,A ,HUNDR$ ,YE> ,W> ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,NGO ,VAN ,XUYET ,TEXT 3 ,GREET+S1 DE> FRI5DS1 & MANY ?ANKS TO ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,M>IE.<#a.> = HAV+ 9VIT$ ME TO ADDRESS ?IS MEET+4 ,I WILL SPEAK ( ! COMPLICAT$ & LITTLE-KN[N P]IOD ( ,VIETNAMESE HI/ORY ?AT PREC$$ ! SO-CALL$ ,9DO*9A & ,VIETNAM ,W>S4.<#b.> ,! TWO WORKS ON ,VIETNAM ?AT ,I HAVE PUBLI%$ W]E BASICALLY 9T5D$ TO RECALL ! =GOTT5 /RUGGLE ( A G5]ATION ( REVOLUTION>IES :O F\1 CON/ITUTES AN ATTEMPT TO *RONICLE ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! REGIME1 AS WELL AS TO PRES5T ! CRITICAL HI/ORY ( ! ,9DO*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & ITS METAMORPHOSIS 9TO ! ,P>TY-,/ATE ?AT WAS RESPONSIBLE = ! FEATURES ( CONTEMPOR>Y ,VIETNAM1 & F9ALLY1 & MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 TO REC\NT ! HI/ORY ( ! ,9DO*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION1 FROM ITS BIR? 9 #aic TO ITS REORGANIZATION AS A SECTION ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #a#i#c#h1 & ! SUBSEQU5T NE>-TOTAL EXT]M9ATION ( ITS COMBATANTS BETWE5 #aide & #a#i#e4 ,! SECOND BOOK ADDRESSES1 FROM ! ANGLE ( A MORE DIRECT EYEWITNESS TE/IMONY1 P>TICUL> ASPECTS ( ! /RUGGLE ( ?IS OPPOSITION4 ,BE=E PROCE$+ TO ! MA9 !ME1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO M5TION SEV]AL FACTS4 ,DUR+ ! ,FR5* COLONIAL P]IOD1 ,9DO*9A WAS COMPOS$ ( ,VIETNAM1 ,CAMBODIA & ,LAOS4 ,! COLONIALI/S DIVID$ ,VIETNAM 9TO ?REE REGIONS3 ,TONK9 9 ! NOR?1 ,ANNAM 9 ! C5T]1 & ,CO*9 ,*9A 9 ! S\?4 ,TONK9 & ,ANNAM W]E PROTECTORATES & ,CO*9 ,*9A WAS A COLONY4 ,:ILE ! PEOPLE ( ,TONK9 & ,ANNAM--SAID TO BE UND] 0,FR5* PROTECTION0 ADM9I/]$ BY ! ,M&>9S ( ! ,C\RT AT ,HUE1.<#c.>--W]E ! SUBJECTS ( A B>B>\S FEUDAL REGIME 7LEGAL PUNI%M5TS 9CLUD$ :IPP+1 G>ROT+1 SL[ DEA?444471 ! ,CO*9 ,*9ESE1 :O W]E CALL$ 0,FR5* SUBJECTS10 W]E UND] ! DIRECT ADM9I/RATION ( ! ,FR5*1 SUBJECT TO A MODIFI$ =M ( ! ,FR5* ,P5AL ,CODE1 :I* WAS NO LESS >BITR>Y4 ,! ,FR5* BECAME AW>E ( ! PROBLEM ( ,9DO*9A ) ! RECONQUE/ 9 #aide & ! FIR/ ,9DO*9A ,W>1 :I* 5D$ AT ,DI5 ,BI5 ,PHU & ! ,G5EVA ,CONF]5CE 9 #a#i#e#d1 AFT] #ie YE>S ( ,FR5* COLONIAL RULE4 ,LAT]1 !RE WAS ANO!R WAKE-UP CALL ) ! 9T]V5TION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 ,VIETNAM4 ,! BROAD \TL9ES ( ?IS HI/ORY >E KN[N1 BUT :AT TOOK PLACE BE=E #aide IS ORD9>ILY NOT SO WELL KN[N4 ,JULES ,F]RY1 ! SPOKESMAN = ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE ( ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC1 DECL>$ BE=E ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY 9 #a#h#h#d3 0,IT IS ! DUTY ( ! SUP]IOR RACES TO CIVILIZE ! 9F]IOR RACES44440 ,LAT]1 9 ELABORAT+ ON HIS DECL>ATIONS AT ! ,ASSEMBLY SESSION ( ,JULY #b#i1 #a#h#h#e1 ,JULES ,F]RY WROTE3 0,COLONIZATION IS ! (FSPR+ ( 9DU/RIAL POLICY4444 ,EXPORTS COMPRISE AN ESS5TIAL FACTOR ( PUBLIC PROSP]ITY1 & ! EXT5T ( ! EMPLOYM5T ( CAPITAL1 AS WELL AS ! DEM& = LABOR1 IS MEASUR$ 9 RELATION TO ! EXPANSION ( ! =EIGN M>KET40 ,! CONQUE/ ( ,9DO*9A & ITS POLITICAL SUBJUGATION !RE=E L$ TO ITS CONV]SION 9TO A L& = EXTRACT+ PR(ITS1 & TO ! C\NTRY'S TRANS=MATION 9TO A CLOS$ M>KET = ! PRODUCTS ( ,FR5* 9DU/RY1 TO S]VE AS A S\RCE ( RAW MAT]IALS 7COAL1 M9]ALS1 RUBB]1 RICE1 COTTON444471 & = ! EXPLOITATION ( *EAP LABOR P[] 7SEMI-SLAV]Y 9 ! M9ES1 RUBB] PLANTATIONS1 FACTORIES444474 ,IT CAN BE SAID )\T ANY EXAGG]ATION ?AT ! COLONIAL W> ACTUALLY BEGAN AT ! MOM5T :5 ! FIR/ ,FR5* TROOPS SET FOOT 9 ,9DO*9A 9 #ahei 7! CONQUE/ ( ,SAIGON74 ,ONCE ! COLONIAL P[] WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 ! C\NTRY IT CONDUCT$ A P]MAN5T W> AGA9/ ! PEASANT & WORK+ CLASS POPULATION ?AT WAS 9 A /ATE ( LAT5T OR OP5 REVOLT2 IT WAS EI!R DORMANT OR 9SURRECTION>Y4 ,?IS REBEL MOVEM5T WAS AT FIR/ ORGANIZ$ UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( LAWY]S1 RELIGI\S LEAD]S1 & SECRET SOCIETIES4 ,9 ! #a#i#bS MOD]N NATIONALI/ GR\PS >OSE ?AT SUBSEQU5TLY ASSUM$ LEAD]%IP OV] !SE MOVEM5TS4 ,9 #a#i#b#c1 9 ,CO*9 ,*9A1 ,NGUY5 ,AN ,N9H.<#d.> PUBLI%$ ,LA ,CLO*E ,FELEE1.<#e.> A NEWSPAP] ?AT D5\NC$ ! IRREV]5CE ( ! COLONIAL P[]4 ,HE 5C\RAG$ Y\NG PEOPLE TO GO TO ,FRANCE 9 ORD] TO EXP& !IR HORIZONS BECAUSE1 9 HIS OP9ION1 ! OPPRESSION ( ,VIETNAM CAME FROM ,FRANCE1 BUT SO1 TOO1 DID ! SPIRIT ( LIB]ATION4 ,9 #a#i#b#f1 ,SAIGON EXP]I5C$ ITS FIR/ SPR+ ( REVOLT4 ,AT A RALLY HELD BY ,NGUY5 ,AN ,N9H1 ! HUMBLE FOLK ( ,SAIGON ATT5D$ A MASSIVE DEMON/RATION AGA9/ ! COLONIAL P[] & DEM&$ DEMOCRATIC FRE$OMS4 ,AT ! FUN]AL PROCESSION ( ! OLD REVOLUTION>Y ,PHAN ,*AU ,TR9H1 ! POPULATION ( ! 