,A ,FRE% ,LOOK AT ,L59 

#aih 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,&Y ,BR[N 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION 

,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION WAS A GREAT DISA/] = ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,9ITIALLY1 ( C\RSE1 IT WAS A P[]FUL %OT 9 ! >M = SOCIALI/S EV]Y:]E4 ,PREVI\SLY !Y HAD BE5 TALK+ AB\T ! POSSIBILITY ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY 7?\<1 ADMITT$LY1 !Y TRI$ H>D & LONG TO PROVE IT A SCI5TIFIC C]TA9TY74 ,N[1 = ! FIR/ TIME1 !Y W]E ABLE TO PO9T TO ! REALITY4 ,SOCIALISM HAD >RIV$ 9 ,RUSSIA & N[ IT ONLY REMA9$ TO IMITATE IT ELSE:]E4 ,BUT AS TIME PASS$ IT BECAME 9CREAS+LY OBVI\S ?AT SOME?+ HAD GONE WRONG ) ! REVOLUTION4 ,9/EAD ( BE+ ! 9SPIR+ IMAGE ( \R [N FUTURE1 ,RUSSIA GRADUALLY TURN$ 9TO A SQUALID CLASS-RIDD5 DICTATOR%IP4 ,AS PURGE FOLL[$ PURGE1 & BUREAUCRATS ALLOCAT$ !MSELVES ! BE/ FOOD & H\S+1 !-SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ! ,WE/ FL\ND]$ AS IT S\<T = EXPLANATIONS = :AT HAD GONE WRONG 9 ,RUSSIA4 

,!RE W]E1 ( C\RSE1 & /ILL >E1 ?OSE :O F\ND ! IDEA ?AT SOCIALISM DID REALLY EXI/ SO ATTRACTIVE ?AT !Y C\LD NOT BELIEVE ! EVID5CE ( DECAY4 ,PEOPLE :O WROTE GL[+ >TICLES ON ! ME*ANIZATION ( AGRICULTURE.<#a.> :IL/ OLD ,BOL%EVIKS SCREAM$ 9 CELL>S4 ,PEOPLE :O TO ?IS DAY WILL NOT BELIEVE ! '/ORIES' ( 'PETIT B\RGEOIS' CYNICS4 ,!SE PEOPLE >E LIKE ! FLAT E>? SOCIETY1 OR FANATICS ( ! ,B]MUDA ,TRIANGLE4 ,?OSE :O WANT TO BELIEVE 5\< WILL F9D WAYS ( IGNOR+ ALL ! EVID5CE4 ,>GU+ ) SU* PEOPLE IS !RE=E AN UNNECESS>Y EX]TION4 

,H[EV]1 AMONG ?OSE SOCIALI/S :O DO WI% TO MA9TA9 SOME CONTACT ) REALITY1 ! DEBATE CONT9UES TO RAGE OV] :AT W5T WRONG4 ,:Y %\LD A REVOLUTION L$ BY D$ICAT$ ,M>XI/S HAVE PRODUC$ A DEG5]ATE /ATE :]E (FICIALS >E D$ICAT$ TO ! SECURE POSITION & ! =EIGN CURR5CY %OPS8 ,TWO EXPLANATIONS SEEM TO BE ! MO/ PLAUSIBLE4 ,! FIR/1 PUT =W>D BY ,TROTSKY1 & HIS SUBSEQU5T FOLL[]S1 COMES D[N TO ?IS3 NO AM\NT ( D$ICATION ON BEHALF ( ! COMMUNI/S C\LD (FSET ! DREADFUL WEI<T ( ! MAT]IAL H&ICAPS4 ,9 SU* A BACKW>D C\NTRY1 BESET BY CIVIL W> ON ALL SIDES1 ) ITS PROLET>IAN FL[] DE/ROY$ 9 BATTLE1 DEG5]ATION WAS UNAVOIDABLE4 ,P]HAPS IF ,L59 HAD LIV$1 OR IF ,TROTSKY HAD REPLAC$ HIM AT ! HELM1 ?+S MI<T HAVE BE5 DIFF]5T -- BUT SU* ?+S W]E NOT TO BE4 ,AS ,TONY ,CLIFF PUTS IT3 

',L59 C]TA9LY DID NOT CALL = A DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY OV] ! PROLET>IAT1 EV5 LESS = ?AT ( A BUREAUCRATIZ$ P>TY OV] A DECIMAT$ PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT FATE -- ! DESP]ATE CONDITION ( A REVOLUTION 9 A BACKW>D C\NTRY BESIEG$ BY WORLD CAPITALISM -- L$ TO PRECISELY ?IS4'.<#b.> 

,&1 AS ,TROTSKY TELLS US1 IT WAS ?IS 'FATE' .<#c.> ?AT NECESSITAT$ A SECOND REVOLUTION TO RID ,RUSSIA ( ! BUREAUCRATIC USURP]S4 

',! PROLET>IAT ( A BACKW>D C\NTRY WAS FAT$ TO ACCOMPLI% ! FIR/ SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,= ?IS HI/ORIC PRIVILEGE1 IT MU/1 ACCORD+ TO ALL EVID5CES1 PAY ) A SECOND SUPPLEM5T>Y REVOLUTION -- AGA9/ BUREAUCRATIC ABSOLUTISM4' .<#d.> 

,?US1 ACCORD+ TO ! ,TROTSKYI/S1 IT WAS H>D MAT]IAL FACTORS SU* AS ! BACKW>DNESS & ISOLATION ( ! Y\NG ,SOVIET /ATE1 :I* RESULT$ 9 ! TRAGIC DEG5]ATION ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,AN ALT]NATIVE EXPLANATION ( EV5TS 9 ,RUSSIA IS PROVID$ BY ! AN>*I/S :O SEE ! PRIME CAUSE ( ! REVOLUTION'S FAILURE 9 ! FALSE IDEOLOGY ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,!IR >GUM5T HAS ! GREAT ADVANTAGE ?AT IT WAS NOT CON/RUCT$ TO EXPLA9 EV5TS AFT] !Y TOOK PLACE BUT WAS =MULAT$ BE=E & DUR+ ! REVOLUTION4 

,AN>*I/S HAD ALWAYS GONE 9 = DIRE PR$ICTIONS ( :AT W\LD HAPP5 IF ! ,M>XI/S ATTEMPT$ TO TAKE OV] ! /ATE 9/EAD ( SMA%+ IT AT ! FIR/ OPPORTUNITY4 ,! !ORY WAS ?AT ,M>XI/S DID NOT REPRES5T ! WORK+ CLASS AT ALL2 !Y REPRES5T$ NO-ONE BUT !MSELVES -- A NEW CLASS ( 9TELLECTUALS4 ,?IS CLASS MI<T M\? REVOLUTION>Y SLOGANS DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ITS COM+ TO P[] 7JU/ AS ! B\RGEOISIE HAD DONE7 BUT ONCE IT HAD GA9$ CONTROL ( ! /ATE IT W\LD QUICKLY DROP ALL PRET5SE & 9/ITUTE A DICTATOR%IP MORE REPREH5SIBLE ?AN :AT HAD GONE BE=E4 ,BAKUN9 HIMSELF HAD SAID1 9 #a#h#g#b1 ?AT ! ,M>XI/ DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT3 

'444W\LD BE ! RULE ( SCI5TIFIC 9TELLECT1 ! MO/ AUTOCRATIC1 ! MO/ DESPOTIC1 ! MO/ >ROGANT & ! MO/ CONTEMPTU\S ( ALL REGIMES4 ,!RE WILL BE A NEW CLASS1 A NEW HI]>*Y ( G5U9E OR %AM SAVANTS1 & ! WORLD WILL BE DIVID$ 9TO A DOM9ANT M9ORITY 9 ! NAME ( SCI5CE1 & AN IMM5SE IGNORANT MAJORITY4' .<#e.> 

,?IS >GUM5T WAS TAK5 UP BY A NUMB] ( ! AN>*I/S 9 ,RUSSIA AT ! TIME ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,:IL/ SOME AN>*I/S ?R\<\T ! WORLD W]E = CO-OP]AT+ ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 .<#f.> O!RS LIKE ,S]GV5 .<#g.> W]E POSITIVE ?AT1 ?\< ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID NOT SET \T TO CREATE A NEW CLASS SY/EM1 ?IS WAS PRECISELY :AT !Y W]E A*IEV+4 ,S]GV5 RECORD$ 9 #aiah ?AT3 

',! PROLET>IAT IS GRADUALLY BE+ 5S]F$ BY ! /ATE4 ,! PEOPLE >E BE+ TRANS=M$ 9TO S]VANTS OV] :OM !RE HAS RIS5 A NEW CLASS ( ADM9I/RATORS -- A NEW CLASS BORN MA9LY FROM ! WOMB ( ! SO-CALL$ 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,ISN'T ?IS M]ELY A NEW CLASS SY/EM LOOM+ ON ! REVOLUTION>Y HORIZON8'.<#h.> 

,& HE WAS QUITE SURE ( ! CAUSE ( ?IS 5S]FM5T3 

',WE DO NOT MEAN TO SAY 444 ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY SET \T TO CREATE A NEW CLASS SY/EM4 ,BUT WE DO SAY ?AT EV5 ! BE/ 9T5TIONS & ASPIRATIONS MU/ 9EVITABLY BE SMA%$ AGA9/ ! EVILS 9H]5T 9 ANY SY/EM ( C5TRALIZ$ P[]4' .<#i.> 

,9 O!R WORDS1 UNLESS C5TRALIZ$ /ATE P[] IS DE/ROY$ ON ! EVE ( ! REVOLUTION ?AT REVOLUTION IS DOOM$ TO CREATE A NEW CLASS SY/EM :I* V]Y PROBABLY WILL BE WORSE ?AN ?AT :I* IT REPLAC$4 

,?US ! TWO MO/ PLAUSIBLE EXPLANATIONS = ! FAILURE ( ! REVOLUTION SEEM TO BE DIRECTLY OPPOS$ TO ONE ANO!R4 ,ON ! ONE H& WE HAVE ! ,TROTSKYI/S :O1 BE+ ,M>XI/S1 SEE ! CAUSE ( ! FAILURE 9 ! 'MAT]IAL CIRCUM/ANCES' SU* AS ,RUSSIAN BACKW>DNESS & ! CIVIL W>4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD1 IT APPE>S1 UND]/OOD ,M>XISM & APPLI$ IT CORRECTLY & YET W]E FAC$ ) EV5TS BEYOND !IR CONTROL :I* CONSPIR$ TO DEFEAT !M4 ,CONSEQU5TLY ! REVOLUTION>Y !ORY & P>TY /RUCTURE PUT =W>D BY ,L59 REMA91 ACCORD+ TO ?IS S*OOL ( ?\<T1 ADEQUATE TO ?IS DAY4 ,ON ! O!R H& WE HAVE ! AN>*I/S1 :O >GUE ?AT IT WAS PRECISELY ?IS REVOLUTION>Y !ORY & P>TY /RUCTURE :I* W]E ! CAUSE ( ! BUREAUCRATIZATION ( ,RUSSIA4 

,I F9D NEI!R >GUM5T 5TIRELY SATISFY+4 ,IT IS UND\BT$LY TRUE ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID FACE DIFFICULT CONDITIONS :5 !Y ASSUM$ P[] 9 A BACKW>D C\NTRY4 ,BUT ?IS WILL1 AT LEA/ ACCORD+ TO ,L591 ALWAYS BE ! CASE4 ,HE 9=MS US ?AT3 

'444?OSE :O BELIEVE ?AT SOCIALISM CAN BE BUILT AT A TIME ( PEACE & TRANQUILITY >E PR(\NDLY MI/AK53 IT WILL EV]Y:]E BE BUILT AT A TIME ( DISRUPTION1 AT A TIME ( FAM9E4 ' .<#a.> 

,?IS /&S TO REASON4 ,REVOLUTION BY ITS V]Y NATURE 9VOLVES DISRUPTION & CIVIL W> 7?\< NOT NECESS>ILY FAM9E74 ,IF A P>TY ORGANIZ$ ON ,BOL%EVIK L9ES CANNOT )/& A P]IOD ( DISRUPTION )\T DEG5]AT+ 9TO A BUREAUCRATIC MONOLI? !N CLE>LY SU* A =M ( P>TY ORGANIZATION MU/ BE AVOID$ AT ALL CO/S4 ,MOREOV]1 IF A P>TY ORGANIZ$ ON ,BOL%EVIK L9ES CANNOT SUCCESSFULLY LEAD A REVOLUTION 9 A BACKW>D C\NTRY ) A SMALL PROLET>IAT !N P]HAPS ! ,M5%EVIKS W]E RI<T ALL ALONG4 ,! ALT]NATIVE = ,M>XI/S W\LD APPE> TO BE CLE> -- EI!R !Y ACCEPT ! \TRAGE\SLY TIMID CONCLUSION ( ! ,M5%EVIKS & ADMIT ?AT REVOLUTIONS CANNOT BE MADE 9 BACKW>D C\NTRIES OR !Y RECOGNIZE ?AT ! ,TROTSKYI/ EXPLANATION ( ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION JU/ WON'T DO4 

,! AN>*I/ EXPLANATION1 AT ITS MO/ CRUDE1 IS SIMIL>LY UNSATISFY+4 ,>E WE REALLY TO BELIEVE ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY W]E 5 MASSE ONLY 9T]E/$ 9 REVOLUTION = ! SOLE PURPOSE ( GETT+ !IR GRUBBY H&S ON /ATE P[] SO ?AT !Y C\LD 9/ITUTE ! RULE ( A NEW CLASS8 ,IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y TO LOOK AT ! RECORD TO SEE ?AT ! VA/ MAJORITY ( !SE PEOPLE W]E MOTIVAT$ BY A CONVICTION ?AT !Y W]E BUILD+ SOCIALISM RA!R ?AN BY SU* NAK$ SELF-9T]E/4 .<#a#a.> ,ONE HAS M]ELY TO CONSID] ! F\L EXP]I5CES ( ,L59'S LIFE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! YE>S AFT] ! #aie REVOLUTION TO SEE ?AT SU* NOTIONS >E SUSPECT4 .<#a#b.> ,NEV]!LESS !RE IS ONE FUNDAM5TAL /R5G? TO ! AN>*I/ CASE4 ,IT PO9TS TO ]RORS 9 ! !ORY & PRACTICE ( ,BOL%EVISM ITSELF1 IT SAYS ?AT NO MATT] H[ HONE/ ! ,BOL%EVIKS MAY HAVE BE5 !Y C\LD /ILL HAVE BE5 OBJECTIVELY SPEAK+ TRAITORS TO ! WORK]S4 ,IT TURNS \R ATT5TION TO ! UND\BT$ TRU? 7OR AT LEA/ IT \<T NOT TO BE D\BT$ BY ANYONE ) ! LEA/ SEMBLANCE ( AN OP5 M9D7 ?AT ! !ORIES ( ?OSE :O LEAD ,RUSSIA FROM WORK]S' CONTROL TO ,/AL9ISM MU/ BE SUSPECT4 

,IT IS !SE !ORIES :I* ,I PROPOSE TO PUT TO ! TE/ 9 ?IS PAMPHLET4 ,IT IS TOO (T5 TAK5 = GRANT$ ?AT WE KN[ :AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS /OOD = & :AT !Y SET \T TO DO4 ,UN=TUNATELY MANY COMMONLY HELD IDEAS AB\T :AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9T5D$ TO CREATE 9 ,RUSSIA DON'T SURVIVE CLOSE ANALYSIS4 ,BE=E WE CAN DISCOV] :AT W5T WRONG 9 ,RUSSIA WE NE$ TO KN[ FROM !IR [N M\?S EXACTLY :AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS PROPOS$ TO DO ON COM+ TO P[]4 ,EXACTLY :AT WAS ! P>TY /RUCTURE PUT =W>D BY !M8 ,:AT =M %\LD ! REVOLUTION TAKE ACCORD+ TO !M8 ,:AT K9D ( SOCIETY DID !Y SET \T TO CREATE & :Y DID !Y FAIL8 

,9 ORD] TO ANSW] !SE QUE/IONS ,I BELIEVE IT IS P>TICUL>LY USEFUL TO TAKE A FRE% LOOK AT ! IDEAS ( ! UNQUE/ION$ LEAD] ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ,V4,I4 ,L591 9 ! P]IOD BE=E ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION4 ,9 P>TICUL> ,I AM 9T]E/$ 9 HIS /AT$ IDEAS ON ! K9D ( ECONOMY1 /ATE & P>TY /RUCTURE :I* HE CONSID]$ APPROPRIATE = ,RUSSIA4.<#a#c.> ,= IT IS 9 HIS WRIT+S ON !SE SUBJECTS ?AT WE F9D SOME FASC9AT+ 9SI<TS 9TO ! ?9K+ .<#a#d.> ( ! LEAD] ( ! FIR/ EV] REVOLUTION TO BE MADE BY PEOPLE1 CALL+ !MSELVES SOCIALI/S4 ,MOREOV] WE F9D SOME 9SI<TS 9TO :Y ?AT REVOLUTION FAIL$4 

,*APT] ,ONE 

,IF WE LI/5 TO C]TA9 ACADEMICS WE W\LD 5D UP BELIEV+ ?AT ,L59 WAS AIM+ TO CREATE AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY 9 ,RUSSIA41 ,ONE P>TICUL> PAMPHLET BY ,L591 ',! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION'1 :I* WAS WRITT5 9 #a#i#a#g1 IS CIT$ AS EVID5CE ( HIS AN>*I/ /ANCE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,ADAM ,ULAM = 9/ANCE3 

',?AT UN=TUNATE PAMPHLET IS ALMO/ A /RAI<T=W>D PR(ESSION ( AN>*ISM4' .<#a#e.> 

,PAYNE EV5 SEEMS G5U9ELY AFRAID ( ! 'PRIMITIVE RADICALISM' ( ! BOOK & HE ?9KS ?AT3 

'444 !RE IS NO?+ 9 ! LEA/ AMUS+ 9 ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 ) ITS PRIMITIVE1 AN>*I/ VISION ( A WORLD SAV$ FROM P]DITION BY ! TOTAL DE/RUCTION ( ALL AU?ORITY4' .<#a#f.> 

,! 'TOTAL DE/RUCTION ( ALL AU?ORITY' C]TA9LY S\NDS LIKE GOOD AN>*I/ /UFF ( ! CLOAK & BOMB V>IETY & 9DE$ !RE W]E AN>*I/S AT ! TIME :O FELT ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS AS A :OLE W]E MOV+ /RONGLY T[>DS AN>*ISM 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,= 9/ANCE1 AN AN>*I/ CALL$ ,SOLNTSEV FELT ?AT ! 'COMRADE ,BOL%EVIKS' HAD RETREAT$ /EP BY /EP FROM ,M>XISM & WAS CONFID5T ?AT ?IS PROCESS W\LD CONT9UE4 ,AS HE PUT IT3 

',WE HAV5'T ! SLI<TE/ D\BT ?AT ! H\R IS NOT F> (F :5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS WILL F9ALLY AB&ON !IR OBSOLETE POSITION & COME OV] & FI<T ALONGSIDE ! AN>*I/S4' .<#a#g.> 

