,A ,LETT] TO ,RUSSIAN ,LIB]ALS 

#ahif 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TAGS 3 RI<TS ( A MEMB] ( P>LIAM5T1 /&+ UP = ONE'S RI<TS1 REPRES5TATIVES ( ! RUSSIAN PEOPLE1 RI<TS AS A MAN1 5LI<T5$ & HONE/ PEOPLE1 MEMB] ( P>LIAM5T1 DIGNITY AS M51 5LI<T5$ & HONE/1 /ATE ( SIEGE1 COMMITTEES & CONGRESSES4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,SUZANNE ,NEUBAU]1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,I %\LD BE V]Y GLAD TO JO9 Y\ & Y\R ASSOCIATES -- :OSE WORK ,I KN[ & APPRECIATE -- 9 /&+ UP = ! RI<TS ( ! ,LIT]ATURE ,COMMITTEE & OPPOS+ ! 5EMIES ( POPUL> $UCATION4 ,BUT 9 ! SPH]E 9 :I* Y\ >E WORK+ ,I SEE NO WAY TO RESI/ !M4 

,MY ONLY CONSOLATION IS ?AT ,I1 TOO1 AM CON/ANTLY 5GAG$ 9 /RUGGL+ AGA9/ ! SAME 5EMIES ( 5LI<T5M5T1 ?\< 9 ANO!R MANN]4 

,CONC]N+ ! SPECIAL QUE/ION ) :I* Y\ >E PREOCCUPI$1 ,I ?9K ?AT 9 PLACE ( ! ,LIT]ATURE ,COMMITTEE :I* HAS BE5 PROHIBIT$1 A NUMB] ( O!R ,LIT]ATURE ,ASSOCIATIONS TO PURSUE ! SAME OBJECTS %\LD BE =M$ )\T CONSULT+ ! ,GOV]NM5T & )\T ASK+ P]MISSION FROM ANY C5SOR4 ,LET ,GOV]NM5T1 IF IT LIKES1 PROSECUTE !SE ,LIT]ATURE ,ASSOCIATIONS1 PUNI% ! MEMB]S1 BANI% !M1 ETC4 ,IF ! ,GOV]NM5T DOES ?AT1 IT WILL M]ELY CAUSE PEOPLE TO ATTA* SPECIAL IMPORTANCE TO GOOD BOOKS & TO LIBR>IES1 & IT WILL /R5G!N ! TR5D T[>DS 5LI<T5M5T4 

,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT IT IS N[ SPECIALLY IMPORTANT TO DO :AT IS RI<T QUIETLY & P]SI/5TLY NOT ONLY )\T ASK+ P]MISSION FROM ,GOV]NM5T1 BUT CONSCI\SLY AVOID+ ITS P>TICIPATION4 ,! /R5G? ( ! ,GOV]NM5T LIES 9 ! PEOPLE'S IGNORANCE1 & ! ,GOV]NM5T KN[S ?IS1 & WILL !RE=E ALWAYS OPPOSE TRUE 5LI<T5M5T4 ,IT IS TIME WE REALIZ$ AT FACT4 ,& IT IS MO/ UNDESIRABLE TO LET ! ,GOV]NM5T1 :ILE IT IS SPREAD+ D>KNESS1 PRET5D TO BE BUSY ) ! 5LI<T5M5T ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT IS DO+ ?IS N[ BY MEANS ( ALL SORTS ( PSEUDO-$UCATIONAL E/ABLI%M5TS :I* IT CONTROLS3 S*OOLS1 HI<-S*OOLS1 UNIV]SITIES1 ACADEMIES1 & ALL K9DS ( COMMITTEES & CONGRESSES4 ,BUT GOOD IS GOOD1 & 5LI<T5M5T IS 5LI<T5M5T1 ONLY :5 IT IS QUITE GOOD & QUITE 5LI<T5$1 & NOT :5 IT IS TON$ D[N TO MEET ! REQUIREM5TS ( ,DELYF9(S OR ,D\RANO'S CIRCUL>S4 ,& ,I AM EXTREMELY SORRY :5 ,I SEE VALUABLE1 DIS9T]E/$1 & SELF-SACRIFIC+ EF=TS SP5T UNPR(ITABLY4 ,IT IS /RANGE TO SEE GOOD1 WISE PEOPLE SP5D+ !IR /R5G? 9 A /RUGGLE AGA9/ /RUGGLE ON ! BASIS ( ,GOV]NM5T1 BUT C>RY+ ON ?AT :ATEV] LAWS ! ,GOV]NM5T ITSELF LIKES TO MAKE4 ,?IS IS H[ ! MATT] APPE>S TO ME3 ,!RE >E PEOPLE 7WE \RSELVES >E SU*7 :O REALIZE ?AT \R ,GOV]NM5T IS V]Y BAD1 & :O /RUGGLE AGA9/ IT4 ,FROM BE=E ! DAYS ( ,RADI/*EF & ! ,DECEMBRI/S !RE HAVE BE5 TWO WAYS ( C>RY+ ON !4 /RUGGLE4 ,ONE WAY IS ?AT ( ,/5KA ,RAZ91 ,P\GAT*EF ! ,DECEMBRI/S1 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y >TY ( ! 'SIXTIES1 ! ,T]RORI/S ( ,M>* #a1 & O!RS ,! O!R WAY IS ?AT :I* IS PREA*$ & PRACTIC$ BY Y\1 ! ME?OD ( ! ',GRADUALI/S1' :I* CONSI/S 9 C>RY+ ON ! /RUGGLE )\T VIOL5CE & )9 ! LIMITS ( ! LAW1 CONQU]+ CON/ITUTIONAL RI<TS BIT BY BIT4 