5TIRE C\NTRY ASSEMBL$ 9 A GIGANTIC DEMON/RATION AGA9/ ITS ,FR5* MA/]S4 ,HE$+ ! CALL ( ,NGUY5 ,AN ,N9H1 MANY Y\NG PEOPLE EMIGRAT$ TO ,FRANCE4 ,AFT] !IR >RIVAL 9 ,FRANCE1 ! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY S5T A L>GE NUMB] ( !M TO ,MOSC[ = TRA9+ AS PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES4 ,SOME ( ! O!R EMIGRANTS TO ,FRANCE W\LD NOT GO TO ,MOSC[ BECAUSE !Y DID NOT TRU/ ! ,U,S,S,R1 :I* WAS ALREADY UND] ! BOOT ( ,/AL9 9 #a#i#b#f1 & !Y JO9$ ! ,TROTSKYI/ ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION 9 ,FRANCE4 ,9 #aibc ! EMIGRE ,NGUY5 ,AI ,QUOC.<#f.> 7:O W\LD LAT] ASSUME ! NAME ,HO ,*I ,M9H7 WAS S5T TO ,MOSC[ BY ! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 :I* HE JO9$ AFT] ! ,T\RS ,CONGRESS ( #a#i#b4 ,9 #a#i#b#e1 IMPLEM5T+ DIRECTIVES FROM ,MOSC[ & ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 HE F\ND$ ! 0,?ANH ,NI5 ,CA* ,MANG ,DONG ,*I ,HOI0 7,! ,ASSOCIATION ( ,Y\NG ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMRADES OR ,VIETNAM ,REVOLUTION>Y ,Y\? ,LEAGUE7 9 ,CANTON1 BAS$ ON GR\PS ( REBELS FROM ,ANNAM :O HAD EMIGRAT$ TO ,*9A4 ,AFT] SEV]AL MON?S ( TRA9+1 !SE PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES RETURN$ TO ,VIETNAM4 ,BEG9N+ 9 #a#i#b#e-#a#i#b#f1 ! ,?ANH ,NI5 RAPIDLY SPREAD FROM NOR!RN TO S\!RN ,VIETNAM1 MA9LY AMONG ! PEASANTRY4 ,9 #a#i#b#g1 ! ,VIETNAMESE ,NATIONALI/ ,P>TY WAS SECRETLY F\ND$ 9 ,HANOI 7,V,N,Q,D,D1 0,VIET ,NAM ,QUOC ,DAN ,DANG071 :OSE DECL>$ GOAL WAS TO EXPEL ! ,FR5* FROM ,9DO*9A & TO E/ABLI% A B\RGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC4 ,ITS MEMB]S PREA*$ ! TACTICS ( CONSPIRACY1 MILIT>Y C\P & T]RORISM4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #aic ! ,VIETNAMESE ,NATIONALI/ ,P>TY SUPPORT$ ! 9SURRECTION ( ! NATIVE TROOPS AT ! ,Y5 ,BAY G>RISON.<#g.> 79 NOR!RN ,VIETNAM74 ,! 9SURRECTION WAS DR[N$ 9 BLOOD & ! ,VIETNAMESE ,NATIONALI/ ,P>TY WAS DE/ROY$4 ,! PROTO-,BOL%EVIK NATIONALI/ GR\P1 ,?ANH ,NI51 F\ND$ BY ,NGUY5 ,AI ,QUOC 7! FUTURE ,HO ,*I ,M9H7 9 ,CANTON1 WAS REORGANIZ$ AS ! ,9DO*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#c4 ,BEG9N+ ON ,MAY #a1 #a#i#c1 ITS MILITANTS ORGANIZ$ M>*ES ( POOR PEASANTS TO ! COLONIAL ADM9I/RATIVE (FICES TO DEM& A R$UCTION 9 TAXES & A PO/PONEM5T ( ! DATE = PAY+ !M1 S9CE ,MAY #a/ WAS ! DATE TAX PAYM5TS W]E DUE4 ,! MOVEM5T WAS MO/ ACTIVE 9 ,CO*9 ,*9A & ,ANNAM4 ,! COLONIAL AU?ORITIES RESPOND$ BY OP5+ FIRE ON !SE PEACEFUL DEMON/RATIONS4 ,! ,P>TY RAPIDLY REORI5T$ ! MOVEM5T BAS$ ON ECONOMIC DEM&S T[>DS AN 9SURRECTION TO OV]?R[ COLONIAL IMP]IALISM1 SEIZE P[] & E/ABLI% A SOVIET REGIME4 ,?IS CORRESPOND$ ) ! POLICY KN[N AS ! 0?IRD P]IOD0 ?AT WAS ADVOCAT$ BY ,MOSC[ AT ?AT TIME4 ,9 NOR!RN ,ANNAM1 PEASANT SOVIETS W]E =M$ 9 ,NY #a#i#c#a4 ,9 C5TRAL ,ANNAM1 GU]RILLA UNITS ATTACK$ MILIT>Y BASES4 ,9 ! S\?1 ! NASC5T PEASANT REVOLT EXECUT$ HI< LEVEL POLICE (FICIALS4 ,?IS PEASANT MOVEM5T WAS DEFEAT$ 9 A BLOODY WAVE ( REPRESSION4 ,?\S&S ( PEASANTS W]E MASSACR$1 IMPRISON$1 OR S5T TO =C$ LABOR CAMPS4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS ALMO/ ANNIHILAT$4 ,AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! PEASANT MOVEM5T1 TWO COMMUNI/ LEFT OPPOSITION GR\PS W]E =M$ )9 ! P>TY1 ONE 9 NOR!RN ,ANNAM & ! O!R 9 ,CO*9 ,*9A4 ,!Y CRITICIZ$ ! P>TY'S POLICY ?AT WAS DET]M9$ = ! MO/ P>T BY PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES 0S5T BY ,MOSC[10 :O NEV] CONSULT$ ! RANK & FILE1 :I* WAS ONLY SUPPOS$ TO EXECUTE !IR ORD]S4 ,! OPPOSITION GR\P 9 ,CO*9 ,*9A ?\TY1 BY D$ICAT+ MO/ ( ITS EF=TS TO RURAL >EAS1 HAD DISREG>D$ ! URBAN PROLET>IAT ( ! 9DU/RIAL C5T]S ?AT WAS !ORETICALLY ! ONLY =CE CAPABLE ( BECOM+ ! VANGU>D ( ! REVOLUTION1 BECAUSE1 AS Y\NG & AS WEAK AS IT MAY HAVE BE51 IT HAD )9 ITS H&S ! N]VE C5T]S ( ! SY/EM ( ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION & COLONIAL RULE4.<#h.> ,?IS GR\P WAS ACTIVE AMONG ! COOLIES.<#i.> & ! WORK]S ( ,SAIGON & =M$ ! UND]GR\ND ORGANIZATION1 0,?ANG ,MUOI0 7,OCTOB]71 L$ BY ,HO ,HUU ,TUONG & ,DAO ,HUNG ,LONG4 ,!Y PUBLI%$ A !ORETICAL J\RNAL ( ! SAME NAME 7EI* #a#i#c#b74 ,TA ,?U ,?AU1 :O HAD BE5 EXPELL$ FROM ,FRANCE = HAV+ P>TICIPAT$ 9 A DEMON/RATION ON ! ,*AMPS-,ELYSEES AGA9/ ! JUDICIAL EXECUTIONS ( ! 9SURRECTION>IES ( ,Y5 ,BAY1 JO9$ ) O!R MILITANTS :O W]E DISORI5T$ BY ! FIASCO ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,9DO*9A4 ,?IS GR\P PUBLI%$ ! 