,EV5 AMONG ?OSE :O HAD REC5TLY BE5 ,BOL%EVIKS !MSELVES !RE W]E SOME :O W]E SURE ?AT ,L59 HAD GONE OV] TO ! AN>*I/S4 ,! EX-,BOL%EVIK ,GOLD5B]G1 = 9/ANCE1 WROTE3 

' 

,L59 HAS N[ MADE HIMSELF A C&IDATE = ONE ,EUROPEAN ?RONE ?AT HAS BE5 VACANT = ?IRTY YE>S -- ! ?RONE ( ,BAKUN96' .<#a#h.> 

,UN=TUNATELY !RE IS NO EVID5CE :ATSOEV] TO SUPPORT ! CONT5TION ?AT ,L59 WAS ADOPT+ AN AN>*I/ POSITION 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,HE HIMSELF W\LD HAVE BE5 GROSSLY 9SULT$ BY ! SUGGE/ION4 ,HE SAYS 9 ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION ITSELF ?AT AN>*O-SYNDICALISM IS 'BUT ! TW9 BRO!R ( OPPORTUNISM' .<#a#i.> ,A /RANGE /ATEM5T 9DE$ IF WE >E TO TAKE ,L59 AS AN AN>*I/6 ,9 FACT ,L59 REMA9$ FIRMLY )9 ! ,M>XI/1 RA!R ?AN ! AN>*I/1 TRADITION ?R\<\T #a#i#a#g4 ,HE W5T \T ( HIS WAY TO BACK UP MU* ( :AT HE SAID BY L5G?Y QUOTES FROM ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,HE WAS QUITE OPPOS$ TO ! AN>*I/ NOTION ?AT ! /ATE MU/ BE 9/ANTLY DE/ROY$4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT 9/EAD ! SPECIAL REPRESSIVE =CE ( ! /ATE MU/ BE US$ TO CRU% ! P[] ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 JU/ AS ! B\RGEOISIE HAD PREVI\SLY US$ IT TO CRU% ! PROLET>IAT4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM3 

'444'! SPECIAL REPRESSIVE =CE' = ! SUPPRESSION ( ! PROLET>IAT BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 ( MILLIONS ( TOIL]S BY H&FULS ( ! RI*1 MU/ BE REPLAC$ BY A 'SPECIAL REPRESSIVE =CE' = ! SUPPRESSION ( ! B\RGEOISIE BY ! PROLET>IAT 7! DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT7'.<#b.> 

,:]EAS ! OLD /ATE HAD BE5 US$ TO CONTROL ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION1 ! NEW /ATE W\LD F9D IT NECESS>Y TO EX]CISE ITS REPRESSIVE P[]S OV] A SMALL M9ORITY ( ! POPULATION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY ! NEW PROLET>IAN /ATE W\LD HAVE A MU* EASI] TASK & W\LD BEG9 TO WI!R AWAY IMM$IATELY4 

,HE WROTE ?AT3 

'444ACCORD+ TO ,M>X ! PROLET>IAT NE$S ONLY A /ATE ?AT IS WI!R+ AWAY1 I4E4 A /ATE SO CON/ITUT$ ?AT IT BEG9S TO WI!R AWAY IMM$IATELY1 & CANNOT BUT WI!R AWAY4'.<#b#a.> 

,& :5 ,L59 SAYS 'ACCORD+ TO ,M>X' HE TAKES IT AS SELF-EVID5T ?AT HE HIMSELF AGREES ) ! /ATEM5T :I* FOLL[S4 

,!RE IS !N1 ACCORD+ TO ,L591 A QUITE CLE> P]IOD ( TRANSITION BE=E ! EM]G5CE ( A FULLY COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,AT FIR/ ! PROLET>IAT CAPTURES /ATE P[] & 9/ITUTES ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT BUT RAPIDLY ! /ATE IS F\ND TO BE SUP]FLU\S 9 MORE & MORE >EAS & A /ATELESS1 FULLY COMMUNI/ SOCIETY IS A*IEV$4 ,HE DESCRIBES ! NATURE ( BO? ! COMMUNI/ SOCIETY & ! TRANSITION P]IOD 9 SOME DETAIL 9 ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS ONLY :5 HE IS DESCRIB+ ! COMMUNI/ SOCIETY ?AT ,L59'S /ATEM5TS S\ND ANY?+ LIKE AN>*ISM4 ,9 ?IS SOCIETY SUBORD9ATION1 VIOL5CE & ! /ATE ITSELF WILL NO LONG] EXI/4 ,:5 IT HAS BE5 CREAT$3 

'444! NE$ = VIOL5CE AGA9/ PEOPLE 9 G5]AL1 = SUBORD9ATION ( ONE MAN TO ANO!R1 & ( ONE SECTION ( ! POPULATION TO ANO!R1 WILL VANI% ALTOGE!R S9CE PEOPLE WILL BECOME ACCU/OM$ TO OBS]V+ ! ELEM5T>Y CONDITIONS ( SOCIAL LIFE )\T VIOL5CE & )\T SUBORD9ATION4'.<#b#b.> 

,AT ?IS /AGE 9 ! EVOLUTION ( HUMAN SOCIETY1 AS PEOPLE ACCU/OM !MSELVES TO BEHAV+ 9 A SOCIALI/ MANN]1 !RE WILL BE NO NE$ = LAW OR GOV]NM5T4 

',UND] SOCIALISM ALL WILL GOV]N 9 TURN & WILL SOON BECOME ACCU/OM$ TO NO ONE GOV]N+4'.<#b#c.> 

,ALL ?IS HI<LY DESIRABLE /UFF IS H[EV] FIRMLY PLAC$ 9 ! FUTURE4 ,ON ! EVE ( ! REVOLUTION1 & DUR+ ! P]IOD :I* FOLL[S IT1 SOCIETY WILL LOCK V]Y DIFF]5T4 

,IT IS ?IS P>T ( ! !ORY ?AT IS ( P>TICUL> 9T]E/ TO LATT]-DAY SOCIALI/S4 ,L59 WROTE AB\T ! NATURE ( ! TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY ON NUM]\S OCCASIONS 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,S9CE HE FAVOR$ A TAKEOV] ( P[] ?IS WAS CLE>LY AN ISSUE ( IMM$IATE IMPORTANCE TO HIM4 ,IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT = US1 BECAUSE IT IS 9 !SE WRIT+S ?AT WE CAN DISCOV] :AT ,L591 9T5D$ TO DO ONCE ! REVOLUTION HAD SUCCE$$4 ,IF WE WI% TO KN[ :Y ! REVOLUTION WAS SU* A DISA/R\S FAILURE !N OBVI\SLY IT IS IMPORTANT TO KN[ :AT DIRECTION ?IS KEY FIGURE ?\<T ! REVOLUTION \<T TO TAKE4 

,! FIR/ ?+ ?AT /RIKES ! READ] IS ! EXTREME DEGREE ( DEMOCRACY :I* ,L59 ?\<T TO BE POSSIBLE 9 A PROLET>IAN /ATE4 ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT DEMOCRACY W\LD BE 9TRODUC$ '444AS FULLY & CONSI/5TLY AS IS AT ALL CONCEIVABLE444'.<#b#d.> DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS DEMOCRACY WAS NOT ?\<T ( AS BE+ ,( ! OLD B\RGEOIS TYPE BUT W\LD BE MU* MORE ?OR\<GO+ ?AN ANY?+ :I* HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 EXP]I5C$4 

',ALL (FICIALS1 )\T EXCEPTION1 ELECT$ & SUBJECT TO RECALL AT ANY TIME1 !IR SAL>IES R$UC$ TO ! LEVEL ( ORD9>Y 'WORKM5'S WAGES' -- !SE SIMPLE & 'SELF-EVID5T' DEMOCRATIC MEASURES1 :ILE COMPLETELY UNIT+ ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S & ! MAJORITY ( ! PEASANTS1 AT ! SAME TIME S]VE AS A BRIDGE LEAD+ FROM CAPITALISM TO SOCIALISM4'.<#b#e.> 

,?IS PRES5TS A V]Y DIFF]5T PICTURE ( ,L59'S ?\<T TO ?AT :I* IS COMMONLY PUT =W>D4 ,:IL/ SOME ACADEMICS WANT US TO BELIEVE ?AT ,L59 SUFF]$ A TEMPOR>Y FIT ( AN>*I/ ALLEGIANCE 9 #a#i#a#g1 O!RS W\LD HAVE IT ?AT HE HAD DICTATORIAL AMBITIONS FROM HIS Y\?4 ,:AT1 = EXAMPLE1 >E WE TO MAKE ( ! COMM5TS ( ,JOHN ,KEEP :5 HE BOLDLY /ATES ?AT3 

',L59 HELD -- QUITE REASONABLY1 AS ONE MAY ?9K -- ?AT ORD9>Y WORK+ M5 W\LD NEV] MAKE ! K9D ( REVOLUTION HE WANT$ IF !Y W]E LEFT TO !IR [N RES\RCES1 BUT HAD TO BE CAJOL$ OR CO]C$ 9TO DO+ SO4'.<#b#f.> 

,IF ,L59 HELD ?AT ORD9>Y WORK+ M5 C\LD NEV] MAKE A REVOLUTION !N H[ C\LD HE HAVE BELIEV$ ?AT A FEW SIMPLE DEMOCRATIC MEASURES W\LD S]VE AS A BRIDGE LEAD+ TO SOCIALISM8 ,WE >E FUR!R TOLD BY ,KEEP ?AT S9CE ,L59 ?\<T ?AT ! PROLET>IAT W]E NO USE AS AN 5G9E ( SOCIAL PROGRESS HE F\ND IT NECESS>Y TO SUB/ITUTE = !M3 

'444A SMALL ELITE ( PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES1 POSSESS$ ( SUP]IOR !ORETICAL 9SI<T & PRACTICAL EXP]I5CE1 :O = ?IS REASON W]E WELL FITT$ TO PROVIDE LEAD]%IP = ! WORK]S4'.<#b#g.> 

,?IS IS A COMMON ACCUSATION & AN IMPORTANT ONE4 ,BO? RI<T-W+ ACADEMICS & AN>*I/S ) ! MO/ EXCELL5T LEFT-W+ CR$5TIALS >E 9CL9$ TO ?9K ?AT ,L59 WAS AT HE>T AN AU?ORIT>IAN :O BELIEV$ 9 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY & NOT ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,?IS ACCUSATION IS BAS$ ON ! EVID5CE ( A BOOK WRITT5 9 #a#i#b1 CALL$ ',:AT IS TO ,BE ,DONE8' 9 :I* ,L59 SAYS SOME V]Y /RANGE ?+S = A SOCIALI/4.<#b#h.> 

,IT APPE>S1 FROM :AT ,L59 SAYS H]E1 ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS >E A BIT DUMB REALLY & >E ONLY CAPABLE ( UND]/&+ C]TA9 LIMIT$ >EAS ( /RUGGLE SU* AS ! /RUGGLE = HI<] WAGES4 ,AS ! QUOTE USUALLY GOES3 

'444! WORK+ CLASS IS ABLE TO DEVELOP ONLY TRADE UNION CONSCI\SNESS444' 

,!Y HAVE TO BE L$ BY ! WIS] P>TY MEMB]S IF !Y >E TO 5GAGE 9 MORE SIGNIFICANT /RUGGLES & MAKE ! REVOLUTION4 ,?AT AT LEA/ IS :AT IT APPE>S ?AT ,L59 IS SAY+ H]E4 ,UN=TUNATELY = US :AT HE IS ACTUALLY SAY+ H]E IS RA!R MORE COMPLEX4 

',:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8' WAS WRITT5 PRIM>ILY AS AN ATTACK UPON :AT IS KN[N AS ECONOMISM 7! !ORY ?AT AB/RACT 'POLITICS' >E =EIGN TO ! WORK+ CLASS & ?AT SOCIALI/S %\LD CONC5TRATE ON BREAD & BUTT] ISSUES SU* AS WAGES & CONDITIONS IF !Y WI%$ TO MAKE A REVOLUTION74 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS ATTACK ,L59 WROTE AT L5G? UPON H[ ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK+ CLASS DEVELOPS & ! ROLE ( ! P>TY 9 DEVELOP+ ?IS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,HE FUR!R SET \T 9 SOME DETAIL ! TYPE ( P>TY ORGANIZATION :I* WAS APPROPRIATE TO ,RUSSIA4 

,HIS !ORY WAS ?AT ! WORK]S W]E DRIV5 BY !IR [N EXP]I5CE TO FI<T !IR EMPLOY]S BY =M+ TRADE UNIONS & BY =C+ ! GOV]NM5T TO PASS LAWS :I* W\LD EASE ! TRADE UNION /RUGGLE4 ,)\T \TSIDE HELP1 ?\<1 !IR /RUGGLE W\LD NOT GO BEYOND !SE LIMITS4 ,AS ! FULL QUOTE GOES3 

',! HI/ORY ( ALL C\NTRIES %[S ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS1 EXCLUSIVELY BY ITS [N EF=T1 IS ABLE TO DEVELOP ONLY TRADE UNION CONSCI\SNESS1 I4E41 ! CONVICTION ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO COMB9E 9 UNIONS1 FI<T ! EMPLOY]S1 & /RIVE TO COMPEL ! GOV]NM5T TO PASS NECESS>Y LABOR LEGISLATION ETC4'.<#b#i.> 

,L59 EMPHASIZ$ ?IS :5 HE WROTE3 

',CLASS POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS CAN BE1 BR\<T TO ! WORK]S ONLY FROM )\T1 ?AT IS1 ONLY FROM \TSIDE ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE1 FROM \TSIDE ! SPH]E ( RELATIONS BETWE5 WORK]S & EMPLOY]S1'.<#c.> 

,BUT ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ,L59 ?\<T ?AT ! WORK]S W]E 9CAPABLE ( ?9K+ ( ANY?+ MORE WIDE-RANG+ ?AN ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ !IR EMPLOY]S4 ,HE CONSID]$ IT ( VITAL IMPORTANCE ?AT !Y %\LD BE TAU<T TO GO FUR!R4 ,IT WAS ! TASK ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS 7! OLD NAME = ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/S7 TO CONV]T ! WORK]S' SPONTANE\S URGE TO BECOME 9VOLV$ 9 TRADE UNION POLITICS 9TO A MU* WID] UND]/&+ ( ! NATURE ( CAPITALISM4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,L593 

',! TASK ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS444IS NOT EXHAU/$ BY POLITICAL AGITATION ON AN ECONOMIC BASIS2 !IR TASK IS TO CONV]T TRADE-UNIONI/ POLITICS 9TO ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 TO UTILIZE ! SP>KS ( POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS :I* ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE G5]ATES AMONG ! WORK]S1 = ! PURPOSE ( RAIS+ ! WORK]S TO ! LEVEL ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS' .<#c#a.> 

,IF IT WAS TO MAKE ?IS *ANGE 9 WORK+ CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ! P>TY W\LD HAVE TO TRA9 LEAD]S :O W\LD TEA* ! MASSES H[ TO CONDUCT ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE4 ,AS HE PUTS IT3 

'444! MASSES WILL NEV] LE>N TO CONDUCT ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE UNTIL WE HELP TO TRA9 LEAD]S = ?IS /RUGGLE1 BO? FROM AMONG ! 5LI<T5$ WORK]S & FROM ! 9TELLECTUALS4'.<#c#b.> 

,?IS ASSIGNS A MAJOR ROLE TO ! P>TY1 = )\T IT !RE CAN BE NO POLITICAL /RUGGLE & H5CE NO REVOLUTION4 ,IF ?IS IS TRUE !N IT FOLL[S ?AT ! NATURE ( ! P>TY IS ( VITAL IMPORTANCE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,L591 ! P>TY 9 AUTOCRATIC ,RUSSIA %\LD BE MADE UP PRIM>ILY ( PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES4.<#c#c.> ,AT ! BEAD ( ! ORGANIZATION !RE HAD TO BE A /ABLE GR\P ( LEAD]S :O W\LD MA9TA9 CONT9UITY4 ,! EXI/5CE ( ?IS ORGANIZATION W\LD NOT DO AWAY ) ! NE$ = MASS WORK+ CLASS ACTIVITY -- ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,L59 ?\<T ?AT IT W\LD 5ABLE ! MASSES TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE ) ! M9IMUM ( RISK S9CE !Y W\LD BE ACT+ UND] ! DIRECTION ( EXP]I5C$ REVOLUTION>IES :O W\LD BE TRA9$ AS ?OR\<LY AS ! POLICE4.<#c#d.> ,HE SUMM>IZ$ HIS IDEAS 9 ! FOLL[+ WORDS3 

',I ASS]T3 

?AT NO REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T CAN 5DURE )\T A /ABLE ORGANIZATION ( LEAD]S MA9TA9+ CONT9UITY2 

?AT ! BROAD] ! POPUL> MASS DRAWN SPONTANE\SLY 9TO ! /RUGGLE1 :I* =MS ! BASIS ( ! MOVEM5T & P>TICIPATES 9 IT1 ! MORE URG5T ! NE$ = SU* AN ORGANIZATION1 & ! MORE SOLID ?IS ORGANIZATION MU/ BE 7= IT IS MU* EASI] = ALL SORTS ( DEMAGOGUES TO SIDE TRACK ! MORE BACKW>D SECTIONS ( ! MASSES7 

?AT SU* AN ORGANIZATION MU/ CONSI/ *IEFLY ( PEOPLE PR(ESSIONALLY 5GAG$ 9 REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY2 

?AT 9 AN AUTOCRATIC /ATE1 ! MORE WE CONF9E ! MEMB]%IP ( SU* AN ORGANIZATION TO PEOPLE :O >E PR(ESSIONALLY 5GAG$ 9 REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY & :O HAVE BE5 PR(ESSIONALLY TRA9$ 9 ! >T ( COMBAT+ ! POLITICAL POLICE1 ! MORE DIFFICULT WILL IT BE TO UNE>? ! ORGANIZATION2 & 

! GREAT] WILL BE1 ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE FROM ! WORK+ CLASS & FROM ! O!R SOCIAL CLASSES :O WILL BE ABLE TO JO9 ! MOVEM5T & P]=M ACTIVE WORK 9 IT4'.<#c#e.> 

,?US ! PURPOSE ( ,L59'S ORGANIZATION ( PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES WAS NOT1 AS HE SAW IT1 TO RE/RICT ! P>TICIPATION ( ! WORK]S1 IT WAS TO PROVIDE ! WORK]S ) ! LEAD]%IP :I* ,L59 FELT !Y MU/ HAVE IF !Y W]E TO A*IEVE !IR FULL POT5TIAL4 ,! MASSES C\LD NOT H[EV] *OOSE !IR [N LEAD]S AS MATT]S /OOD 9 ,RUSSIA BECAUSE AN ELECTION C\LD NOT BE HELD )\T PUBLICITY & PUBLICITY W\LD PRODUCE >RE/S4 ,AS HE SAYS3 

