /AY \T ( CONFLICT = LONG2 IT WAS 9VAD$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ITS ,N,A,T,O ALLIES FIR/ 9 #aii & !N AGA9 9 #b#c4 ,! ,KURDS W\LD USE BO? ( !SE CONFLICTS TO LEV]AGE AS MU* ADVANTAGE AS POSSIBLE1 :I* ULTIMATELY L$ TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,KURDI/AN ,REGIONAL ,GOV]NM5T 7,K,R,G7 9 #aiia & ITS DE JURE 9DEP5D5CE 9 #b#e4 

,9 ,IRAN1 ,KURDI% DREAMS ( AUTONOMY AFT] G5]ATIONS ( ,P]SIAN & ,OTTOMAN OPPRESSION />T$ BE=E ,WORLD ,W> ,I DUR+ ,IRAN'S #aif ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,REVOLUTION4 ,! NEW CON/ITUTION GU>ANTE$ MANY RI<TS BUT DID NOT EXPLICITLY M5TION E?NICITY1 SO !RE W]E NO SPECIFIC RI<TS PROTECT+ ! ,KURDS & !IR CULTURE4 ,BETWE5 #aif & #a#i#b#e1 ,KURDS CREAT$ A NUMB] ( P[]FUL POLITICAL & CIVIC ORGANIZATIONS TO SUPPORT ,KURDI% RI<TS & DEVELOPM5T 9 ,IRAN4 ,BY #a#i#b#d1 !RE W]E DOZ5S ( ,KURDI% NEWSPAP]S1 ?REE RADIO /ATIONS1 & HALF A DOZ5 POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,9 #a#i#b#e1 AFT] OIL WAS DISCOV]$ 9 ! C\NTRY1 ! ,%AH SEIZ$ P[] ) BACK+ ( ! ,WE/ 7NAMELY ! ,U,K & ,U,S74 ,?\< ! ,%AH GAVE LIP S]VICE TO ! CON/ITUTION ( #a#i#f1 HE />T$ A ,P]SIANIFICATION CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! NUM]\S M9ORITIES 9SIDE ,IRAN1 9CLUD+ ! ,KURDS4 ,?IS RESULT$ 9 ALL-TOO-FAMILI> ,KURDI% MASS DISPLACEM5TS1 DISAPPE>ANCES ( CIVIC & POLITICAL LEAD]S1 PROHIBITION ( ,KURDI% LANGUAGE & CULTURE1 & MILIT>Y OCCUPATION ( ,KURDI% REGIONS4 ,! #aigi ,KHOME9I ,REVOLUTION OV]?REW ! DESPOTIC ,%AH REGIME BUT DID NOT IMPROVE ! LIFE ( ,KURDS4 ,! NEW FUNDAM5TALI/ REGIME ACCEL]AT$ ! NATIONALIZATION PROCESS ) LAWS & ACTIONS T>GET$ AGA9/ ! ,KURDS & !IR CULTURE4 ,ONE ( ! FIR/ ACTS ( ! NEW REGIME WAS TO LAUN* A S]IES ( PUNI%+ MILIT>Y ASSAULTS TO WRE/ AWAY ,KURDI% CONTROL ( ! NOR?4 ,= SIX LONG BLOODY YE>S1 ,IRAN PUT D[N ,KURDI% AUTONOMY & RESI/ANCE4 ,9 ! E>LY #bS A NEW RESI/ANCE GR\P1 ,J-,PAK1 /RONGLY ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,P,K,K1 />T$ A MILIT>Y CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! ,IRANIAN /ATE1 RESULT+ 9 A NEW R\ND ( /ATE ASSAULTS ON ,KURDI% VILLAGES4 ,?IS TIME ,IRAN ADD$ ASSASS9ATIONS ( ,KURDS 9 EXILE TO !IR TOOLS ( REPRESSION4 ,! ,U,S & ,EUROPE REMA9$ MO/LY SIL5T ON ! REPRESSION ( ! ,KURDS1 FOCUS+ !IR SUPPORT ON RE=M-M9D$ ,IRANIANS 9/EAD ( 9DEP5D5CE-M9D$ ,KURDS1 MO/LY 9 DEF]5CE TO ,TURKEY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ,TURKEY HAS %>$ 9TELLIG5CE 7& P]HAPS JO9T MILIT>Y 9T]V5TIONS7 ) ,IRAN & VICE-V]SA TO /OP ,KURDI% RESI/ANCE4 

,! REPRESSION ( ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE 9 ! F\R NATION /ATES ( ,TURKEY1 ,SYRIA1 ,IRAQ1 & ,IRAN FOLL[ A NE>LY ID5TICAL PATT]N 9VOLV+ MASS DEPORTATIONS1 \TLAW+ ( CULTURAL EXPRESSIONS & PRACTICES1 =BIDD+ ! ,KURDI% LANGUAGE1 & REPRESS+ CIVIC & POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 EV5TUALLY ESCALAT+ TO MASSIVE MILIT>Y ASSAULTS KILL+ T5S ( ?\S&S ( ,KURDS & TO ! BURN+ OR BOMB+ ( VILLAGES 9TO OBLIVION4 ,! ,WE/]N RESPONSE TO !SE ATROCITIES HAS ALSO FOLL[$ A FAMILI> PATT]N ( DIPLOMATIC SIL5CE & OV]ALL 9DIFF]5CE COMPLEM5T$ BY P]IODIC ALLIANCES ) ,KURDI% GR\PS LACK+ ANY FOLL[-?R\< & 5D+ ) ! BR&+ ( ANY >M$ ,KURDI% RESI/ANCE AS T]RORISM4 ,! ,WE/ HAS A VE/$ 9T]E/ 9 ALL[+ ?IS SAME PROCESS TO CONT9UE1 US+ ! ,KURDS TIME & TIME AGA9 AS A SCAPEGOAT 9 REGIONAL ALLIANCES & MANIPULATIONS ( AN EV]-EXP&+ WEB ( COMPLEXITY4 

,9 #a#i#g#h1 9 A TEA H\SE 9 ,I/ANBUL1 A NEW *APT] 9 ,KURDI% RESI/ANCE BEGAN ) ! F\ND+ ( ! ,KURDI/AN ,WORK]S' ,P>TY 7,P,K,K74 ,! ,P,K,K WAS ! FIR/ MILITANT ,KURDI% RESI/ANCE GR\P TO ESP\SE EXPLICITLY ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,IT CALL$ = A COMMUNI/ ,KURDI/AN & WAS A REFLECTION ( ,TURKEY'S RADICAL LEFT /UD5T & WORK] UPRIS+S ?AT HAD />T$ ?AT YE>4 ,IMM$IATELY AFT] ITS F\ND+1 ! ,P,K,K CONDUCT$ A /R+ ( HI<-PR(ILE ASSASS9ATIONS & BOMB+S 9 S\!RN ,TURKEY ALONG ) A HI<LY SUCCESSFUL RECRUITM5T DRIVE4 ,P>T ( ! SECRET TO ! ,P,K,K'S SUCCESS 9 RECRUIT+ WAS ITS *>ISMATIC LEAD]1 ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN -- ALSO KN[N AS ,APO -- & ! P>TY'S EMPHASIS ON RECRUIT+ NOT ONLY M5 BUT WOM54 ,9 #a#i#h1 !RE WAS ANO!R ,TURKI% MILIT>Y C\P1 AIM$ TO RE/ORE ORD] 9 ! /ATE4 ,?AT YE> SAW ! >RE/ ( SOME ( ! ,P,K,K TOP LEAD]%IP & ! EXILE ( MO/ ( ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE TO ,SYRIA & ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,! ,TURKI% MILIT>Y WAS ABLE TO ?W>T MANY ,P,K,K OP]ATIONS & PUT PRESSURE ON ,P,K,K /RON<OLDS & TRA9+ BASES 9 ! S\!A/4 ,! ,P,K,K F\ND ITS ABILITY TO ACT 9SIDE ,TURKEY LIMIT$ & BEGAN ITS FIR/ BOMB+ OP]ATIONS 9 ,EUROPE4 ,! ,P,K,K ALSO F\ND P>TN]S 9 O!R RADICAL ,M>XI/ GR\PS LIKE ! ,PALE/9IAN ,LIB]ATION ,ORGANIZATION 7,P,L,O71 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,LEAGUE ( ,IRAN1 & ! ,A,S,A,L,A1 A ,M>XI/ ,>M5IAN GU]RILLA GR\P4 ,!SE GR\PS HAD MORE CONNECTIONS & BETT] ACCESS TO RES\RCES ?AN ! RELATIVELY NEW ,P,K,K DID 9 EXILE4 

,) ! ,P,K,K C5TRAL COMMITTEE SCATT]$ & ITS TRA9+ BASES & (FICES 9 ,TURKEY %UT D[N1 A MORE DEC5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURE BEGAN TO APPE>4 ,TRA9+ BASES W]E SETUP & OP]ATIONS W]E CONDUCT$ 9 A V>IETY ( ,EUROPEAN 7,BELGIUM & ,G]MANY7 & ,MIDDLE ,EA/]N C\NTRIES 7NOTABLY ,IRAQ & ,SYRIA74 ,9 #a#i#h#d1 AFT] CIVILIAN RULE WAS RE/OR$ 9 ,TURKEY & A NUMB] ( POLITICAL PRISON]S W]E RELEAS$1 ! ,P,K,K WAS AGA9 ABLE TO REBUILD ITS MILITANT PRES5CE 9 ,TURKEY4 ,! ,P,K,K LAUN*$ A FULL-SCALE GU]RILLA W>1 MO/LY 9 ! S\? ( ,TURKEY BU/ OCCASIONALLY REA*+ AS F> NOR? AS ,I/ANBUL4 ,!Y EMPLOY$ A V>IETY ( TACTICS 9CLUD+ KIDNAP+S1 9DU/RIAL SABOTAGE1 ASSASS9ATIONS ( POLICE & MILIT>Y (FIC]S1 & BOMB+S :ILE ALSO PROVID+ SOCIAL S]VICES & CULTURAL EV5TS = ! REPRESS$ ,KURDI% COMMUNITIES 9 ! S\?4 ,! NEW ,TURKI% CIVILIAN GOV]NM5T RESPOND$ ) ! COLLECTIVE PUNI%M5TS ( 5TIRE VILLAGES1 MILIT>Y OCCUPATION ( ! ,KURDI% REGIONS1 & A S]IES ( DRACONIAN LAWS T>GET$ AT ! ,P,K,K & !IR ALLEG$ ,KURDI% SUPPORT]S4 ,T5S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE 9 ,TURKEY1 9CLUD+ A GREAT MANY CIVILIANS 7#i.0 ( !M ,KURDI%71 LO/ !IR LIVES 9 ?IS CONFLICT1 :I* LA/$ UNTIL A CEASEFIRE WAS DECL>$ 9 #b#a#c4 

,TURKEY HAS ALWAYS CONSID]$ ! ,P,K,K A T]RORI/ ORGANIZATION1 MAK+ IT (FICIAL 9 #a#i#g#i4 ,N,A,T,O1 ( :I* ,TURKEY HAS BE5 A KEY MEMB] S9CE #a#i#e#b1 WAS LOBBI$ HEAVILY BY ,TURKEY 9 ! #a#i#iS TO ADD ! ,P,K,K & ITS SI/] ORGANIZATIONS TO ! (FICIAL T]RORI/ WAT*-LI/1 & 9 #bc ,N,A,T,O CONC$$4 ,! YE> BE=E1 BO? ! ,E,U & ! ,U,S ADD$ ! ,P,K,K TO !IR T]RORI/ LI/S1 :]E !Y REMA9 TO ?IS DAY4 ,A NUMB] ( ,WE/]N C\NTRIES ) /RONG ECONOMIC & POLITICAL L9KS TO ,TURKEY HAVE US$ ! 0T]RORI/0 DESIGNATION TO H\ND ! ,P,K,K BY SEIZ+ ASSETS1 DEPORT+ ,P,K,K SUPPORT]S1 %UTT+ D[N SATELLITE & RADIO /ATIONS SYMPA!TIC TO ! ,P,K,K1 & PROVID+ BILLIONS 9 AID TO ,TURKEY = 0ITS W> ON T]RORISM40 ,TURKEY HAS ALSO US$ ! ,P,K,K'S T]RORI/ LABEL TO AVOID CRITICISMS ( HUMAN RI<TS ABUSES & TO IGNORE OV] A DOZ5 9T]NATIONAL C\RTS' RUL+S AGA9/ !IR TREATM5T ( ,KURDS4 ,TODAY ,TURKEY HAS OV] A HUNDR$ ,KURDI% ORGANIZATIONS ON ITS T]RORI/ LI/1 YET IT REFUSES TO PLACE ,I,S,I,S ON ?AT SAME LI/4 ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ,TURKEY IS LESS 9T]E/$ 9 WAG+ A W> ON T]RORISM ?AN IT IS 9 WAG+ A W> AGA9/ ! ,KURDI% PEOPLE4 