,)9 MY MEMORY BO? !SE ME?ODS HAVE BE5 EMPLOY$ UNREMITT+LY = MORE ?AN HALF A C5TURY1 & YET ! /ATE ( ?+S GR[S WORSE & WORSE4 ,EV5 SU* SIGNS ( IMPROVEM5T AS DO %[ !MSELVES HAVE COME NOT FROM EI!R ( !SE K9DS ( ACTIVITY1 BUT FROM CAUSES ( :I* ,I WILL SPEAK LAT] ON & 9 SPITE ( ! H>M DONE BY !SE TWO K9DS ( ACTIVITY4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! P[] AGA9/ :I* WE /RUGGLE GR[S EV] GREAT]1 /RONG]1 & MORE 9SOL5T4 ,! LA/ GLEAMS ( SELF-GOV]NM5T-,LOCAL ,GOV]NM5T1 PUBLIC TRIAL1 Y\R ,LIT]ATURE ,COMMITTEE1 ETC ETC4 ->E ALL BE+ DONE AWAY )4 

,N[ ?AT BO? ME?ODS HAVE BE5 TRI$ )\T EFFECT = SO LONG A TIME1 WE MAY1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 SEE CLE>LY ?AT NEI!R ! ONE NOR ! O!R WILL DO1 & SEE ALSO :Y ?IS IS SO4 ,TO ME1 AT LEA/41 :O HAVE ALWAYS DISLIK$ \R ,GOV]NM5T1 BUT HAVE NEV] ADOPT$ EI!R ( ! ABOVE ME?ODS ( RESI/+ IT1 ! DEFECTS ( BO? ME?ODS >E APP>5T4 

,! FIR/ ME?OD IS UNSATISFACTORY1 BECAUSE EV5 C\LD AN ATTEMPT TO ALT] ! EXI/+ REGIME BY VIOL5T MEANS SUCCE$1 !RE W\LD BE NO GU>ANTEE ?AT ! NEW ORGANIZATION W\LD BE DURABLE1 & ?AT ! 5EMIES ( ?AT NEW ORD] W\LD NOT1 AT SOME CONV5I5T OPPORTUNITY1 TRIUMPH1 BY US+ VIOL5CE SU* AS HAD BE5 US$ AGA9/ !M1 AS HAS HAPP5$ OV] & OV] AGA9 9 ,FRANCE & :]EV] ELSE !RE HAVE BE5 REVOLUTIONS4 ,& SO ! NEW ORD] ( ?+S1 E/ABLI%$ BY VIOL5CE W\LD HAVE CONT9UALLY TO BE SUPPORT$ BY VIOL5CE-I4E41 BY WRONG-DO+- ,&1 CONSEQU5TLY1 IT W\LD 9EVITABLY1 & V]Y QUICKLY1 BE VITIAT$1 LIKE ! ORD] IT REPLAC$4 ,& 9 CASE ( FAILURE ! VIOL5CE ,( ! ,REVOLUTIONI/S ONLY /R5G!NS ! ORD] ( ?+S !Y /RIVE AGA9/ 7AS HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! CASE41 9 \R ,RUSSIAN EXP]I5CE1 FROM ,P\GAT*EF'S REBELLION TO ! ATTEMPT ( ,M>* #a71 = IT DRIVES ! :OLE CR[D ( UNDECID$ PEOPLE- :O /& WAV]+ BETWE5 ! TWO P>TIES-9TO ! CAMP ( ! CONS]VATIVE & RETROGRADE P>TY4 ,SO ,I ?9K ?AT1 GUID$ BO? BY REASON & EXP]I5CE1 WE MAY BOLDLY SAY ?AT ?IS MEANS1 BESIDES BE+ IMMORAL1 IS IRRATIONAL & 9EFFECTUAL 

,! O!R ME?OD IS1 9 MY OP9ION1 EV5 LESS EFFECTUAL OR RATIONAL4 ,IT IS 9EFFECTUAL & IRRATIONAL BECAUSE ,GOV]NM5T- HOLD+ 9 ITS GRASP ! :OLE P[] 7! >MY1 ! ADM9I/RATION1 ! ,*UR*1 ! S*OOLS1 & ! POLICE71 & FRAM+ :AT >E CALL$ ! LAWS ON ! BASIS ( :I* ! ,LIB]ALS WI% TO RESI/ IT- ?IS ,GOV]NM5T KN[S V]Y WELL :AT IS REALLY DANG]\S TO IT4 & WILL NEV] LET PEOPLE :O SUBMIT TO IT & ACT UND] ITS GUIDANCE DO ANY?+ ?AT WILL UND]M9E ITS AU?ORITY4 ,= 9/ANCE TAKE ! CUE BE=E US3 A ,GOV]NM5T SU* AS \RS1 OR ANY O!R :I* RE/S ON ! IGNORANCE ( ! PEOPLE4 WILL NEV] CONS5T TO !IR BE+ REALLY 5LI<T5$4 IT WILL SANCTION ALL K9DS ( PSEUDO-$UCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS CONTROLL$ BY ITSELF- S*OOLS1 HI< S*OOLS1 UNIV]SITIES1 ACADEMIES1 & ALL K9DS ( COMMITTEES & CONGRESSES1 & PUBLICATIONS SANCTION$ BY ! C5SOR- SO LONG AS !SE ORGANIZATIONS & PUBLICATIONS S]VE ITS PURPOSE- ?AT IS1 /UPEFY ! PEOPLE1 OR AT LEA/ DO NOT H9D] !IR /UPEFACTION4 ,BUT AS SOON AS ?OSE ORGANIZATIONS OR PUBLICATIONS ATTEMPT TO CURE ?AT ON :I* ! P[] ( ,GOV]NM5T RE/S 7NAMELY1 ! BL9DNESS ( ! PEOPLE71 ! ,GOV]NM5T WILL SIMPLY1 & )\T R5D]+ ANY ACC\NT TO ANYONE1 OR SAY+ :Y IT ACTS SO & NOT O!RWISE1 PRON\NCE ITS VETO1 & WILL RE>RANGE OR CLOSE ! E/ABLI%M5TS & ORGANIZATIONS1 & =BID ! PUBLICATIONS4 ,& !RE=E1 AS BO? REASON & EXP]I5CE CLE>LY %[1 SU* AN ILLUSORY1 GRADUAL CONQUE/ ( RI<TS IS A SELF-DECEPTION :I* SUITS ! ,GOV]NM5T ADMIRABLY1 & :I* IT1 !RE=E4 IS EV5 READY TO 5C\RAGE4 