',ONLY AN 9CORRIGIBLE ,UTOPIAN W\LD HAVE A BROAD ORGANIZATION ( WORK]S1 ) ELECTIONS1 REPORTS1 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 ETC41 UND] ! AUTOCRACY4'.<#c#f.> 

,! P>TY'S REPRES5TATIVES 9 EA* DI/RICT W\LD !RE=E HAVE TO BE APPO9T$ FROM ! C5T]4 

,! PICTURE :I* EM]GES FROM ! BOOK ',:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8' IS ?AT ! P>TY WAS ACCORD+ TO ,L591 A SUPREMELY IMPORTANT AG5T 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,)\T ! P>TY ! REVOLUTION C\LD NOT BE MADE4 ,)\T /RONG /ABLE LEAD]%IP ! P>TY ITSELF W\LD BE 9EFFECTIVE4 ,:5 HE HAD SUCCE$$ 9 PUTT+ 9TO PRACTICE MANY ( ! IDEAS ( ',:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8' HE DECL>$ ?AT3 

',N[ WE HAVE BECOME AN ORGANIZ$ ,P>TY1 & ?IS IMPLIES ! E/ABLI%M5T ( AU?ORITY1 ! TRANS=MATION ( ! P[] ( IDEAS 9TO ! P[] ( AU?ORITY1 ! SUBORD9ATION ( L[] ,P>TY BODIES TO HI<] ONES4'.<#c#g.> 

,?IS CONVICTION ?AT L[] ,P>TY BODIES W]E SUBJECT TO ! AU?ORITY ( HI<] ONES WAS TO REMA9 C5TRAL TO ,L59'S ?9K+ ?R\<\T HIS LIFE4 ,:5 COMB9$ ) AN EQUALLY /RONG CONVICTION ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC ELECTION ( !SE HI<] BODIES W\LD BE1 SO LONG AS ! AUTOCRACY WAS 9 EXI/5CE1 A 'USELESS & H>MFUL TOY' ?IS WAS A HI<LY DANG]\S POSITION4 ,! REVOLUTION BECOMES A FRAGILE FL[] DEP5D5T UPON ! LEAD]%IP ( A FEW TAL5T$ M5 ( NO-ONE'S *OOS+ BUT !MSELVES4 ,9 HIS [N WORDS3 

'444)\T ! 'DOZ5' TRI$ & TAL5T$ LEAD]S 7& TAL5T$ M5 >E NOT BORN BY ! HUNDR$S71 PR(ESSIONALLY TRA9$1 S*OOL$ BY LONG EXP]I5CE1 & WORK+ 9 P]FECT H>MONY1 NO CLASS 9 MOD]N SOCIETY CAN WAGE A DET]M9$ /RUGGLE4'.<#c#h.> 

,?IS IS A GROTESQUE /ATEM5T = A SOCIALI/ TO MAKE4 ,IT HAS ALL ! OV]TONES ( ! SMUG ,TORY CONFID5CE ?AT SOME W]E BORN TO LEAD & O!RS W]E MADE TO FOLL[4 ,IT %[S A M>K$ LACK ( FAI? 9 ! ABILITY ( ! 'MASSES' TO ORGANIZE = !MSELVES & TO MAKE ! REVOLUTION4 ,! :OLE REVOLUTION BECOMES DEP5D5T NOT ON ! ACTIONS ( WORK]S BUT ON ! CORRECT GUIDANCE ( A SMALL CLIQUE ( PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES4 

,H]E WE HAVE AN APP>5TLY :OLLY DIFF]5T PICTURE ( ,L59'S ?\<T TO ?AT :I* WE GA9 BY READ+ ',/ATE & ,REVOLUTION'4 ,?AT BOOK GAVE US AN IMAGE ( HIM AS A SUPREME DEMOCRAT ) GREAT FAI?-9-! ABILITIES ( ! MASSES4 ',:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8' GIVES US ! IMAGE ( AN 9CORRIGIBLE AU?ORIT>IAN PREP>$ TO DISP5SE ) DEMOCRACY AT ! DROP ( A HAT & ) MU* LESS FAI? 9 ! ABILITIES ( ! MASSES4 ,IT W\LD SEEM ?AT EI!R ,L59 WAS BE+ 9CONSI/5T OR HE HAD UND]GONE A COMPLETE *ANGE ( HE>T4 

,9 FACT !RE IS MU* LESS CONTRADICTION ?AN !RE APPE>S TO BE AT FIR/ SI<T4 ,L59 WAS RA!R LESS ( AN AU?ORIT>IAN ?AN A SUP]FICIAL READ+ ( ',:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8' W\LD SUGGE/ & MU* MORE ( ONE ?AN A HA/Y LOOK AT ',/ATE & ,REVOLUTION' W\LD LEAD US TO BELIEVE4 ,HE MAKES IT QUITE CLE> 9 ',:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8' ?AT HE IS /RONGLY 9 FAVOR ( ! 9TRODUCTION ( P>TY DEMOCRACY ONCE ! P>TY WAS LEGAL & C\LD MEET 9 ! OP54 ,HE PRAISES ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS = !IR USE ( P>TY DEMOCRACY TO 5SURE ?AT ! RI<T LEAD]S >E 9 ! RI<T PLACE4 ,9 ,G]MANY HE SAID3 

'0,NATURAL SELECTION0 BY FULL PUBLICITY1 ELECTION1 & G5]AL CONTROL PROVIDES ! ASSURANCE ?AT1 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS1 EV]Y POLITICAL FIGURE WILL BE 09 HIS PROP] PLACE01 DO ! WORK = :I* HE IS BE/ FITT$ BY HIS P[]S & ABILITIES1 FEEL ! EFFECTS ( HIS MI/AKES ON HIMSELF1 & PROVE BE=E ALL ! WORLD HIS ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE MI/AKES & TO AVOID !M4'.<#c#i.> 

,:AT HE IS SAY+ !N IS ?AT1 :5 CONDITIONS P]MITT$ IT TO BE IMPLEM5T$1 P>TY DEMOCRACY W\LD EX]T A HI<LY B5EFICIAL 9FLU5CE OV] ! LEAD+ FIGURES ,9 ! P>TY4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 UN=TUNATELY1 IT W\LD HAVE TO BE PUT ASIDE 9 FAVOR ( SECRECY OR ELSE ! ,CZ>I/ POLICE W\LD HAVE A FIELD DAY4 

,! IDEA ?AT A TRA9$ C5TRALIZ$ LEAD]%IP W\LD R$UCE ! DEGREE ( 9FILTRATION BY ! POLICE IS 9 FACT CONTRADICT$ BY ! EVID5CE FROM ,RUSSIA4 ,POLICE AG5TS P5ETRAT$ ! HI<E/ P>TY BODIES ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,9 #aia A SECRET POLICE AG5T BECAME HEAD ( ! P>TY'S ,MOSC[ DI/RICT ORGANIZATION4 ,! P>TY'S PAP] HAD FROM ITS F\NDATION 9 #aiab TWO POLICE AG5TS ON ! $ITORIAL /AFF4 ,ONE ( !M1 ,ROMAN ,MAL9OVSKY1 BECAME ! LEAD] ( ! P>TY 9 ! ,DUMA 7! WEAK ,RUSSIAN P>LIAM5T7 & A MEMB] ( ! P>TY'S ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE4 ,ONLY ! #aiag REVOLUTION F9ALLY EXPOS$ ,MAL9OVSKY4 ,ONE CAN ONLY CONCLUDE ?AT A F$]AL /RUCTURE ( AUTONOM\S GR\PS ( REVOLUTION>IES W\LD HAVE BE5 F> MORE DIFFICULT TO P5ETRATE & W\LD HAVE HAD MU* LESS DISA/R\S CONSEQU5CES4 ,AFT] ALL :51 AS HAPP5$ TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 A COMPLETE LI/ ( SUBSCRIB]S & CONTRIBUTORS TO ! P>TY'S PAP] IS PASS$ TO ! POLICE BY A MEMB] ( ! P>TY'S ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE1 ONE CAN ONLY CONCLUDE ?AT A C5TRALIZ$ P>TY APP>ATUS PROV$ A POSITIVE DANG]4.<#d.> ,IF ! MASSES HE$ GUIDANCE FROM WISE P>TY LEAD]S2 IF ! MASSES CANNOT ELECT !SE LEAD]S BECAUSE ( ! NE$ = SECRECY2 & IF ! L[] P>TY BODIES >E TO FOLL[ ! 9/RUCTIONS ( !SE LEAD]S1 !N :AT HAPP5S :5 ! HI<E/ P>TY BODIES >E P5ETRAT$ BY ! POLICE8 ,CLE>LY ! DANG] IS ?AT ONCE ! C5T] ( A C5TRALIZ$ P>TY IS P5ETRAT$ !N ! :OLE ORGANIZATION & ALL ITS CONTACTS IS OP5 TO ! SCRUT9Y ( ! POLICE4 

,DESPITE !SE DANG]S ,L59 NEV] AB&ON$ ! IDEA ?AT C5TRALIZATION WAS ! MO/ EFFICI5T ME?OD ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION4 ,HE DID H[EV] BEG9 TO REALIZE ?AT HE HAD GONE TOO F> 9 /RESS+ ! IMPORTANCE ( CORRECT P>TY LEAD]%IP AS AGA9/ ! NATURAL 9CL9ATIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! UPSURGE ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY 9 #aie HE BEGAN TO *ANGE HIS EMPHASIS4 ,N[ HE WAS ASS]T+ ?AT3 

',! WORK+ CLASS IS 9/9CTIVELY1 SPONTANE\SLY ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC444' 

,BUT HE C\LD NOT AVOID ADD+ ! RID]3 

'444& MORE ?AN T5 YE>S ( WORK PUT 9 BY ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY HAS DONE A GREAT DEAL TO TRANS=M ?IS SPONTANEITY 9TO CONSCI\SNESS4'.<#d#a.> 

,! FIR/ P>T ( ?IS /ATEM5T %[S ?AT ! EXP]I5CE ( ! #aie REVOLUTION HAD 9CREAS$ HIS FAI? 9 ! WORK]S' POT5TIAL = SELF-LE>N+ ( SOCIALISM4 ,! SECOND P>T %[S ?AT HE /ILL FELT ! P>TY HAD A MAJOR ROLE TO PLAY 9 AID+ ! LE>N+ PROCESS4 ,H[EV]1 S9CE ! #aie REVOLUTION HAD 5ABL$ ! P>TY TO COME \T MORE 9TO ! OP51 HE N[ ADVOCAT$ ?AT ! P>TY %\LD BE MU* MORE DEMOCRATIC1 WRIT+ ?AT3 

'444! TIME HAS COME1 OR1 9 ANY CASE1 IS COM+1 :5 ! ELECTIVE PR9CIPLE CAN BE APPLI$ 9 ! ,P>TY ORGANIZATION NOT 9 WORDS ONLY1 BUT 9 DE$S1 NOT AS A F9E S\ND+ BUT HOLL[ PHRASE1 BUT AS A REALLY NEW PR9CIPLE :I* REALLY R5OVATES1 EXT5DS & /R5G!NS ,P>TY TIES4'.<#d#b.> 

,HIS ACTIONS 9 #aie W\LD SEEM TO %[ ?AT :5 HE HAD TALK$ AB\T 9TRODUC+ DEMOCRATIC PRACTICES AS SOON AS A *ANGE ( REGIME MADE IT PRACTICAL HE MAY WELL HAVE MEANT :AT HE SAID4 ,HE LAT] BOA/$ AB\T ! SPE$ ) :I* HIS P>TY HAD ADOPT$ A DEMOCRATIC LEGAL /RUCTURE 9 #aie 7?\< IT %\LD BE PO9T$ \T ?AT EV5 AFT] #aie HE EMPHASIZ$ ! IMPORTANCE ( NOT LIQUIDAT+ ! ILLEGAL ORGANIZATION47.<#d#c.> ,AS HE CLAIM$ 9 AN >TICLE WRITT5 9 #a#i#a#g1 EV5 ! DISRUPTION CAUS$ BY ! CONT9U+ ,BOL%EVIK_/,M5%EVIK SPLIT HAD NOT BE5 ALL[$ TO SL[ D[N ! IMPLEM5TATION ( DEMOCRACY3 

',DESPITE ! SPLIT1 ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY E>LI] ?AN ANY ( ! O!R P>TIES WAS ABLE TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! TEMPOR>Y SPELL ( FRE$OM TO BUILD A LEGAL ORGANIZATION ) AN IDEAL DEMOCRATIC /RUCTURE1 AN ELECTORAL SY/EM1 & REPRES5TATION AT CONGRESSES ACCORD+ TO ! NUMB] ( ORGANIZ$ MEMB]S4'.<#d#d.> 

,9 ! SAME >TICLE ,L59 EXPRESS$ RES]VATIONS AB\T ! 9T]PRETATION ?AT HAD BE5 7& /ILL IS7 PUT ON SOME ( HIS COMM5TS 9 ',:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8'4 

,HE /AT$ ?AT HE F\ND IT NECESS>Y TO 'EXAGG]ATE' 9 ?AT BOOK SO ?AT HE C\LD GET ACROSS ! MESSAGE ?AT :AT WAS NE$$ WAS AN ORGANIZATION ( PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>IES4.<#d#e.> ,HE COMPLA9$ ?AT :AT HE HAD WRITT5 C\LD NOT BE TAK5 \T ( ITS CONTEXT4.<#d#f.> ,HE DESCRIB$ ',:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8' AS 'CONTROV]SIAL'.<#d#g.> & SAID ?AT HE NEV] HAD ANY 9T5TION ( ELEVAT+ HIS COMM5TS AB\T ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 SPONTANEITY & CONSCI\SNESS TO ! LEVEL ( SPECIAL PR9CIPLES4.<#d#h.> ,CLE>LY !N IT W\LD BE WRONG TO OV]-EMPHASIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( ,L59'S IDEAS AS EXPRESS$ 9 ',:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8' & ON ! BASIS ( ?AT BOOK ALONE TO ACCUSE HIM ( SUB/ITUT+ ! P>TY = ! CLASS4.<#d#i.> ,HE HAD %[N ?AT HE DID BELIEVE 9 A =M ( P>TY DEMOCRACY :5 HE CONSID]$ ?AT CONDITIONS MADE IT POSSIBLE4 ,HE HAD /RESS$ ?AT HIS COMM5TS AB\T SPONTANEITY & CONSCI\SNESS W]E NOT TO BE TREAT$ AS SPECIAL PR9CIPLES4 ,HE WAS TO GO EV5 FUR!R4 ,BY #aia HE HAD COME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! WORK]S W]E TURN$ 9TO SOCIALI/S BY ! EXP]I5CE ( LIFE ITSELF4 ,AS HE PUT IT3 

',! V]Y CONDITIONS ( !IR LIVES MAKE ! WORK]S CAPABLE ( /RUGGL+ & IMPEL !M TO /RUGGLE4 ,CAPITAL COLLECTS ! WORK]S 9 GREAT MASSES 9 BIG CITIES1 UNIT+ !M1 TEA*+ !N TO ACT 9 UNISON4 ,AT EV]Y /EP ! WORK]S COME FACE TO FACE ) !IR MA9 5EMY -- ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,9 COMBAT ) ?IS 5EMY ! WORK] BECOMES A SOCIALI/1 COMES TO REALIZE ! NECESSITY ( A COMPLETE ABOLITION ( ALL POV]TY & ALL OPPRESSION4'.<#e.> 

,N[ ?IS IS V]Y DIFF]5T TO ! ANALYSIS GIV5 9 ',:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8'.<#e#a.> ,!N HE SEEM$ TO BE >GU+ ?AT )\T ! WORK ( ! P>TY ! WORK]S W\LD NEV] GET BEYOND TRADE UNION CONSCI\SNESS4 ,H]E HE SEEMS TO BE >GU+ ?AT WORK]S A*IEVE SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS )\T ! AID ( ! P>TY4 ,IF ?IS IS TRUE WE MI<T1 ) SOME JU/IFICATION1 WOND] :AT !RE IS LEFT = ! P>TY TO DO4 ,BUT ,L59 WAS ALWAYS CONV9C$ ?AT ! P>TY HAD AN IMPORTANT ROLE TO PLAY4 ,9 ! SAME PASSAGE HE TELLS US H[ ! P>TY MU/ ACT 9 ORD] TO PREP>E = ! NEXT REVOLUTION3 

',9 ORD] TO PREP>E SU* AN ONSLAU<T WE MU/ DRAW ! MO/ BACKW>D SECTIONS ( ! WORK]S 9TO ! /RUGGLE1 WE MU/ DEVOTE YE>S & YE>S TO P]SI/5T1 WIDESPREAD1 UNFLAGG+ PROPAG&A1 AGITATION & ORGANIZATIONAL WORK1 BUILD+ UP & RE9=C+ ALL =MS ( PROLET>IAN UNIONS & ORGANIZATIONS4'.<#e#b.> 

,?US ,L59 /ILL HAD AN EXT5SIVE LI/ ( TASKS = ! P>TY & HE REMA9$ CONV9C$ ( ! P>TY'S $UCATIONAL & ORGANIZATIONAL IMPORTANCE RI<T UP UNTIL HIS DEA? 9 #a#i#b#d4 ,EV5 9 HIS SUPPOS$LY MO/ AN>*I/ BOOK1 ',/ATE & ,REVOLUTION'1 HE SPOKE ( ! IMPORTANCE ( ! P>TY'S POSITION4 ,!RE HE WROTE ?AT3 

',BY $UCAT+ ! WORK]S' P>TY1 ,M>XISM $UCATES ! VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT1 CAPABLE ( ASSUM+ P[] & LEAD+ ! :OLE PEOPLE TO SOCIALISM1 ( DIRECT+ & ORGANIZ+ ! NEW SY/EM1 ( BE+ ! TEA*]1 ! GUIDE1 ! LEAD] ( ALL ! WORK+ & EXPLOIT$ PEOPLE 9 ORGANIZ+ !IR SOCIAL LIFE )\T ! B\RGEOISIE & AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE4'.<#e#c.> 

,BUT ?\< ,L59 WAS /ILL ALLOCAT+ AN IMPORTANT.<#e#d.> ROLE TO ! P>TY 9 #aiag HIS EMPHASIS ON ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( P>TY & CLASS W\LD SEEM TO HAVE *ANG$4 ,9 #a#i#b1 :5 HE WROTE ',:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8' HE WAS SAY+ ?AT ! CLASS C\LD NOT A*IEVE SOCIALI/ CONSCI\SNESS )\T ! P>TY4 ,BY #aia HE WAS SAY+ ?AT ! 'V]Y CONDITIONS ( LIFE' ( ! WORK]S TURN$ !M 9TO SOCIALI/S & TAU<T !M TO ACT 9 UNISON4 ,H[EV]1 AT ALL TIMES HE TALK$ ( ! IMPORTANCE BO? ( ! CORRECT P>TY LEAD]%IP & ( ! SPONTANE\S /RIV+ ( ! WORK+ CLASS T[>DS SOCIALISM4 ,HIS EMPHASIS ON ONE OR ! O!R *ANG$ AS CIRCUM/ANCES SEEM$ TO HIM TO DICTATE ?AT ONE OR ! O!R %\LD BE CONSID]$ MORE IMPORTANT BUT NEI!R ( ! TWO ELEM5TS WAS EV] COMPLETELY DROPP$4 ,?US AS ,TONY ,CLIFF LIKES TO PUT IT1 ,L59 'B5T ! /ICK' ONE WAY & !N ! O!R4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,CLIFF1 9 ',:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8' ,L59 HAD1 SO TO SPEAK1 'B5T ! /ICK'3 