9SURRECTION>Y BULLET91 ,CONG ,SAN 7,COMMUNISM74 ,9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#a1 !SE TWO GR\PS COMB9$ TO =M ! 0,TA DOI LAP0 7,LEFT ,OPPOSITION74 ,!Y CONT9U$ TO PUBLI% ,?ANG ,MUOI 7,OCTOB]7 AS !IR !ORETICAL ORGAN &1 UND] ! IMPR9T ( 0,TA DOI LAP TUNG ?U0 7,LEFT ,OPPOSITION ,PUBLI%]S71 !Y DI/RIBUT$ ,VIETNAMESE TRANSLATIONS ( ! CLASSICS ( ,M>XISM 7,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 ,BUKH>9'S ,! ,A,B,C ( ,COMMUNISM1 ,SOCIALISM3 ,UTOPIAN & ,SCI5TIFIC BY ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS 444 AB\T FIFTY TITLES 9 ALL74 ,?IS WAS TRULY A COLOSSAL AM\NT ( WORK = SU* A SMALL GR\P ?AT OP]AT$ 9 /RICT SECRECY4 ,?IS MOVEM5T WAS SOON DE/ROY$ BY COLONIAL REPRESSION3 ! POLITICAL POLICE TRACK$ D[N ! 0PR9T]S40 ,9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#b1 #fe ( ! GR\P'S MILITANTS & SYMPA?IZ]S W]E PUT BEH9D B>S1 AB\T ?IRTY ( !M 9 ,SAIGON4 ,N[ ?AT ,I HAVE SKET*$ ! HI/ORICAL BACKGR\ND1 Y\ WILL =GIVE ME IF1 = ! PURPOSE ( PROVID+ EXACT TE/IMONY1 ,I USE ! FIR/ P]SON 9 MAY N>RATIVE1 AS ,I DID 9 MY MEMOIRE1 ,AU PAYS DE LA ,CLO*E ,FELEE4.<#a.> ,I WAS F\RTE5 YE>S OLD :5 ,I LEFT HOME TO GO TO WORK 9 ! CITY ( ,SAIGON AT A ,FR5* METAL-WORK+ FIRM1 & ,I BEGAN TO PAY CLOS] ATT5TION TO ! ACTIVITIES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 ,9 #a#i#c1 ,I BEGAN TO GO TO ! MUNICIPAL LIBR>Y ( ,SAIGON AFT] WORK TO READ ,M>X1 SIGN+ ! BOOKS \T UND] A FALSE NAME1 ( C\RSE4 ,I TRI$ TO TRANSLATE ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 9TO ,VIETNAMESE4 ,A FRI5D ( M9E FROM WORK WAS ACQUA9T$ ) A NEWSPAP] $ITOR1 :O TURN$ \T TO BE ,HO ,HUU ,TUONG1 :OM ,I HAVE ALREADY M5TION$1 & ,I TALK$ TO HIM AB\T MY ATTEMPT TO TRANSLATE ! ,MANIFE/O4 ,HE C\LD SEE H[ EAG] ,I WAS = ACTION &1 9ITIAT+ ME 9TO ! WAYS ( ! UND]GR\ND ORGANIZATION1 HE 9TRODUC$ ME TO ,DAO ,HUNG ,LONG1 :OM ,I HAVE ALSO M5TION$4 ,I ?US MADE CONTACT ) ! ,TROTSKYI/ ,OPPOSITION GR\P ( ,CO*9 ,*9A L$ BY ,HO ,HUU ,TUONG4 ,AT ! METAL-WORK+ FIRM :]E ,I WORK$ ,I TRI$ TO DISCREETLY ORGANIZE MO/ ( ! COOLIES & ! TWO TRUCK DRIV]S 9 AN ASSOCIATION 7S9CE ! WORDS 0CONG HOI0--TRADE UNION--W]E IMPOSSIBLE TO USE 9 ! ATMOSPH]E ( UNBRIDL$ REPRESSION71 :OSE AIM WAS TO NOT ONLY PROVIDE MUTUAL AID 9 CASE ( UN=ESE5 MIS=TUNES1 DEA? & SICKNESS1 BUT ALSO TO SU/A9 A CLIMATE ( FRAT]NITY AMONG SLAVES4 ,!RE W]E AB\T ?IRTY ( US :O CAME TO MEET+S1 AFT] TAK+ C]TA9 PRECAUTIONS1 ONCE AT A H\SE ( ONE ( ! MEMB]S 9 ! SUBURBS1 ANO!R TIME 9 ! H\SE ( ANO!R MEMB] 9 ! CITY1 UND] ! PRETEXT ( CELEBRAT+ A W$D+ ANNIV]S>Y1 OR SIMPLY GO+ TO A P>TY1 S9CE MEET+S ( MORE ?AN #ai P]SONS W]E =BIDD5 )\T PRIOR AU?ORIZATION4 ,ONE MORN+ :5 ! FACTORY OP5$1 ! COOLIES REFUS$ TO 5T] !IR WORK%OPS1 & REMA9$ ON ! /REET4 ,IT WAS ! FIR/ SPONTANE\S /RIKE BY ! L[E/-PAID WORK]S ( ! FIRM4 ,!Y DEM&$ A WAGE 9CREASE & D5\NC$ ! BEAT+S & ABUSE !Y SUFF]$ 9 ! FACTORY4 ,! SLAVE DRIV]S DID NOT GIVE 9 RITY ON ,MAY #c1 PRACTICALLY SIGNAL$ ! 5D ( ! UND]GR\ND MOVEM5T4 ,MO/ ( ! MILITANTS W]E IMPRISON$ OR DEPORT$ TO ! =C$ LABOR CAMPS4 #a#i#c#c3 ! MO/ 9CR$IBLE MOM5T 9 HI/ORY1 :5 A UNIT$ FRONT BETWE5 ,/AL9I/S & ,TROTSKYI/S WAS =M$1 AT A TIME :51 ALL OV] ! WORLD1 ,/AL9I/S W]E CALL+ = ! POLITICAL & PHYSICAL ELIM9ATION ( ,TROTSKYI/S1 SU* AS TOOK PLACE FIR/ 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 & !N 9 ,SPA94 ,?IS FRONT WAS =M$ TO RUN AN ELECTORAL SLATE 9 ! MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS 9 ,SAIGON1 9 ,APRIL #a#i#c#c1 & WAS 9SPIR$ BY ,NGUY5 ,AN ,N9H4 ,IT WAS HIS *>ISMA & HIS 9FLU5CE ?AT ALL[$ ! TWO COMMUNI/ T5D5CIES 7,/AL9I/S & ,TROTSKYI/S1 :O VIEW$ HIM AS !IR PROG5ITOR7 TO CONS5T TO ! =MATION ( A UNIT$ FRONT >\ND ! NEWSPAP] ,LA ,LUTTE 7,! ,/RUGGLE7 9 #a#i#c#c4 ,?US1 ! TWO T5D5CIES AGRE$ TO DISSEM9ATE ,M>XI/ IDEAS & TO AB/A9 FROM MUTUAL CRITICISM1 = ! PURPOSE ( WAG+ A JO9T /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! COLONIAL P[] )9 A LEGAL FRAMEWORK4 ,& SO IT WAS ?AT FROM #aicc TO #aicg !Y P>TICIPAT$ 9 A COMMON CAUSE1 AN EV5T ?AT /&S \T AS A UNIQUE PH5OM5ON 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T1 BUT :I* CAN BE EASILY UND]/OOD1 FROM A C]TA9 PO9T ( VIEW1 S9CE1 UND] ! COLONIAL REGIME1 ,9DO*9A WAS A V]ITABLE PRISON & IT WAS ONLY NATURAL ?AT ! PRISON]S %\LD UNITE AGA9/ !IR GU>DS4 ,ON ,MAY #b1 #a#i#c#e1 A MORTAL BL[ WAS DELIV]$ TO ! WORLD ( ?OSE :O REFUS$ TO SUBMIT TO ! IMP]IALI/ ORD]3 ,/AL9 SIGN$ ! 