,BUT NOT ONLY IS ?IS ACTIVITY IRRATIONAL & 9EFFECTUAL1 IT IS ALSO H>MFUL4 ,IT IS H>MFUL BECAUSE 5LI<T5$1 GOOD1 & HONE/ PEOPLE BY 5T]+ ! RANKS ( ! ,GOV]NM5T GIVE IT A MORAL AU?ORITY :I* BUT = !M IT W\LD NOT POSSESS4 ,IF ! ,GOV]NM5T W]E MADE UP 5TIRELY ( ?AT CO>SE ELEM5T-! M5 ( VIOL5CE1 SELF-SEEK]S1 & FLATT]]S- :O =M ITS CORE1 IT C\LD NOT CONT9UE TO EXI/4 ,! FACT ?AT HONE/ & 5LI<T5$ PEOPLE >E F\ND P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! AFFAIRS ( ! ,GOV]NM5T GIVES ,GOV]NM5T :ATEV] MORAL PRE/IGE IT POSSESSES4 

,?AT IS ONE EVIL RESULT+ FROM ! ACTIVITY ( ,LIB]ALS :O P>TICIPATE 9 ! AFFAIRS ( ,GOV]NM5T1 OR :O COME TO T]MS ) IT4 ,ANO!R EVIL ( SU* ACTIVITY IS ?AT TO SECURE OPPORTUNITIES TO C>RY ON !IR WORK1 !SE HI<LY-5LI<T5$ & HONE/ PEOPLE HAVE TO BEG9 TO COMPROMISE1 & SO1 LITTLE BY LITTLE1 ,COME TO CONSID] ?AT = A GOOD 5D ONE MAY SW]VE SOME:AT FROM TRU? 9 WORD & DE$4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ?AT ONE MAY41 ?\< NOT BELIEV+ 9 ! E/ABLI%$ ,*UR*1 TAKE P>T 9 ITS C]EMONIES2 MAY TAKE OA?S2 MAY1 :5 NECESS>Y = ! SUCCESS ( SOME AFFAIR1 PRES5T PETITIONS C\*$ 9 LANGUAGE :I* IS UNTRU?FUL & D]OGATORY TO MAN'S NATURAL DIGNITY2 MAY 5T] ! >MY2 MAY TAKE P>T 9 A ,LOCAL ,GOV]NM5T :I* H AS BE5 /RIPP$ ( ALL ITS P[]S2 MAY S]VE AS A MA/] OR A PR(ESSOR1 TEA*+ NOT :AT ONE CONSID]S NECESS>Y ONE'S SELF1 BUT :AT ONE IS TOLD TO TEA* BY ! ,GOV]NM5T2 ?AT ONE MAY EV5 BECOME A ,ZEMSKY ,NAT*ALNIK SUBMITT+ TO ,GOV]NM5TAL DEM&S & 9/RUCTIONS :I* VIOLATE ONE'S CONSCI5CE 2 MAY $IT NEWSPAP]S & P]IODICALS1 REMA9+ SIL5T AB\T :AT \<T TO BE M5TION$1 & PR9T+ :AT ONE IS ORD]$ TO PR9T 3 & 5T]+ 9TO !SE COMPROMISES-! LIMITS ( :I* CANNOT BE =ESE5-5LI<T5$ & HONE/ PEOPLE1 :O ALONE C\LD =M SOME B>RI] TO ! 9FR+EM5TS ( HUMAN LIB]TY BY ! ,GOV]NM5T1 RETREAT+1 LITTLE BY LITTLE1 FUR!R & FUR!R FROM ! DEM&S ( CONSCI5CE1 FALL AT LA/ 9TO A POSITION ,( COMPLETE DEP5D5CY ON ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,!Y RECEIVE REW>DS & SAL>IES FROM IT1 &1 CONT9U+ TO IMAG9E ?AT !Y >E =W>D+ ,LIB]AL IDEAS1 BECOME ! HUMBLE S]VANTS & SUPPORT]S ( ! V]Y ORD] AGA9/ :I* !Y SET \T TO FI<T4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT !RE >E ALSO BETT]1 S9C]E PEOPLE 9 ! ,LIB]AL CAMP1 :OM ! ,GOV]NM5T CANNOT BRIBE1 & :O REMA9 UNB\<T & FREE FROM SAL>IES & POSITION4 ,BUT EV5 !SE PEOPLE1 HAV+ BE5 5SN>$ 9 ! NETS SPREAD BY ,GOV]NM5T1 BEAT !IR W+S 9 !IR CAGES 7AS Y\ >E N[ DO+ 9 Y\R ,COMMITTEE7 UNABLE TO ADVANCE FROM ! SPOT !Y >E ON4 ,OR ELSE1 BECOM+ 5RAG$1 !Y GO OV] TO ! REVOLUTION>Y CAMP2 OR !Y %OOT !MSELVES2 OR TAKE TO DR9K2 OR !Y AB&ON ! :OLE /RUGGLE 9 DESPAIR1 &1 (T5E/ ( ALL1 RETIRE 9TO LIT]>Y ACTIVITY1 9 :I*- YIELD+ TO ! DEM&S ( ! C5SOR1 !Y SAY ONLY :AT !Y >E ALL[$ TO SAY1 & BY ?AT V]Y SIL5CE AB\T :AT IS MO/ IMPORTANT CONVEY4 TO ! PUBLIC DI/ORT$ VIEWS1 :I* JU/ SUIT ! ,GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT !Y CONT9UE TO IMAG9E ?AT !Y >E S]V+ SOCIETY BY ! WRIT+S :I* GIVE !M MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 

,?US1 REFLECTION & EXP]I5CE ALIKE %[ ME ?AT BO? ! MEANS ( COMBAT+ ,GOV]NM5T US$ H]ET(ORE1 >E NOT ONLY 9EFFECTUAL1 BUT ACTUALLY T5D TO /R5G!N ! P[] & IRRESPONSIBILITY ( ! ,GOV]NM5T4 