'444RI<T OV] TO ME*ANICAL OV] EMPHASIS ON ORGANIZATION444'.<#e#e.> 

,HE HAD DONE SO ,CLIFF >GUES1 BECAUSE 9 ! *AOTIC CONDITIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY ! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+ WAS TO COORD9ATE C5TRALLY ! WORK ( ! V>I\S SMALL CELLS OP]AT+ 9DEP5D5TLY1 (T5 9 ISOLAT$ >EAS4 ,LAT] :5 :AT ! P>TY NE$$ WAS NEW BLOOD1 WE >E TOLD BY ,CLIFF1 HE B5T ! /ICK 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION EMPHASIZ+ ! NE$ = ! PROLET>IAN ELEM5TS 9 ! P>TY TO IMPOSE DISCIPL9E ON ! 9TELLIG5TSIA4.<#e#f.> 

,N[ ?IS IS IMPORTANT4 ,IF WE ACCEPT IT1 & MU* ( ! EVID5CE SUGGE/S ?AT WE MU/1 !N WE HAVE ACCEPT$ ?AT ,L59 WAS CAPABLE ( SW++ BETWE5 TWO POSITIONS ON ! VITALLY IMPORTANT QUE/ION ( P>TY & CLASS4 ,?\< !RE WAS UP UNTIL #a#i#a#g1 A CLE> & /EADY %IFT 9 ,L59'S ?\<T ON ! SUBJECT 9 ! DIRECTION ( PLAC+ MORE FAI? 9 ! SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! WORK]S1 HE WAS ALWAYS LIKELY TO DECIDE ?AT ! NE$S ( ! MOM5T HAD *ANG$1 ?AT ! /ICK NE$$ TO BE B5T ! O!R WAY1 & !N HE MI<T REV]T TO HIS =M] OP9IONS4 

,*APT] ,TWO 

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT E>LY 9 HIS C>E] ,L59 DISPLAY$ A DANG]\S LACK ( FAI? 9 ! ABILITY ( ! WORK]S TO SELF-LE>N SOCIALISM4 ,WE HAVE ALSO SE5 ?AT !RE >E SOME IMPORTANT QUE/ION M>KS AB\T HIS ATTITUDE TO DEMOCRACY )9 ! P>TY4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE TOO EASY & TOO SIMPLE TO CASUALLY ACCEPT AN IMAGE ( ,L59 AS ! DICTATORIAL HEAD ( AN ABSOLUTELY UNDEMOCRATIC P>TY 9 ! YE>S PRIOR TO ! #aiag REVOLUTIONS4 ,! EVID5CE SUGGE/S A MORE COMPLEX PICTURE4 ,HE HAD EXPRESS$ MORE & MORE FAI? 9 ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS HE GOT OLD] UNTIL BY #aiag HE SEEM$ CONT5T TO PLACE A L>GE P>T ( ! FATE ( ! REVOLUTION AT ! 'M]CY' ( !IR DEMOCRATIC DECISIONS4 ,HIS MO/ ELITI/ /ATEM5TS AB\T ! WORK]S BE+ ONLY ABLE TO A*IEVE TRADE UNION CONSCI\SNESS UNAID$ W]E1 HE WAS CLAIM+1 DELIB]ATE EXAGG]ATIONS1 MADE 9 ORD] TO GET HIS PO9T ACROSS4 

,IT IS AT ?IS PO9T ?AT SOME W\LD LIKE ! ACC\NT TO 5D AS ! NEW DEMOCRATIC ,L59 5T]S ! LI/S ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y H]OES4 ,BUT CAUTION IS NECESS>Y4 ,JU/ AS WE C\LD NOT WRITE HIM (F AS AN AUTOCRAT ON ! /R5G? ( ONE BOOK WRITT5 9 SPECIFIC CIRCUM/ANCES SO WE CANNOT PUT HIM D[N AS A SUPREME DEMOCRAT )\T LOOK+ A LITTLE MORE C>EFULLY AT :AT HE WROTE 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,TO E/ABLI% ?AT ,L59 WAS COMMITT$ TO WORK]S' DEMOCRACY IS 9 ITSELF 9ADEQUATE4 ,DEMOCRACY CAN TAKE MANY =MS4 ,WE HAVE TO E/ABLI% :AT K9D ( DEMOCRACY ,L59 BELIEV$ 91 OR 9 O!R WORDS1 :AT =M ! PROLET>IAN /ATE W\LD ADOPT1 BE=E WE CAN COME TO GRIPS ) HIS IDEAS4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,L59 ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY ( ! PROLET>IAN /ATE WAS TO BE ! ,SOVIET ( ,WORK]S & ,SOLDI]S ,DEPUTIES.<#e#g.> BECAUSE ?IS ORGANIZATION W\LD REPRES5T ! 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IANS4 ,HE DESCRIB$ ! ,SOVIET ( ,WORK]S ,DEPUTIES AS3 

'444AN ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S1 ! EMBRYO ( A WORK]S' GOV]NM5T1 ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! 5TIRE MASS ( ! POOR SECTION ( ! POPULATION I4E41 ( N9E-T5?S ( ! POPULATION1 :I* IS /RIV+ = PEACE BREAD & FRE$OM4'.<#e#h.> 

,! ,SOVIETS1 HE >GU$1 PROVID$ AN >M$ =CE ( WORK]S & PEASANTS :I* WAS NOT DIVORC$ FROM ! PEOPLE BUT V]Y CLOSELY B\ND UP ) !M4 ,! ,SOVIET /ATE APP>ATUS W\LD 5ABLE ! MO/ CLASS CONSCI\S SECTION ( ! OPPRESS$ TO LEAD ! :OLE MASS ( ! OPPRESS$ 9 ! JOB ( CREAT+ A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,AS HE PUT IT1 ?IS APP>ATUS3 

'444PROVIDES AN ORGANIZATIONAL =M = ! VANGU>D1 I4E4 = ! MO/ CLASS-CONSCI\S1 MO/ 5]GETIC & MO/ PROGRESSIVE SECTION ( ! OPPRESS$ CLASS1 ! WORK]S & PEASANTS1 & SO CON/ITUTES AN APP>ATUS 0BY MEANS ( :I* ! VANGU>D ( ! OPPRESS$ CLASSES CAN ELEVATE1 TRA91 $UCATE1 & LEAD ! 5TIRE VA/ MASS ( !SE CLASSES1 :I* HAS UP TO N[ /OOD COMPLETELY \TSIDE ( POLITICAL LIFE & HI/ORY4'.<#e#i.> 

,?US CLASS CONSCI\S WORK]S W\LD1 HE ?\<T1 LEAD SOCIETY 9 ! 'RI<T' DIRECTION BY MEANS ( ! ,SOVIETS BUT :IL/ ?IS VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT W\LD PROVIDE ! LEAD]%IP = ! OPPRESS$ AT FIR/1 EV]YONE W\LD SOON LE>N TO GOV]N !MSELVES4 ,9DE$ ! V]Y DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 AS HE SAW IT1 HAD 9 A NUMB] ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ C\NTRIES PREP>$ ! WAY = ! WORK]S TO BEG9 TO GOV]N !MSELVES AS SOON AS CAPITALISM WAS OV]?R[N4 ,L59 >GU$ ?AT3 

',! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM444CREATES ! PRECONDITIONS ?AT 5ABLE REALLY 0ALL0 TO TAKE P>T 9 ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! /ATE4 ,SOME ( !SE PRECONDITIONS >E3 UNIV]SAL LIT]ACY1 :I* HAS ALREADY BE5 A*IEV$ 9 A NUMB] ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 !N ! TRA9+ & DISCIPL9+ ( MILLIONS ( WORK]S BY ! HUGE1 COMPLEX1 SOCIALIZ$ APP>ATUS ( ! PO/AL S]VICE1 RAILWAYS1 BIG FACTORIES1 L>GE-SCALE COMM]CE1 BANK+1 ETC41 ETC4 

,GIV5 !SE ECONOMIC PRECONDITIONS1 IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE1 AFT] ! OV]?R[ ( ! CAPITALI/S & ! BUREAUCRATS1 TO PROCE$ IMM$IATELY1 OV]NI<T1 TO REPLACE !M 9 ! CONTROL OV] PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION1 9 ! WORK ( KEEP+ ACC\NT ( LABOR & PRODUCTS1 BY ! >M$ WORK]S1 BY ! :OLE ( ! >M$ POPULATION4'.<#f.> 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE H]E ?AT ,L59 SPEAKS ( ! ABILITY ( ALL ! PEOPLE TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! WORK ( /ATE ADM9I/RATION BE+ CONDITIONAL ON !M BE+ ABLE TO READ & ON !M HAV+ BE5 TRA9$ & DISCIPL9$ BY WORK+ = A L>GE ADVANC$ FIRM4 ,AS HE WAS LAT] TO WRITE3 

',AN ILLIT]ATE P]SON /&S \TSIDE POLITICS1 HE MU/ FIR/ LE>N HIS ,A,B,C4 ,)\T ?AT !RE CAN BE NO POLITICS2 )\T ?AT !RE >E RUMORS1 GOSSIP1 FAIRY-TALES & PREJUDICES1 BUT NO POLITICS4'.<#f#a.> 

,! ECONOMIC PRECONDITIONS HE DESCRIBES W]E C]TA9LY NOT PRES5T 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! LIT]ACY RATE WAS1 = 9/ANCE1 >\ND ! #b-#b#e.0 M>K.<#f#b.> :I* MEANS ?AT HE WAS TO EXCLUDE UP TO #h.0 ( ! POPULATION FROM POLITICS4 ,H[EV]1 9 #aiag HE WAS CONV9C$ ?AT EV5 9 ,RUSSIA ! WORK]S C\LD QUICKLY LE>N ! >T ( DI/RIBUT+ PRODUCTS EQUITABLY4 ,9 AN >TICLE SPECIFICALLY GE>$ TO ! QUE/ION ( REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA HE WROTE ?AT3 

',P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS MEANS ! COMPLETE TRANSF] ( ! C\NTRY'S ADM9I/RATION & ECONOMIC CONTROL 9TO ! H&S ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS1 TO :OM NOBODY W\LD D>E (F] RESI/ANCE & :O1 ?R\< PRACTICE1 ?R\< !IR [N EXP]I5CE1 W\LD SOON LE>N H[ TO DI/RIBUTE ! L&1 PRODUCTS & GRA9 PROP]LY4'.<#f#c.> 

,! IMPORTANT PO9T H]E IS ?AT ! WORK]S DO NOT YET KN[ H[ TO ADM9I/] ! C\NTRY1 9 HIS SC5>IO1 BUT !Y WILL BE QUICK TO LE>N ! >T ( EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION UND] ! GUIDANCE ( !IR MO/ ADVANC$ ELEM5TS4 ,L59 9 FACT P\RS SCORN ON ! V]Y IDEA ?AT WORK]S CAN SIMPLY TAKE OV] & RUN ! /ATE4 ,9 AN >TICLE WRITT5 ONLY A MON? BE=E ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION 5TITL$ ',CAN ! ,BOL%EVIKS ,RETA9 ,/ATE ,P[]8' HE CLAIMS ?AT UNSKILL$ LABOR]S >E 9CAPABLE ( RUNN+ ! /ATE1 SAY+3 

',WE >E NOT UTOPIANS4 ,WE KN[ ?AT AN UNSKILL$ LABOR] OR A COOK CANNOT IMM$IATELY GET ON ) ! JOB ( /ATE ADM9I/RATION4'.<#f#d.> 

,?IS IS SIGNIFICANT4 ,IT MEANS ?AT ! JOB ( /ATE ADM9I/RATION WAS TO BE RE/RICT$ TO ?OSE :O W]E1 ACCORD+ TO HIM1 CAPABLE ( DO+ IT -- NAMELY ! CLASS CONSCI\S WORK]S4.<#f#e.> ,?OSE 9CAPABLE ( RUNN+ ! /ATE W]E HE >GU$ TO BE TRA9$ = ! TASK AS RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE BY !IR MORE QUALIFI$ COMRADES4 ,AS ,L59 PUTS IT3 

',WE DEM& ?AT TRA9+ 9 ! WORK ( /ATE ADM9I/RATION BE CONDUCT$ BY CLASS-CONSCI\S WORK]S & SOLDI]S & ?AT ?IS TRA9+ BE BEGUN AT ONCE1 I4E41 ?AT A BEG9N+ BE MADE AT ONCE 9 TRA9+ ALL ! WORK+ PEOPLE1 ALL ! POOR1 = ?IS WORK4'.<#f#f.> 

,! IMPORTANT WORDS H]E >E ! ONES :I* ,L59 HIMSELF EMPHASIZES4.<#f#g.> 

,! P]IOD ( TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM WILL BE A TIME :5 A BEG9N+ WILL BE MADE ON ! TRA9+ ( ! MASSES 9 ! >T ( GOV]NM5T4 ,9 ! MEANTIME ,L59 ?\<T ?AT ! WORK ( /ATE ADM9I/RATION W\LD BE C>RI$ \T BY ! MORE ADVANC$ ELEM5TS ( ! CLASS4 ,?US /ATE ADM9I/RATION WILL BE 9 ! H&S ( ! CLASS CONSCI\S LEAD]S ( ! OPPRESS$ BECAUSE NOT EV]Y WORK] 7& 9DE$ ! MAJORITY ( !M7 IS YET READY1 9 ,L59'S OP9ION1 TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! JOB ( GOV]NM5T4 ,AS HE PUTS IT 9 ',/ATE & ,REVOLUTION'3 

',WE WANT ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION ) PEOPLE AS !Y >E N[1 ) PEOPLE :O CANNOT DISP5SE ) SUBORD9ATION1 CONTROL & 0=EM5 & ACC\NTANTS0'.<#f#h.> 

,! REF]5CE TO =EM5 IS HI<LY REVEAL+4 ,L59 WAS COMMITT$ TO WORK]S' CONTROL OV] 9DU/RY & YET H]E HE IS TALK+ AB\T =EM5 BE+ 9DISP5SABLE DUR+ ! FIR/ PHASE ( ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM4 ,! IDEA ( WORKPLACE DEMOCRACY ) =EM5 MAY SEEM /RANGE TO LIB]T>IANS BUT IT IS NOT ALL ?AT UNCOMMON AN IDEA4 ,AFT] ALL ! SO-CALL$ 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY ( ,WE/ ,G]MANY MA9TA9S EXACTLY ?AT /RUCTURE4 ,SURELY ?\< ,L59 MU/ HAVE HAD SOME?+ MORE RADICAL 9 M9D ?AN ! K9D ( W9D[ DRESS+ ?AT LAT] DEVELOP$ 9 ,WE/ ,G]MANY :5 HE TALK$ ( WORK]S' CONTROL8 ,C]TA9LY HE DID2 BUT HE SAW NO CONFLICT BETWE5 ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( =EM5 & ( SUBORD9ATION ON ! ONE H& & ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( 'BOSS+' ON ! O!R4 ,HE CAME TO ?IS /RANGE CONCLUSION BY MA9TA9+ ?AT :IL/ SUBORD9ATION W\LD /ILL BE NECESS>Y IT W\LD BE SUBORD9ATION TO =EM5 :O HAD BE5 HIR$ BY A PROLET>IAN /ATE4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM3 

',CAPITALISM SIMPLIFIES ! FUNCTIONS ( 0/ATE0 ADM9I/RATION1 IT MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO CA/ 0BOSS+0 ASIDE & TO CONF9E ! :OLE MATT] TO ! ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IANS 7AS ! RUL+ CLASS7 :I* WILL HIRE 0WORK]S1 =EM5 & ACC\NTANTS0 9 ! NAME ( ! :OLE ( SOCIETY4 

,WE >E NOT ,UTOPIANS1 WE DO NOT 0DREAM0 ( DISP5S+ AT ONCE ) ALL ADM9I/RATION1 ) ALL SUBORD9ATION4'.<#f#i.> 

,?\< ! ORD9>Y WORK] W\LD REQUIRE TRA9+ BE=E BE+ UP TO ! JOB ( RUNN+ ! /ATE HE OR %E WAS QUITE CAPABLE ( KEEP+ ! CLOSE/ POSSIBLE *ECK ON ! (FICIALS :O HAD ! NECESS>Y SKILLS4 ,9DE$ IT WAS1 HE FELT1 ESS5TIAL ?AT WORK]S %\LD CON/ANTLY *ECK UP ON ALL (FICIALS & KEEP ACC\NT ( EV]Y?+ ?AT W5T ON 9 ! ,SOVIET /ATE4 ,L59 >GU$ ?AT3 

'444WORK]S' CONTROL CAN BECOME ! C\NTRY-WIDE1 ALL-EMBRAC+1 OMNIPRES5T1 MO/ PRECISE & MO/ CONSCI5TI\S ACC\NT+ ( ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS4'.<#g.> 

,H]E WE CAN QUITE CLE>LY SEE H[ RE/RICT$1 H[ CONS]VATIVE EV51 ,L59'S CONCEPTION ( WORK]S' CONTROL WAS4 ,HE WAS NOT 9 FAVOR ( WORK]S' MANAGEM5T 7?AT IS TO SAY1 WORK]S ACTUALLY RUNN+ ?+S !MSELVES72 HE HAD1 WE HAVE SE51 DECL>$ ?IS TO BE UTOPIAN AT ?IS HI/ORICAL /AGE4 ,:AT HE WAS 9SI/+ ON WAS ! NE$ = *ECK+ UP FROM BEL[ & ACC\NT+ = EV]Y?+ :I* WAS DONE BY ?OSE :O HAD ! NECESS>Y SKILLS TO RUN ! /ATE4 ,WORK]S' CONTROL = ,L59 MEANT WORK]S' ACC\NT+ NOT WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,IT IS !RE=E QUITE WRONG TO ACCUSE ! ,BOL%EVIKS ( FAIL+ TO 9TRODUCE WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T 9TO ,RUSSIA AFT] ! REVOLUTION S9CE !IR LEAD]1 AT LEA/1 NEV] 9T5D$ TO DO SO4 ,HE NEV] D\BT$ = A SECOND ?AT IT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO HAVE /ATE (FICIALS1 =EM5 & TE*NICIANS4.<#g#a.> ,! WORK]S W\LD EX]T ! FULLE/ POSSIBLE CONTROL OV] !SE PEOPLE BUT !Y W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO REPLACE !M UNTIL !Y HAD BE5 TRA9$4 ,ANY?+ MORE W\LD BE1 ,L59 WAS CONV9C$1 UTOPIAN AT ?IS /AGE4 