0,FRANCO-,SOVIET ,MUTUAL ,ASSI/ANCE ,TREATY0 ) ,LAVAL & (FICIALLY SANCTION$ ! GR[? ( ,FR5* MILIT>Y P[]4 ,! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY SUBMISSIVELY 5DEAVOR$ TO EXT+UI% ALL ANTI-MILIT>I/ S5TIM5T & TO BOL/] ! MORAL =CE ( ! IMP]IAL TRICOLOR4 ,! ,9DO*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY GRADUALLY CAME TO SUPPORT ?IS POLICY1 DESPITE ! 9EVITABLE 9T]NAL RESI/ANCE4 ,LA ,LUTTE--! NEWSPAP] BAS$ ON ! COLLABORATION ( ,/AL9I/S & ,TROTSKYI/S--REMA9$ SIL5T CONC]N+ ?IS TURN ( EV5TS4 ,! NEW L9E IMPOS$ ON ! ,9DO*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MADE RADICAL CRITIQUE AN URG5T NECESSITY4 ,! ,TROTSKYI/S WORK+ UND] LEGAL CONDITIONS W]E H&CUFF$ BY !IR AGREEM5T TO ABIDE BY ! UNIT$ FRONT ) ! ,/AL9I/S 9 ! ,LA ,LUTTE GR\P4 ,?IS IS :Y1 9 OPPOSITION TO ?IS SURR5D] TO ,/AL9I/ NATIONALISM1 ALONG ) ,LU ,SANH ,HANH1 A DISSID5T :O WAS =M]LY A MEMB] ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ,HO ,HUU ,TUONG 9TRODUC$ ME TO ANO!R COMRADE :O HAD JU/ BE5 RELEAS$ FROM PRISON1 ,TR9H ,VAN ,LAU1 & WE DECID$ TO =M ! ,LEAGUE ( ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,COMMUNI/S = ! ,CON/RUCTION ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,WE FE>$ ?AT ! VICTORY ( NATIONALISM OV] COLONIAL IMP]IALISM 9 ,VIETNAM W\LD ONLY MEAN ! RISE TO P[] ( A NATIVE B\RGEOISIE & ?AT ! DESP]ATE CONDITION ( ! EXPLOIT$ W\LD REMA9 UN*ANG$4 ,AT NIN$ ! PR9T+ TRADE & WE SUCCESSFULLY PUBLI%$ A !ORETICAL PAMPHLET1 ,CA* MANG ?UONG TRUC 7,P]MAN5T ,REVOLUTION71 :I* WAS DISSEM9AT$ 9 SECRET4 ,T[>DS ! 5D ( #aice \R GR\P PUBLI%$ ! POLEMICAL BULLET91 ,TI5 ,DAO 7,! ,VANGU>D74 ,?IS BULLET9 RECAPITULAT$ ! PREVI\S OPPOSITION CRITIQUES1 :ILE ALSO ADD+ ?AT ! COMMUNI/ P>TIES MU/ NOT ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE R$UC$ TO PLAY+ ! ROLE ( AUXILI>IES ( ,RUSSIAN DIPLOMACY1 & ?AT IF AN IMP]IALI/ W> W]E TO BREAK \T1 IT W\LD BE \R DUTY TO TRANS=M IT 9TO A CIVIL W>1 & ?AT ! ONLY WAY TO DEF5D ! ,U,S,S,R IS ! REVOLUTION>Y ACTION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! FIR/ PRACTICAL ACTION ( \R GR\P WAS TO 5GAGE 9 SUPPORT = /RIK+ HORSE-DRAWN C>RIAGE DRIV]S4 ,!SE CABDRIV]S HAD BECOME V]Y AGITAT$ OV] NEW PROPOS$ REGULATIONS :OSE PURPOSE WAS TO ELIM9ATE !M = ! B5EFIT ( ! ,FR5* ,/REETC> ,COMPANY4 ,ON ,DECEMB] #b#e1 #a#i#c#e1 !Y /AG$ A /RIKE ?AT WAS OBS]V$ BY ALMO/ ALL ! CABDRIV]S4 ,ON ! FOLL[+ DAY !Y ATT5D$ A DEMON/RATION 9 ! C5TRAL M>KET SQU>E ( ,SAIGON & !Y CALL$ UPON ! REC5TLY-ELECT$ ,/AL9I/ & ,TROTSKYI/ MUNICIPAL C\NCILORS TO HELP !M4 ,! REPRESSION ?AT WAS !N UNLEA%$ WAS EXTREMELY VIOL5T4 ,! POLITICAL POLICE RAID$ ! (FICES ( ! NEWSPAP]1 ,LA ,LUTTE1 & >RE/$ ALL ( ITS $ITORS1 AS WELL AS ,TA ,?U ,?AU1 :O WAS REC5TLY ELECT$ TO ! ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL1 = OB/RUCT+ ! FRE$OM TO WORK4 ,ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS \R PRESS WAS %UT D[N4 ,!N CAME ,JUNE #a#i#c#f4 ,) ! 9AUGURATION ( ! ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5T L$ BY ,LEON ,BLUM & SUPPORT$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ! WORK]S BEGAN TO GO ON /RIKE & TO OCCUPY ! FACTORIES ALL OV] ,FRANCE4 ,HAD ! LONG-AWAIT$ MOM5T F9ALLY >RIV$--= US1 TOO1 = ! COLONIAL SLAVES8 ,\R ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,LEAGUE RESOLV$ TO CALL UPON \R BRO!RS & SI/]S TO TAKE ?AT FIR/ /EP TO ESCAPE FROM !IR HELL4 ,AT ! V]Y MOM5T WE W5T 9TO ACTION \R CORE GR\P FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ! POLITICAL POLICE1 ON ,W$NESDAY1 ,JUNE #a1 #a#i#c#f4 ,\R >RE/S1 H[EV]1 C\LD NOT PREV5T ! DI/RIBUTION 9 ,SAIGON1 ON ! NIALYZ$ ! >S5AL & ! RAILROADS4 ,A D]ISORY ,LABOR ,CODE WAS 5ACT$1 BUT NEI!R ! RI ,FRONT 9CLUD$ A PROVISION = APPO9T+ A P>LIAM5T>Y COMMISSION ( 9QUIRY CONC]N+ ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! COLONIZ$ PEOPLES4 ,TA ,?U ,?AU & ,LA ,LUTTE CALL$ = ! =MATION ( ACTION COMMITTEES & ! SELECTION ( DELEGATES TO AN ,9DO*9ESE ,CONGRESS CONCEIV$ AS ! BASIC FRAMEWORK ( AN ,9DO*9ESE POPUL> FRONT4 ,! CAMPAIGN = ?IS ,CONGRESS WAS LAUN*$ & ?\S&S UPON ?\S&S ( FLI]S W]E DI/RIBUT$4 ,ACTION COMMITTEES SPREAD LIKE WILDFIRE4 ,9 ! REGION ( ,SAIGON-,*OLON1 COMMITTEES W]E =M$ 9 ! ,FR5* ,/REETC> ,COMPANY1 ! CIG>ETTE FACTORY1 ! DI/ILL]IES ( ,B9H ,TAY1 ! OIL /ORAGE DEPOTS AT ,NHA ,BE1 ! RAILROADS1 ! PR9T %OPS1 & AMONG ! CABDRIV]S4 ,POPUL> 5?USIASM SURG$ LIKE AN 9DOMITABLE TIDAL WAVE4 ,! COLONIAL ADM9I/RATORS W]E T]RIFI$ & NOTIFI$ ,P>IS2 ON ,SEPTEMB] #h1 ! ,M9I/] = ,COLONIAL ,AFFAIRS1 ,M\TET1 PROHIBIT$ 0! MEET+ S*$UL$ TO BE HELD 9 ,SAIGON BY A ,CONGRESS ( SEV]AL ?