,:AT IS TO BE DONE8 ,EVID5TLY NOT :AT = SEV5TY YE>S PA/ HAS PROV$ FRUITLESS1 & HAS ONLY PRODUC$ REV]SE RESULTS4 ,:AT IS TO BE DONE8 ,JU/ ,W AT ?OSE HAVE DONE1 TO :OSE ACTIVITY WE [E ! PROGRESS T[>DS LI<T & GOOD ?AT HAS BE5 A*IEV$ S9CE ! WORLD BEGAN1 & ?AT IS /ILL BE+ A*IEV$ TO-DAY4 ,?AT IS :AT MU/ BE DONE6 ,& :AT IS IT8 

,M]ELY ! SIMPLE1 QUIET1 TRU?FUL C>RY+ ON ( :AT Y\ CONSID] GOOD &1 NE$FUL1 QUITE 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! ,GOV]NM5T1 OR ( :E!R IT LIKES IT OR NOT4 ,9 O!R WORDS3 /&+ UP = ONE'S RI<TS1 NOT AS A MEMB] ( ! ',LIT]ATURE ,COMMITTEE1' NOR AS A DEPUTY1 NOR AS A L&-[N]1 NOR AS A M]*ANT1 NOR EV5 AS A ,MEMB] ( ,P>LIAM5T2 BUT /&+ UP = ONE'S RI<TS AS A RATIONAL & FREE MAN1 & DEF5D+ !M- NOT AS ! RI<TS ( ,LOCAL ,BO>DS OR ,COMMITTEES >E DEF5D$1 ) CONCESSIONS & COMPROMISES4 BUT )\T ANY CONCESSIONS OR COMPROMISES-9 ! ONLY WAY 9 :I* MORAL & HUMAN DIGNITY CAN BE DEF5D$4 

,SUCCESSFULLY TO DEF5D A =TRESS1 ONE HAS TO BURN ALL ! H\SES 9 ! SUBURBS & LEAVE ONLY :AT IS /RONG1 & :AT Y\ 9T5D NOT TO SURR5D] ON ANY ACC\NT4 ,ONLY FROM ! BASIS ( ?IS FIRM /RON<OLD CAN WE CONQU] ALL WE REQUIRE4 ,TRUE1 ! RI<TS ( A ,MEMB] ( ,P>LIAM5T1 OR EV5 ( A MEMB] ( A ,LOCAL ,BO>D1 >E GREAT] ?AN ! RI<TS ( AN ORD9>Y MAN2 & IT SEEMS AS ?\< WE C\LD DO MU* BY US+ ?OSE RI<TS4 ,BUT ! HIT* IS ?AT TO OBTA9 ! RI<TS ( A ,MEMB] ( ,P>LIAM5T1 OR ( A COMMITTEE-MAN1 ONE HAS TO AB&ON P>T ( ONE'S RI<TS AS A MAN4 ,& HAV+ AB&ON$ P>T1 ( ONE'S RI<TS AS A MAN1 !RE IS NO LONG] ANY FIX$ PO9T ( LEV]AGE1 & ONE CAN NO LONG] EI!R CONQU] OR MA9TA9 ANY REAL RI<T4 ,9 ORD] TO LIFT O!RS \T ( A QUAGMIRE ONE MU/ ONE'S SELF /& ON FIRM GR\ND2 & IF1 HOP+ ! BETT] TO ASSI/ O!RS1 Y\ GO 9TO ! QUAGMIRE1 Y\ WILL NOT PULL O!RS \T1 BUT WILL Y\RSELF S9K 94 

,IT MAY BE V]Y DESIRABLE & USEFUL TO GET AN EI<T-H\RS' DAY LEGALIZ$ BY ,P>LIAM5T1 OR TO GET A ,LIB]AL PROGRAM = S*OOL LIBR>IES SANCTION$ ?R\< Y\R ,COMMITTEE 2 BUT IF AS A MEANS TO ?IS 5D A ,MEMB] ( ,P>LIAM5T MU/ PUBLICLY LIFT UP HIS H& & LIE1 LIE :5 TAK+ AN OA?1 BY EXPRESS+ 9 WORDS RESPECT = :AT HE DOES NOT RESPECT2 OR 79 \R [N CASE7 IF1 9 ORD] TO PASS PROGRAMS H[EV] ,LIB]AL1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO TAKE P>T 9 PUBLIC WOR%IP1 TO BE SWORN1 TO WE> A UNI=M1 TO WRITE M5DACI\S & FLATT]+ PETITIONS1 & TO MAKE SPEE*ES ( A SIMIL> *>ACT]1 ETC41 ETC4 -!N1 BY DO+ !SE ?+S & =EGO+ \R DIGNITY AS M54 WE LOSE MU* MORE ?AN WE GA91 & BY TRY+ TO REA* ONE DEF9ITE AIM1 7:I* V]Y (T5 IS NOT REA*$7 WE DEPRIVE \RSELVES ( ! POSSIBILITY ( REA*+ O!R AIMS :I* >E ( SUPREME IMPORTANCE4 ,ONLY PEOPLE :O HAVE SOME?+ :I* !Y WILL ON NO ACC\NT & UND] NO CIRCUM/ANCES YIELD CAN RESI/ A ,GOV]NM5T & CURB IT4 ,TO HAVE P[] TO RESI/1 Y\ MU/ /& ON FIRM GR\ND4 