,DESPITE ! CONS]VATISM ( ,L59'S 9T]PRETATION ( WORK]S' CONTROL HE DID TAKE ! MATT] V]Y S]I\SLY4 ,JU/ H[ S]I\SLY CAN BE SE5 BY ! FACT ?AT HE PROPOS$ %OOT+ ANY (FICIAL :O TRI$ TO AVOID WORK]S' ACC\NT+ BY DECEIV+ ! WORK]S4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT A G5U9ELY REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T3 

'444W\LD IMM$IATELY PASS A LAW ABOLI%+ COMM]CIAL SECRECY1 COMPELL+ CONTRACTORS & M]*ANTS TO R5D] ACC\NTS PUBLIC1 =BIDD+ !M TO AB&ON !IR FIELD ( ACTIVITY )\T ! P]MISSION ( ! AU?ORITIES1 IMPOS+ ! P5ALTY ( CONFISCATION ( PROP]TY & %OOT+ = CONCEALM5T & = DECEIV+ ! PEOPLE1 ORGANIZ+ V]IFICATION & CONTROL FROM BEL[1 DEMOCRATICALLY1 BY ! PEOPLE !MSELVES1 BY UNIONS ( WORK]S & O!R EMPLOYES1 CONSUM]S ETC4'.<#g#b.> 

,(FICIALS W\LD BE KEPT UND] CONTROL ) /RICT DISCIPL9E & ! /ATE W\LD BACK UP ! WORK]S' AU?ORITY4 ,FUR!RMORE MANY ( ! /ATE (FICIALS W\LD !MSELVES BE WORK]S4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 HE >GU$1 ! NATURE ( /ATE (FICIALS W\LD HAVE COMPLETELY *ANG$4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM3 

',A BEG9N+ CAN & MU/ BE MADE AT ONCE1 OV]NI<T1 TO REPLACE ! SPECIFIC 0BOSS+0 ( ! /ATE (FICIALS BY ! SIMPLE FUNCTIONS ( 0=EM5 & ACC\NTANTS01 FUNCTIONS :I* >E ALREADY FULLY )9 ! ABILITY ( ! AV]AGE T[N DWELL] & CAN WELL BE P]=M$ = 0WORKM5'S WAGES04 

,WE ! WORK]S1 %ALL ORGANIZE L>GE-SCALE PRODUCTION ON ! BASIS ( :AT CAPITALISM HAS ALREADY CREAT$1 RELY+ ON \R [N EXP]I5CE AS WORK]S1 E/ABLI%+ /RICT1 IRON DISCIPL9E BACK$ UP BY ! /ATE P[] ( ! >M$ WORK]S4 ,WE %ALL R$UCE ! ROLE ( /ATE (FICIALS TO ?AT ( SIMPLY C>RY+ \T \R 9/RUCTIONS AS RESPONSIBLE1 REVOCABLE1 MODE/LY PAID 0=EM5 & ACC\NTANTS0 7( C\RSE ) ! AID ( TE*NICIANS ( ALL SORTS1 TYPES & DEGREES74'.<#g#c.> 

,H]E AGA9 WE F9D ! SAME !MES BE+ RAIS$ BY ,L594 ,A BEG9N+ IS TO BE MADE 9 REPLAC+ /ATE (FICIALS BUT ONLY A BEG9N+4 ,IRON DISCIPL9E IS TO BE E/ABLI%$ TO CONTROL ! (FICIALS :OM ! WORK]S !MSELVES WILL 9/RUCT4 ,ALL (FICIALS >E TO BE PAID MODE/ SAL>IES & TO BE IMM$IATELY REVOCABLE4 ,:AT IS P>TICUL>LY 9T]E/+ IS ?AT !SE W]E PRECISELY ! MEASURES :I* HE SET \T TO IMPLEM5T AFT] ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION4 ,!RE IS NO DIRECT CONTRA/ BETWE5 ,L59'S /ATEM5TS AB\T ! NATURE ( ! ,SOVIET /ATE BE=E ! REVOLUTION & :AT HE CLAIM$ TO BE PUTT+ 9TO PRACTICE AFT]W>DS4 ,!RE IS ONLY A HI<LY SIGNIFICANT %IFT ( EMPHASIS4 

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT BE=E ! REVOLUTION HE REF]R$ FREQU5TLY TO ! EXI/5CE ( =EM5 & ?AT HE TALK$ ( SUBORD9ATION AS BE+ 9DISP5SABLE AT ?IS /AGE4 ,WE HAVE ALSO SE5 ?AT HE WAS COMMITT$ TO ! WORK]S BEG9N+ TO TAKE OV] ! RUNN+ ( ! /ATE & !IR BE+ TRA9$ = ?IS TASK :IL/ KEEP+ ! CLOSE/ POSSIBLE *ECK ON EV]Y?+ ?AT !IR REPRES5TATIVES DO4 ,!SE TWO ELEM5TS -- SUBORD9ATION & DEMOCRACY -- REMA9$ C5TRAL TO HIS ?9K+ AFT] ! REVOLUTION4 ,H[EV] N[ ! EMPHASIS BEGAN TO %IFT OR TO BE MORE ACCURATE1 AFT] ! REVOLUTION ,L59 WAS VOIC+ MORE CLE>LY IDEAS :I* HE HAD ALWAYS ADH]$ TO4 ,9 ,M>* #a#iL#h HE WROTE ?AT :IL/ DEMOCRACY WAS IMPORTANT ONCE WORK WAS OV]1 ! EFFICI5T RUNN+ ( 9DU/RY REQUIR$ ?AT DUR+ WORK+ H\RS !RE %\LD BE SUBORD9ATION4 ,HE ASS]T$3 

',WE MU/ LE>N TO COMB9E ! 0PUBLIC MEET+0 DEMOCRACY ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE -- TURBUL5T1 SURG+1 OV]FL[+ ITS BANKS LIKE A SPR+ FLOOD -- ) IRON DISCIPL9E :ILE AT WORK1 ) UNQUE/ION+ OB$I5CE TO ! WILL ( A S+LE P]SON1 ! ,SOVIET LEAD]1 :ILE AT WORK4'.<#g#d.> 

,9 ! SAME >TICLE HE /RESS$ ! VITAL NE$ = ! PROLET>IAT TO RECRUIT ! HELP ( V>I\S K9DS ( EXP]TS1 JU/ AS HE DID BE=E ! REVOLUTION1 BUT N[ HE WAS SAY+ ?AT )\T !SE EXP]TS SOCIALISM W\LD NEV] BE REA*$4 ,HE /AT$ ?AT3 

',)\T ! GUIDANCE ( EXP]TS 9 ! V>I\S FIELDS ( KN[L$GE1 TE*NOLOGY & EXP]I5CE1 ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM WILL BE IMPOSSIBLE1 BECAUSE SOCIALISM CALLS = A CONSCI\S MASS ADVANCE TO GREAT] PRODUCTIVITY ( LABOR COMP>$ ) CAPITALISM1 & ON ! BASIS A*IEV$ BY CAPITALISM4'.<#g#e.> 

,H[EV]1 HE DID NOT AB&ON HIS CONVICTION ?AT EV]Y WORK] MU/ LE>N H[ TO GOV]N & BE DRAWN 9TO ! WORK ( ! /ATE4.<#g#f.> ,9 ,M>* #a#iL#h HE TOLD ! #g? ,CONGRESS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ?AT3 

',ALL CITIZ5S MU/ TAKE P>T 9 ! WORK ( ! C\RTS & 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! C\NTRY4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT = US TO DRAW LIT]ALLY ALL WORK+ PEOPLE 9TO ! GOV]NM5T ( ! /ATE4 ,IT IS A TASK ( TREM5D\S DIFFICULTY4 ,BUT SOCIALISM CANNOT BE IMPLEM5T$ BY A M9ORITY1 BY ! ,P>TY4 ,IT CAN BE IMPLEM5T$ ONLY BY T5S ( MILLIONS :5 !Y HAVE LE>N$ TO DO IT !MSELVES4'.<#g#g.> 

,! MESSAGE H]E IS ALMO/ ID5TICAL TO :AT HE WAS ADVOCAT+ 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,EV]YONE MU/ BECOME 9VOLV$ 9 ! TASK ( /ATE ADM9I/RATION BUT NOT EV]YONE IS YET READY4 ,! VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT MU/1 HE SAYS1 $UCATE ! MASSES & ONCE AGA9 HE /RESSES ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ,SOVIETS AS ORGANS :I* GIVE ! VANGU>D ! MAXIMUM AU?ORITY4 ,HE TOLD ! #g? ,CONGRESS ?AT3 

'444,SOVIET P[] IS A NEW TYPE ( /ATE )\T A BUREAUCRACY1 )\T POLICE1 )\T A REGUL> >MY1 A /ATE 9 :I* B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY HAS BE5 REPLAC$ BY A NEW DEMOCRACY1 A DEMOCRACY ?AT BR+S TO ! =E ! VANGU>D ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE1 GIVES !M LEGISLATIVE & EXECUTIVE AU?ORITY1 MAKES !M RESPONSIBLE = MILIT>Y DEF5SE & CREATES /ATE MA*9]Y ?AT CAN RE- $UCATE ! MASSES4'.<#g#h.> 

,!RE IS NO %>P BREAK BETWE5 :AT ,L59 WAS SAY+ BE=E ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION & :AT HE SAID & DID IMM$IATELY AFT]W>DS4 ,ALL ! IMPORTANT FEATURES ( ! PROLET>IAN /ATE >E PREFIGUR$ 9 !ORY4 ,BE=E ! REVOLUTION HE HAD TALK$ ( ! NE$ = AU?ORITY & SUBORD9ATION4 ,BE=E ! REVOLUTION HE HAD BE5 CONV9C$ ?AT =EM5 & TE*NICAL EXP]TS C\LD NOT BE DISP5S$ ) 9/ANTANE\SLY4 ,AFT] ! REVOLUTION HE /ILL WROTE AB\T ! NE$ = WORK]S' ACC\NT+ & CONTROL4 ,AFT] ! REVOLUTION HE CONT9U$ TO SPEAK ( ! NE$ = ! :OLE POPULATION TO BE TAU<T H[ TO GOV]N4 ,! REVOLUTION DID NOT CAUSE A SUDD5 %IFT 9 ,L59'S BELIEF SO HE DID NOT BELIEVE 9 WORK]S' MANAGEM5T BE=E ! REVOLUTION & !N SWIT* TO BELIEV+ 9 ! NE$ = DISCIPL9E & AU?ORITY AFT]W>DS4 ,BO? BE=E & AFT] ! REVOLUTION ,L59 SAW NO CONFLICT BETWE5 ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( SUBORD9ATION & ! CREATION ( WORK]S' ACC\NT+ & 'CONTROL'4 

,:AT DID HAPP5 WAS ?AT ! EMPHASIS *ANG$ SLI<TLY & ! /ICK WAS B5T ! O!R WAY4 ,IT WAS NO LONG] POSSIBLE TO MISUND]/& HIS ATTITUDE T[>DS SUBORD9ATION BECAUSE HE BEGAN TO PRESS ! NE$ = IT ) 9CREAS+ FREQU5CY & 9 9CREAS+LY /RID5T TONES4 ,HE TELLS US 9 ,M>* #a#iL#h ?AT3 

',IT HAS TO BE LE>N$ ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO LIVE 9 MOD]N SOCIETY )\T MA*9ES1 )\T DISCIPL9E -- ONE HAS EI!R TO MA/] MOD]N TE*NIQUES OR BE CRU%$4'.<#g#i.> 

,! ALT]NATIVES >E1 HE SAYS1 EI!R ACCEPT DISCIPL9E OR SUFF] ET]NAL SLAV]Y4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM3 

',! LA/ W> HAS BE5 A BITT]1 PA9FUL1 BUT S]I\S LESSON = ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE4 ,IT HAS TAU<T !M TO ORGANIZE1 TO BECOME DISCIPL9$1 TO OBEY1 TO E/ABLI% A DISCIPL9E ?AT WILL BE EXEMPL>Y4 ,LE>N DISCIPL9E FROM ! ,G]MANS2 = IF WE DO NOT1 WE1 AS A PEOPLE1 >E DOOM$1 WE %ALL LIVE 9 ET]NAL SLAV]Y4'.<#h.> 

,HE MAKES ! PO9T ?AT :IL/ ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE MU/ OBEY ! WILL ( A S+LE P]SON AT WORK ?IS1 9 HIS OP9ION1 9 NO WAY CONFLICTS ) !IR RI<T TO *OOSE & REPLACE LEAD]S4 ,AS HE PUTS IT3@< 

,B,R@> ',! MASSES MU/ HAVE ! RI<T TO *OOSE RESPONSIBLE LEAD]S = !MSELVES4 ,!Y MU/ HAVE ! RI<T TO REPLACE !M1 ! RI<T TO KN[ & *ECK EA* SMALLE/ /EP ( !IR ACTIVITY4 ,!Y MU/ HAVE ! RI<T TO PUT =W>D ANY WORK] )\T EXCEPTION = ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS4 ,BUT ?IS DOES NOT AT ALL MEAN ?AT ! PROCESS ( COLLECTIVE LABOR CAN REMA9 )\T DEF9ITE LEAD]%IP1 )\T PRECISELY E/ABLI%+ ! RESPONSIBILITY ( ! P]SON 9 *>GE1 )\T ! /RICTE/ ORD] CREAT$ BY ! S+LE WILL ( ?AT P]SON4 ,NEI!R RAILWAYS NOR ROAD TRANSPORT1 NOR L>GE-SCALE MA*9]Y & 5T]PRISES 9 G5]AL CAN FUNCTION CORRECTLY )\T A S+LE WILL L9K+ ! 5TIRE WORK+ P]SONNEL 9TO AN ECONOMIC ORGAN OP]AT+ ) ! PRECISION ( CLOCKWORK4'.<#h#a.> 

,CONSEQU5TLY3 

',!RE IS1 !RE=E1 ABSOLUTELY NO CONTRADICTION 9 PR9CIPLE BETWE5 ,SOVIET 7?AT IS1 SOCIALI/7 DEMOCRACY & ! EX]CISE ( DICTATORIAL P[]S BY 9DIVIDUALS4'.<#h#b.> 

,IT %\LD BE MADE CLE> ?AT HE IS TALK+ AB\T DICTATORIAL P[]S BE+ GIV5 TO ELECT$ MANAG]S OR MANAG]S APPO9T$ BY A ,SOVIET /ATE & NOT TO GOV]NM5T LEAD]S4 ,NEV]!LESS ?IS IS A FRI<T5+ /ATEM5T1 COM+ FROM ! LIPS ( A SOCIALI/4 ,! LEAD]S ( 9DU/RY MU/ HAVE1 ACCORD+ TO ,L591 UNQUE/ION$ OB$I5CE & DICTATORIAL AU?ORITY DUR+ WORK+ H\RS4.<#h#c.> ,! DIRECTORS ( ,=D'S HAVE BE5-TRY+ TO A*IEVE ?IS = FIFTY YE>S4 ,WORK]S' CONTROL MEANS1 9 ,L59'S RE/RICT$ DEF9ITION1 ?AT ! WORK]S WILL ELECT ! MANAG]1 *ECK UP ON HIM OR H] 7PROBABLY HIM7 & KEEP ACC\NT ( EV]Y?+ ?AT ! MANAG] DOES2 :IL/ ?IS MANAG] HAS ABSOLUTE AU?ORITY DUR+ WORK+ H\RS4 ,IT IS BUT A SMALL /EP FROM ?IS TO /R5G!N ! DICTATORIAL AU?ORITY ( ! MANAG]S & TURN WORK]S' CONTROL 9TO A %AM4 

,L59 SIMPLY DID NOT SEE ! DANG] OR AT BE/ FELT ?AT 9COMPET5CE WAS A BIGG] ?REAT TO ! ,SOVIET SLATE ?AN ! EM]G+ MANAG]IAL ELITE4 ,9 HIS M9D ORD9>Y ,RUSSIAN WORK]S C\LD NOT MANAGE L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY ON !IR [N -- ?IS HAD TO BE DONE BY EXP]TS4 ,9 HIS M9D !RE WAS NO CONFLICT BETWE5 ! EXI/5CE ( =EM5 & ! EXI/5CE ( WORK]S' CONTROL4 ,9 HIS M9D WORK]S' CONTROL MEANT WORK]S ELECT+ !IR [N BOSS1 WORK]S *ECK+ OR WORK]S KEEP+ ACC\NTS & NOT WORK]S DO+ AWAY ) ! BOSSES & TAK+ CONTROL ( !IR [N LIVES4 ,L59 ONCE WROTE3 

',IF ! WORDS 0,LIB]TY1 ,EQUALITY & ,FRAT]NITY0 >E WRITT5 ON A FACTORY1 AS 9 ,AM]ICA1 ! FACTORY DOES NOT CEASE TO BE HELL = ! WORK]S & A P>ADISE = ! CAPITALI/S4'.<#h#d.> 

,WE MI<T ADD ?AT IF ! WORK]S >E ALL[$ TO ELECT !IR BOSS & TO *ECK UP ON HIM !N ! FACTORY DOES NOT CEASE TO BE HELL = ! WORK]S & P>ADISE = ! BOSSES4 ,ONLY :5 WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T IS E/ABLI%$ DOES ?IS CEASE TO BE ! CASE4 ,ONLY :5 WORK]S ACTUALLY RUN ?+S = !MSELVES & MAKE !IR [N DECISIONS AB\T :AT HAPP5S 9 ! FACTORY IS REAL 9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY E/ABLI%$4 ,BO? BE=E & AFT] ! REVOLUTION ,L59 FELT ?AT ?IS WAS BEYOND ! ABILITIES ( ! ORD9>Y WORK]4 ,!Y HAD TO RELY ON ! SKILLS ( ELECT$ (FICIALS1 HE BELIEV$4 ,! WAY WAS CONSEQU5TLY OP5 = !SE ELECT$ (FICIALS TO E/ABLI% !IR CONTROL OV] ! WORK]S 9/EAD ( VISE V]SA4 

,*APT] ,?REE 

,WE SAW 9 ! LA/ *APT] ?AT ,L59 ?\<T ?AT ! 9TRODUCTION ( ,SOVIET RULE & ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT W]E ONE & ! SAME ?+4 

,?R\< ! ,SOVIETS ! CLASS-CONSCI\S WORK]S W\LD TRA9 ! MASSES 9 ! >T ( GOV]NM5T & LEAD !M 9 ! DIRECTION ( SOCIALISM4.<#h#e.> ,BUT ONE V]Y IMPORTANT ELEM5T 9 HIS ?9K+ REMA9S TO BE CONSID]$1 NAMELY :AT ROLE1 IF ANY1 W\LD ! P>TY PLAY 9 ?IS ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T8 ,W\LD ! ,SOVIETS CONTA9 ONE P>TY OR MANY8 ,W\LD ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT BE ID5TIFI$ ) ! GOV]NM5T ( ONE P>TICUL> P>TY OR W\LD ALL P>TIES SIMPLY CEASE TO EXI/ ONCE ! P[] ( ! B\RGEOISIE HAD BE5 SMA%$ & /ATE P[] CAPTUR$ BY ! >M$ PROLET>IAT8 