\S& 9DIVIDUALS1 9 ORD] TO PREV5T POSSIBLE DI/URBANCES40 ,A WAVE ( >RE/S FOLL[$4 ,?US1 ,NGUY5 ,AN ,N9H1 ,TA ,?U ,?AU & ,NGUY5 ,VAN ,TAO JO9$ US AT ! ,C5TRAL ,POLICE ,DEP>TM5T4 ,!Y W]E PUT BEH9D B>S1 & ! ,9DO*9ESE ,CONGRESS MOVEM5T WAS DECAPITAT$4 ,! ,GOV]NOR ( ,CO*9 ,*9A ISSU$ A DECREE ORD]+ ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ACTION COMMITTEES4 ,AT ?IS TIME1 WE W]E JO9$ 9 PRISON BY ! #ag PEASANTS :O COMPRIS$ ! ACTION COMMITTEE ( ,B5 ,LUC4 ,IT WAS DUR+ ?IS 5=C$ GET-TOGE!R ( ,/AL9I/S & ,TROTSKYI/S 9 JAIL ?AT WE BECAME AW>E ( ! ,MOSC[ ,TRIALS4 ,MORE ?AN EV] BE=E1 ! ,TROTSKYI/-,/AL9I/ UNIT$ FRONT 9 ,LA ,LUTTE /RUCK US AS A REAL P>ADOX4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,TROTSKYI/S W]E BE+ TREAT$ LIKE V5OM\S S]P5TS 9 ,MOSC[1 !Y W]E BE+ IMPRISON$1 DEPORT$1 MASSACR$3 H[ MU* LONG] W\LD ! ,TROTSKYI/S ( ,9DO*9A BE ABLE TO AVOID CONDEMN+ ,/AL9 & HIS LOCAL SUPPORT]S8 ,:ILE ,TA ,?U ,?AU & HIS CIRCLE CONT9U$ TO MA9TA9 A UNIT$ CORE GR\P )9 ,LA ,LUTTE1 :I* B>ELY HELD TOGE!R 9 VIEW ( ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 WE W]E 9=M$ 9 ,M>* #aicg ?AT1 BREAK+ ) HIS 5=C$ SIL5CE1 \R COMRADE :O WAS /ILL AT L>GE1 ,HO ,HUU ,TUONG1 HAD ONCE AGA9 BEGUN TO PUBLI% ,LE ,MILITANT1 0ORGAN ( PROLET>IAN DEF5SE & ,M>XI/ COMBAT10 9 ! PAGES ( :I* HE HAD PR9T$ ! TEXT ( ,L59'S ,TE/AM5T1 ) ITS W>N+S AGA9/ ,/AL9'S BRUTALITY & DECEITFULNESS4 ,ONE ,SUNDAY MORN+1 :ILE ,I WAS /ILL 9 JAIL1 ,I WAS V]Y MOV$ TO MEET ,DAO ,HUNG ,LONG1 MY OLD FRI5D1 :O HAD DROPP$ \T ( SI ( =C$ LABOR & S5T TO WORK ON ! ROAD PROJECTS 9 ,*AU ,DOC4 ,!RE1 HE P]SUAD$ ! COMMON CRIM9ALS TO REFUSE TO DO ANY HEAVY WORK1 & !N TO GO ON A HUNG] /RIKE4 ,HE TOLD ME ?AT HE WAS >RE/$ AT AN IMPORTANT SECRET MEET+ ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,TROTSKYI/S ON ! NIEA 7FROM ! >S5AL1 ! >TILL]Y WORKS1 ! RAILROADS1 ! /REETC> COMPANY1 =GES1 ! ,WORK%OPS & ,CON/RUCTION ,COMPANY ( ,9DO*9A--,F,A,C,I--! ,EA/ ,ASIAN ,PO/ ,(FICE1 ! RUBB] 9DU/RY1 ! WAT] & ELECTRIC P[] COMPANY1 ! ,PORTAIL1 ,>D9 & ,UNION PR9T+ PLANTS1 ! ?REE BIG HORSE-DRAWN C>RIAGE DEPOTS ( ! CITY1 ! ,9DO*9A ,DI/ILL]IES1 & ! PORT]S :O C>RI$ ! BAGS ( RICE AT ! ,*9ESE MILLS1 ! ,F> ,EA/ ,MILLS1 9 ,*OLON44447 MET TO =M ! ,WORK]S ,TRADE ,UNION ,F$]ATION4 ,ALONG ) AB\T SIXTY WORK]S :O W]E PRES5T1 ,DAO ,HUNG ,LONG WAS >RE/$ RIY AGITATORS :O >E ADVOCATES ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL CONT9UES TO GA9 GR\ND 9 ,CO*9 ,*9A1 PR9CIPALLY AMONG ! WORK+ CLASS MILIEUS ( ! ,SAIGON-,*OLON REGION4 ,! WORK+ CLASS ELEM5T IS MORE ATTRACT$ TO ! ,TROTSKYI/ P>TY ?AN IT IS TO ! ,9DO*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY40 ,9 ,MAY #a#i#c#g1 AT ! ORD]S ( ,MOSC[1 ,GITTON1 FROM ! ,COLONIAL ,BUREAU ( ! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ORD]$ ! ,VIETNAMESE ,/AL9I/S TO BREAK ) ! ,TROTSKYI/S4 ,! ,/AL9I/S RESIGN$ FROM ! ,LA ,LUTTE GR\P1 & F\ND$ A NEW NEWSPAP]1 ,L',AVANT-G>DE1 9 :I* !Y *>ACT]IZ$ ! ,TROTSKYI/S1 !IR ]/:ILE ALLIES1 AS 0! TW9 BRO!RS ( FASCISM40 ,AFT] ,I WAS RELEAS$ FROM MY FIR/ /AY 9 PRISON1 9 ,JUNE #a#i#c#g1 ALONG ) ,DAO ,HUNG ,LONG1 ,I PUBLI%$ A PAMPHLET 9 ,VIETNAMESE D5\NC+ ! ,MOSC[ ,TRIALS1 :I* WAS CONFISCAT$ ALMO/ AS SOON AS IT CAME (F ! PRESS4 ,9 #a#i#c#h-#a#i#c#i1 ! ,9DO*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY RALLI$ >\ND ! TRICOLOR4 ,IT SUPPORT$ ! POLICY ( ! COLONIAL GOV]NM5T = ! DEF5SE ( ,9DO*9A AGA9/ ! ,JAPANESE ?REAT1 GO+ SO F> AS TO ADVOCATE ! APPROVAL ( SPECIAL /ATE CR$ITS & EV5 ! SUPPLEM5TAL RECRUITM5T ( REGIM5TS ( NATIVE TROOPS4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 5T]$ 9TO ALLIANCE ) ! CON/ITUTIONALI/ B\RGEOISIE 9 ! COLONIAL ELECTIONS ( ,APRIL #aici & WAS DEFEAT$4 ,! ,TROTSKYI/ ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL C&IDATES L$ BY ,TA ,?U ,?AU1 ON ! O!R H&1 :O OPPOS$ ! NEW CR$ITS & ( ! RECRUITM5T ( REGIM5TS ( NATIVE TROOPS1 WON ?REE SEATS4 7,?IS VICTORY MU/ BE UND]/OOD 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! FACT ?AT ! ELECTION WAS BAS$ ON A SY/EM ( SUFFRAGE CON/RA9$ BY $UCATIONAL & ECONOMIC QUALIFICATIONS1 ?US FAVOR+ ! B\RGEOISIE & PETTY B\RGEOISIE1 :O W]E NONE!LESS OPPOS$ TO ! POLICY ( NATIONAL DEF5SE1 :I* W\LD IMPLY AN 9CREASE 9 TAXES & T>IFFS47 ,ON ,MAY #b1 #a#i#c#i1 9 A TELEGRAM TO ! ,M9I/] ( ,COLONIAL ,AFFAIRS1 ,GOV]NOR ,G5]AL ,BREVIE PRAIS$ ! POSITION ( ! ,9DO*9ESE ,/AL9I/S3 0,:ILE ! ,/AL9I/ COMMUNI/S UND]/&1 LIKE ,NGUY5 ,VAN ,TAO1 ?AT ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,ANNAMESE MASSES BR+ !M CLOS] TO ,FRANCE1 ! ,TROTSKYI/S1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,TA ,?U ,?AU1 >E NOT AFRAID TO 5C\RAGE ! NATIVES TO REVOLT1 SO ?AT !Y CAN TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! OPPORTUNITY TO C>RY \T A W> = TOTAL LIB]ATION40 ,AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ! ELECTIONS & ! SUCCESS ( ! ,TROTSKYI/S1 ,HO ,*I ,M9H1 :O WAS /ILL 9 ,*9A1 9 ,GUIL91 S5T HIS COMRADES 9 ,HANOI ! ORD] TO 0POLITICALLY0 ELIM9ATE ! ,TROTSKYI/S4 7,?IS ORD] W\LD EV5TUALLY BE C>RI$ \T4 ,HIS SUPPORT]S MASSACR$ ! ,TROT/KYI/S AS SOON AS ,HO ,*I ,M9H TOOK P[] 9 #a#i#d#e47 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#i1 ! SECOND WORLD BUT*]Y COMM5C$4 ,9 ,9DO*9A1 A G5]ALIZ$ P]SECUTION 5SU$1 & ALL POLITICAL SUSPECTS1 PRACTICALLY )\T EXCEPTION1 W]E S5T TO =C$ LABOR CAMPS OR TO JAIL4 #a#i#c#i-#a#i#d3 ) ! ,HITL]-,/AL9 ,PACT1 ! ,9DO*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MADE A SUDD5 *ANGE ( C\RSE1 ONCE AGA9 DECL>+ ?AT ,FR5* IMP]IALISM WAS ! 5EMY3 IT NO LONG] SUPPORT$ ! COLONIAL GOV]NM5T AGA9/ ,JAPAN 7:I* OCCUPI$ ,9DO*9A 9 #a#i#d1 ALL[+ ! ,FR5* ADM9I/RATION TO CONT9UE TO EXI/ UND] ITS CONTROL UNTIL ,M>* #i1 #a#i#d#e74 ,?IS IS :Y1 AFT] ! DECL>ATION ( W> BETWE5 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ,CO*9 ,*9A1 :I*1 AL?\< IT WAS SEV]ELY WEAK5$1 NONE!LESS RETA9$ A SIGNIFICANT RURAL BASE1 UNLEA%$ A PEASANT 9SURRECTION = ! SEIZURE ( P[] 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#d4 ,?IS ZIGZAG /RATEGY ( SUDD5 POLICY REV]SALS L$ TO TRAGIC CONSEQU5CES4 ,! 9SURRECTION WAS DR[N$ 9 BLOOD4 ,?\S&S W]E MURD]$ & IMPRISON$1 & HUNDR$S S5T5C$ TO DEA?4 ,! P]IOD BETWE5 #aid & #aide WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY A COMPLETE ABS5CE ( OPPOSITION TO ! ,FR5* ADM9I/RATION1 UND] ! BOOT ( ! ,JAPANESE OCCUPATION4 ,ALL ! SUBV]SIVES W]E 9 PRISONS OR =C$ LABOR CAMPS4 #a#i#d#a3 ,9 ORD] TO RECON/ITUTE ! =CES ( ! ,9DO*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 :I* HAD BE5 DECIMAT$ BY ! ,FR5* REPRESSION ( #a#i#c#i-#a#i#d1 ,NGUY5 ,AI ,QUOC1 N[ KN[N AS ,HO ,*I ,M9H1 AB&ON$ ! COMMUNI/ LABEL & CREAT$ ! ,VIET ,M9H 7AN ABBREVIATION ( 0,VIET ,NAM DOC LAP DONG M9H HOI0--,VIETNAM ,9DEP5D5CE ,LEAGUE71 :OSE IMM$IATE OBJECTIVE WAS1 & ,I QUOTE3 0,TO EXPEL ! ,FR5* & ,JAPANESE FASCI/S & TO E/ABLI% ! COMPLETE 9DEP5D5CE ( ,VIETNAM1 9 ALLIANCE ) ! DEMOCRACIES FIIAN REVOLUTION W]E EXCLUD$ FROM ! PROGRAM ( ! ,VIET ,M9H1 S9CE IT MU/ NOT ALI5ATE ! B\RGEOISIE & ! RURAL L&[N]S ) :OM IT WANT$ TO MAKE AN ALLIANCE4 ,! ,VIET ,M9H SET AB\T ORGANIZ+ AN UND]GR\ND NETWORK 9 NOR!RN ,TONK91 & 9 ,NOVEMB] #aida IT ORGANIZ$ ITS FIR/ GU]RILLA GR\P1 ! =]UNN] ( ! FUTURE 0,LIB]ATION ,>MY40 ,! ,VIET ,M9H WAS ACTUALLY A DISGUIS$ V]SION ( ! ,9DO*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,9 #aidd ,HO ,*I ,M9H REQUE/$ AID FROM ! FAM\S ,AM]ICAN SECRET S]VICE1 ! ,(FICE ( ,/RATEGIC ,S]VICES 7,O,S,S71 :I* S5T HIM WEAPONS & ADVIS]S4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #a#e1 #a#i#d#e1 ,JAPAN SURR5D]$4 ,! ,ALLIES DECID$ ?AT ,VIETNAM NOR? ( ! #a#f? ,P>ALLEL W\LD BE OCCUPI$ BY ,*9ESE TROOPS UND] ,*IANG ,KAI-,%EK1.<#a#a.> & ,VIETNAM S\? ( ! #a#f? ,P>ALLEL W\LD BE OCCUPI$ BY ,BRITI% TROOPS4 ,BE=E ! >RIVAL ( ! OCCUPATION TROOPS1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! POLITICAL VACUUM1 & 9 ! FACE ( ! 9DIFF]5CE ( ! DEFEAT$ ,JAPANESE1 ,HO ,*I ,M9H SEIZ$ P[] 9 ,HANOI1 :ILE HIS SUPPORT]S SEIZ$ P[] 9 ! S\?4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#d#e1 9 ,SAIGON1 ON ! DAY AFT] A MAJOR ,/AL9I/ %[ ( =CE1 WE DI/RIBUT$ A FLI] AT ! C5TRAL M>KET SQU>E1 SIGN$ BY ! ,LEAGUE ( ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,COMMUNI/S1 :I* CALL$ UPON ! PEOPLE TO TAKE UP >MS1 ORGANIZE PEOPLE'S COMMITTEES1 =M PEOPLE'S MILITIAS4444 ,! PEOPLE TRI$ TO OBTA9 WEAPONS4 ,9 ,SAIGON1 A L>GE NUMB] ( PEOPLE'S COMMITTEES 7REM9ISC5T ( ! #aicf ACTION COMMITTEES7 >OSE SPONTANE\SLY AS 9/ITUTIONS ( LOCAL GOV]NM5T4 ,! WORK]S ( ! V>I\S DI/RICTS ( ,SAIGON HAD ALREADY ELECT$ !IR COMMITTEES 9 ,AUGU/4 ,EMBRYONIC =MS ( PEOPLE'S C\NCILS EM]G$ EV]Y:]E2 ! =MATION ( C\NCILS SEEM$ TO POSSESS AN IRRESI/IBLE DYNAMIC4 ,! ,LEAGUE ( ,9T]NATIONALI/ ,COMMUNI/S DID EV]Y?