,& ! ,GOV]NM5T KN[S ?IS V]Y WELL1 & IS1 ABOVE ALL ELSE1 CONC]N$ TO WORM \T ( M5 ?AT :I* WILL NOT YIELD- NAMELY1 !IR DIGNITY AS M54 ,:5 ?AT IS WORM$ \T ( !M1 ! ,GOV]NM5T CALMLY PROCE$S TO DO :AT IT LIKES1 KN[+ ?AT IT WILL NO LONG] MEET ANY REAL RESI/ANCE4 ,A MAN :O CONS5TS PUBLICLY TO SWE>1 PRON\NC+ ! DEGRAD+ & M5DACI\S WORDS ( ! OA?2 OR SUBMISSIVELY TO WAIT SEV]AL H\RS1 DRESS$ UP 9 A UNI=M1 AT A ,M9I/]'S RECEPTION 2 OR TO 9SCRIBE HIMSELF AS A ,SPECIAL ,CON/ABLE = ! ,CORONATION 2 OR TO FA/ & RECEIVE ,COMMUNION = RESPECTABILITY'S SAKE 2 OR TO ASK ! ,HEAD-,C5SOR :E!R HE MAY1 OR MAY NOT1 EXPRESS SU* & SU* ?\<TS1 ETC4- SU* A MAN IS NO LONG] FE>$ BY ,GOV]NM5T4 

,ALEX&] ,I,I4 SAID HE DID NOT FE> ! ,LIB]ALS1 BECAUSE HE KNEW !Y C\LD ALL BE B\<T- IF NOT ) MONEY1 !N ) HONORS4 

,PEOPLE :O TAKE P>T 9 ,GOV]NM5T1 OR WORK UND] ITS DIRECTION1 MAY DECEIVE !MSELVES OR !IR SYMPA?IZ]S BY MAK+ A %[ ( /RUGGL+2 BUT ?OSE AGA9/ :OM !Y /RUGGLE 7! ,GOV]NM5T7 KN[ QUITE WELL1 BY ! /R5G? ( ! RESI/ANCE EXP]I5C$1 ?AT !SE PEOPLE >E NOT REALLY PULL+1 BUT >E ONLY PRET5D+ TO4 ,\R ,GOV]NM5T KN[S ?IS ) RESPECT TO ! ,LIB]ALS1 & CON/ANTLY TE/S ! QUALITY ( ! OPPOSITION1 & F9D+ ?AT G5U9E RESI/ANCE IS PRACTICALLY NON-EXI/5T1 IT CONT9UES ITS C\RSE 9 FULL ASSURANCE ?AT IT CAN DO :AT IT LIKES ) SU* OPPON5TS4 

,! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I4 KNEW ?IS V]Y WELL1 &1 KN[+ IT1 DELIB]ATELY DE/ROY$ ALL ?AT ! ,LIB]ALS \<T !Y HAD A*IEV$1 & W]E SO PR\D (4 ,IT ALT]$ & LIMIT$ ,TRIAL BY ,JURY2 IT ABOLI%$ ! (FICE ( ,JUDGE ( ! ,PEACE2 IT CANCEL$ ! RI<TS ( ! ,UNIV]SITIES2 IT P]V]T$ ! :OLE SY/EM ( 9/RUCTION 9 ! ,HI< ,S*OOLS2 IT REE/ABLI%$ ! ,CADET ,CORPS1 & EV5 ! ,/ATE-SALE ( 9TOXICANTS2 IT E/ABLI%$ ! ,ZEMSKY ,NAT*ALNIKS2 IT LEGALIZ$ FLOGG+ 2 IT ALMO/ ABOLI%$ ! ,LOCAL ,GOV]NM5T 2 IT GAVE UNCONTROLL$ P[] TO ! ,GOV]NORS ( ,PROV9CES2 IT 5C\RAG$ ! QU>T]+ ( TROOPS ON ! PEASANTS 9 PUNI%M5T2 IT 9CREAS$ ! PRACTICE ( 'ADM9I/RATIVE' BANI%M5T & IMPRISONM5T1 & ! CAPITAL PUNI%M5T ( POLITICAL (F5D]S2 IT R5EW$ RELIGI\S P]SECUTIONS2 IT BR\<T TO A CLIMAX ! USE ( B>B>\S SUP]/ITIONS 2 IT LEGALIZ$ MURD] 9 DUELS2 UND] ! NAME ( A ',/ATE ( ,SIEGE' IT E/ABLI%$ LAWLESSNESS ) CAPITAL PUNI%M5T AS A NORMAL CONDITION ( ?+S-& 9 ALL ?IS IT MET ) NO PROTE/ EXCEPT FROM ONE HONORABLE WOMAN1 :O BOLDLY TOLD ! ,GOV]NM5T ! TRU? AS %E SAW IT4 

,! ,LIB]ALS :ISP]$ AMONG !MSELVES ?AT !SE ?+S DISPLEAS$ !M1 BUT !Y CONT9U$ TO TAKE P>T 9 LEGAL PROCE$+S1 & 9 ! ,LOCAL ,GOV]NM5TS1 & 9 ! ,UNIV]SITIES1 & 9 ,GOV]NM5T S]VICE1 & ON ! ,PRESS4 ,9 ! ,PRESS !Y H9T$ AT :AT !Y W]E ALL[$ TO H9T AT 1 & KEPT SIL5CE ON MATT]S !Y HAD TO BE SIL5T AB\T1 BUT !Y PR9T$ :ATEV] !Y W]E TOLD TO PR9T4 ,SO ?AT EV]Y READ] 7NOT PRIVY TO ! :ISP]+S ( ! $ITORIAL ROOMS71 ON RECEIV+ A ,LIB]AL PAP] OR MAGAZ9E1 READ ! ANN\NCEM5T ( ! MO/ CRUEL & IRRATIONAL MEASURES UNACCOMPANI$ BY COMM5T OR SIGN ( DISAPPROVAL1 TOGE!R ) SYCOPHANTIC & FLATT]+ ADDRESSES TO ?OSE GUILTY ( 5ACT+ !SE MEASURES1 & FREQU5TLY EV5 PRAISE ( ! MEASURES !MSELVES4 ,?US ALL ! DISMAL ACTIVITY ( ! ,GOV]NM5T ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I- DE/ROY+ :ATEV] GOOD HAD BEGUN TO TAKE ROOT 9 ! DAYS ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I41 & /RIV+ TO TURN ,RUSSIA BACK TO ! B>B>ITY ( ! COMM5CEM5T ( ?IS C5TURY-ALL ?IS DISMAL ACTIVITY ( GALL[S1 RODS1 P]SECUTIONS1 & /UPEFACTION ( ! PEOPLE1 HAS BECOME 7EV5 9 ! ,LIB]AL PAP]S & MAGAZ9ES7 ! BASIS ( AN 9SANE LAUDATION ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I,I4 & ( HIS ACCLAMATION AS A GREAT MAN & A MODEL ( HUMAN DIGNITY4 