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT E>LY 9 HIS C>E] ,L59 ATTA*$ GREAT] IMPORTANCE TO CORRECT P>TY LEAD]%IP RA!R ?AN ! SPONTANE\S ACTIONS ( ! MASSES AS A FACTOR LEAD+ TO ! REVOLUTION4 ,WE HAVE ALSO SE5 ?AT HE CAME TO HAVE MORE & MORE FAI? 9 ! ABILITY ( ! PROLET>IAT TO DO ! RI<T ?+ EV5 )\T GUIDANCE4 ,BY #aiag ! EMPHASIS WAS DEF9ITELY ON TRU/+ TO ! NATURAL SOCIALI/ IMPULSES ( ! MASSES RA!R ?AN TO WISE LEAD]%IP FROM EXP]I5C$ REVOLUTION>IES#h4 ,= 9/ANCE1 AFT] ! REVOLT ( ! REACTION>Y G5]AL ,KORNILOV HAD BE5 PUT D[N L>GELY BY ! SPONTANE\S ACTIONS ( WORK]S & SOLDI]S1 ,L59 ADVIS$ SOCIALI/S TO TRU/ ! 9ITIATIVES ( ! PEOPLE1 SAY+3 

',DON'T BE AFRAID ( ! PEOPLE'S 9ITIATIVE & 9DEP5D5CE4 ,PUT Y\R FAI? 9 !IR REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS1 & Y\ WILL SEE 9 ALL REALMS ( /ATE AFFAIRS ! SAME /R5G?1 MAJE/Y & 9V9CIBILITY ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS AS W]E DISPLAY$ 9 !IR UNITY & !IR FURY AGA9/ ,KORNILOV4.<#h#f.> 

,HIS TRU/ 9 ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! MASSES DID NOT H[EV] MEAN ?AT !RE WAS NO NE$ = ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY4 ,= ,L59 ! 9T]E/S ( P>TY & CLASS W]E ID5TICAL4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E ! P>TY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ACCORD+ TO HIM1 & IT WAS NATURAL ?AT A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION W\LD PUT P[] 9 !IR H&S4 ,9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#e1 = 9/ANCE HE HAD TALK$ (1 '444:AT ! P>TY ( ! PROLET>IAT W\LD DO IF ! REVOLUTION PLAC$ P[] 9 ITS H&S444' ,HE !N REF]R$ TO ?IS AS1 '444VICTORY ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ,RUSSIA444'.<#h#g.> ,HE MADE NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! TWO BECAUSE !Y W]E1 AS F> AS HE WAS CONC]N$1 ID5TICAL4 ,:5 ! PROLET>IAT OV]?REW ! B\RGEOISIE IT W\LD PLACE P[] 9 ! H&S ( ITS REPRES5TATIVES -- ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,9DE$ IT IS WRONG TO TALK ( ,L59 SEE+ ! ,BOL%EVIKS AS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PROLET>IAT2 ! TWO W]E1 9 HIS OP9ION1 9DISSOLUBLY L9K$4 ,!RE WAS NO DIFF]5CE BETWE5 P>TY RULE & ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,AS HE SAID 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a#g3 

',\R P>TY1 LIKE ANY O!R POLITICAL P>TY1 IS /RIV+ AFT] POLITICAL DOM9ATION = ITSELF4 ,\R AIM IS ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT4'.<#h#h.> 

,FUR!RMORE ,L59 MA9TA9$ ?AT HIS P>TY W\LD HAVE NO RI<T TO EXI/ UNLESS IT WAS PREP>$ TO TAKE P[]4 ,9 ! SAME MON? HE WROTE3 

',I /ILL MA9TA9 ?AT A POLITICAL P>TY -- & ! P>TY ( ! ADVANC$ CLASS 9 P>TICUL> -- W\LD HAVE NO RI<T TO EXI/1 W\LD BE UNWOR?Y ( ! NAME ( P>TY1 W\LD BE A NON5TITY 9 ANY S5SE1 IF IT REFUS$ TO TAKE P[] :5 OPPORTUNITY (F]S4'.<#h#i.> 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT H]E1 ONLY A MON? BE=E ! REVOLUTION1 ,L59 IS TALK+ AB\T HIS P>TY BE+ READY TO TAKE P[]4 ,L59 WANT$ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT & ?IS MEANT1 AS HE SAW IT1 ! DOM9ATION ( HIS P>TY4 ,H[EV]1 IT %\LD BE MADE CLE> ?AT ?IS WAS HIS ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE4 ,HE DID NOT SET \T ) A S+LE M9D$ 5DEAVOR TO LAUN* A C\P D'ETAT :I* W\LD PLACE HIS P>TY 9 P[]4 ,9DE$ 9 ! FIR/ MON?S ( ! REVOLUTION HE WAS NOT 9 FAVOR ( HIS P>TY TAK+ SOLE P[] IMM$IATELY4.<#i.> ,HE FELT AT ?IS TIME ?AT !RE WAS A *ANCE ( ! REVOLUTION DEVELOP+ PEACEFULLY & >GU$ ?AT SO LONG AS !Y HAD A M9ORITY 9 ! ,SOVIETS ! ,BOL%EVIKS %\LD CONC5TRATE ON TRY+ TO P]SUADE ! ,SOVIETS TO TAKE P[]4 ,9 ! FAM\S ,APRIL ,!SES HE WROTE3 

',AS LONG AS WE >E 9 ! M9ORITY WE C>RY ON ! WORK ( CRITICIZ+ & EXPOS+ ]RORS & AT ! SAME TIME WE PREA* ! NECESSITY ( TRANSF]R+ ! 5TIRE /ATE P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS ( ,WORK]S' ,DEPUTIES1 SO ?AT ! PEOPLE MAY OV]COME !IR MI/AKES BY EXP]I5CE4'.<#i#a.> 

,HE WAS PREP>$ = HIS P>TY TO BATTLE IT \T ) O!R P>TIES )9 ! ,SOVIETS :I* W]E1 HE PO9T$ \T1 DOM9AT$ BY PEASANTS & SOLDI]S OR1 9 O!R WORDS BY :AT HE CONSID]$ TO BE PETIT B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS4.<#i#b.> ,?R\< ?IS BATTLE ! MASSES W\LD TE/ \T ! V>I\S P>TIES & LE>N ! M]ITS ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM4 ,BY ?IS MEANS A PEACEFUL TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM HAD BECOME POSSIBLE4 ,!RE W\LD BE NO NE$ = AN UPRIS+ BECAUSE ! MASSES NOT ! CAPITALI/S HAD ! RIFLES4 ,:AT WAS NE$$ WAS P]SUASION NOT =CE4.<#i#c.> 

,H[EV]1 BY ,JULY HE FELT ! SITUATION HAD *ANG$ & ! ,SOVIETS NO LONG] HAD ! P[] TO TAKE OV] /ATE P[]4.<#i#d.> ,BE=E ,JULY ! ,SOVIETS HAD BE5 FREE ( ALL CO]CION4 ,9 HIS [N WORDS3 

',! ,SOVIETS W]E DELEGATIONS FROM ! MASS ( FREE -- I4E41 NOT SUBJECT TO EXT]NAL CO]CION -- & >M$ WORK]S & SOLDI]S4 ,:AT REALLY MATT]$ WAS ?AT >MS W]E 9 ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE & ?AT !RE WAS NO CO]CION ( ! PEOPLE FROM )\T4 ,?IS IS :AT OP5$ UP & 5SUR$ A PEACEFUL PA? = ! PROGRESS ( ! REVOLUTION4'.<#i#e.> 

,BUT FROM ! ?IRD TO ! SIX? ( ,JULY SOME?+ HAPP5$ TO *ANGE ALL ?AT4 ,A NE> SPONTANE\S UPRIS+ TOOK PLACE :I* WAS PUT D[N BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E BLAM$ = ! UPRIS+1 ,TROTSKY WAS >RE/$ & ,L59 W5T 9TO HID+4 ,!RE IS NO NE$ = US TO GO 9TO ! DETAILS ( ! UPRIS+ H]E .<#i#f.> BUT IT DID RESULT 9 A M>K$ /R5G!N+ ( ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T & AN 9CREAS+ CONS]VATISM 9 ! ,SOVIETS4 ,K]5SKY DESCRIBES ?IS AS3 

'444A HEAL?Y PROCESS ( DECREASE 9 ! POLITICAL IMPORTANCE ( ! ,SOVIETS 9 ! ,/ATE4'.<#i#g.> 

,L59 TOOK A RA!R DIMM] VIEW ( ! MATT] & /AT$ ?AT N[ A NEW REVOLUTION WAS ESS5TIAL4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM3 

',N[ AFT] ! EXP]I5CE ( ,JULY #a#i#a#g1 IT IS ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT ?AT MU/ 9DEP5D5TLY TAKE OV] /ATE P[]4 ,)\T ?AT ! VICTORY ( ! REVOLUTION IS IMPOSSIBLE4'.<#i#h.> 

,YET ?IS REVOLUTION W\LD NOT PLACE SOLE P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS IF IT FOLL[$ ! PA? :I* ,L59 WAS N[ DESCRIB+4 ,IT W\LD PLACE P[] 9 ! H&S ( REJUV5AT$ ,SOVIETS :I* W\LD1 BE AS DIFF]5T FROM ! ONES :I* ,K]5SKY HAD EMASCULAT$ 9 ,JULY AS *ALK =M *EESE4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT3 

',SOVIETS MAY APPE> 9 ?IS NEW REVOLUTION1 & 9DE$ >E B\ND TO1 BUT NOT ! PRES5T ,SOVIETS1 NOT ORGANS ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT EV5 !N WE %ALL BE 9 FAVOR ( BUILD+ ! :OLE /ATE ON ! MODEL ( ! ,SOVIETS4'.<#i#i.> 

,L59 WAS1 !N1 CLE>LY PREP>$ TO SEE P[] PASS 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,SOVIETS BECAUSE HE WAS CONV9C$ ?AT ?IS W\LD EV5TUALLY LEAD TO ! MASSES COM+ OV] TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,HE HAD1 H[EV]1 BECOME CONV9C$ 9 ,JULY ?AT ! ,SOCIAL-,REVOLUTION>Y & ,M5%EVIK P>TIES W]E P>TICIPANTS 9 A C\NT]- REVOLUTION4 ,N[ :AT WAS NE$$ WAS A NEW REVOLUTION :I* W\LD TRANSF] P[] TO ! PROLET>IAT & LEAVE !SE P>TIES BEH9D4 ,9 O!R WORDS3 

',! AIM ( ! 9SURRECTION CAN ONLY BE TO TRANSF] P[] TO ! PROLET>IAT1 SUPPORT$ BY ! POOR PEASANTS1 ) A VIEW TO PUTT+ \R ,P>TY PROGRAM 9TO EFFECT4'.<#a.> 

,L59 WAS1 ?\<1 TO *ANGE HIS POSITION AGA9 BE=E ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION =1 ) ! ,KORNILOV REVOLT1 ! BALANCE ( =CES 9 ,RUSSIA *ANG$ ONCE AGA94 ,!RE WAS A WIDESPREAD BELIEF.<#a#a.> ?AT ! GOV]NM5T HAD SECRETLY BACK$ ,KORNILOV'S MILIT>Y REVOLT & ?IS1 COMB9$ ) AN UPSURGE 9 MASS 9VOLVEM5T 9 EV5TS AS ! REVOLT WAS SPONTANE\SLY CRU%$1 CONSID]ABLY WEAK5$ ! AU?ORITY ( ! GOV]NM5T TO ! B5EFIT ( ! ,SOVIETS4 ,9DE$ IF ,K]5SKY IS TO BE BELIEV$ !N ! ,KORNILOV REVOLT WAS ! PRIME CAUSE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK VICTORY 9 ,OCTOB]4.<#a#b.> ,AFT] ! REVOLT ,L59 FELT SURE 5\< ( EV5TUAL SUCCESS TO PROPOSE ?AT ! ,M5%EVIKS & ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES %\LD =M A GOV]NM5T :I* W\LD BE RESPONSIBLE TO ! ,SOVIETS4 ,9 O!R WORDS ALL P[] WAS1 HE SUGGE/$1 TO PASS TO ! ,SOVIETS BUT ! ,BOL%EVIKS' OPPON5TS W]E TO =M ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS W\LD EV5 REFRA9 FROM DEM&+ ! IMM$IATE TRANSF] ( P[] TO ! PROLET>IAT & POOR PEASANTS4.<#a#c.> ,HE WAS CONV9C$ ?AT HIS P>TY W\LD BE ABLE 9 TIME TO W9 OV] ! ,SOVIET TO ITS [N SIDE4 ,! ,M5%EVIKS & ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES REFUS$ ! (F] & )9 A MON? HE WAS SAY+ ?AT !Y %\LD BE ?R[N \T ( ! ,SOVIETS4 ,AS HE PUT IT3 

',! ,M5%EVIKS & ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION>IES1 EV5 AFT] ! ,KORNILOV REVOLT1 REFUS$ TO ACCEPT \R COMPROMISE ( PEACEFULLY TRANSF]R+ ! P[] TO ! ',SOVIETS' 79 :I* WE !N HAD NO MAJORITY72 !Y HAVE AGA9 SUNK 9TO ! MORASS ( FIL?Y & MEAN B>GA9+ ) ! ,CADETS4 ,D[N ) ! ,M5%EVIKS & ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>IES6 ,/RUGGLE AGA9/ !M RU?LESSLY4 ,EXPEL !M RU?LESSLY FROM ALL REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS4'.<#a#d.> 

,N[1 HE SAID1 AN 9SURRECTION WAS ESS5TIAL IF ! SLOGAN 0,ALL ,P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS0 WAS TO BECOME A REALITY4 ,9 E>LY ,OCTOB] HE WROTE ?AT3 

'444N[1 AT LEA/ S9CE ! MIDDLE ( ,SEPTEMB]1 ?IS SLOGAN HAS BECOME EQUIVAL5T TO A CALL = 9SURRECTION4'.<#a#e.> 

,ONCE P[] HAD PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,SOVIETS !N ! PEACEFUL /RUGGLE ( P>TIES 9SIDE !M W\LD 5ABLE ! PEOPLE TO TE/ ! PROGRAMS ( ! V>I\S P>TIES & DECIDE ON ! BE/ ONE4 ,9 LATE ,SEPTEMB] HE WROTE3 

',BY SEIZ+ FULL P[]1 ! ,SOVIETS C\LD /ILL TODAY -- & ?IS IS PROBABLY !IR LA/ *ANCE -- 5SURE ! PEACEFUL DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION1 PEACEFUL ELECTIONS ( DEPUTIES BY ! PEOPLE1 & A PEACEFUL /RUGGLE ( P>TIES 9SIDE ! ,SOVIETS2 !Y C\LD TE/ ! PROGRAMS ( ! V>I\S P>TIES 9 PRACTICE & P[] C\LD PASS PEACEFULLY FROM ONE P>TY TO ANO!R4'.<#a#f.> 

,?IS IS ! TYPE ( ,SOVIET /ATE ?AT ,L59 TRI$ TO E/ABLI%4 ,HE WANT$ DOM9ATION = HIS [N P>TY1 ! P>TY ( ! PROLET>IAT AS HE SAW IT1 BUT WAS PREP>$ TO W9 IT BY CONV9C+ PEOPLE RA!R ?AN BY =CE ( >MS IF ?IS WAS AT ALL POSSIBLE4 ,TIME & TIME AGA9 HE (F]$ TO LET ! PEOPLE SEE :I* P>TIES REPRES5T$ !IR [N 9T]E/S BY SEE+ H[ !Y ACT$ )9 ! ,SOVIETS4.<#a#g.> ,HE COMPLA9$ %ORTLY AFT] ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION ?AT3 

'444WE WANT$ A COALITION ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T4 ,WE DID NOT EXCLUDE ANYONE FROM ! ,SOVIET4'.<#a#h.> 

,BUT :IL/ HE WAS QUITE PREP>$ TO %>E P[] & EV5 TO LEAVE ! *OICE ( GOV]NM5T TO ! MASSES IF CIRCUM/ANCES MADE ?IS POSSIBLE HE WAS QUITE CLE> AB\T HIS ULTIMATE OBJECTIVES4 ,HE BELIEV$ 9 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT & WAS CONV9C$ ?AT HIS [N P>TY1 WAS ! P>TY ( ?AT CLASS4 ,IF CIRCUM/ANCES MADE IT NECESS>Y !N ?IS P>TY MU/ BE PREP>$1 ,L59 ?\<T1 TO TAKE P[] ON ITS [N4 ,AS HE SAID ( HIS P>TY 9 ,JUNE3 

',IT IS READY TO TAKE OV] FULL P[] AT ANY MOM5T4'.<#a#i.> 

,ONCE ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD GA9$ A MAJORITY 9 ! ,SOVIETS ?IS BECAME A PRACTICAL POSSIBILITY & BY ,SEPTEMB] HE WAS MAK+ ?IS CRY/AL CLE>1 SAY+3 

',! ,BOL%EVIKS1 HAV+ OBTA9$ A MAJORITY 9 ! ,SOVIET ( ,WORK]S' & ,SOLDI]S' ,DEPUTIES 9 BO? CAPITALS1 CAN & MU/ TAKE /ATE P[] 9TO !IR [N H&S4'.<#a#a.> 

,& 9 AN >TICLE ) ! REVEAL+ TITLE ',CAN ! ,BOL%EVIKS ,RETA9 ,/ATE ,P[]8' HE >GU$ ?AT3 

'444NO P[] ON E>? CAN PREV5T ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 IF !Y DO NOT ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE SC>$ & IF !Y SUCCE$1 9 TAK+ P[]1 FROM RETA9+ IT UNTIL ! TRIUMPH ( ! WORLD SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4'.<#a#a#a.> 

,L59 DREW NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 ?IS -- ! COM+ TO P[] ( A P>TICUL> P>TY -- & ! COM+ TO P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT AS A CLASS4 ,?R\<\T HIS V>I\S SWIT*ES ( /RATEGY 9 #aiag HE REMA9$ CONV9C$ ?AT HIS ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE MU/ BE ! COM+ TO P[] ( ?AT CLASS & CONSEQU5TLY ( HIS P>TY4 ,TO HIS M9D ! TWO W]E 9T]WOV54 ,! 9T]E/S ( ,P>TY & CLASS W]E ONE4 ,HE WAS !RE=E 9 A V]Y POOR POSITION TO RECOGNIZE A /EADILY DEEP5+ DIV]G5CE 9 9T]E/S BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,& :5 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IS ID5TIFI$ ) ! RULE ( A P>TICUL> P>TY !N :AT IS TO PREV5T ?AT P>TY FROM DICTAT+ TO ! PROLET>IAT8 