,! ,ISLAMIC ,/ATE ( ,IRAQ & AL-,%AM 7,I,S,I,S7 DECL>$ ITSELF TO BE ! ONLY LEGITIMATE ,ISLAMIC ,CALIPHATE 9 MID-#b#a#d1 GO+ SO F> AS TO R5AME ITSELF SIMPLY ! ,ISLAMIC ,/ATE 7,I,S74 ,I,S,I,S HAS SEIZ$ L>GE SWA!S ( T]RITORY ACROSS ,EA/]N ,SYRIA & ,WE/]N ,IRAQ1 & IT IS N[ ! MO/ WELL-FUND$ & WELL->M$ JIHADI/ GR\P 9 ! WORLD4 ,I,S,I,S OP]ATES ) A DAILY HUNG] = ATROCITY PREVI\SLY UNKN[N 9 ! REGION1 RESURRECT+ PRACTICES ( MASS RAPE1 SEX SLAV]Y1 & CRUCIFIXION1 & IT HAPPILY ANN\NCES POLICIES ( E?NIC CLEANS+ & G5OCIDE4 ,TURKEY & O!R MAJOR REGIONAL P[]S HAVE BE5 W>Y ( DIRECTLY CONFRONT+ ,I,S,I,S1 9/EAD SEEK+ TO TRANS=M ! ?REAT ( SU* A GR\P 9TO POLITICAL CAPITAL & CONCESSIONS FROM WORLD P[]S4 

,DESPITE ITS CURR5T METEORIC RISE1 ,I,S,I,S DID NOT BUR/ REC5TLY ONTO ! SC5E 9 A SIMPLI/IC BLITZKRIEG ( H>DL9E PURITANICAL ,SUNNI IDEOLOGY -- IT HAS BE5 BUILD+ ITS =CES S9CE ! ,AM]ICAN 9VASION ( ,IRAQ 9 #b#c4 ,=M]LY AN (F%OOT ( ,AL-,QA$A 9 ,IRAQ1 ,I,S,I,S GA9$ VALUABLE MILIT>Y EXP]I5CE FI<T+ ,N,A,T,O =CES 9 ,FALLUJAH DUR+ ! 9ITIAL YE>S ( ! ,COALITION ,OCCUPATION ( ,IRAQ1 EV5TUALLY REBR&+ ITSELF ! ,ISLAMIC ,/ATE ( ,IRAQ4 ,PROPHETIC REBR&+ ASIDE1 ! ,ISLAMIC ,/ATE ( ,IRAQ BUILT ITS =MIDABLE =CE 9 ,IRAQ DUR+ ! MID & LATE #bS BE=E %IFT+ FOCUS TO ! GR[+ UNRE/ & *AOS ( ! ,SYRIAN CIVIL W>4 ,I,S,I,S CONSID]S PRACTITION]S ( ANY?+ BESIDES !IR [N BR& ( ,SUNNI ,ISLAM TO BE 9FIDELS DES]V+ DEA?1 & TAKES SPECIAL PLEASURE 9 ANNIHILAT+ ,%IA ,MUSLIMS & M9ORITIES SU* AS ! ,YAZIDIS & ! ,KURDS -- BO? ( :OM W\LD BE AMONG ! FEW GR\PS TO /& UP TO !IR ORGY ( VIOL5CE & SLAU<T]4 

,! ,GREAT ,GAME3 ,WORLD ,P[]S & ! ,KURDS 

,! ,KURDI% ,QUE/ION HAS NEV] BE5 A /RICTLY REGIONAL AFFAIR4 ,S9CE BE=E ,WORLD ,W> ,I UNTIL TODAY1 P[]S /RET*$ OV] ! 5TIRE GLOBE -- FROM ,AU/RALIA TO ,AM]ICA -- HAVE BE5 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS ISSUE4 ,FROM ,IRAQ TO ,EGYPT1 ! ,KURDS HAVE BE5 US$ AS PAWNS TO LEV]AGE ! PLAY]S ( ! REGION4 ,JU/ LIKE 9 A GAME ( *ESS1 ! ,KURDI% PAWN IS (T5 SACRIFIC$ TO GA9 A BETT] POSITION ON ! BO>D4 ,OV] & OV] AGA91 =EIGN P[]S 9T]V5E = A BRIEF P]IOD ( TIME1 5C\RAG+ ,KURDI% REBELLION JU/ TO )DRAW SUPPORT AT CRUCIAL PO9TS & SACRIFIC+ ! ,KURDS :5 !Y >E NO LONG] NE$$4 ,SOMETIMES WORLD P[]S SUPPORT ONE ,KURDI% REBELLION :ILE SIMULTANE\SLY BACK+ ANO!R REGIME'S CRACKD[N ON ,KURDI% VILLAGES ONLY A FEW HUNDR$ MILES AWAY ACROSS ! BORD]4 ,KURDI% AUTONOMY HAS BE5 US$ AS A FUNCTIONAL & DISPOSABLE TOOL = A*IEV+ O!R C\NTRIES' AG5DAS FROM ! REALIGNM5T ( ! REGION AFT] ,W,W,I1 ! RISE ( ,SOVIET P[]1 ?R\< ! ,COLD ,W> & ! SPREAD ( ,NASS]ISM1 TO ,GEORGE ,BU% ,SR4'S ,NEW ,WORLD ,ORD]4 ,KURDI% AUTONOMY HAS ALWAYS BE5 A MEANS TO 5D1 NEV] AN 5D TO ITSELF1 = ! MANY /ATES ?AT HAVE GOTT5 9VOLV$ OV] ! YE>S4 ,[+ TO !IR PREC>I\S POSITION1 ! ,KURDS HAVE BE5 L$ TO NAIVELY BELIEVE1 DECADE AFT] DECADE1 ?AT ! WORLD P[]S ACTUALLY C>$ AB\T !IR CAUSE :ILE !Y W]E BE+ MANIPULAT$ = SOMEONE ELSE'S MOM5T>Y GEOPOLITICAL ADVANTAGE4 

,! ,SOVIET ,UNION'S RELATION%IP TO BO? ITS [N #d#e1 ,KURDS & ! ,KURDS 9 ,KURDI/AN WAS ALSO M>K$ MO/LY BY /ATE SUSPICION & REPRESSION4 ,9 ! FIR/ YE>S ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 ,KURDS1 LIKE MANY O!R M9ORITY GR\PS1 W]E =CIBLY DISPLAC$ & A SPECIAL REGIONAL GOV]NM5T UNIT WAS SET UP TO MONITOR !M4 ,?IS REGIONAL UNIT WAS REORGANIZ$ SEV]AL TIMES & ULTIMATELY DISB&$ 9 #aic :5 ! ,/AL9I/ C5TRAL GOV]NM5T FE>$ IT HAD BECOME TOO SYMPA!TIC TO ! ,KURDS4 ,UND] ,/AL91 T5S ( ?\S&S ( ,KURDS W]E DEPORT$ FROM ,AZ]BAIJAN & ,>M5IA TO ,KAZAKH/AN1 :ILE ,KURDS 9 ,GEORGIA BECAME VICTIMS ( ! PURGES ?AT FOLL[$ ! 5D ( ,W,W,I,I4 ,?R\< ! #a#i#fS1 V>I\S MEASURES W]E TAK5 BY ! ,SOVIET ,REGIME TO M>G9ALIZE & OPPRESS ITS ,KURDI% POPULATION4 ,9 ! #a#i#hS ! ,P,K,K1 ! ONLY ,KURDI% POLITICAL P>TY TO P>TN] ) ,KURDS 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 BEGAN COLLABORATION ) ,KURDS LIV+ 9 ! ,TRANSCAUCASIA REGION & MADE S]I\S 9ROADS ) ! POPULATION !RE4 ,BY #a#i#h#f1 NON->M$ ,P,K,K SUPPORT ORGANIZATIONS HAD =M$ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 ?\< !Y W]E TE*NICALLY ILLEGAL4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,TURKI% PRESS1 !RE WAS EV5 A ,P,K,K ORGANIZATION 9 ,KAZAKH/AN 9 #b#d4 

,= ! MO/ P>T ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 & LAT] ! ,RUSSIAN ,F$]ATION1 HAS NOT BE5 9VOLV$ DIRECTLY ) ,KURDI% ,9DEP5D5CE S9CE ! #a#i#dS1 :5 IT SUPPORT$ AN AUTONOM\S ,KURDI% /ATE 9 ,IRAN4 ,DESPITE ! ,P,K,K'S E>LY COMMUNI/ ROOTS1 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION NEV] SUPPORT$ IT BECAUSE ( ! ,U,S,S,R'S TIES ) ,SYRIA & ,TURKEY4 ,TODAY ! ,RUSSIAN ,F$]ATION IS RELUCTANT TO ACTIVELY SUPPORT ,KURDI% 9DEP5D5CE 9 ,KURDI/AN BECAUSE ( ITS [N RE/IVE M9ORITIES1 9CLUD+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,KURDS4 ,AT V>I\S TIMES ! ,P,K,K HAS S\<T SUPPORT = TRA9+ BASES1 WEAPONS1 RES\RCES1 & A PLACE = EXILES FROM O!R COMMUNI/ REGIMES1 9CLUD+ ,CUBA1 ,ANGOLA1 ,VIETNAM & O!RS1 BUT NOT A ONE ( ?OSE C\NTRIES WAS 9T]E/$ 9 SUPPORT+ !IR COMMUNI/ C\S9S 9 SU* A COMPLICAT$ GEOPOLITICAL >EA )\T BACK+ FROM ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,SOME SOCIALI/ C\NTRIES DID BR+ UP ,U,N RESOLUTIONS1 & MO/ ( ! ,SOVIET SPH]E VOT$ = MEASURES 9 SUPPORT ( ,KURDI% AUTONOMY 9 ,KURDI/AN4 ,RUSSIA1 ALONG ) ,U,N ,SECURITY ,C\NCIL MEMB] ,*9A1 HAS ALSO REFUS$ TO DESIGNATE ! ,P,K,K OR ANY O!R ,KURDI% POLITICAL GR\PS AS T]RORI/ ORGANIZATIONS4 

,WE/]N GOV]NM5TS & ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS ,N,A,T,O HAVE BE5 9VOLV$ 9 ONE SIDE OR ANO!R ( ! ,KURDI% QUE/IONS S9CE ! E>LY #a#i? C5TURY AT ! DAWN ( ! ,KURDI% AUTONOMY MOVEM5T4 ,! ,FR5* & ! ,BRITI% =EIGN (FICES HAVE US$ V>I\S REGIONAL ,KURDS & !IR DREAMS ( AUTONOMY AS PROXIES TO SECURE !IR M&ATES 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & TO ?W>T EA* O!R4 ,DUR+ P>TICUL> CRISES1 = EXAMPLE IMM$IATELY FOLL[+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I & ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 %AD[Y DIPLOMATS W]E %UTTL+ BETWE5 ,P>IS OR ,LONDON TO ,KURDI% %EPH]D VILLAGES1 BR++ A LITTLE AID & VAGUE PROMISES ( SUPPORT IF ! ,KURDS SUPPORT$ !IR P>TICUL> POLITICAL MA*9ATIONS4 ,EUROPEAN P[]S DID NOT LIMIT !IR ROLE TO JU/ ! T]RITORY ( ,KURDI/AN EI!R1 & ALSO US$ !IR HOME C\NTRIES TO GET 9VOLV$ 9 ! ,KURDI% ,QUE/ION4 ,C\NTRIES LIKE ,G]MANY1 ,BELGIUM1 & ! ,NE!RL&S = A :ILE ALL[$ MILITANT ,KURDI% TRA9+ BASES TO OP]ATE ON !IR SOIL BUT W\LD RAID & %UT !M D[N DEP5D+ ON ! GEOPOLITICAL W9DS ( ! TIME4 ,GREECE SUPPLI$ ,KURDS 9 ,TURKEY & H\S$ EXIL$ ,P,K,K (FICIALS 9 ORD] TO PUNI% ,TURKEY = !IR #aigd 9VASION ( ,CYPRUS1 BUT AFT] COM+ TO AGREEM5T ON TRADE ) ,TURKEY !Y KICK$ ! ,P,K,K \T & /OPP$ ALL AID4 ,FRANCE EV5 TRI$ TO USE ,KURDS TO SL[ ,ALG]IAN 9DEP5D5CE1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT !RE W]E NO ,KURDS 9 ,ALG]IA1 BY IMPLY+ !Y MAY GIVE !M T]RITORY 9 A ,FR5*-[N$ ,ALG]IA4 