,?IS SAME ?+ IS BE+ CONT9U$ 9 ! NEW REIGN4 ,! Y\NG MAN :O SUCCE$$ ! LATE ,CZ>1 HAV+ NO UND]/&+ ( LIFE1 WAS ASSUR$ BY ! M5 9 P[]1 TO :OM IT WAS PR(ITABLE TO SAY SO41 ?AT ! BE/ WAY TO RULE A HUNDR$ MILLION PEOPLE IS TO DO AS HIS FA!R 7LID- ?AT IS1 NOT TO ASK ADVICE FROM ANYONE1 BUT TO DO JU/ :AT COMES 9TO HIS HEAD1 OR :AT ! FIR/ FLATT]] AB\T HIM ADVISES4 ,&1 FANCY+ ?AT UNLIMIT$ AUTOCRACY IS A SACR$ LIFE-PR9CIPLE ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE1 ! Y\NG MAN BEG9S TO REIGN2 & 9/EAD ( ASK+ ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE TO HELP HIM ) !IR ADVICE 9 ! TASK ( RUL+ 7AB\T :I* HE1 $UCAT$ 9 A CAVALRY REGIM5T1 KN[S NO?+ & CAN KN[ NO?+71 HE RUDELY & 9SOL5TLY %\TS AT ?OSE REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE :O VISIT HIM IT CONGRATULATIONS1 & HE CALLS ! DESIRE1 TIMIDLY EXPRESS$ BY SOME ( !M1 TO BE ALL[$ TO 9=M ! AU?ORITIES ( !IR NE$S1 '9S5SATE DREAMS4' 

,& :AT FOLL[$8 ,WAS ,RUSSIAN SOCIETY %OCK$8 ,DID 5LI<T5$ & HONE/ PEOPLE-! ,LIB]ALS- EXPRESS !IR 9DIGNATION & REPULSION8 ,DID !Y AT LEA/ REFRA9 FROM LAUDATION ( ?IS ,GOV]NM5T1 & FROM P>TICIPAT+ 9 IT & 5C\RAG+ IT8 ,NOT AT ALL4 ,FROM ?AT TIME A SPECIALLY 9T5SE COMPETITION 9 ADULATION COMM5C$1 BO? ( ! FA!R & ( ! SON :O IMITAT$ HIM4 ,& NOT A PROTE/+ VOICE WAS HE>D1 EXCEPT 9 ONE ANONYM\S LETT]1 CAUTI\SLY EXPRESS+ DISAPPROVAL ( ! Y\NG ,CZ>'S CONDUCT4 ,FROM ALL SIDES FULSOME & FLATT]+ ADDRESSES W]E BR\<T TO ! ,CZ>1 AS WELL AS 7= SOME REASON OR O!R7 ICONS :I* NOBODY WANT$ & :I* S]VE M]ELY AS OBJECTS ( IDOLATRY TO B5I<T$ PEOPLE4 ,AN 9SANE EXP5DITURE ( MONEY3 A ,CORONATION AMAZ+ 9 ITS ABSURDITY1 WAS >RANG$ 2 ! >ROGANCE ( ! RUL]S & !IR CONTEMPT ( ! PEOPLE CAUS$ ?\S&S TO P]I% 9 A FE>FUL CALAMITY-:I* WAS REG>D$ AS A SLI<T ECLIPSE ( ! FE/IVITIES1 :I* DID NOT T]M9ATE ON ?AT ACC\NT4 ,AN EXHIBITION WAS ORGANIZ$1 :I* NO ONE WANT$ EXCEPT ?OSE :O ORGANIZ$ IT1 & :I* CO/ MILLIONS ( RUBLES4 ,9 ! ,*ANCELL]Y ( ! ,HOLY ,SYNOD1 ) UNP>ALLEL$ EFFRONT]Y4 A NEW & SUPREMELY /UPID MEANS ( MY/IFY+ PEOPLE WAS DEVIS$-NAMELY1 ! 5%R9EM5T ( ! 9CORRUPTIBLE BODY ,( A ,SA9T :OM NOBODY KNEW ANY?+ AB\T4 LIE /R+5CY ( ! ,C5SOR WAS 9CREAS$4 ,RELIGI\S P]SECUTION WAS MADE MORE SEV]E4 ,! ,/ATE ( ,SIEGE 7I4E41 ! LEGALIZATION ( LAWLESSNESS7 WAS CONT9U$1 & ! /ATE ( ?+S IS /ILL BECOM+ WORSE & WORSE4 

,& ,I ?9K ?AT ALL ?IS W\LD NOT HAVE HAPP5$ IF ?OSE 5LI<T5$41 HONE/ PEOPLE :O >E N[ OCCUPI$ 9 ,LIB]AL ACTIVITY ON ! BASIS ( LEGALITY1 9 ,LOCAL ,GOV]NM5TS1 9 ! ,COMMITTEES1 9 ,C5SOR-RUL$ LIT]ATURE41 ETC41 HAD NOT DEVOT$ !IR 5]GIES TO ! TASK ( CIRCUMV5T+ ! ,GOV]NM5T &-)\T AB&ON+ ! =MS IT HAS ITSELF >RANG$-( F9D+ WAYS TO MAKE IT ACT SO AS TO H>M & 9JURE ITSELF3 BUT1 AB/A9+ FROM TAK+ ANY P>T 9 ,GOV]NM5T OR 9 ANY BUS9ESS B\ND UP ) ,GOV]NM5T1 HAD M]ELY CLAIM$ !IR RI<TS AS M54 