,*APT] ,F\R 

,SO F> ,I HAVE RE/RICT$ MYSELF TO AN-EXAM9ATION ( :AT SORT ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS ,L59 SET \T TO CREATE 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS IS1 9 ISOLATION1 A RA!R AB/RACT EX]CISE :I* ,L59 W\LD HAVE OBJECT$ TO /RONGLY4 ,= HIM IT WAS ! /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES :I* DECID$ :I* POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS W]E APPROPRIATE4 ,TO TALK ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS )\T KN[+ :AT /AGE ! PRODUCTIVE =CES HAD REA*$ W\LD BE1 9 HIS OP9ION1 AN EMPTY %AM4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 UNLESS WE E/ABLI% :AT /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T HE ?\<T !Y HAD REA*$ 9 #aiag WE CANNOT UND]/& ! =M :I* HE >GU$ ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT %\LD TAKE 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ALMO/ EV]Y?+ HE TRI$ TO DO AFT] ! REVOLUTION WAS DET]M9$ BY IDEAS HE HAD WORK$ \T 9 ! SPH]E ( ECONOMICS DUR+ ! W>4 ,9DE$1 AS HE SAW ?+S1 ! V]Y POSSIBILITY ( A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 9 BACKW>D ,RUSSIA ONLY EXI/$ BECAUSE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ON A WORLDWIDE SCALE HAD U%]$ 9 AN ]A ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS4 ,TO IGNORE :AT HE WROTE AB\T ! /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES W\LD !RE=E BE TO LEAVE A HUGE GAP 9 \R KN[L$GE ( HIS 9T5TIONS ON COM+ TO P[]4 

,= MANY YE>S ,L59 HAD 9SI/$ ?AT TO >GUE = AN IMM$IATE SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA WAS UTOPIAN4 ,RUSSIA WAS A BACKW>D C\NTRY & RI<T ACROSS ! BO>D ,RUSSIAN ,M>XI/S W]E CONV9C$ ?AT ?IS MEANT ! REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE TWO /AGES4 ,FIR/ ! B\RGEOISIE W\LD TAKE P[] & ?IS W\LD LEAD TO A RAPID EXT5SION ( CAPITALISM4 ,ONLY :5 ! B\RGEOISIE HAD BUILT UP L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY W\LD ! TIME COME = ! PROLET>IAT TO E/ABLI% ITS [N 7TEMPOR>Y7 DICTATOR%IP4 ,DUR+ ! REVOLUTION ( #aie HE W>N$ AGA9/ ! 'P]SI/5T ILLUSION' ?AT ! REVOLUTION !N TAK+ PLACE W\LD NOT BE A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION4.<#a#a#b.> ,PURELY SOCIALI/ DEM&S W]E /ILL A MATT] = ! FUTURE1 9/EAD ! WORK]S %\LD PUT =W>D ECONOMIC & POLITICAL DEM&S :I* C\LD BE SATISFI$ )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( CAPITALISM4.<#a#a#c.> ,9 O!R WORDS ! REVOLUTION %\LD BE GIV5 ! WIDE/ POSSIBLE SWEEP BUT ! OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM WAS NOT A POSSIBILITY AT ?IS /AGE4 

,?IS !ORY WAS MA9TA9$ ) NOTABLE T5ACITY BY ,RUSSIAN ,M>XI/S4 ,! ,M5%EVIKS1 = EXAMPLE1 W]E SO CONV9C$ ?AT CAPITALISM %\LD NOT BE OV]?R[N ?AT MANY ( !M SP5T ! 5TIRE P]IOD ( ! #aiag REVOLUTION TRY+ TO %ORE UP CAPITALISM6.<#a#a#d.> ,!Y CONSEQU5TLY LO/ :AT LITTLE SUPPORT !Y HAD4 ,!Y W]E NOT1 H[EV]1 ! ONLY ONES :O CLUNG TO ! NOTION ?AT SOCIALISM WAS IMPOSSIBLE 9 A BACKW>D C\NTRY4 ,L59 HIMSELF NEV] AB&ON$ ?IS BELIEF 7?\< HE DID NOT DRAW ! SAME \TRAGE\SLY TIMID CONCLUSIONS FROM ! IDEA74 ,9 E>LY #aiag HE WROTE 9 A LETT] ( F>EWELL TO ! WORK]S ( ,SWITZ]L& 7:I* PRECI\S FEW ( !M READ673 

',RUSSIA IS A PEASANT C\NTRY1 ONE ( ! MO/ BACKW>D ( ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES4 ,SOCIALISM CANNOT TRIUMPH !RE DIRECTLY & IMM$IATELY4'.<#a#a#e.> 

,ON HIS >RIVAL 9 ,RUSSIA HE CONT9U$ TO MAKE ! SAME PO9T :5 HE EXPLA9$ TO HIS CRITICS ?AT HIS ,APRIL ,!SES W]E NOT TO BE TAK5 AS AN >GUM5T = AN IMM$IATE SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,9/EAD ! CONTR>Y WAS TRUE3 

',I NOT ONLY DO NOT 0BUILD0 ON ! 0IMM$IATE TRANS=MATION0 ( \R REVOLUTION 9TO A SOCIALI/ ONE1 BUT ,I ACTUALLY W>N AGA9/ IT1 :5 9 ,!SIS ,NO4 #h1 ,I /ATE3 0,IT IS NOT \R IMM$IATE TASK TO '9TRODUCE' SOCIALISM4440'.<#a#a#f.> 

,9DE$ IT WAS1 ACCORD+ TO ,L591 ! HEI<T ( ABSURDITY TO BE 9 FAVOR ( '9TRODUC+' SOCIALISM4.<#a#a#g.> ,SU* A POSITION W\LD IGNORE ! H>% REALITIES ( ,RUSSIA'S /AGE ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 HE ?\<T4 ,AS HE PUT IT3 

',OP]AT+ AS IT DOES 9 ONE ( ! MO/ BACKW>D C\NTRIES 9 ,EUROPE AMID A VA/ POPULATION ( SMALL PEASANTS1 ! PROLET>IAT ( ,RUSSIA CANNOT AIM AT IMM$IATELY PUTT+ 9TO EFFECT SOCIALI/ *ANGES4'.<#a#a#h.> 

,?IS WAS WRITT5 9 LATE ,APRIL #aiag ONLY SIX MON?S BE=E ,L59 WAS TO LEAD :AT HAS ALWAYS BE5 CONSID]$ TO BE ! WORLD'S FIR/ SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,HE WAS NOT TO ALL[ ,RUSSIA'S BACKW>DNESS TO RE/RICT HIS MILITANCY 9 ! WAY ?AT MANY ,M5%EVIKS DID4 ,SOCIALISM ITSELF MI<T NOT BE A POSSIBILITY BUT DECISIVE /EPS C\LD BE TAK5 9 ?AT DIRECTION4 ,HE P\R$ SCORN ON ! ,M5%EVIK POSITION1 SAY+3 

',ACCEPT ! RULE ( CAPITAL BECAUSE 0WE0 >E NOT YET RIPE = SOCIALISM1 ! ,M5%EVIKS TELL ! PEASANTS1 SUB/ITUT+1 9CID5TALLY1 ! AB/RACT QUE/ION ( 0SOCIALISM0 9 G5]AL = ! CONCRETE QUE/ION ( :E!R IT IS POSSIBLE TO HEAL ! W\NDS 9FLICT$ BY ! W> )\T DECISIVE /EPS T[>DS SOCIALISM4' .<#a#a#i.> 

,L59 ANSW]$ ?IS LATT] QUE/ION ) A RES\ND+ 0NO01 = G5U9E SOCIALI/S W\LD1 HE ?\<T1 BE PREP>$ TO TAKE /EPS T[>DS SOCIALISM :IL/ QUITE CLE>LY REALIZ+ ?AT ! ACTUAL A*IEVEM5T ( SOCIALISM 9 BACKW>D ,RUSSIA WAS NOT YET POSSIBLE4 ,AS HE PUT IT3 

',WE CANNOT BE REVOLUTION>Y DEMOCRATS 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY & 9 A CAPITALI/ C\NTRY IF WE FE> TO ADVANCE T[>DS SOCIALISM4'.<#a#b.> 

,! READ] MI<T WELL BE =GIV5 = WOND]+ :AT ! DIFF]5CE IS BETWE5 9TRODUC+ SOCIALISM & TAK+ DECISIVE /EPS T[>DS IT4 ,!RE IS ?\< AN IMPORTANT DIFF]5CE4 ,9 ! FIR/ CASE ! ECONOMIC PR]EQUISITES = SOCIALISM ALREADY EXI/2 9 ! LATT] CASE SIGNIFICANT >EAS ( ! ECONOMY HAVE /ILL NOT BE5 FULLY DEVELOP$ BY CAPITALISM4 ,L59 CLE>LY BELIEV$ ?R\<\T HIS LIFE ?AT ! LATT] WAS ! CASE 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,:ATEV] /EPS C\LD BE TAK5 T[>DS SOCIALISM W\LD BE TAK51 BUT ! LEVEL ( TE*NOLOGY MEANT TO HIM ?AT !RE W]E DEF9ITE LIMITS TO :AT C\LD BE DONE4 ,AS HE WROTE 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a#g3 

',IT IS IMPOSSIBLE 9 TW5TIE? C5TURY ,RUSSIA1 :I* HAS WON A REPUBLIC & DEMOCRACY 9 A REVOLUTION>Y WAY1 TO GO =W>D )\T ADVANC+ T[>DS SOCIALISM1 )\T TAK+ /EPS T[>DS IT 7/EPS CONDITION$ & DET]M9$ BY ! LEVEL ( TE*NOLOGY & CULTURE2 L>GE-SCALE MA*9E PRODUCTION CANNOT BE 09TRODUC$0 9 PEASANT AGRICULTURE NOR ABOLI%$ 9 ! SUG> 9DU/RY74' .<#a#b#a.> 

,RUSSIA C\LD NOT1 MAKE A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION ON ITS [N1 9 HIS OP9ION1 BUT IT C\LD1 BY TAK+ /EPS T[>DS SOCIALISM1 BEG9 A PROCESS ?AT W\LD LEAD TO ! CREATION ( SOCIALISM ON A WORLDWIDE BASIS4 ,ADVANC+ T[>DS SOCIALISM 9 ,RUSSIA W\LD BE AN 9SPIRATION :I* W\LD SP>K (F REVOLUTION ELSE:]E4 

',S+LE-H&$ ! ,RUSSIAN PROLET>IAT CANNOT BR+ ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION TO A VICTORI\S CONCLUSION4 ,BUT IT CAN GIVE ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION A MI<TY SWEEP ?AT W\LD CREATE ! MO/ FAVORABLE CONDITIONS = A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION1 & W\LD1 9 A S5SE1 />T IT4 ,IT CAN FACILITATE ! RISE ( A SITUATION 9 :I* ITS *IEF1 ITS MO/ TRU/WOR?Y & MO/ RELIABLE COLLABORATOR1 ! ,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN SOCIALI/ PROLET>IAT1 C\LD JO9 ! DECISIVE BATTLES'.<#a#b#b.> 

,?IS WAS AN IDEA ?AT HAD BE5 AN IMPORTANT ELEM5T ( ,L59'S ?9K+ S9CE BE=E ! DAYS ( ! #aie REVOLUTION4 ,!N HE HAD DESCRIB$ AN 5TIRE EPO* ( EV] DEEP5+ REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS4 ,?IS EPO* W\LD BEG9 ) A DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA2 REVOLUTION !RE W\LD SP>K (F A SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 9 ,EUROPE & ?IS W\LD REACT BACK UPON ,RUSSIA 5ABL+ ?AT C\NTRY TO ADVANCE /RAI<T TO SOCIALISM4 ,HE DOESN'T SPEAK ( A POSSIBLE UPRIS+ 9 ,EUROPE1 HE SAYS RA!R ?AT IF ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION IS PR(\ND 5\< !N ! ,EUROPEAN WORK]S WILL RISE 9 RESPONSE4 ,HE WROTE ?AT ! SOCIALI/ WAS OBLIG$ TO DREAM ?AT3 

',WE %ALL SUCCE$ 9 5SUR+ ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION IS NOT A MOVEM5T ( A FEW MON?S1 BUT A MOVEM5T ( MANY YE>S1 ?AT IT LEADS1 NOT M]ELY TO A FEW PALTRY CONCESSIONS FROM ! P[]S ?AT BE1 BUT TO ! COMPLETE OV]?R[ ( ?OSE P[]S4 ,& IF WE SUCCE$ 9 A*IEV+ ?IS1 !N ! REVOLUTION>Y CONFLAGRATION WILL SPREAD TO ,EUROPE2 ! ,EUROPEAN WORK]1 LANGUI%+ UND] B\RGEOIS REACTION1 WILL RISE 9 HIS TURN & %[ US 0H[ IT IS DONE01 !N ! REVOLUTION>Y UPSURGE 9 ,EUROPE WILL HAVE A REP]CURSIVE EFFECT UPON ,RUSSIA & WILL CONV]T AN EPO* ( A FEW REVOLUTION>Y YE>S 9TO AN ]A ( SEV]AL REVOLUTION>Y DECADES444'.<#a#b#c.> 

,?IS WAS TO BECOME F> MORE ?AN A DREAM = ,L594 ,9 #aiag HE WAS TO RELY ON ! C]TA9TY ?AT REVOLUTION 9 ! ADVANC$ C\NTRIES W\LD BREAK \T %ORTLY AFT] ! REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,HE FLATLY /AT$ ?AT NO C\NTRY C\LD A*IEVE SOCIALISM ON ITS [N1 SAY+3 

',! F9AL VICTORY ( SOCIALISM 9 A S+LE C\NTRY IS ( C\RSE IMPOSSIBLE4' .<#a#b#d.> 

,?IS WAS1 HE ?\<T1 P>TICUL>LY TRUE = A C\NTRY ) A BACKW>D ECONOMY4 ,BUT ,L59 DID NOT ALL[ ?IS TO PREV5T HIM FROM TAK+ P>T 9 ! MAK+ ( A REVOLUTION BECAUSE HE WAS SURE ?AT ,RUSSIA W\LD NOT BE ALONE4 ,AGA9 & AGA9 HE PREA*$ ! 9EVITABILITY ( ,EUROPEAN REVOLUTION4 ,9 ,M>* #aiag HE SAID ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION W\LD C]TA9LY NOT BE ! ONLY REVOLUTION 5G5D]$ BY ! IMP]IALI/ W>4.<#a#b#e.> ,9 ,SEPTEMB] HE WROTE3 

',MASS >RE/S ( P>TY LEAD]S 9 FREE ,ITALY1 & P>TICUL>LY ! BEG9N+ ( MUT9IES 9 ! ,G]MAN >MY1 >E 9DISPUTABLE SYMPTOMS ?AT A GREAT TURN+-PO9T IS AT H&1 ?AT WE >E ON ! EVE ( A WORLD-WIDE REVOLUTION4'.<#a#b#f.> 

,ON ,OCTOB] #b#e1 ! V]Y DAY ( ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,K]5SKY REGIME1 HE P5N$ A RESOLUTION = ! ,PETROGRAD ,SOVIET :I* /RESS$ ! IMPORTANCE TO ,RUSSIA ( ! >RIVAL ( ?IS WORLD REVOLUTION1 SAY+3 

',! ,SOVIET IS CONV9C$ ?AT ! PROLET>IAT ( ! ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES WILL HELP US TO A*IEVE A COMPLETE & LA/+ VICTORY = ! CAUSE ( SOCIALISM4'.<#a#b#g.> 

,9 ,JANU>Y #aiah HE MADE IT CRY/AL CLE> ?AT HE FELT AID FROM REVOLUTIONS 9 ADVANC$ ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES WAS ESS5TIAL NOT JU/ DESIRABLE4 ,AS HE PUT IT3 

',?AT ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION 9 ,EUROPE MU/ COME1 & WILL COME1 IS BEYOND D\BT4 ,ALL \R HOPES = ! F9AL VICTORY ( SOCIALISM >E F\ND$ ON ?IS C]TA9TY & ON ?IS SCI5TIFIC PROGNOSIS4'.<#a#b#h.> 

,! WORD 'SCI5TIFIC' IS SIGNIFICANT H]E4 ,IT MEANS ?AT ,L59 BELIEV$ IT HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ AS A FACT ) ALL ! C]TA9TY ( ! LAWS ( PHYSICS ?AT A REVOLUTION W\LD COME 9 ,EUROPE4 ,NO-ONE C\LD1 ( C\RSE1 PR$ICT A DEF9ITE DATE BUT !RE WAS NOT ! SLI<TE/ D\BT ?AT REVOLUTION W\LD COME SOON] RA!R ?AN LAT]4 ,HE 9=M$ ,KAUTSKY 9 #aiah ?AT IT WAS OBLIGATORY = ,M>XI/S TO BASE !IR TACTICS ON ! EXPECTATION ( A ,EUROPEAN REVOLUTION BECAUSE ( ! 'OBJECTIVE SITUATION' BR\<T AB\T BY ! W>4.<#a#b#i.> ,L591 !N1 OP5LY ADMITT$ ?AT HE BAS$ HIS TACTICS ON A FIRM CONVICTION ?AT WIDESPREAD REVOLUTION W\LD BREAK \T 9 ,EUROPE4 ,S9CE NO SU* REVOLUTION TOOK PLACE WE >E 5TITL$ TO ASK :Y ,L59 WAS SO SURE ?AT IT W\LD4 

,! USUAL ANSW] GIV5 IS ?AT NUM]\S 9DICATORS %[$ ?AT A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION DID EXI/ 9 ,EUROPE4 ,EV5TS SU* AS ! MUT9IES 9 EV5 ! ,BRITI% >MY.<#a#c.> & ! V>I\S UPRIS+S 9 ,G]MANY .<#a#c#a.> & ,EA/]N ,EUROPE ALL T5D TO 9DICATE ?AT ,EUROPE WAS 9DE$ RIPE = REVOLUTION4 ,BUT IT WAS NOT !SE UPRIS+S :I* GAVE ,L59 ! IDEA ?AT REVOLUTION WAS IMM95T4 ,9 FACT !Y S]V$ ONLY TO CONFIRM ,L59 9 A BELIEF HE HAD HELD = SOME TIME4 ,HIS CONVICTION SPRANG NOT FROM OBS]V+ V>I\S REVOLTS BUT FROM /UDY+ ,M>XI/ !ORY & ! DEVELOPM5TS 9 CONTEMPOR>Y ECONOMIES4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO UND]/& ,L59'S ?\<T UNLESS WE RECOGNIZE ?AT ,L59 TOOK IT = GRANT$ ?AT ,M>X HAD E/ABLI%$ ! C]TA9TY ( SOCIALISM4 ,= BO? ,M>X & ,L59 IT IS ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES ?AT COMPELS ! PROLET>IAT TO REVOLT4 ,!RE IS NO ESCAPE FROM ?IS C]TA9TY -- ! ONLY QUE/ION IS :5 IT WILL HAPP54 ,M>X SETS D[N ! REASONS = ?IS C]TA9 REVOLT 9 A L5G?Y PASSAGE 9 ,CAPITAL4 ,BASICALLY :AT ! PASSAGE /ATES IS ?AT COMPETITION BETWE5 CAPITALI/S DRIVES MORE & MORE ( !M \T ( BUS9ESS4 ,! LOS]S JO9 ! RANKS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! W9N]S >E AN EV] SMALL] GR\P4 ,9 ! MASSIVE FACTORIES [N$ BY !SE FEW CAPITALI/S ! PROLET>IAT LE>NS DISCIPL9E & UNITY4 ,EV5TUALLY A WELL ORGANIZ$ MASS IS FAC$ ) A H&FUL ( MORIBUND CAPITALI/S4 ,! RESULT ( ?IS UNAVOIDABLE PROCESS IS ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,M>X DESCRIBES ! PROCESS AS FOLL[S3 