,! ,U,S WAS LATE TO ! %[ ( MANIPULAT+ ! ,KURDS' DESIRE = FRE$OM4 ,DUR+ ! ,COLD ,W> ! ,U,S MO/LY F\ND ITSELF SID+ ) ! ,%AH ( ,IRAN & US+ ,C,I,A P]SONNEL & RES\RCES TO HELP BO? REPRESS ! ,KURDS 9 ,IRAN & FOM5T ,KURDI% REBELLIONS 9 ,IRAQ4 ,! ,U,S /UCK TO COV]T OP]ATIONS1 & ?US LITTLE WAS KN[N UNTIL REC5TLY AB\T ,U,S 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! ,KURDI% ,QUE/ION4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ ,GULF ,W>1 :5 ,IRAQ OCCUPI$ ! OIL-RI* EMIRATE ( ,KUWAIT 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#i1 ,SADDAM ,HUSSE9 BECAME ,AM]ICA'S 5EMY NUMB] ONE4 ,YET FROM #aihg UNTIL ! ,IRAQI 9VASION ( ,KUWAIT1 ! ,U,S SAID NO?+4 ,AT TIMES1 ! ,U,S EV5 SUPPORT$ ,IRAQ 9 ! ,U,N1 :5 ,SADDAM ,HUSSE9 WAS GASS+ T5S ( ?\S&S ( ,KURDS & BOMB+ :OLE ,KURDI% T[NS & VILLAGES4 ,BUT AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,FIR/ ,GULF ,W>1 ,GEORGE ,BU% ,SR4 PUBLICLY DECL>$ ,KURDS >E ! ,U,S'S 0NATURAL ALLIES0 & SUGGE/$ !Y %\LD REVOLT AGA9/ ! ,BA<DAD REGIME4 ,( C\RSE1 ,BU% ,SR4 KNEW ?AT ! ,KURDS HAD ALREADY BE5 FI<T+ ! ,BA'A?I/ REGIME 9 A BLOODY1 FIFTE5-YE>1 ON-AGA9 (F-AGA9 CIVIL W>4 

,AFT] ! W>1 ! ,U,S PUT 9 PLACE AN 9EFFECTIVE NO FLY ZONE1 :I* APP>5TLY DID NOT 9CLUDE HELICOPT]S1 TO 0PROTECT ! ,KURDS40 ,?\S&S ( ,KURDS & O!R CIVILIANS 9 NOR!RN ,IRAQ W]E KILL$ BY ,SADDAM'S MILIT>Y :ILE ,U,S PLANES FLEW OV]HEAD DO+ NO?+4 ,DUR+ ! SECOND ,GULF ,W>1 ! ,U,S ASK$ AGA9 = ! PE%M]GA 7! MILIT>Y =CES ( ,IRAQI ,KURDI/AN7 TO HELP RID ! C\NTRY ( ! ,BA'A?I/ REGIME4 ,?IS TIME1 ! ,KURDS DECID$ TO FOCUS ON SECUR+ ! NOR? = !MSELVES & ON CREAT+ AN >MY ?AT C\LD DEF5D ITSELF -- !Y'D LE>N$ !IR LESSON FROM ! FIR/ ,GULF ,W>4 ,TODAY ! ,KURDI/AN ,REGIONAL ,GOV]NM5T 7,K,R,G7 EXI/S NOT BECAUSE ! ,U,S PROTECT$ ! ,KURDS1 BUT BECAUSE !Y TOOK ,U,S & COALITION AID & RES\RCES TO PREP>E !IR [N DEF5SE4 ,! ,K,R,G ALSO PURSU$ ITS [N DIPLOMATIC /RATEGY ) ! FL$GL+ & FACTI\S ,NATIONAL ,IRAQI ,CONGRESS4 

,MANY O!R C\NTRIES1 FROM ,*9A TO ,AU/RALIA1 HAVE 9T]F]$ 9 ! ,KURDI% ,QUE/ION1 ULTIMATELY ?W>T+ ! ,KURDI% DREAM ( FRE$OM ACROSS A UNIFI$ ,KURDI/AN4 ,TODAY ALMO/ ALL C\NTRIES 9 ! ,WE/ HAVE DESIGNAT$ ,KURDI% MILITANT GR\PS AS T]RORI/S :ILE AT ! SAME TIME TRY+ TO 5LI/ !IR HELP 9 ! W> AGA9/ ,I,S,I,S & O!R ,JIHADI/ GR\PS4 ,IT SEEMS ! ,KURDS HAVE LO/ SOME ( !IR NAIVETE & HAVE LE>N$ ?AT BE+ TEMPOR>Y SACRIFICIAL PAWNS = ! ,WE/ WILL NOT AID !IR CAUSE 9 ! LONG RUN4 ,! LESSON ( ! SECOND ,GULF ,W> & ! REC5T ,SYRIAN CIVIL W> IS ?AT ! ,KURDS MU/ RELY ON !IR [N =CES TO HAVE ANY HOPE ( SECUR+ AUTONOMY & JU/ICE = !IR PEOPLE4 

,FROM ,R$ ,/> TO ,I%T>'S ,/>3  
,DEP>T+ FROM AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM 

,:ILE ! ,P,K,K WAS NOT F\ND$ BY DIE-H>D COMMUNI/S1 IT SOON BECAME A CLASSIC ,MAOI/ NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE P>TY COMPLETE ) AN UNQUE/ION$ *>ISMATIC 0FA!R ( ! PEOPLE01 ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN1 A4K4A ,APO4 ,!RE WAS LITTLE TO DIFF]5TIATE ! ,P,K,K FROM ! DOZ5S ( ,MAO-9SPIR$ MILITANT LIB]ATION GR\PS ( ! LATE #a#i#gS & #a#i#hS4 

,! ,P,K,K W]5'T ! ONLY COMMITT$ ,M>XI/S 9 ,KURDI/AN -- A NUMB] ( O!R SMALL] GR\PS EXI/$1 SOME CLAIM+ TO BE ,L59I/S1 ,TROTSKYITES1 OR EV5 ,TITOI/S4 ,BUT ! PEASANT-BAS$ 9SURRECTION>Y PHILOSOPHY ( ,MAOISM1 AS ESP\S$ BY ! POLIT-BUREAU & ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,P,K,K1 WAS BY F> ! MO/ POPUL> & MILIT>ILY EFFECTIVE MEANS ( RESI/+ OPPRESSION4 

,! ,P,K,K'S FLAMBOYANT EMBRACE ( COMMUNISM G>N]$ SOME SUPPORT FROM ! CALCIFI$ OLD ,LEFT P>TIES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 BUT IT FAIL$ TO PRODUCE MU* 9 ! WAY ( REAL SOLID>ITY4 ,:ILE C]TA9 ,MAOI/ IDEAS APPEAL$ TO ,KURDS EAG] TO RID !MSELVES ( AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE REPRESSION1 ?OSE SAME IDEAS ALI5AT$ A LOT ( POT5TIAL1 MORE LIB]AL1 SUPPORT]S4 ,?US1 ! ,P,K,K'S /RUGGLES W]E L>GELY IGNOR$ & SOMETIMES CONDEMN$ BY POSSIBLE SYMPA?IZ]S 9 & \TSIDE ! REGION4 ,! EMPHASIS ON C5TRALIZATION 9 ,MAOI/ COMMUNISM ALSO ALI5AT$ MANY ( ! SOCIAL LEAD]S 9SIDE ,KURDI/AN4 ,! ,KURDS TRADITIONALLY HAVE BE5 SOCIALLY & POLITICALLY ORGANIZ$ BY LOOSELY CONNECT$ TRIBES & HAVE SUPPORT$ TRIBAL LEAD]S :O HAD DI/+UI%$ !MSELVES 9 SOME WAY O!R ?AN H]$ITY4 ,P]IODICALLY1 ,KURDS =M$ L>GE1 TEMPOR>Y CONF$]ATIONS ( TRIBES TO M\NT UPRIS+S & MILIT>Y ACTIONS4 ,POLITICAL P>TIES HAVE NEV] GA9$ ! MONOPOLY ON POLITICAL ORGANIZ+ ?AT !Y HAVE 9 MANY O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD -- IT WASN'T UNCOMMON = A ,KURD TO BE P>T ( A FEW POLITICAL P>TIES & SWIT* BETWE5 !M BAS$ ON H[ SUCCESSFUL !Y W]E4 ,DESPITE !SE CULTURAL OB/ACLES1 ! ,P,K,K *AMPION$ H>DL9E COMMUNISM UNTIL WELL AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,SOVIET REGIME4 

,= ! ,P,K,K1 ! CRISIS 9 !IR COMMUNI/ FAI? DIDN'T OCCUR UNTIL #aiii :5 !IR LEAD] ,OCALAN WAS >RE/$ 9 ,NAIROBI BY ! ,M,I,T 7,TURKI% MILIT>Y 9TELLIG5CE71 FL[N BACK TO ,TURKEY1 & 9C>C]AT$ ON A PRISON ISL& UPON :I* HE WAS ! ONLY 9MATE4 ,! ,TURKI% M$IA %[$ A HUMILIAT$ ,OCALAN1 0! ,T]RORI/ ( ,TURKEY10 H>MLESS & 9 *A9S4 ,) !IR LEAD] CAPTUR$ & NO OBVI\S SUCCESSOR1 ! ,P,K,K'S C5TRAL COMMITTEE WAS ?R[N 9TO CRISIS4 ,! 9CREAS+LY MILITANT TACTICS ( BOMB+S1 ROADSIDE AMBU%ES1 & SUICIDE BOMB]S W]E NOT WORK+1 & ! RISE ( ,JIHADI ATTACKS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ & ! ,WE/ MADE ! ,P,K,K SEEM JU/ LIKE ANO!R ,ISLAMIC T]RORI/ ORGANIZATION DESPITE ITS COMMUNI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,?IS1 COMB9$ ) ! COLLAPSE ( COMMUNISM 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE & ,RUSSIA1 L$ TO A P]IOD ( IDEOLOGICAL S\L-SE>*+ = ! ,P,K,K & ITS LEAD]4 

,?\S&S ( MILES AWAY1 ON ,JANU>Y #a1 #aiid 7FIVE YE>S BE=E ,OCALAN'S CAPTURE7 A NEW TYPE ( LIB]ATION /RUGGLE KICK$ (F 9 ! =GOTT5 M\NTA9 JUNGLES ( ,*IAPAS1 ,MEXICO4 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS1 ) !IR R$ /> FLAG & !IR BLACK MASKS1 BUR/ ONTO ! WORLD /AGE & QUICKLY 9SPIR$ ! PROGRESSIVE ,LEFT >\ND ! WORLD4 ,A SMALL ,MAYAN LIB]ATION /RUGGLE HAD RIS5 FROM ! ,LAC&ON ,JUNGLE ( ,S\!RN ,MEXICO & DECL>$ !MSELVES AUTONOM\S4 ,!SE POLITICALLY SAVVY REVOLUTION>IES CREAT$ A NEW TYPE ( LEFTI/ 9SURRECTION>Y POLITICAL CONFIGURATION !Y CALL$ ,ZAPATISMO4 ,ZAPATISMO SITUAT$ ITSELF AS A MODE ( LIB]ATION & LEFTI/ /RUGGLE ?AT REJECT$ HI]>*Y1 P>TY CONTROL1 & ASPIRATIONS TO CREATE A ,/ATE APP>ATUS4 ,! >*ITECTS ( ?IS NEW CONFIGURATION HAD SP5T YE>S 9 H>DL9E ,M>XI/ GU]RILLA ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,MEXICO BE=E REJECT+ ?AT MODEL ( /RUGGLE & SEEK+ A NEW APPROA*4 