',Y\ WI%1 9/EAD ( ,JUDGES ( ! ,PEACE1 TO 9/ITUTE ,ZEMSKY ,NAT*ALNIKS ) BIR*-RODS3 ?AT IS Y\R BUS9ESS1 BUT WE WILL NOT GO TO LAW BE=E Y\R ,ZEMSKY ,NAT*ALNIKS1 & WILL NOT \RSELVES ACCEPT APPO9TM5T TO SU* AN (FICE4 ,Y\ WI% TO MAKE TRIAL BY JURY A M]E =MALITY 3 ?AT IS Y\R BUS9ESS1 BUT WE WILL NOT S]VE AS JUDGES1 OR AS ADVOCATES1 OR AS JURYM54 ,Y\ WI%1 UND] ! NAME ( A 0,/ATE ( ,SIEGE10 TO E/ABLI% DESPOTISM 3 ?AT IS Y\R BUS9ESS1 BUT WE WILL NOT P>TICIPATE 9 IT1 & WILL PLA9LY CALL ! 0,/ATE ( ,SIEGE 0 

DESPOTISM1 & CAPITAL ,PUNI%M5T 9FLICT$ )\T TRIAL- MURD]4 ,Y\ WI% TO ORGANIZE ,CADET ,CORPS1 OR ,CLASSICAL ,HI< ,S*OOLS 9 :I* MILIT>Y EX]CISES & ! ,OR?ODOX ,FAI? >E TAU<T 3 ?AT IS Y\R AFFAIR1 BUT WE WILL NOT TEA* 9 SU* S*OOLS1 NOR S5D \R *ILDR5 TO !M1 BUT WILL $UCATE \R *ILDR5 AS SEEMS TO US RI<T4 ,Y\ DECIDE TO R$UCE ! ,LOCAL ,GOV]NM5TS TO IMPOT5CE 3 WE WILL NOT TAKE P>T 9 !M4 ,Y\ PROHIBIT ! PUBLICATION ( LIT]ATURE ?AT DISPLEASES Y\3 Y\ MAY SEIZE BOOKS & PUNI% !4 PR9T]S1 BUT Y\ CANNOT PREV5T \R SPEAK+ & WRIT+1 & WE %ALL CONT9UE TO DO SO4 ,Y\ DEM& AN OA? ( ALLEGIANCE TO ! ,CZ> 3 WE WILL NOT ACC$E TO :AT IS SO /UPID1 FALSE1 & DEGRAD+4 ,Y\ ORD] US TO S]VE 9 ! >MY 3 WE WILL NOT DO SO1 BECAUSE :OLESALE MURD] IS AS OPPOS$ TO \R CONSCI5CE AS 9DIVIDUAL MURD]1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 BECAUSE TO PROMISE TO MURD] :OMSOEV] A COMM&] MAY TELL US TO MURD] IS ! MEANE/ ACT A MAN CAN COMMIT4 ,Y\ PR(ESS A RELIGION :I* IS A ?\S& YE>S BEH9D ! TIMES ) AN 0,IB]IAN ,MO!R ( ,GOD0 RELICS1 & CORONATIONS3 ?AT IS Y\R AFFAIR1 BUT WE DO NOT ACKN[L$GE IDOLATRY & SUP]/ITION TO BE RELIGION1 BUT CALL !M IDOLATRY & SUP]/ITION1 & WE TRY TO FREE PEOPLE FROM !M4' 

,& :AT CAN ! ,GOV]NM5T DO AGA9/ SU* ACTIVITY8 ,IT CAN BANI% OR IMPRISON A MAN = PREP>+ A BOMB1 OR EV5 = PR9T+ A PROCLAMATION TO WORK+ M52 IT CAN TRANSF] Y\R ,LIT]ATURE ,COMMITTEE FROM ONE ,M9I/RY TO ANO!R4 OR CLOSE A ,P>LIAM5T2 BUT :AT CAN A ,GOV]NM5T DO ) A MAN :O IS NOT WILL+ PUBLICLY TO LIE ) UPLIFT$ H&1 OR :O IS NOT WILL+ TO S5D HIS *ILDR5 TO AN E/ABLI%M5T :I* HE CONSID]S BAD1 OR :O IS NOT WILL+ TO LE>N TO KILL PEOPLE1 OR IS NOT WILL+ TO TAKE P>T 9 IDOLATRY1 OR IS NOT WILL+ TO TAKE P>T 9 CORONATIONS1 DEPUTATIONS & ADDRESSES1 OR :O SAYS & WRITES :AT HE ?9KS & FEELS8 ,BY PROSECUT+ SU* A MAN ! ,GOV]NM5T SECURES = HIM G5]AL SYMPA?Y1 MAK+ HIM A M>TYR1 & IT UND]M9ES ! F\NDATIONS ON :I* IT IS ITSELF BUILT1 =1 9 SO ACT+1 9/EAD ( PROTECT+ HUMAN RI<TS IT ITSELF 9FR+ES !M4 

,& IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y = ALL ?OSE GOOD1 5LI<T5$1 & HONE/ PEOPLE :OSE /R5G? IS N[ WA/$ 9 ,REVOLUTION>Y1 ,SOCIALI/IC1 OR ,LIB]AL ACTIVITY 7H>MFUL TO !MSELVES & TO !IR CAUSE7 TO BEG9 TO ACT ?US1 & A NUCLEUS ( HONE/1 5LI<T5$1 & MORAL PEOPLE W\LD =M >\ND !M1 UNIT$ 9 ! SAME ?\<TS & ! SAME FEEL+S4 ,& TO ?IS NUCLEUS ! EV]-WAV]+ CR[D ( AV]AGE PEOPLE W\LD AT ONCE GRAVITATE1 & PUBLIC OP9ION-! ONLY P[] :I* SUBDUES ,GOV]NM5TS-W\LD BECOME EVID5T1 DEM&+ FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 FRE$OM ( CONSCI5CE1 JU/ICE & HUMANITY4 ,& AS SOON AS PUBLIC OP9ION WAS =MULAT$1 NOT ONLY W\LD IT BE IMPOSSIBLE TO SUPPRESS ! ,LIT]ATURE ,COMMITTEE1 BUT IF ?OSE 9HUMAN ORGANIZATIONS-! ',/ATE ( ,SIEGE1' ! ,SECRET ,POLICE1 ! ,C5SOR1 ,S*LUSSELSBURG1 ! ,HOLY ,SYNOD1 & ! RE/- AGA9/ :I* ! ,REVOLUTIONI/S & ! ,LIB]ALS >E N[ /RUGGL+1 W\LD DISAPPE> ( !MSELVES4 