+ IT C\LD TO COORD9ATE ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,9 A WORK+ CLASS NEIM$ WORK]S4 ,!SE DELEGATES DISSEM9AT$ A DECL>ATION 9 :I* !Y PROCLAIM$ !IR 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! ,/AL9I/ DE FACTO GOV]NM5T AS WELL AS !IR RESOLUTE CONDEMNATION ( ANY 9FR+EM5T ( ! AUTONOMY ( ! DECISIONS ( ! WORK]S & ! PEASANTS4.<#a#b.> ,! ,/AL9I/ GOV]NM5T S5T 9 ! POLICE & IMPRISON$ ALL ! DELEGATES1 AFT] TRY+ !M 9 A SO-CALL$ PEOPLE'S C\RT4 ,! ,BRITI% OCCUPATION =CES RE->M$ ! ,FR5*1 :O PROMPTLY SET AB\T RECONQU]+ S\!RN ,VIETNAM4 ,IT WAS AT ?IS TIME ?AT ! ,SAIGON 9SURRECTION BROKE \T1 ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#c1 #a#i#d#e4 ,?AT NI COMPANY DECID$1 COMPLETELY AUTONOM\SLY1 TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! 9SURRECTION AGA9/ ! RETURN ( ! ,FR5*4 ,9 CON=MANCE ) ! 9T]NATIONALI/ SPIRIT ( ! ,LEAGUE1 !Y UNEQUIVOCALLY SUPPORT$ ! ,LEAGUE'S APPEALS = ! >M+ ( ! PEOPLE1 BROKE (F RELATIONS ) ! ,/AL9I/ ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR--RE*RI/5$ AS ! 0,WORK]S ( ! ,NATIONAL ,>MY0--& CON/ITUT$ A 0WORK]S MILITIA0 7A NAME ?AT WAS 9SPIR$ BY ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>74 ,WE NUMB]$ SIXTY COMBATANTS1 ORGANIZ$ 9 GR\PS ( ELEV51 EA* ( :I* WAS UND] ! RESPONSIBILITY ( A COMRADE WE ELECT$ \RSELVES4 ,! WORK]S MILITIA S]V$ 9 ! C5T] ( ! FRONT L9E DUR+ ! SIEGE ( ,SAIGON1 :I* HAD BE5 OCCUPI$ BY ,BRITI% & ,FR5* TROOPS4 ,IT !RE=E P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! COMBAT AGA9/ ! COLONIAL =CES :ILE TRY+ AT ! SAME TIME TO CREATE A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION ?AT WAS NOT BEHOLD5 TO /RATEGIES IMPOS$ FROM ABOVE4 ,ALL ! >M$ =CES ?AT W]E OPPOS$ TO ! RETURN ( ! ,FR5* 9 ! S\?--! ,CAO ,DAI & ,HOA ,HAO RELIGI\S SECTS1 ! V>I\S >M$ GR\PS1 9CLUD+ ! ,TROTSKYI/ GR\PS ?AT HAD F\T$ ) ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,TROTSKYI/S & !N PROCE$$ TO DEAL LIKEWISE ) ! LEAD]S ( ! O!R ORGANIZATIONS1 9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% ITS UNRIVAL$ P[] 9 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! RESI/ANCE4 ,9 NOR!RN ,VIETNAM ,HO ,*I ,M9H HAD CONCLUD$ SEV]AL AGREEM5TS ) ! ,*9ESE OCCUPATION TROOPS SO ?AT HE C\LD RETA9 P[] UNTIL ! >RIVAL ( ! ,FR5* EXP$ITION>Y =CE :I*1 ONCE ! ,*9ESE HAD )DRAWN1 !N SET \T TO RECONQU] ! C\NTRY 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#d#f4 ,AS WAS ! CASE 9 ! S\?1 ,HO ,*I ,M9H WAS 9T5T UPON EXT]M9AT+ ! ,TROTSKYI/S FROM ! V]Y MOM5T HE TOOK P[] &1 AFT] ! )DRAWAL ( ! ,*9ESE TROOPS1 HE DE/ROY$ ALL ! O!R NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS4 ,AT ?IS PO9T1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO RECALL A FEW ( ! LITTLE-KN[N HI< PO9TS ( ?IS REAL CLASS /RUGGLE )9 ! /RUGGLE = 9DEP5D5CE4 ,:5 ,HO ,*I ,M9H SEIZ$ P[] 9 NOR!RN ,VIETNAM1 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#d#e1 ! #c1 COAL M9]S ( ! ,HON ,GAI-,CAM ,PHA DI/RICT1 RID+ ! WAVE ( 5?USIASM UNLEA%$ BY ! LIB]ATION1 ?\RE/ ALL ! ELECT$ WORK]S DELEGATES1 BUT HE IMM$IATELY REPLAC$ ! C\NCILS ) A NEW HI]>*Y ( ,VIET ,M9H CADRES4 ,&1 SOON 5\<1 AFT] ?REE MON?S ( REVOLUTION>Y AUTONOMY1 ! MILIT>Y-POLICE ORD] ( ! ,/AL9I/ 0,DEMOCRATIC ,REPUBLIC0 REIGN$ OV] ! DI/RICT4 ,I W\LD ALSO LIKE TO M5TION ! AUTONOM\S MOVEM5TS ( ! PEASANTS 9 ! NOR?4 ,9 ,TONK9 & NOR!RN ,ANNAM1 ! PEASANTS1 UND] ! PRESSURE ( HUNG]1 & REMEMB]+ ! ,9DO*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY'S SLOGAN ( #a#i#c1 0,! L& TO ?OSE :O CULTIVATE IT10 REJECT$ ! P>TY'S CALL = NATIONAL UNITY 9 ALLIANCE ) ! RURAL L&[N]S & ACT$ ?R\< ! POPUL> COMMITTEES TO CONFISCATE ! PROP]TY ( ! RI* & TO EXPROPRIATE ! L&3 !Y KNEW !Y C\LD MAKE IT MORE PRODUCTIVE & ?AT ! H>VE/ W\LD NOT BE DIV]T$ 9TO SPECULATIVE V5TURES4 ,HO ,*I ,M9H WA/$ NO TIME 9 SUPPRESS+ !IR 9ITIATIVES4 ,A CIRCUL> ISSU$ 9 ,NOVEMB] #aide TO ! PROV9CIAL COMMITTEES /IPULAT$ ?AT 0! RICE PADDIES & ! CULTIVAT$ L& WILL NOT BE R$I/RIBUT$10 & A DECREE ON ! 0ORGANIZATION ( ! 9/ITUTIONS ( PEOPLES P[]0 PROCLAIMS ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( A PYRAMIDAL HI]>*Y LIKE ?AT ( ! ,VIET ,M9H4 ,! ,/AL9I/ HI]>*Y BR\ ON ! SITUATION & =C$1 MANU MILIT>I1 ! RETURN ( EXPROPRIAT$ L& & PROP]TY TO ! RURAL L&[N]S4 ,9 ! S\?1 9 ! ,MEKONG REGION1 ! PEASANTS ALSO SPONTANE\SLY SEIZ$ ! L&S [N$ BY !IR EXPLOIT]S4 ,/AL9I/ MILITANTS :O ATTEMPT$ TO /OP !M W]E ALMO/ LYN*$ ON ! SPOT BY ! EXPROPRIATORS4 ,A COMMUNIQUE FROM ! ,COMMISS>IAT ( ! ,9T]IOR ( ! DE FACTO ,/AL9I/ GOV]NM5T WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ! NEWSPAP]S3 0,?OSE :O HAVE 5C\RAG$ ! PEASANTS TO SEIZE L& WILL BE M]CILESSLY PUNI%$4 ,! COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION ?AT WILL RESOLVE ! AGR>IAN PROBLEM HAS NOT YET TAK5 PLACE4 ,\R GOV]NM5T IS A DEMOCRATIC & B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T1 AL?