,OCALAN & ! O!R LEAD]S 9 ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,P,K,K W]E FAMILI> ) ! RAPID RISE & SUCCESS ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS4 ,A YE> BE=E HIS >RE/1 ,OCALAN HAD SPOK5 TO ,P,K,K P>TY LEAD]S AB\T ,ZAPATISMO AT A TWO-DAY CONF]5CE4 ,& 9 HIS FIR/ MON?S ( IMPRISONM5T1 ,APO HAD A 0CRISIS ( FAI?0 REG>D+ DOCTR9AIRE ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY & ITS ABILITY TO FREE ! ,KURDS4 ,OCALAN1 :O SP5T MU* ( HIS LIFE ESP\S+ A H>DL9E ,/AL9I/ DOCTR9E1 />T$ TO REJECT ,M>XISM-,L59ISM 9 FAVOR ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,HE HAD CONCLUD$ ?AT ,M>XISM WAS AU?ORIT>IAN1 DOGMATIC1 & UNABLE TO CREATIVELY REFLECT ! REAL PROBLEMS FAC+ ! ,KURDI% RESI/ANCE4 ,9 PRISON1 ,APO />T$ READ+ AN>*I/ & PO/-,M>XI/ WORKS 9CLUD+ ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 ,F\CAULT1 ,WALL]/E91 ,BRAUDEL1 & ,MURRAY ,BOOK*94 ,OCALAN WAS P>TICUL>LY IMPRESS$ ) ,BOOK*9'S AN>*I/ PHILOSOPHY ( ECOLOGICAL MUNICIPALISM1 GO+ SO F> AS TO DEM& ?AT ALL ,P,K,K LEAD]S READ ,BOOK*94 ,FROM 9SIDE PRISON1 ,OCALAN ABSORB$ ,BOOK*9'S IDEAS 7MO/ NOTABLY ,BOOK*9'S ,CIVILIZATION ,N>RATIVES3 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM & ,URBANIZATION ,AGA9/ ,CITIES7 & WROTE HIS [N BOOK BAS$ ON !SE IDEAS1 ,! ,ROOTS ( ,CIVILIZATION 7#b#a74 ,IT WAS ,BOOK*9'S ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM 7#a#i#h#e71 H[EV]1 :I* ,OCALAN MADE REQUIR$ READ+ = ALL ,P,K,K MILITANTS4 ,IT W5T ON TO 9FLU5CE ! IDEAS F\ND 9 ,ROJAVA4 

,9 #b#d1 ,OCALAN TRI$ TO >RANGE A MEET+ ) ,BOOK*9 ?R\< HIS LAWY]S1 DESCRIB+ HIMSELF AS ,BOOK*9'S 0/UD5T0 & EAG] TO ADAPT ,BOOK*9'S IDEAS TO ! ,KURDI% QUE/ION4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ,OCALAN WANT$ TO DISCUSS HIS NEWE/ MANUSCRIPT1 ,9 ,DEF5SE ( ,PEOPLE 7#b#d71 :I* HE HAD HOP$ W\LD *ANGE ! DISC\RSE ( ! ,KURDI% /RUGGLE4 ,UN=TUNATELY = ,OCALAN1 ! #h#c-YE>-OLD ,BOOK*9 WAS TOO ILL TO ACCEPT ! REQUE/ & S5T BACK A MESSAGE ( SUPPORT 9/EAD4 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 DI$ ( CONGE/$ HE>T FAILURE TWO YE>S LAT]1 9 #b#f4 ,A ,P,K,K CONGRESS HELD LAT] ?AT YE> HAIL$ ! ,AM]ICAN ?9K] AS 0ONE ( ! GREATE/ SOCIAL SCI5TI/S ( ! #b? C5TURY10 & V[$ ?AT 0,BOOK*9'S !SIS ON ! /ATE1 P[]1 & HI]>*Y WILL BE IMPLEM5T$ & REALIZ$ ?R\< \R /RUGGLE4444 ,WE WILL PUT ?IS PROMISE 9TO PRACTICE1 ?IS AS ! FIR/ SOCIETY ?AT E/ABLI%ES A TANGIBLE DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM40 ,FIVE YE>S LAT]1 9 #b#a#a1 ! ,SYRIAN CIVIL W> GAVE ! ,KURDS A *ANCE TO TRY TO MAKE GOOD ON !IR PROMISE4 

,! ,SYRIAN CIVIL W> BEGAN AS P>T ( ! G5]AL UPRIS+S 9 SPR+ #baa 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA & ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ ?AT ! ,WE/ DUBB$ ! 0,>AB ,SPR+40 ,KURDS FROM A V>IETY ( POLITICAL BACKGR\NDS JO9$ /UD5TS1 ,ISLAMI/S1 WORK]S1 POLITICAL DISS5T]S1 & O!RS 9 CALL+ = ! 5D ( ! REPRESSION ( ! ,ASSAD DICTATOR%IP4 ,SYRIAN ,PRESID5T ,BA%> AL-,ASSAD1 H[EV]1 HAD LE>N$ ! LESSONS ( ,TUNISIA1 ,LIBYA1 & ,EGYPT & QUICKLY S5T 9 TROOPS TO CRU% ! GR[+ DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T4 ,BY AUTUMN1 ! MO/LY PEACEFUL PROTE/S ?AT HAD TAK5 PLACE 9 ! SPR+ HAD MORPH$ 9TO A FULL-ON >M$ 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ! ,ASSAD REGIME4 

,:5 ! PROTE/S FIR/ BEGAN1 ,ASSAD'S GOV]NM5T F9ALLY GRANT$ CITIZ5%IP TO AN E/IMAT$ #b1 /ATELESS ,KURDS 9 AN EF=T TO NEUTRALIZE POT5TIAL ,KURDI% OPPOSITION4 ,BY ! BEG9N+ ( #b#a#b1 :5 OV] #e.0 ( ! C\NTRY WAS CONTROLL$ BY REBEL GR\PS & ,ISLAMIC MILITIAS1 & ,ASSAD'S =CES W]E SPREAD ?91 ! REGIME DECID$ TO PULL ALL MILIT>Y & GOV]NM5T (FICIALS \T ( ! ,KURDI% REGIONS 9 ! NOR?1 9 EFFECT H&+ ! REGION OV] TO ! ,KURDS & ,YEZ$IS LIV+ !RE4 ,OPPOSITION GR\PS1 MO/ PROM95TLY ! ,P,K,K-ALIGN$ ,DEMOCRATIC ,UNION ,P>TY 7,P,Y,D71 CREAT$ A NUMB] ( COALITION SUP]/RUCTURES TO ADM9I/] ! REGION4 ,!RE WAS T5SION BETWE5 ,P,Y,D & P>TIES ALIGN$ ) ! ,KURDI% ,REGIONAL ,GOV]NM5T 7,K,R,G7 9 ,IRAQ1 H[EV]1 & AT ONE TIME !RE W]E EV5 TWO COMPET+ COALITIONS3 ! ,P,Y,D-BACK$ ,NATIONAL ,COORD9ATION ,COMMITTEE = ,DEMOCRATIC ,*ANGE 7,N,C,C7 & ! ,K,R,G-ALIGN$ ,KURDI% ,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL 7,K,N,C74 ,9 E>LY #b#a#b1 :5 IT LOOK$ LIKE ! T5SION BETWE5 ! TWO GR\PS MI<T RESULT 9 >M$ CONFLICT1 ! ,PRESID5T ( ! ,K,R,G ,MASS\D ,B>ZANI & LEAD]S ( ! ,P,K,K BR\<T ! TWO GR\PS TOGE!R TO =M A NEW COALITION CALL$ ! ,SUPREME ,KURDI% ,C\NCIL 7,S,K,C7 MADE UP ( OV] FIFTE5 POLITICAL P>TIES & HUNDR$S ( COMMUNITY C\NCILS4 ,)9 MON?S ( =M+1 ! ,S,K,C *ANG$ ITS NAME TO ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIETY ,MOVEM5T 7,T,E,V-,D,E,M7 & ADD$ NON-,KURDI% GR\PS1 POLITICAL P>TIES1 & ORGANIZATIONS TO ! COALITION4 ,! ,T,E,V-,D,E,M CREAT$ AN 9T]IM GOV]N+ BODY = ! ,ROJAVA REGION4 

,! ,T,E,V-,D,E,M'S PROGRAM WAS HEAVILY 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,P,Y,D'S IDEAS ( 0DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM10 :I* ! ,P,K,K HAD ADOPT$ AS !IR (FICIAL PLAT=M 9 A PEOPLE'S CONGRESS ON ,MAY #a#g?1 #b#e4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! PLAT=M1 & SUBSEQU5T DOCUM5TS & PROCLAMATIONS FROM ,ROJAVA1 0DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM ( ,ROJAVA IS NOT A ,/ATE SY/EM1 IT IS ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM ( A PEOPLE )\T A ,/ATE444 ,IT TAKES ITS P[] FROM ! PEOPLE & ADOPTS TO REA* SELF-SUFFICI5CY 9 EV]Y FIELD1 9CLUD+ ECONOMY40 ,9 ,ROJAVA1 ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONF$]ALI/ IDEOLOGY HAS ?REE MA9 PLANKS3 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 RADICAL PLURALISM1 & SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,! ,T,E,V-,D,E,M HAVE BE5 IMPLEM5T+ ?IS NEW SOCIAL VISION ON A MASSIVE SCALE 9 ,ROJAVA S9CE E>LY #b#a#b4 ,! ,P,K,K HAS ATTEMPT$ 7& SUCCE$$ TO SOME DEGREE7 TO IMPLEM5T DEMOCRATIC CONF$]ALISM 9 SCATT]$ VILLAGES 9 ,TURKEY ALONG ! ,IRAQ BORD] S9CE #b#i1 EXP]IM5TS ?AT S]V$ AS AN 9SPIRATION = MU* ( ! ,ROJAVA REVOLUTION4 ,?IS VISION1 9 BO? ,TURKEY & 9 ,ROJAVA1 DRAWS HEAVILY FROM CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/1 FEM9I/1 & ECOLOGICAL ?\<T4 

,/ATELESS ,GOV]NM5T3 
 ,RADICAL ,DEMOCRACY & ,DEC5TRALIZATION 

,H[ DO Y\ BASE A GOV]NM5T ON AN>*ISM8 ,ROJAVA IS NOT ! FIR/1 & HOPEFULLY WON'T BE ! LA/1 EXP]IM5T 9 CREAT+ A NEW =M ( A DEC5TRALIZ$ NON-/ATE GOV]NM5T )\T HI]>*Y4 ,9 ! PA/ TWO YE>S1 TWO-&-HALF MILLION PEOPLE 9 ,ROJAVA HAVE BE5 P>TICIPAT+ 9 ?IS NEW =M ( GOV]NANCE1 A GOV]NANCE RELAT$ TO ?AT ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#c#f71 ! ,ZAPATI/AS 7#a#i#i#d71 ! ,>G5T9E ,NEI<BORHOOD ,ASSEMBLY ,MOVEM5T 7#b#a-#b#c71 & ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9'S LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM4 ,DESPITE SOME SIMIL>ITIES TO !SE PA/ EXP]IM5TS & IDEAS1 :AT IS BE+ IMPLEM5T$ 9 W>-TORN ,ROJAVA IS UNIQUE -- & IT'S EXTREMELY AMBITI\S4 ,IT'S NO HYP]BOLE TO SAY ?AT ?IS REVOLUTION 9 NOR!RN ,SYRIA IS HI/ORIC1 ESPECIALLY = AN>*I/S4 