,SO ?AT TWO ME?ODS ( OPPOS+ ! ,GOV]NM5T HAVE BE5 TRI$1 BO? UNSUCCESSFULLY1 & IT N[ REMA9S1 TO TRY A ?IRD & LA/ ME?OD1 ONE NOT YET TRI$1 BUT ONE :I*1 ,I ?9K1 CANNOT BUT BE SUCCESSFUL4 ,BRIEFLY1 IT IS ?IS3 ,?AT ALL 5LI<T5$ & HONE/ PEOPLE %\LD TRY TO BE AS GOOD AS !Y CAN2 & NOT EV5 GOOD 9 ALL RESPECTS BUT ONLY 9 ONE1 NAMELY1 9 OBS]V+ ONE ( ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y VIRTUES-TO BE HONE/ & NOT TO LIE1 BUT SO TO ACT & SPEAK ?AT Y\R MOTIVES %\LD BE 9TELLIGIBLE TO AN AFFECTIONATE SEV5-YE>-OLD BOY2 TO ACT SO ?AT Y\R BOY %\LD NOT SAY3 ',BUT :Y1 PAPA1 DID Y\ SAY SO-&-SO1 & N[ Y\ DO & SAY SOME?+ QUITE DIFF]5T80 ,?IS ME?OD SEEMS V]Y WEAK1 & YET ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT IT IS ?IS ME?OD1 & ?IS ME?OD ALONE1 ?AT HAS MOV$ HUMANITY S9CE ! RACE BEGAN4 ,ONLY BECAUSE !RE W]E /RAI<T M5-TRU?FUL & C\RAGE\S1 :O MADE NO CONCESSIONS ?AT 9FR+$ !IR DIGNITY AS M5 HAVE ALL ?OSE B5EFIC5T REVOLUTIONS BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ ( :I* MANK9D N[ HAS ! ADVANTAGE- FROM ! ABOLITION ( TORTURE & SLAV]Y UP TO LIB]TY ( SPEE* & ( CONSCI5CE4 ,NOR CAN ?IS BE O!RWISE1 = :AT IS DEM&$ BY CONSCI5CE 7! HI<E/ =EFEEL+ MAN POSSESSES ( ! TRU? TO :I* HE CAN ATTA97 IS ALWAYS & 9 ALL RESPECTS ! ?+ MO/ FRUITFUL & MO/ NECESS>Y4 = HUMANITY AT ! GIV5 TIME4 ,ONLY A MAN :O LIVES ACCORD+ TO HIS CONSCI5CE CAN EX]T 9FLU5CE ON PEOPLE1 & ONLY ACTIVITY ?AT ACCORDS ) ONE'S CONSCI5CE CAN BE USEFUL4 

,BUT ,I MU/ MAKE MY MEAN+ QUITE PLA94 ,TO SAY ?AT ! MO/ EFFECTUAL MEANS ( A*IEV+ ! 5DS T[>DS :I* ,REVOLUTIONI/S & ,LIB]ALS >E /RIV+ IS BY ACTIVITY 9 ACCORD ) !IR CONSCI5CES1 DOES NOT MEAN ?AT PEOPLE CAN BEG9 TO LIVE CONSCI5TI\SLY 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ?OSE 5DS4 ,TO BEG9 TO LIVE CONSCI5TI\SLY ON PURPOSE TO A*IEVE EXT]NAL 5DS IS IMPOSSIBLE4 

,TO LIVE ACCORD+ TO ONE'S CONSCI5CE IS POSSIBLE ONLY AS A RESULT ( FIRM & CLE> RELIGI\S CONVICTIONS2 ! B5EFIC5T RESULT ( !SE ON \R EXT]NAL LIFE WILL 9EVITABLY FOLL[4 ,!RE=E ! GI/ ( :AT ,I WI%$ TO SLY TO Y\ IS ?IS 3 ,?AT IT IS UNPR(ITABLE = GOOD1 S9C]E PEOPLE TO SP5D !IR P[]S ( M9D & S\L ON GA9+ SMALL PRACTICAL 5DS-= 9/ANCE1 9 ! V>I\S /RUGGLES ( NATIONALITIES1 OR P>TIES ' OR 9 ,LIB]AL WIRE-PULL+- :ILE !Y HAVE NOT REA*$ A CLE> & FIRM RELIGI\S P]CEPTION11 ?AT IS41 A CONSCI\SNESS ( ! MEAN+ & PURPOSE ( LIFE4 ,I ?9K ?AT ALL ! ]A ( S\L & M9D ( GOOD M51 :O WI% TO BE ( S]VICE TO HUMANITY1 %\LD BE DIRECT$ TO ?AT 5D4 ,:5 ?AT IS ACCOMPLI%$ ALL ELSE WILL ALSO BE ACCOMPLI%$4 

,=GIVE ME = S5D+ Y\ SO LONG A LETT]1 :I* P]HAPS Y\ DID NOT AT ALL NE$1 BUT ,I HAVE LONG WI%$ TO EXPRESS MY VIEWS ON ?IS QUE/ION4 ,I EV5 BEGAN A LONG >TICLE AB\T IT1 BUT ,I %ALL H>DLY HAVE TIME TO F9I% IT BE=E DEA? COMES1 & !RE=E ,I WI%$ TO GET AT LEA/ P>T ( IT SAID4 ,=GIVE ME IF ,I AM 9 ]ROR AB\T ANY?+4 

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