\< ! COMMUNI/S HOLD P[]40 ,9 ?IS WAY ! ,VIET ,M9H FURNI%$ ITSELF ) ALL ! MEANS TO MA9TA9 ABSOLUTE HEGEMONY OV] P[] & OV] ! CONDUCT ( ! W>4 ,IT WAS ! EVE ( ! ?IRTY YE> W>4 ,HO ,*I ,M9H'S P>TY WON ?AT W>1 ( C\RSE4 ,BUT DID ! ,VIETNAMESE PEOPLE GA9 ANY?+ BUT A NEW S]VITUDE8 "9"9"9 ,AS ,GEORGE ,ORWELL WROTE3 0,?OSE :O CONTROL ! PRES5T1 CONTROL ! PA/ & ?OSE :O CONTROL ! PA/ CONTROL ! FUTURE40 ,:5 HI/ORY IS H>NESS$ TO ! DISC\RSE ( ! VICTOR1 CONCEAL+ & DI/ORT+ ALL PA/ /RUGGLES 9 A ,MANI*EAN S*EMATIC ?AT DISSOLVES ALL REAL *OICES1 ! PRES5T IS IMPOS$ AS 9ELUCTABLE FATE4 ,?IS IS :Y ,I WANT TO EVOKE ALL !SE EV5TS ) A VIEW T[>DS PRES5T & FUTURE /RUGGLES4 .<#a.> ,! ,DIRECTOR ( ,C,],M,T,R,I 7,! ,LEON ,TROTSKY ,C5T] = ,/UDIES1 ,RESE>* & ,PUBLICATIONS74 .<#b.> ,! RESI/ANCE MOVEM5T AGA9/ ,FR5* COLONIALISM ?AT BEGAN 9 #aidf & 5D$ 9 #ai$ ) ! DEFEAT ( ! ,FR5* =CES AT ,DI5 ,BI5 ,PHU IS KN[N AS ! ,9DO*9A ,W>4 ,! RESI/ANCE MOVEM5T AGA9/ ,AM]ICAN 9T]V5TION ?AT BEGAN 9 ! #a#i#fS & 5D$ 9 #aige IS KN[N AS ! ,VIETNAM ,W>4 .<#c.> ,HUE WAS ! CAPITAL ( ! =M] ,VIETNAMESE ,/ATE 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY4 .<#d.> ,AN 9DEP5D5T NATIONALI/ LEAD] & A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! EXTREME LEFT ( ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T4 ,NGUY5 ,AN ,N9H /UDI$ LAW 9 ,P>IS1 :]E HE FIR/ JO9$ ! NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,HE RETURN$ TO ,VIETNAM 9 #aibc & F\ND$ ! NATIONALI/ NEWSPAP]1 ,LA ,CLO*E ,FELEE1 :I*1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 PUBLI%$ ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O 9 ,VIETNAM = ! FIR/ TIME2 9 ! #a#i#cS HE PLAY$ A LEAD+ ROLE 9 ! ,9DO*9ESE ,CONGRESS MOVEM5T & 9 ,LA ,LUTTE4 .<#e.> 0,! ,CRACK$ ,BELL10 A TITLE ?AT ,NGUY5 ,AN ,N9H TOOK FROM ,BAUDELAIRE'S POEM ( ! SAME NAME 7FROM ,! ,FL[]S ( ,EVIL74 .<#f.> 0,NGUY5 ! ,PATRIOT10 ! NAME ADOPT$ BY ,HO BE=E HE F9ALLY BECAME KN[N AS ,HO ,*I ,M9H 70! BR+] ( LI ,! 9SURRECTION ( ,Y5 ,BAY BEGAN AS A MUT9Y ( ! ,ANNAMESE TROOPS PO/$ ON ! ,*9ESE BORD]1 :O MASSACR$ !IR (FIC]S & TOOK CONTROL ( ! G>RISON = ONE NIRISONS EI!R FAIL$ TO JO9 ! REVOLT OR W]E RAPIDLY DEFEAT$4 ,! VILLAGE ( ,CO ,AM REVOLT$ A FEW DAYS LAT]1 & WAS CRU%$ BY A M]CILESS CAMPAIGN ( A]IAL BOMB>DM5T4 ,! H>% REPRESSION 9FLICT$ BY ! ,FR5* AU?ORITIES 9 ! WAKE ( ! UPRIS+ PUT AN 5D TO ! ,VIET ,NAM ,QUOC ,DAN ,DANG 7,NATIONALI/ ,P>TY7 AS A POLITICAL =CE4 ,! MASSACRE ( ,Y5 ,BAY WAS A MILE/ONE 9 ! =MATION ( ! POLITICAL ?\ 0,! GR\P RALLI$ >\ND ! !SES ( ! ,LEFT ,OPPOSITION3 ! ,MOSC[ LEAD]%IP HAS L$ EV]YONE TO DISA/]2 IT L$ TO ! CRU%+ ( ! WORK]S ( ,%AN TO ! PUTS* & MASSACRE ( ! WORK]S ( ,CANTON 9 ,DECEMB]1 & ! PUTS* ( ,NTICLE BY ,NGO ,VAN1 0,! ,MOVEM5T ( ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ,9DO*9A1 #a#i#c-#a#i#c#i40 .<#i.> ,! SEMI-PROLET>IANS ( ! RUBB] PLANTATIONS4 .<#a.> 0,9 ! ,C\NTRY ( ! ,CRACK$ ,BELL40 ,AN ,5GLI% TRANSLATION ( ?IS BOOK--AS WELL AS O!R TEXTS BY ,NGO ,VAN--IS AVAILABLE ONL9E 7AS ( ,JUNE #b#a#e7 AT ! ,BUREAU ( ,PUBLIC ,SECRETS WEBSITE1 HTTP3_/_/WWW4BOPSECRETS4ORG_/VIETNAM_/9DEX4HTM1 UND] ! TITLE1 ,9 ! ,CROSSFIRE3 ,ADV5TURES ( A ,VIETNAMESE ,REVOLUTION>Y4 ,9 ! ,CROSSFIRE CONTA9S PASSAGES ?AT >E ID5TICAL TO SOME PASSAGES 9 ! ABOVE TEXT1 9DICAT+ ?AT ,NGO ,VAN MAY HAVE 9CLUD$ EXC]PTS FROM HIS BOOKS 9 HIS PRES5TATION .4 .<#a#a.> ,*IANG ,KAI-,%EK 7#a#h#h#g-#a#i#g#e73 MILIT>Y LEAD] ( ! ,KUOM9TANG DUR+ ! ,*9ESE ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#b#e-#a#i#b#g1 & A MEMB] ( ITS RIRI$ \T A BLOODY MASSACRE ( ! COMMUNI/S & TRADE UNIONI/S ( ,%ANY4 ,HE RUL$ ,*9A UNTIL HE WAS DEFEAT$ BY ! ,*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 #a#i#d#i4 .<#a#b.> ,?IS DECL>ATION IS REPRODUC$ 9 FULL 9 ,SOME ,/AGES ( ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ,S\!RN ,VIETNAM1 P4 #h#e4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JANU>Y #h1 #bba 3 ,A ,HUNDR$ ,YE> ,W> -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,A ,HUNDR$ ,YE> ,W> -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/