,AT ! CORE ( ?IS SOCIAL EXP]IM5T >E ! V>IETY ( 0LOCAL C\NCILS0 ?AT 5C\RAGE MAXIMUM P>TICIPATION BY ! PEOPLE ( ,ROJAVA4 ,! ,KURDI% PEOPLE HAVE A LONG HI/ORY ( LOCAL ASSEMBLIES BAS$ ON TRIBAL & FAMILIAL ALLEGIANCES4 ,!SE SEMI-=MAL ASSEMBLIES HAVE BE5 AN IMPORTANT PRACTICE ( SOCIAL ORGANIZ+ = ,KURDS = HUNDR$S ( YE>S1 SO IT IS NO SURPRISE ?AT ! FACE-TO-FACE ASSEMBLIES SOON BECAME ! BACKBONE ( !IR NEW GOV]NM5T4 ,9 ,ROJAVA1 NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES MAKE UP ! L>GE/ NUMB] ( C\NCILS4 ,EV]Y P]SON 79CLUD+ TE5AG]S7 CAN P>TICIPATE 9 AN ASSEMBLY NE> :]E !Y LIVE4 ,9 ADDITION TO !SE NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES1 !RE >E C\NCILS BAS$ ON WORKPLACES1 CIVIC ORGANIZATIONS1 RELIGI\S ORGANIZATIONS1 POLITICAL P>TIES1 & O!R AFF9ITY-BAS$ C\NCILS 7E4G4 ,Y\?74 ,PEOPLE (T5 >E P>T ( A NUMB] ( LOCAL C\NCILS DEP5D+ ON !IR LIFE CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,!SE C\NCILS CAN BE AS SMALL AS A C\PLE DOZ5 PEOPLE OR !Y CAN HAVE HUNDR$S ( P>TICIPANTS4 ,BUT REG>DLESS ( SIZE1 !Y OP]ATE SIMIL>LY4 ,! C\NCILS WORK ON A DIRECT DEMOCRACY MODEL1 MEAN+ ?AT ANYONE AT ! C\NCIL MAY SPEAK1 SUGGE/ TOPICS TO BE DECID$ UPON1 & VOTE ON PROPOSALS 7?\< MANY C\NCILS USE CONS5SUS = !IR DECISION-MAK+74 ,IT IS UNCLE> H[ MEMB]%IP IS DET]M9$ 9 !SE C\NCILS1 BUT WE KN[ ?AT ! OPPOSITION MOVEM5T C\NCILS PRIOR TO #bab HAD NO FIX$ MEMB]%IP & ANYONE %[+ UP AT ASSEMBLY C\LD FULLY P>TICIPATE4 ,IT IS ALSO UNCLE> H[ (T5 !SE C\NCILS MEET & :O DET]M9ES :5 !Y MEET4 ,IT IS KN[N ?AT ! NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES 9 ! ,EFR9 ,CANTON MEET WEEKLY1 AS DOES ONE ( ! HOSPITAL WORK]S' C\NCILS4 ,!SE LOCAL C\NCILS MAKE UP ! 9DIVISIBLE UNIT ( ,ROJAVA DEMOCRACY4 ,L>G] BODIES 7E4G4 ,SUPREME ,C\NCIL ( ! ,ROJAVA CANTONS7 >E POPULAT$ ) REPRES5TATIVES FROM !SE LOCAL C\NCILS4 ,ALL DECISIONS FROM !SE 0UPP] C\NCILS0 MU/ BE =MALLY ADOPT$ BY ! LOCAL C\NCILS TO BE B9D+ = !IR CON/ITU5TS4 ,?IS IS V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ! F$]ALI/ TRADITION1 9 :I* ! F$]ATION SUP]S$ES LOCAL CONTROL4 ,9 ,AUGU/ #b#a#d1 = EXAMPLE1 A REGIONAL C\NCIL DECID$ ?AT LOCAL SECURITY =CES C\LD C>RY WEAPONS :ILE PATROLL+ A CITY1 BUT ?REE LOCAL ASSEMBLIES DID NOT APPROVE ?IS DECISION1 SO 9 ?OSE LOCAL ASSEMBLY >EAS SECURITY MU/ REFRA9 FROM C>RY+ WEAPONS4 ,! ROLE ( ! 0UPP] C\NCILS0 IS CURR5TLY LIMIT$ TO COORD9ATION BETWE5 ! MYRIAD ( LOCAL C\NCILS :ILE ALL P[] IS /ILL HELD LOCALLY4 ,REPRES5TATIVES TO ! 0UPP] C\NCILS0 ROTATE FREQU5TLY1 ) A MAXIMUM T]M SET BY ! 0UPP] C\NCIL10 BUT LOCAL C\NCILS (T5 CREATE !IR [N GUIDEL9ES = MORE FREQU5T ROTATION ( !IR REPRES5TATIVES4 ,! GOAL ( ! ,ROJAVA C\NCIL SY/EM IS TO MAXIMIZE LOCAL P[] & TO DEC5TRALIZE :ILE A*IEV+ A C]TA9 NECESS>Y DEGREE ( REGIONAL COORD9ATION & 9=MATION-%>+4 

,! REMA9+ GOV]NM5T ABOVE ! UPP] C\NCIL LEVEL SEEMS SIMIL> TO A C\NCIL P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EM ) ROTAT+ REPRES5TATIVES1 AN EXECUTIVE BRAN* COMPOS$ ( CANTON CO-PRESID5TS1 & AN 9DEP5D5T JUDICI>Y4 ,ALL GOV]NM5TAL P[] EMANATES FROM ! C\NCILS1 & ! C\NCILS RETA9 LOCAL AUTONOMY1 ?US =M+ A CONF$]ATION4 ,! CONF$]ATION IS MADE UP ( ?REE AUTONOM\S CANTONS ?AT HAVE !IR [N M9I/RIES & MILITIAS4 ,!RE IS NO F$]AL GOV]NM5T 9 ! ,ROJAVA CANTON SY/EM4 ,VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION & MUTUAL AID >E KEY CONCEPTS = ! CONF$]ATION1 AS !SE IDEAS PROTECT LOCAL AUTONOMY4 ,VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION LEADS TO RADICAL DEC5TRALIZATION1 SEV]ELY LIMIT+ ANY ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURES ABOVE ! PRIM>Y DECISION-MAK]S ( ! LOCAL C\NCILS4 ,ALL BODIES BEYOND ! LOCAL C\NCILS MU/ HAVE PROPORTIONAL REPRES5TATION ( ! E?NIC COMMUNITIES 9 ! CANTON & AT LEA/ #d.0 G5D] BALANCE 7?IS 9CLUDES ALL M9I/RIES74 ,MO/ M9I/RIES HAVE CO-M9I/]S ) ONE MALE & ONE FEMALE M9I/]1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! ,WOM5'S ,M9I/]4 ,MO/ DECISIONS BY ! ,SUPREME ,C\NCIL NE$ SUPPORT ( #b_/#c ( ! DELEGATES FROM ! UPP] C\NCILS4 ,ANY CANTON RETA9S AUTONOMY FROM ,SUPREME ,C\NCIL DECISIONS & MAY OV]RIDE !M 9 !IR [N ,PEOPLE'S ,ASSEMBLY 7! L>GE/ UPP] C\NCIL ( ANY REGION7 :ILE /ILL BE+ P>T ( ! CONF$]ATION4 ,?IS BOTTOM-UP DEC5TRALIZATION SEEKS TO PRES]VE ! MAXIMUM LEVEL ( AUTONOMY = LOCAL PEOPLE :ILE 5C\RAG+ MAXIMUM POLITICAL P>TICIPATION4 

,BO? 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL SECURITY = ! CANTONS IS ADM9I/]$ BY EA* CANTON'S ,PEOPLE'S ,ASSEMBLY4 ,! LOCAL SECURITY1 :I* >E EQUIVAL5T TO POLICE1 >E CALL$ ,ASAYI% 7SECURITY 9 ,KURDI%74 ,! ,ASAYI% >E ELECT$ BY LOCAL C\NCILS & S]VE A SPECIFIC T]M DET]M9$ BY ! LOCAL C\NCIL & ! CANTON'S ,PEOPLE'S ,ASSEMBLY4 ,! ,ASAYI% HAVE ALSO !IR [N ASSEMBLY 7BUT NOT ONE ?AT CAN S5D REPRES5TATIVES TO ! ,PEOPLE'S ,ASSEMBLY71 9 :I* !Y ELECT (FIC]S & MAKE O!R DECISIONS4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! ,ASAYI%1 !RE >E PEOPLE'S SELF-DEF5SE MILITIAS TO PROVIDE SECURITY FROM \TSIDE ?REATS 7E4G4 CURR5TLY ! ,ISLAMIC ,/ATE1 BUT ?IS C\LD ALSO 9CLUDE REGIONAL & /ATE GOV]NM5T =CES74 ,!SE MILITIAS ELECT !IR [N (FIC]S BUT >E DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE TO ! CANTON'S ,PEOPLE'S ,ASSEMBLY4 ,BO? ! ,ASAYI% & ! PEOPLE'S SELF-DEF5SE MILITIAS HAVE TWO ORGANIZATIONS3 ONE A FEMALE-ONLY GR\P & ! O!R CO$4 ,MILITIAS ?AT >E PROVID+ MUTUAL AID 9 ANO!R CANTON 7,ASAYI% >E = ! MO/ P>T =BIDD5 TO WORK 9 O!R CANTONS7 MU/ FOLL[ ?AT CANTON'S ,PEOPLE'S ,ASSEMBLY BUT CAN RETA9 !IR [N COMM&]S & UNITS4 ,9 TIMES ( PEACE1 ! CANTONS DO NOT MA9TA9 /&+ MILITIA S]VICE4 

,ROJAVA'S RELATION%IP ) ! ,SYRIAN /ATE IS YET TO BE TE/$4 ,! ,ROJAVA ,CANTON ,CONF$]ATION IS NOT SET UP AS A /ATE4 ,IT DRAWS 9/EAD ON ! IDEA ( DUAL P[]1 AN IDEA FIR/ \TL9$ BY ! ,FR5* AN>*I/ ,PR\DHON4 ,! ,K,C,C DESCRIB$ DUAL P[] AS 0A /RATEGY ( A*IEV+ A LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ ECONOMY & POLITICAL & SOCIAL AUTONOMY BY MEANS ( 9CREM5TALLY E/ABLI%+ & !N NETWORK+ 9/ITUTIONS ( DIRECT P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRACY0 TO CONTE/ ! EXI/+ AU?ORITY ( /ATE-CAPITALISM4 ,ROJAVA CURR5TLY HAS SET \T A PA? ( CO-EXI/5CE ) :ATEV] /ATE >ISES FROM ! ,SYRIAN CIVIL W> & TO ! CURR5T ALIGNM5T ( NEI<BOR+ /ATES 7NAMELY ,TURKEY1 ,IRAQ1 & ,IRAN7 ?AT 5COMPASS ,KURDI/AN4 ,PEOPLE 9 ,ROJAVA W\LD MA9TA9 !IR ,SYRIAN CITIZ5%IP & P>TICIPATE 9 ! ,SYRIAN /ATE SO LONG AS IT DOESN'T DIRECTLY CONTRADICT ! ,ROJAVA PR9CIPLES4 ,?IS UNEASY CO-EXI/5CE IS ! REASON ! CANTONS HAVE EXPLICITLY =BIDD5 NATIONAL FLAGS1 HAVE NOT CREAT$ A NEW CURR5CY1 A =EIGN M9I/RY1 OR NATIONAL PASSPORTS & ID5TITY PAP]S1 & :Y !Y DO NOT HAVE A /&+ >MY4 ,IT IS UNCLE> IF ! PEOPLE ( ,ROJAVA PLAN TO MA9TA9 ?IS RELATION%IP ) ! /ATE OR :AT W\LD HAPP5 9 CONFLICTUAL SITUATIONS4 

,ROJAVA IS NEI!R A /ATE NOR A PURE AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 ,IT IS AN AMBITI\S SOCIAL EXP]IM5T ?AT HAS REJECT$ ! S$UCTION ( /ATE P[] & NATIONALISM & HAS 9/EAD EMBRAC$ AUTONOMY1 DIRECT DEMOCRACY1 & DEC5TRALIZATION TO CREATE A FRE] SOCIETY = PEOPLE 9 ,ROJAVA4 ,! ,ROJAVA PR9CIPLES HAVE BORR[$ FROM AN>*ISM1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 & FEM9ISM 9 AN ATTEMPT TO *>T A SOCIETAL VISION ?AT EMPHASIZES ACC\NTABILITY & 9DEP5D5CE = A RADICALLY PLURALI/IC COMMUNITY4 ,IT IS UNCLE> :E!R ?IS EXP]IM5T WILL MOVE T[>DS GREAT] DEC5TRALIZATION ( ! K9D ,BOOK*9 SUGGE/S & ! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE IMPLEM5T$ OR IF IT WILL BECOME MORE C5TRALIZ$ & F$]AL AS1 HAPP5$ AFT] BO? ! ,RUSSIAN & ,SPANI% REVOLUTIONS4 ,:AT IS HAPP5+ RI<T N[ IS A HI/ORIC DEP>TURE FROM TRADITIONAL NATIONAL-LIB]ATION /RUGGLE & %\LD BE ( GREAT 9T]E/ TO ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS EV]Y:]E4 

,RADICAL ,PLURALISM 

,:ILE WE SEE ! ,ROJAVA REVOLUTION AS A ,KURDI% MOVEM5T1 WE %\LD NOT OV]LOOK ! DYNAMIC PLURALISM ( ! REGION & ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! PEOPLES ( ! ?REE CANTONS ?AT MAKE ( ! ,ROJAVA ,CONF$]ATION4 ,WE %\LD ALSO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! FACT ?AT ! ,KURDS !MSELVES >E NOT A HOMOG5\S PEOPLE1 BUT 9/EAD ONE MADE UP ( NUM]\S DI/9CT TRIBAL GR\PS & F\R RELIGIONS4 ,! ,KURDI% DIASPORA HAD F\ND NUM]\S ,KURDS1 9CLUD+ MANY ( ! ,KURD'S IDEOLOGICAL LEAD]S1 LIV+ 9 CITIES & ATT5D+ UNIV]SITIES ACROSS ,EUROPE4 ,?IS CULTURE EXPOSURE HELP$ 9/ILL A TOL]ANT & PLURALI/IC \TLOOK 9 ,KURDI/AN4 ,! ,ROJAVA ,PR9CIPLES NOT ONLY TALK AB\T PLURALISM & DIV]SITY 9 REG>DS TO E?NICITY & FAI?1 BUT HAVE CREAT$ ORGANIZ+ /RUCTURES TO MAXIMIZE !SE PR9CIPLES 9 PRACTICE4 

,! ,ROJAVA REGION IS DOM9AT$ BY ,KURDS1 ) >\ND #f#e.0 ( ! POPULATION ID5TIFY+ AS ,KURDI%4 ,! REMA9+ #c#e.0 IS MADE UP ( ,>ABS1 ,>M5IANS1 & ,ASSYRIANS4 ,!RE HAS BE5 IMMIGRATION ( BO? ,KURDS & NON-,KURDS TO ! REGION FROM W>-TORN >EAS ( ,SYRIA4 ,IT IS E/IMAT$ 7?\< ! NUMB]S >E V]Y UNRELIABLE7 ?AT OV] #b1 PEOPLE HAVE RELOCAT$ TO ,ROJAVA S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! W> FROM O!R P>TS ( ,SYRIA4 ,A SUB/ANTIAL NUMB] ( !SE NEW IMMIGRANTS BELONG TO RELIGI\S & E?NIC M9ORITIES FROM ,SYRIA & ,EA/]N ,IRAQ4 

,AS REG>DS RELIGION1 ! ,KURDS >E ! MO/ DIV]SE E?NICITY 9 ! REGION4 ,! MAJORITY ( ,KURDS 7#e#e-#f#e.07 >E ,SUNNI ,MUSLIMS1 BELONG+ TO ! ,%AFI SECT4 ,!RE >E ALSO ,MUSLIM ,KURDS :O FOLL[ ,%IA1 ,SUFI1 & ,ALAWI TRADITIONS4 ,!RE IS A SIZABLE NUMB] ( ,*RI/IAN ,KURDS1 MANY ( :OM IMMIGRAT$ TO ,ROJAVA AFT] ! />T ( ! W>4 ,YAZIDIS HAVE ALSO IMMIGRAT$ TO ,ROJAVA4 ,YAZIDIS >E A SYNCRETIC RELIGION ?AT HAS CONNECTIONS TO ,ZOROA/RIANISM1 ,JUDAISM1 & ,ISLAM4 ,A SMALL M9ORITY 9 ,ROJAVA FOLL[S A NEW =M ( ,ZOROA/RIANISM1 & !RE IS ALSO A V]Y SMALL POCKET ( ,KURDI% ,JEWS4 ,MO/ ( !SE RELIGI\S GR\PS TRADITIONALLY LIV$ 9 COMMUNITIES SIDE-BY-SIDE1 P>TIALLY DUE TO =C$ RESETTLEM5TS & SELF-EXILES1 & MANY EV5 %>$ RELIGI\S BUILD+S4 ,!RE IS A ALSO A HI< P]C5TAGE ( 9T]-FAI? M>RIAGES4 

,ROJAVA HAS EMBRAC$ ITS DIV]SITY & IS EXPLICIT AB\T ITS COMMITM5T TO PLURALISM4 ,!Y USE ! T]M RADICAL PLURALISM TO DESCRIBE H[ !IR APPROA* DIFF]S FROM ! EXTREME SECT>IANISM F\ND 9 MU* ( ! REGION4 ,!RE >E SPECIFIC LOCAL C\NCILS = EA* E?NIC GR\P & RELIGI\S ORGANIZATION4 ,91 ADDITION UPP] C\NCILS 7E4G4 ,CITY & ,REGIONAL ,C\NCILS7 HAVE E?NIC QUOTAS TO 5SURE ?AT ALL E?NIC GR\PS >E REPRES5T$4 ,A SIMIL> QUOTA SY/EM EXI/S 9 ALL M9I/RIES EXCEPT ! SPECIFIC E?NIC & RELIGI\S M9I/RIES4 ,! ,ROJAVA ,PR9CIPLES ALSO 5%R9E A NUMB] ( PROTECTIONS = E?NIC & RELIGI\S M9ORITIES 79CLUD+ ?OSE )\T ANY FAI?74 ,EV5 MILITIAS & SECURITY HAVE EXPLICIT PLURALI/IC *>ACT]I/ICS ) DIFF]5T E?NIC & RELIGI\S GR\PS WORK+ TOGE!R4 

,ROJAVA HAS /AK$ \T A NEW PA? ( PLURALISM ?AT DOESN'T CURR5TLY EXI/ ANY:]E ELSE 9 ! REGION4 ,ROJAVA HAS REJECT$ ! CALL ( SECUL>ISM1 LIKE ?AT ( ,TURKEY1 ?AT OPPRESSES RELIGI\S ORGANIZATIONS & PRACTITION]S 9 EX*ANGE = A PLURALI/IC SOCIETY1 BUT 9/EAD HAS SET ITSELF AS A SAFE HAV5 ( RESPECT & POLITICAL EMP[]M5T = E?NIC M9ORITIES 9 ! REGION4 

,FEM9ISM 9 ! ,ROJAVA ,REPUBLICS 

,KURDI% FEMALE FI<T]S HAVE REC5TLY BE5 0DISCOV]$0 & S5SATIONALIZ$ BY ,WE/]N M$IA -- EV5 FA%ION MAGAZ9ES HAVE 5T]$ ! FRAY4 ,BUT ?IS M$IA IS SIMPLY GLAM\RIZ+ FEMALE FI<T]S )\T PAY+ BUT LITTLE ATT5TION TO !IR POLITICS4 ,IT IS ALL TOO EASY TO FALL 9TO ! M$IA TRAP ( FETI%IZ+ ! FEMALE FI<T]S ( ! ALL-WOM5 ,WOM5'S ,SELF-,DEF5SE ,BRIGADES 7! ,Y,P,J7 & ! MIX$-G5D] ,G5]AL ,SELF-,DEF5SE ,BRIGADES 7! ,Y,P,G7 9 ,KURDI/AN )\T CONSID]+ ! IMPLICATIONS ( WOM5 *OOS+ TO BE FI<T]S 9 A V]Y PATRI>*AL SOCIETY4 ,! WOM5 :O >E FI<T+ 9 ,ROJAVA >E FI<T+ = !IR LIVES & !Y >E FI<T+ = !IR RI<TS AS WOM5 AGA9/ AN 5EMY ?AT RAPES & SELLS WOM5 AS SEX SLAVES4 ,BUT ?IS ISN'T A NEW ?+ -- WOM5 :O HAVE BE5 FI<T+ 9 ! REGION = DECADES4 ,9 FACT1 TRADITIONALLY1 HALF ! MEMB]S ( ! ,P,K,K HAVE BE5 WOM54 ,:AT IS NEW AB\T ! WOM5 COMBATANTS ( ,ROJAVA IS !IR EXPLICIT FEM9ISM1 A FEM9ISM ?AT HAS BECOME ONE ( ! F\ND+ PR9CIPLES ( ! ,ROJAVA EXP]IM5T4 ,KURDI% CULTURE IS G5]ALLY /RONGLY PATRI>*AL3 MALE DOM9ANCE IS PREVAL5T1 & >RANG$ & =C$ M>RIAGES >E COMMON4 ,! ,Y,P,J >E NOT ONLY FI<T+ AGA9/ ,I,S,I,S1 !Y >E FI<T+ = FEM9ISM & G5D] EQUALITY -- & !Y'RE DO+ IT ) IDEAS & BULLETS ALIKE4 

,! ,Y,P,J EXI/S AS A C\NT]PO9T TO ! ,Y,P,G4 ,WOM5 ( ,ROJAVA HOPE ?AT AT SOME PO9T ! ,Y,P,J WILL NO LONG] BE NECESS>Y1 BUT UNTIL ?AT PO9T IT WILL FUNCTION AS AN 5TIRELY-FEMALE =CE = BO? FI<T+ ,ROJAVA'S 5EMIES & RESOLV+ SOCIAL ISSUES4 ,! ,Y,P,J IS MEANT TO EV5TUALLY BECOME P>T ( ! ,Y,P,G1 BUT 9 A %[ ( IDEALI/IC PRAGMATISM1 ! ,K,C,K HAS DESIGNAT$ ?AT AT LEA/ = ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE ! ,Y,P,J AS AN EXCLUSIVELY FEMALE FI<T+ =CE WILL BE NE$$ TO BALANCE \T ! TRADITIONALLY MASCUL9E-ORI5T$ MILIT>ISM ( >M$ MILITIAS SU* AS ! ,Y,P,G 7OR ITS P>5T ORGANIZATION1 ! ,P,Y,D74 ,FUR!RMORE1 :ILE ! LEAD]%IP ( ALL GOV]N+ C\NCILS ( ! ,ROJAVA CANTONS >E M&AT$ TO BE COMPOS$ ( AT LEA/ #d.0 ( EI!R G5D]1 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,Y,P,G IS (T5 MORE LIKE #e-#f.0 WOM5 AS IT RECRUITS HEAVILY FROM ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,Y,P,J4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! ,Y,P,J MILITIA1 ! ALL-FEMALE SECURITY =CE ,ASAYI%-,J 7,ASAYI% BE+ ! ,KURDI% = 0,SECURITY07 IS ALONE RESPONSIBLE = CRIMES 9VOLV+ WOM51 *ILDR51 DOME/IC ABUSE1 & HATE CRIMES1 :ILE ALSO 9DEP5D5TLY OP]AT+ *ECKPO9TS & CONDUCT+ O!R FUNCTIONS ( ! 0/&>D0 ,ASAYI%4 

,( C\RSE1 ! ,Y,P,J CALLS TO M9D O!R ALL-FEMALE FI<T+ =CES -- P]HAPS MO/ FAM\SLY1 ! ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES ( ! ,SPANI% CIVIL W>4 ,?IS P>ALLEL IS BO? ACCURATE & DANG]\S1 AS ! ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES DID 9DE$ =M A FE>SOME FI<T+ =CE = ! 9H]5TLY RADICAL POLITICAL NOTION ( SEXUAL & G5D] EQUALITY1 BUT UN=TUNATELY !Y'VE ALSO BECOME AN IDEA ?AT MANY RADICALS HAVE PLAC$ ON A P$E/AL & EXALT$ )\T SEE+ ! ,FREE ,WOM5 ( ,SPA9 AS HUMAN4 ,WE MU/ NOT COMP\ND ?AT SAME MI/AKE ) ,ORI5TALISM :5 IT COMES TO FEM9ISM 9 ,ROJAVA2 !SE >E REAL PEOPLE RISK+ !IR LIVES = P[]FUL POLITICAL IDEAS4 ,!Y'RE NOT ! /ORYBOOK WOM5 ! M$IA C>ICATUR$ BY POPUL> M$IA AS 0BADASS10 0SEXY AMAZONS0 BECAUSE !Y HAVE TAK5 UP >MS4 

,ONE ( ! O!R WAYS ! ,ROJAVANS HAVE BE5 FI<T+ = ! RI<TS ( WOM5 9 ,KURDI/AN HAS BE5 ! CREATION ( ALL-WOM5'S H\SES RUN BY ! ,ASAYI%-,J4 ,!SE >E H\SES :]E ANY WOMAN OV] ! AGE ( #ae CAN GO & /AY = AS LONG AS !Y'D LIKE & RECEIVE FREE $UCATION1 & !N RETURN HOME 7IF !Y SO *OSE7 :5EV] !Y'D LIKE4 ,NO M5 >E ALL[$ 9 !SE H\SES1 SO AS TO PROTECT ! H\SES' 9TEGRITY & TO 5SURE ?AT ! WOM5 FEEL COM=TABLE & SECURE4 ,!RE >E CURR5TLY #c ( !SE C5T]S ACROSS ,ROJAVA4 ,& AS A RESPONSE TO SUICIDES CAUS$ BY =C$ M>RIAGE1 ! ,ASAYI%-,J RUNS A HOTL9E = WOM5 :I* (F]S EMOTIONAL & PHYSICAL SUPPORT AT ANY TIME4 

,FEM9ISM 9 ,ROJAVA TRANSC5DS JU/ ! ,Y,P,J & ! ,ASAYI%-,J & IS ONE ( ! ?REE F\ND+ PR9CIPLES ( ! ,ROJAVAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,SOCIETY1 AS 5VISION$ 9 ! ,ROJAVA ,PR9CIPLES1 MU/ BE SET ON A NEW PA? T[>DS FEM9ISM & SIMPLY DECL>+ SUPPORT = FEM9ISM IS NOT 5\<4 ,) ?IS 9 M9D1 FEM9ISM IS AN ESS5TIAL PRACTICE ( ALL SOCIAL 9T]ACTIONS 9 ! ?REE CANTONS1 & WOM5 >E CONSID]$ TRUE POLITICAL ACTORS ) G5U9E AG5CY -- :I* IS REVOLUTION>Y 9 & ( ITSELF4 

,A ,PEOPLE'S ,ECONOMY 

,! ,ROJAVA REVOLUTION'S ECONOMIC PLAN IS CALL$ A 0,PEOPLE'S ,ECONOMY0 TO DIFF]5TIATE IT FROM TRADITIONAL M>KET & SOCIALI/ 7I4E4 /ATE7 ECONOMIES4 ,BUT ?\< IT POSITS ITSELF AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! DUALISM ( CAPITALISM & COMMUNISM1 IT IS REALLY NOT A FULLY =M$ MODEL AS ( YET4 ,!RE >E ?REE MAJOR CONCEPTS 9 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,ECONOMY3 COMMONS1 PRIVATE PROP]TY BAS$ ON USE1 & WORK]-ADM9I/]$ BUS9ESSES4 ,! ,ROJAVA ECONOMIC EXP]IM5T IS LESS AN IMPLEM5TATION ( A S+LE CONCEPT ?AN A JURY-RIGG$ SY/EM ?AT MU/ RESPOND TO ! NE$S ( A W> & A CRIPPL+ ECONOMIC EMB>GO4 

,9 #b#a1 A YE> BE=E ! ,>AB ,SPR+ EXPLOD$ 9 ,SYRIA1 ! ,ROJAVA REGION PROVID$ OV] #d.0 ( ! C\NTRY'S ,G,N,P & #g.0 ( ITS EXPORTS DESPITE ONLY AB\T #a#g.0 ( ,SYRIA'S POPULATION LIV+ 9 ! REGION4 ,& YET PEOPLE 9 ,ROJAVA MADE WELL BEL[ ! M$IAN 9COME ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! ,ROJAVA REGION SITS ON ! FAM\S ,MESOPOTAMIAN ,PLA91 BETWE5 ! ,EUPHRATES & ,TIGRIS RIV]S1 & IS ! OLDE/ AGRICULTURAL C5T] 9 ! WORLD4 ,UNTIL #b#a#a1 NOR!RN ,SYRIA EXPORT$ GRA91 COTTON1 & MEAT TO ITS NEI<BORS & ,EUROPE & WAS ! C\NTRY'S L>GE/ PRODUC] ( OIL4 ,PL5TIFUL WAT] FROM ! REGION'S RIV]S ALL[$ = CEM5T FACTORIES & O!R M$IUM 9DU/RIAL PLANTS TO BE BUILT 9 ! >EA 9 ! #a#i#gS & #a#i#hS4 ,H[EV]1 S9CE ! />T ( ! ,SYRIAN CIVIL W>1 ! 9FRA/RUCTURE REQUIR$ TO SUPPORT !SE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES HAS BE5 FALL+ AP>T4 ,P[]1 COMMUNICATIONS1 ROADS1 & RAILWAYS HAVE ALL BE5 S]I\SLY COMPROMIS$4 ,FAIL$ 9FRA/RUCTURE1 CON/ANT W>1 & A /RICTLY-5=C$ EMB>GO 7MO/ NOTABLY BY ,TURKEY1 :I* %>ES ,ROJAVA'S ONLY /ABLE BORD]71 HAVE RU9$ ! TRADITIONAL ECONOMY ( ! >EA4 ,9 #b#a#b1 ! ,P,Y,D LAUN*$ :AT IT ORIG9ALLY CALL$ ! ,SOCIAL ,ECONOMY ,PLAN1 :I* W\LD LAT] BE R5AM$ ! ,PEOPLE'S ,ECONOMY ,PLAN 7,P,E,P74 ,! ,P,E,P WAS BAS$ ON ! WRIT+S ( ,OCALAN & ! LIV$ EXP]I5CES ( ,KURDS 9 ,NOR? ,KURDI/AN 7S\!RN ,TURKEY74 

,TRADITIONAL 0PRIVATE PROP]TY0 WAS ABOLI%$ 9 LATE #b#a#b1 MEAN+ ALL BUILD+S1 L&1 & 9FRA/RUCTURE FELL UND] CONTROL ( ! V>I\S CITY C\NCILS4 ,?IS DID NOT MEAN PEOPLE NO LONG] [N$ !IR HOMES OR BUS9ESSES1 H[EV]4 ,! C\NCILS IMPLEM5T$ AN 0[N]%IP BY USE0 SOV]EIGN PR9CIPLE1 A PR9CIPLE ?AT C\LD NOT BE OV]TURN$ BY ANY C\NCIL4 ,[N]%IP BY USE MEANS ?AT :5 A BUILD+ LIKE A HOME OR A BUS9ESS IS BE+ US$ BY A P]SON OR P]SONS1 ! US]S W\LD 9 FACT [N ! L& & /RUCTURES BUT W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO SELL !M ON AN OP5 M>KET4 ,OCALAN WROTE ?AT USE [N]%IP IS :AT PREV5TS SPECULATION & CAPITAL ACCUMULATION :I* 9 TURN LEADS TO EXPLOITATION4 ,ASIDE FROM PROP]TY [N$ BY USE1 9 PR9CIPLE ANY O!R PROP]TY W\LD BECOME COMMONS4 ,?IS ABOLI%+ ( PRIVATE PROP]TY DID NOT EXT5D TO COMMODITIES LIKE AUTOMOBILES1 MA*9ES1 ELECTRONICS1 FURNITURE1 ETC4 BUT WAS LIMIT$ TO L&1 9FRA/RUCTURE1 & /RUCTURES4 

,! COMMONS 5COMPASSES L&1 9FRA/RUCTURE1 & BUILD+S NOT [N$ BY 9DIVIDUALS BUT HELD 9 /EW>D%IP BY ! C\NCILS4 ,C\NCILS CAN TURN OV] !SE PUBLIC GOODS TO 9DIVIDUALS TO BE US$4 ,COMMONS >E CONCEIV$ ( AS A WAY TO PROVIDE BO? A SAFETY NET = ?OSE )\T RES\RCES & A WAY TO MAXIMIZE USE ( ! MAT]IAL RES\RCES ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,COMMONS ALSO 9CLUDE ! ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS ( ! REGION 9CLUD+ WAT]1 P>KS1 WILDLIFE & WILD]NESS1 & EV5 MO/ LIVE/OCK4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,DR4 ,AHMAD ,Y\SEF1 AN ECONOMIC CO-M9I/]1 ?REE-QU>T]S ( TRADITIONAL PRIVATE PROP]TY IS BE+ US$ AS COMMONS & ONE QU>T] IS /ILL BE+ [N$ BY USE ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! ,P,E,P POSITS ?AT ! COMMONS >E ROBU/ 5\< ECONOMICALLY ?AT !RE IS NO NE$ = TAXES1 & S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,ROJAVA REVOLUTION !RE HAVE BE5 NO TAXES ( ANY TYPE4 

,WORK] ADM9I/RATION IS ! ?IRD LEG ( ! /OOL ( ! ECONOMIC PLAN4 ,WORK]S >E TO CONTROL ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION 9 !IR WORKPLACE ?R\< WORK] C\NCILS ?AT >E RESPONSIBLE TO ! LOCAL C\NCILS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,M9I/RY ( ,ECONOMICS1 WORK] C\NCILS HAVE ONLY BE5 SET UP = AB\T ONE ?IRD ( ! 5T]PRISES 9 ,ROJAVA SO F>4 ,WORK] C\NCILS >E COORD9AT$ BY ! V>I\S ECONOMIC M9I/RIES & LOCAL C\NCILS TO ASSURE A SMOO? FL[ ( GOODS1 SUPPLIES1 & O!R ESS5TIALS4 

,! ,P,E,P ALSO CALLS = ALL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 9 ! CANTONS TO BE ECOLOGICALLY S\ND4 ,IT IS UNCLE> :O HAS RESPONSIBILITY = ?IS1 :E!R IT IS ! WORK]S' C\NCILS1 ! LOCAL C\NCILS1 ! ,CITY ,C\NCILS1 OR ! ,PEOPLES' ASSEMBLIES4 ,?R\<\T ! V>I\S /ATEM5TS FROM ! ECONOMIC M9I/RIES1 ONE SEES M5TION OV] & OV] AGA9 AB\T ! PRIMACY ( ECOLOGICALLY S5SIBLE 9DU/RY -- BUT DETAILS >E LACK+4 

,! ,P,E,P IS ALSO VAGUE :5 IT COMES TO ITS RELATION%IP ) O!R ECONOMIES 9SIDE & \TSIDE ( ,SYRIA4 ,A SUB/ANTIAL AM\NT ( ! CURR5T ECONOMIC ACTIVITY 9 ! REGION COMES FROM BLACK M>KET OIL BE+ SOLD \TSIDE ! REGION4 ,9 ,AUTUMN1 #b#a#d1 REPRES5TATIVES ( ,ROJAVA TRAVEL$ >\ND ,EUROPE LOOK+ TO CREATE 0TRAD+ P>TN]S0 & SEEM$ TO BE SUGGE/+ A /&>D FREE M>KET POLICY1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME ELIM9AT+ BANKS & O!R F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS 9SIDE ,ROJAVA4 ,! ,ROJAVA CANTON PR9CIPLES ALSO CLE>LY /ATE ?AT ! REGION WILL NOT PRODUCE ITS [N MONEY OR BONDS1 SO IT IS UNCLE> H[ SU* TRAD+ RELATION%IPS BETWE5 O!R GOV]NM5TS W\LD ACTUALLY COME TO PASS EV5 IF ! EMB>GO IS LIFT$4 

,! /R5G? ( ! ,P,E,P SEEMS TO BE 9 H[ IT HUMANIZES ECONOMICS = LOCAL PEOPLE4 ,IT A*IEVES ?IS BY BO? HAV+ COMMONS AVAILABLE TO ! COMMUNITY TO PROVIDE = ?OSE 9 NE$ & BY CREAT+ SMALL-SCALE LIMIT$ [N]%IP TO PROMOTE & MEET LOCAL NE$S & M>KETS4 ,WORK] ADM9I/RATION 9CREASES & EXP&S P>TICIPATION 9 ! LOCAL ECONOMY & MAKES ! ECONOMY MORE ACC\NTABLE TO ?OSE DIRECTLY AFFECT$ BY IT4 ,! ,P,E,P SEEKS TO CREATE A SELF-SUFFICI5CY ?AT IS ALIGN$ ) ECOLOGICAL /EW>D%IP ?AT ACTUALLY PUTS PEOPLE & ! PLANET BE=E PR(ITS4 ,9 %ORT1 ! ,P,E,P IS TRY+ TO CREATE LOCALIZ$ P>TICIPATORY ECONOMICS TO MAT* ! LOCALIZ$ P>TICIPATORY GOV]NANCE4 

,ROJAVA ,CAN'T ,WAIT & ,NEI!R ,CAN ,WE 

,RADICALS 9 ! ,WE/ HAVE BE5 MO/LY SIL5T AS REG>DS ! ,ROJAVA ,REVOLUTION1 & WE F9D \RSELVES 9 A /RANGE SITUATION :]E ! MA9/REAM M$IA SEEMS MORE 9T]E/$ 9 !SE EV5TS ?AN WE >E4 ,!RE >E ( C\RSE A NUMB] ( REASONS1 & EXCUSES1 = ?IS LACK ( 9T]E/ 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y EXP]IM5T GO+ ON 9 ,NOR!RN ,SYRIA4 

,! MO/ COMMONLY VOIC$ OBJECTION ON ! ,LEFT TO SUPPORT+ ! ,ROJAVA REVOLUTION IS ?AT ITS MOTIVES >E UNCLE> OR SUSPECT4 ,AN>*I/S HAVE A LONG HI/ORY ( SEE+ POPUL> REVOLUTIONS 9 O!R PLACES BE+ NEUT]$ BY LIB]AL ELEM5TS OR EV5 HIJACK$ BY ,LEFTI/ AU?ORIT>IAN GR\PS4 ,MANY ON ! ,LEFT >E CONC]N$ BY ! ROLE ! ,P,K,K & ITS PROXIES PLAY 9 ?IS REVOLUTION4 ,! ,P,K,K HAD A ?IRTY-YE> HI/ORY ( UNWAV]+ SUPPORT = A ,/AL9I/_/,MAOI/ IDEOLOGY & PRACTICE ?AT HAS RI<TFULLY ALI5AT$ MU* ( ! LIB]T>IAN ,LEFT 9 ! ,WE/4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ! ,P,K,K'S H>DL9E AU?ORIT>IANISM & !IR SECT>IAN T5D5CY TO VIOL5TLY SIL5CE ANY DISS5T AMONG RADICALS 9 ,KURDI/AN HAS RI<TFULLY SE5 SUPPORT = ! ,P,K,K DRY UP 9 ,EUROPE & 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,BUT = MORE ?AN A DECADE N[1 S9CE ,OCALAN HAS BE5 JAIL$1 ! ,P,K,K HAS BE5 CLAIM+ A MORE AN>*I/IC ORGANIZ+ MODEL & HAVE S9CE WORK$ ) A NUMB] ( O!R RADICAL GR\PS4 ,MORE IMPORTANTLY1 ,ROJAVA1 :I* HAS A /RONG ,P,K,K PROXY PRES5CE ?R\< ! ,P,Y,D1 HAS NOT ONLY REJECT$ AU?ORIT>IANISM 9 WORDS & WRIT+S BUT MORE OBVI\SLY 9 PRACTICE4 ,EV5 IF ONE REMA9S SKEPTICAL ( ! ,P,K,K & ,P,Y,D1 ! FACT ?AT CURR5TLY !RE IS NO?+ AU?ORIT>IAN OR SECT>IAN 9 ! POLITICAL /RUCTURES ( ,ROJAVA %\LD GIVE ! ,WE/ SOME CAUSE TO HOLD !IR SKEPTICISM4 

,:E!R ?IS IS BECAUSE ! ,P,K,K HAS *ANG$ ( ITS [N VOLITION OR BECAUSE IT WAS =C$ TO *ANGE BY ! PEOPLE DOESN'T REALLY MATT]4 ,! ONLY QUE/ION 9 ?IS REG>D IS H[ IS ! REVOLUTION IS BE+ MANIFE/$ 9 WORDS & ACTIONS1 & :E!R !SE ACTIONS & WORDS >E AU?ORIT>IAN OR SECT>IAN4 ,ANY S9C]E ANALYSIS ( ! PA/ TWO YE>S 9 ,ROJAVA %[S AN HONE/ COMMITM5T TO PLURALI/IC & DEC5TRALIZ$ IDEAS1 WORDS1 & PRACTICE4 ,! ,P,K,K'S SKET*Y PA/ MAKES IT ?AT MORE 9CUMB5T ON ,WE/]N REVOLUTION>IES & AN>*I/S TO SUPPORT ! ,ROJAVA REVOLUTION N[4 ,IF ! ,P,K,K HAS NOT REALLY *ANG$1 !N WE NE$ TO SUPPORT & BUTTRESS :]E WE CAN ! IDEOLOGY ( ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANISM & RADICAL DEC5TRALIZATION TO AVOID ANY COMPROMISE ( ! CURR5T REVOLUTION BY ! ,P,K,K OR ANY O!R AU?ORIT>IANS ( ! LEFT4 ,& IF ! ,P,K,K HAS *ANG$1 !N ALL ! MORE REASON TO SUPPORT A POLITICAL PROJECT ?AT IS AU!NTICALLY RADICAL & LIB]ATORY4 

,MANY ( US >E RI<TFULLY CONFUS$ BY ! COMPLEXITIES ( ! ,KURDI% /RUGGLE & ! POLITICS ( ! REGION4 ,?IS IS UND]/&ABLE1 BUT COMPLEXITY %\LD NOT BE AN EXCUSE = US )HOLD+ SOLID>ITY & SUPPORT4 ,EV]Y DAY !RE >E NEW RES\RCES 79CLUD+ ?IS SMALL BOOK7 ?AT EXPLA9 ! COMPLEX HI/ORY NOT ONLY ( ! LONG ,KURDI% /RUGGLE BUT ALSO ?AT ( ! 5TIRE REGION4 ,WE CAN LE>N AB\T IT4 ,?IS HAS BE5 DONE BE=E4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ! ,PALE/9IAN /RUGGLE IS ALSO EXTREMELY COMPLEX & NUANC$ BUT ! RADICAL LEFT HAS TAK5 IT UPON ITSELF TO MAKE ! /RUGGLE UND]/&ABLE4 ,WE MU/ $UCATE \RSELVES & O!RS ON ! ,KURDI% /RUGGLE & ?AT 9 ,ROJAVA 9 P>TICUL> 9/EAD ( )DRAW+ FROM ?IS HI/ORIC SITUATION OR WAIT+ = O!RS1 :O DO NOT %>E \R POLITICS OR ! POLITICS ( ! ,ROJAVA REVOLUTION1 TO EXPLA9 IT TO US4 

,!RE >E MANY RADICALS SUSPICI\S ( ! ,KURDS1 & BY EXT5SION ( ,ROJAVA1 BECAUSE ( ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T'S MILIT>Y SUPPORT ( ! ,Y,P,G_/,Y,P,J FI<T]S4 ,! ,U,S HAS US$ ,KURDI% FI<T]S AS PROXIES = ! PA/ TW5TY YE>S 9 V>I\S CONFLICTS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/4 ,!RE IS A CONC]N ?AT ,ROJAVA IS OR WILL BECOME A PUPPET /ATE ( ,U,S 9T]E/S 9 ! REGION1 SOME?+ MO/ ,U,S RADICALS W\LD NOT BE WILL+ TO SUPPORT4 ,BUT SUPPORT = ! ANTI-CAPITALI/ & ANTI-/ATE REVOLUTION 9 ,ROJAVA CAN H>DLY BE SE5 AS IMPLICIT SUPPORT = ,U,S POLITICAL 9T]E/S ABROAD4 ,IT SEEMS CLE> ?AT ! ,U,S' CURR5T SUPPORT ( ,ROJAVA IS SIMPLY A MATT] ( PRAGMATISM TO FUR!R !IR ATTEMPT TO 0DEGRADE0 ,I,S,I,S4 ,! ,ROJAVA REVOLUTION IS NOT SPECIFICALLY ANTI-,AM]ICAN1 BUT IT IS EXPLICITLY ANTI-CAPITALI/ & ANTI-/ATE1 :I* IS SOME?+ WE CAN & %\LD FULLY SUPPORT4 ,TO IGNORE !SE FACTS IS TO PLAY ! SAME ESS5TIALI/ GAME ?AT SO (T5 CON/RICTS ,WE/]N RADICALS TO FIELDS ( ACADEMIA & !ORY4 

,! GEOGRAPHICAL DI/ANCE & ISOLATION1 ALONG ) A LACK ( ANY SIZABLE ,KURDI% IMMIGRANT POPULATION 9 ! ,U,S1 HAS MADE FACE-TO-FACE CONNECTIONS DIFFICULT1 ?US =C+ MO/ PEOPLE TO RELY ON MA9/REAM M$IA = 9=MATION AB\T ! REGION4 ,:ILE IT IS ABSOLUTELY TRUE ?AT IT IS EASI] = RADICALS TO TRAVEL TO ,*IAPAS1 ,GREECE1 ,PALE/9E1 OR ,F]GUSON ?AN TO NOR!RN ,SYRIA1 WE %\LD NOT LET ?AT PO/PONE \R SUPPORT & SOLID>ITY4 ,O!R MEANS ( COMMUNICATIONS HAVE ALSO BE5 COMPROMIS$ BECAUSE ( ! ,SYRIAN ,GOV]NM5T & ! CIVIL W>4 ,DUR+ ! ,>AB SPR+ ! ,SYRIAN GOV]NM5T SEV]ELY LIMIT$ ! 9T]NET1 GO+ SO F> AS TO ACTUALLY CUT CABLE L9ES1 & ! CIVIL W> HAS S9CE MADE 9T]NET EXTREMELY PREC>I\S 9 ! REGION4 ,! EMB>GO & ! CLOS+ ( ! ,TURKI%_/,SYRIAN BORD] BY ! ,TURKI% MILIT>Y HAS ALSO SEV]ELY LIMIT$ BO? TRAVEL & ! FL[ ( 9=MATION4 ,?IS GEOGRAPHIC & 9=MATIONAL ISOLATION HAS UND\BT$LY RET>D$ SOME SUPPORT FROM ! ,WE/'S RADICAL COMMUNITIES4 ,BUT ,MEXICO1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & ,ISRAEL HAVE ALL TRI$ SOME V]SIONS ( !SE REPREH5SIBLE TACTICS BE=E1 9 !IR ATTEMPTS TO SUPPRESS SUPPORT = O!R /RUGGLES1 & ?AT DIDN'T /OP US !N4 ,& IF ! DANG] IS GREAT] 9 ,ROJAVA1 !N SO TOO IS ! NECESSITY ( \R SUPPORT4 ,EV]Y WEEK ACTIVI/S 9 ,ROJAVA & ELSE:]E >E OP5+ UP *ANNELS ( COMMUNICATIONS ?AT WE %\LD BE ACTIVELY 5GAG$ 94 

,!RE >E NUM]\S EXCUSES = :Y RADICALS 9 ! ,U,S MI<T WI% TO WAIT TO SUPPORT ! REVOLUTION 9 ,ROJAVA1 BUT WE CAN'T AF=D TO WAIT4 ,:ILE IT IS OBVI\S ! BRAVE REVOLUTION>IES ( ,ROJAVA C\LD USE \R SUPPORT N[1 WE ALSO NE$ ! ,ROJAVA REVOLUTION = \R [N WORK H]E 9 ! ,WE/4 ,REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS 9 ! ,WE/ HAVE BE5 WAIT+ F> TOO LONG = AN 9FUSION ( NEW IDEAS & PRACTICES1 & ! ,ROJAVAN ,REVOLUTION 9 ALL ( ITS FACETS IS SOME?+ WE %\LD SUPPORT IF WE TAKE \R [N POLITICS AT ALL S]I\SLY4 ,! PEOPLE ( ,ROJAVA CANNOT WAIT = \R SUPPORT1 & SO TOO CAN WE NOT WAIT = ! SELECTIVE SAFETY ( H9DSI<T TO ANALYZE ! REVOLUTION N[ UNFOLD+4 ,! PEOPLE ( ,ROJAVA HAVE *OS5 TO FI<T1 & SO MU/ WE4 

,?IS TEXT IS AN EXC]PT FROM \R BOOK ,A ,SMALL ,KEY ,CAN ,OP5 ,A ,L>GE ,DOOR4 ,! FULL BOOK COLLECTS ?IS 9TRODUCTION TOGE!R ) NUM]\S 9T]VIEWS1 PUBLIC /ATEM5TS1 FIR/H& ACC\NTS1 & O!R >TICLES ?AT HELP GIVE CONTEXT TO ! /RUGGLE 9 ,ROJAVA4 ,! BOOK IS AVAILABLE FROM ,COMBU/ION ,BOOKS1 ITS DI/RIBUTOR ,A,K ,PRESS1 & MAJOR BOOK RETAIL]S & DI/RIBUTORS4 

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,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,A ,M\NTA9 ,RIV] ,HAS ,MANY ,B5DS -- ,UPDAT$4 

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