',ONE CAPITALI/ ALWAYS KILLS MANY4 ,H& 9 H& ) ?IS C5TRALIZATION1 OR ?IS EXPROPRIATION ( MANY CAPITALI/S BY FEW1 DEVELOP1 ON AN EV] EXT5D+ SCALE1 ! COOP]ATIVE =M ( ! LABOR-PROCESS1 ! CONSCI\S TE*NICAL APPLICATION ( SCI5CE1 ! ME?ODICAL CULTIVATION ( ! SOIL1 ! TRANS=MATION ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR 9TO 9/RUM5TS ( LABOR ONLY USABLE 9 COMMON1 ! ECONOMIZ+ ( ALL MEANS ( PRODUCTION BY !IR USE AS ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ( COMB9$1 SOCIALIZ$ LABOR1 ! 5TANGLEM5T ( ALL PEOPLE 9 ! NET ( ! WORLD-M>KET & ?IS1 ! 9T]NATIONAL *>ACT] ( ! CAPITALI/ REGIMES4 ,ALONG ) ! CON/ANTLY DIM9I%+ NUMB] ( ! MAGNATES ( CAPITAL1 :O USURP & MONOPOLIZE ALL ADVANTAGES ( ?IS PROCESS ( TRANS=MATION1 GR[S ! MASS ( MONEY1 OPPRESSION1 SLAV]Y1 DEGRADATION1 EXPLOITATION2 BUT ) ?IS TOO GR[S ! REVOLT ( ! WORK+-CLASS1 A CLASS ALWAYS 9CREAS+ 9 NUMB]S1 & DISCIPL9$1 UNIT$1 ORGANIZ$ BY ! V]Y ME*ANISM ( ! PROCESS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ITSELF4 ,! MONOPOLY ( CAPITAL BECOMES A FETT] UPON ! MODE ( PRODUCTION1 :I* HAS SPRUNG UP & FL\RI%$ ALONG )1 & UND] IT4 ,C5TRALIZATION ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & SOCIALIZATION ( LABOR AT LA/ REA* A PO9T :]E !Y BECOME 9COMPATIBLE ) !IR CAPITALI/ 9TEGUM5T4 ,! 9TEGUM5T IS BUR/ ASUND]4 ,! KNELL ( CAPITALI/ PRIVATE PROP]TY S\NDS4 ,! EXPROPRIATORS >E EXPROPRIAT$4'.<#a#c#b.> 

,?US SOCIALISM IS NECESS>Y4 ,IT IS NOT ?AT A FEW PEOPLE HAVE DECID$ ?IS W\LD BE A BETT] SOCIETY IT IS RA!R ?AT ! V]Y DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES MAKES ! ADOPTION ( ?IS =M ( SOCIETY A NECESSITY4 ,! TWO KEY 9DICATORS ( ! DEGREE ( RIP5ESS = REVOLUTION >E ! C5TRALIZATION ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES & ! SOCIALIZATION ( LABOR4 ,BY GAUG+1 !IR PROGRESS ! ,M>XI/ S*OL> \<T TO BE ABLE TO TELL :5 ! /AGE HAS BE5 REA*$ = ! DEA? KNELL ( PRIVATE PROP]TY TO S\ND4 

,! READ] MI<T BE =GIV5 = WOND]+ :AT IS ! RELEVANCE ( ALL ?IS TO ,L59'S CONVICTION ?AT ,EUROPE WAS AB\T TO EXP]I5CE WIDESPREAD REVOLUTIONS4 ,! RELEVANCE IS ?AT 9 ! E>LY YE>S ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> ,L59 GRADUALLY CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! C5TRALIZATION ( PRODUCTION & ! SOCIALIZATION ( LABOR HAD REA*$ ! PR$ICT$ PO9T4 ,9 HIS BOOK ',IMP]IALISM3 ! ,HI<E/ ,/AGE ( ,CAPITALISM' WRITT5 9 L#iL#f ,L59 >GU$ ?AT CAPITALISM HAD REA*$ A NEW /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T1 DUR+ :I* W>S OV] ! ACQUISITION ( COLONIES W]E 9EVITABLE4.<#a#c#c.> ,9 ?IS ]A CAPITALISM DISPLAY$ ALL ! SIGNS ( APPROA*+ ITS 5D 9 EXACTLY ! MANN] ,M>X HAD DESCRIB$1 & = EXACTLY ! REASONS :I* ,M>X HAD DESCRIB$1 NAMELY ! CONC5TRATION ( PRODUCTION & ! SOCIALIZATION ( LABOR REA*+ EXTREME DEGREES ( DEVELOPM5T4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,L591 ! ]A 9 :I* HE WAS LIV+ WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! TRANS=MATION ( CAPITALISM FROM AN ESS5TIALLY COMPETITIVE ME?OD ( PRODUCTION 9TO A NONCOMPETITIVE MONOPOLI/IC ME?OD4 ,9 O!R WORDS ! PROCESS :I* ,M>X HAD DESCRIB$ ( ONE CAPITALI/ KILL+ (F MANY COMPETITORS HAD GONE SO F> ?AT ! FEW REMA9+ 5T]PRISES C\LD EASILY COME TO AN AGREEM5T & C>VE UP ! M>KETS4 ,AS HE PUTS IT3 

'444AT A C]TA9 /AGE ( ITS DEVELOPM5T CONC5TRATION ITSELF1 AS IT W]E1 LEADS /RAI<T TO MONOPOLY1 = A SCORE OR SO ( GIANT 5T]PRISES CAN EASILY >RIVE AT AN AGREEM5T1 & ON ! O!R H&1 ! H9DRANCE TO COMPETITION1 ! T5D5CY T[>DS MONOPOLY1 >ISES FROM ! HUGE SIZE ( ! 5T]PRISES4 ,?IS TRANS=MATION ( COMPETITION 9TO MONOPOLY IS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT IF NOT ! MO/ IMPORTANT -- PH5OM5A ( MOD]N CAPITALI/ ECONOMY444'.<#a#c#d.> 

,!RE W]E1 HE >GU$1 TWO 9T]L9K$ PROCESSES GO+ ON BO? ( :I* LEAD TO ! SAME 5D4 ,:IL/ COMPETITION WAS DRIV+ SOME CAPITALI/S \T ( BUS9ESS :AT WE W\LD N[ CALL ! ECONOMIES ( SCALE W]E OP]AT+ TO 5SURE ?AT ONLY ! L>GE/ 5T]PRISES W]E ABLE TO COMPETE4 ,! NET RESULT WAS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( MONOPOLIES 9 ALL ! VITAL >EAS ( ! ECONOMY4 ,! [N]S ( !SE FEW GIANT FIRMS HAD M]G$ ) ! ALL IMPORTANT BANK]S TO =M A S+LE GR\P ( F9ANCE CAPITALI/S :O DOM9AT$ OV] SOCIETY4.<#a#c#e.> ,?US 9 ,G]MANY1 = EXAMPLE1 A H&FUL ( F9ANCI]S W]E ! REAL GOV]NORS ( SOCIETY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,L593 

',G]MANY IS GOV]N$ BY NOT MORE ?AN ?REE HUNDR$ MAGNATES ( CAPITAL1 & ! NUMB] IS CON/ANTLY DIM9I%+4'.<#a#c#f.> 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO TAKE :AT HE SAYS AT FACE VALUE4 ,?IS IS NOT MEANT TO BE AN EXAGG]ATION NOR IS IT A PR$ICTION4 ,IT IS A /ATEM5T ( :AT ALREADY EXI/S4 ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT 9 ,G]MANY ?+S HAD REA*$ SU* A PIT* ?AT ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( #ff MILLION PEOPLE WAS BE+ DIRECT$ & ORGANIZ$ FROM ONE C5T]4.<#a#c#g.> ,9 ALL ! ADVANC$ C\NTRIES A SIMIL> /ATE ( AFFAIRS EXI/$ &3 

'444A H&FUL ( MONOPOLI/S SUBORD9ATE TO !IR WILL ALL ! OP]ATIONS1 BO? COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL1 ( ! :OLE ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4'.<#a#c#h.> 

,S9CE ?IS CONTROLL+ GR\P WAS SO SMALL 9 NUMB] IT WAS POSSIBLE1 HE ?\<T1 = IT TO PLAN & BECOME ORGANIZ$4 ,BUT ,L59 BELIEV$ ?AT ONE ( ! *>ACT]I/IC FEATURES ( CAPITALISM WAS ?AT IT WAS NOT ORGANIZ$1 IT WAS 9 FACT ! V]Y OPPOSITE -- CAPITALISM WAS ! AN>*Y ( PRODUCTION4 ,H5CE ! NEW ]A1 ! IMP]IALI/ ]A1 HAD C]TA9 FEATURES :I* W]E ESS5TIALLY NON-CAPITALI/4 ,HE HIMSELF HI<LI<T$ ?IS APP>5T CONTRADICTION :5 HE WROTE3 

',FREE COMPETITION IS ! BASIC FEATURE ( CAPITALISM1 & ( COMMODITY PRODUCTION G5]ALLY2 MONOPOLY IS ! EXACT OPPOSITE ( FREE COMPETITION1 BUT WE HAVE SE5 ! LATT] BE+ TRANS=M$ 9TO MONOPOLY BE=E \R EYES444'.<#a#c#i.> 

,IF MONOPOLY CAPITALISM LACKS ! BASIC FEATURE ( CAPITALISM !N IT MU/1 ACCORD+ TO ,L591 CONTA9 C]TA9 FEATURES TYPICAL ( A NEW SOCIAL SY/EM4 ,AS HE PUT IT3 

'444! OLD CAPITALISM2 ! CAPITALISM ( FREE COMPETITION ) ITS 9DISP5SABLE REGULATOR1 ! ,/OCK ,EX*ANGE1 IS PASS+ AWAY4 ,A NEW CAPITALISM HAS COME TO TAKE ITS PLACE1 BE>+ OBVI\S FEATURES ( SOME?+ TRANSI5T1 A MIXTURE ( FREE COMPETITION & MONOPOLY4 ,! QUE/ION NATURALLY >ISES3 9TO :AT IS ! NEW CAPITALISM 0DEVELOP+08'.<#a#d.> 

,HIS ANSW] WAS ?AT CAPITALISM WAS1 ( ITSELF1 DEVELOP+ ALL ! MO/ IMPORTANT ECONOMIC REQUIREM5TS = SOCIALISM4 ,! CAPITALI/S W]E BE+ =C$ TO ORGANIZE & TO PLAN ON A NATIONAL LEVEL1 PRODUCTION HAD BECOME SOCIALIZ$ TO A V]Y HI< DEGREE1 ONLY PRIVATE EXPROPRIATION HELD US BACK FROM ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM4 ,L59 /AT$ ?AT3 

',CAPITALISM 9 ITS IMP]IALI/ /AGE LEADS DIRECTLY TO ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION2 IT1 SO TO SPEAK1 DRAGS ! CAPITALI/S AGA9/ !IR WILL & CONSCI\SNESS1 9TO SOME SORT ( A NEW SOCIAL ORD]1 A TRANSITIONAL ONE FROM COMPLETE FREE COMPETITION TO COMPLETE SOCIALIZATION4'.<#a#d#a.> 

,9 O!R WORDS ,L59 ?\<T ?AT CAPITALISM HAD REA*$ ITS LIMITS & IT WAS = ?IS REASON ?AT REVOLUTION 9 ! ADVANC$ C\NTRIES WAS IMM95T4 ,PRODUCTION WAS NO LONG] ! CONC]N ( ISOLAT$ CAPITALI/S COMPET+ AGA9/ EA* O!R 9 AN 'AN>*IC' WAY4 ,IT WAS CONDUCT$ ON A MASSIVE PLANN$ SCALE BY WELL ORGANIZ$ WORK]S4 ,H[EV] [N]%IP /ILL RE/$ 9 ! H&S ( A FEW F9ANCI]S4 ,!IR [N]%IP WAS AN ANA*RONISM :I* W\LD SOON BE 5D$4 ,HE DOES NOT SPEAK ( ! DESIRABILITY ( REMOV+ PRIVATE [N]%IP1 HE SAYS RA!R ?AT IT 9EVITABLY WILL BE REMOV$ BECAUSE ! PROP]TY RELATIONS NO LONG] CORRESPOND TO ! /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T :I* ! PRODUCTIVE =CES HAVE REA*$4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,L593 

',:5 A BIG 5T]PRISE ASSUMES GIGANTIC PROPORTIONS1 &1 ON ! BASIS ( AN EXACT COMPUTATION ( MASS DATA1 ORGANIZES ACCORD+ TO PLAN ! SUPPLY ( PRIM>Y RAW MAT]IALS TO ! EXT5T ( TWO-?IRDS1 OR ?REE-F\R?S1 ( ALL ?AT IS NECESS>Y = T5S ( MILLIONS ( PEOPLE2 :5 ! RAW MAT]IALS >E TRANSPORT$ 9 A SY/EMATIC & ORGANIZ$ MANN] TO ! MO/ SUITABLE PLACES ( PRODUCTION1 SOMETIMES SITUAT$ HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( MILES FROM EA* O!R2 :5 A S+LE C5T] DIRECTS ALL ! CONSECUTIVE /AGES ( PROCESS+ ! MAT]IALS RI<T UP TO ! MANUFACTURE ( NUM]\S V>IETIES ( F9I%$ >TICLES2 :5 !SE PRODUCTS >E DI/RIBUT$ ACCORD+ TO A S+LE PLAN AMONG T5S ( HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( CU/OM]S444!N IT BECOMES EVID5T ?AT WE HAVE SOCIALIZATION ( PRODUCTION1 & NOT M]E 09T]LOCK+02 ?AT PRIVATE ECONOMIC & PRIVATE PROP]TY RELATIONS CON/ITUTE A %ELL :I* NO LONG] FITS ITS CONT5TS1 A %ELL :I* MU/ 9EVITABLY DECAY IF ITS REMOVAL IS >TIFICIALLY DELAY$1 A %ELL :I* MAY REMA9 9 A /ATE ( DECAY = A FAIRLY LONG P]IOD444 BUT :I* WILL 9EVITABLY BE REMOV$4'.<#a#d#b.> 

,?IS IS AN IMPORTANT =GOTT5 PASSAGE ( ,L59'S2 = :AT HE IS DESCRIB+ H]E IS ! ECONOMIC APP>ATUS :I* HE ?\<T TO BE TYPICAL ( BO? ADVANC$ MONOPOLY CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM1 ,SOCIALISM IS1 = ,L591 PLANN$ CAPITALISM ) ! PRIVATE [N]%IP REMOV$4 ,CAPITALISM HAS1 9 HIS OP9ION1 PROVID$ A COMPLETE MAT]IAL PREP>ATION = SOCIALISM1 HAS BR\<T US TO ! /AGE :]E WE >E TEET]+ ON ! BR9K ( SOCIALISM1 & HAS REA*$ ITS [N LA/ /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 HIS [N WORDS 'CAPITALISM IS 5D+ ITS DEVELOPM5T'.<#a#d#c.> & IT IS DO+ SO BECAUSE IT HAS CREAT$ ! ME*ANISM = SOCIALISM )9 ITSELF 9 ! =M ( ! BIG BANKS & ! TRU/S -- ! ORGANIZATIONS :I* BY C>V+ UP M>KETS & CONTROLL+ 9VE/M5TS HAVE CREAT$ ORD] \T ( ! AN>*Y ( PRODUCTION4 ,!SE ORGANIZATIONS WILL !RE=E BE ! CORE ( ! NEW SOCIETY4 ,)\T !M SOCIALISM W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE1 ) !M IT IS 9EVITABLE1 HE BELIEV$4 ,HE WROTE ?AT3 

',CAPITALISM HAS CREAT$ AN ACC\NT+ APP>ATUS 9 ! %APE ( ! BANKS1 SYNDICATES1 PO/AL S]VICE1 CONSUM]S' SOCIETIES1 & (FICE EMPLOYES' UNIONS4 ,)\T ! BIG BANKS SOCIALISM W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE4 

,! BIG BANKS >E ! 0/ATE APP>ATUS0 :I* WE NE$ TO BR+ AB\T SOCIALISM1 & :I* WE TAKE READY MADE FROM CAPITALISM2 \R TASK IS M]ELY TO LOP (F :AT CAPITALI/ICALLY MUTILATES ?IS EXCELL5T APP>ATUS1 TO MAKE IT EV5 BIGG]1 EV5 MORE DEMOCRATIC1 EV5 MORE COMPREH5SIVE4 ,QUANTITY WILL BE TRANS=M$ 9TO QUALITY4 ,A S+LE ,/ATE ,BANK1 ! BIGGE/ ( ! BIG1 ) BRAN*ES 9 EV]Y RURAL DI/RICT1 9 EV]Y FACTORY1 WILL CON/ITUTE AS MU* AS N9E-T5?S ( ! SOCIALI/ APP>ATUS4 ,?IS WILL BE C\NTRY-WIDE BOOK KEEP+1 C\NTRY-WIDE ACC\NT+ ( ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS1 ?IS WILL BE1 SO TO SPEAK1 SOME?+ 9 ! NATURE ( ! SKELETON ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4'.<#a#d#d.> 

,?IS PASSAGE CONTA9S SOME EXCEPTIONAL /ATEM5TS4 ,WE >E TOLD ?AT ! BANKS >E N9E-T5?S ( ! SOCIALI/ APP>ATUS4 ,ALL ?AT IS REQUIR$ IS TO SEIZE ! BANKS FROM ! H&FUL ( F9ANCI]S :O [N !M1 UNIFY !M1 9CREASE ?IS S+LE BANK 9 SIZE &1 ',BOB'S Y\R ,UNCLE'1 Y\ HAVE Y\R BASIC SOCIALI/ APP>ATUS4 ,WE >E TOLD ?AT QUANTITY WILL BE TRANS=M$ 9TO QUALITY4 ,9 O!R WORDS IF WE AIM TO E/ABLI% WID] & WID] CONTROL BY AN 5ORM\S BANK !N 9 SOME MAGICAL WAY ! BANK WILL BE TRANS=M$ FROM AN 9/RUM5T ( OPPRESSION 9TO AN 9/RUM5T ( LIB]ATION4 ,WE >E FUR!R TOLD ?AT ! BANK WILL BE MADE 'EV5 MORE DEMOCRATIC' NOT 'MADE DEMOCRATIC' AS WE MI<T EXPECT BUT MADE EV5 MORE SO4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT ! BANKS1 AS !Y EXI/ UND] CAPITALISM >E 9 SOME WAY DEMOCRATIC1 A DIFFICULT /ATEM5T TO COMPREH5D BUT NO D\BT REASSUR+ TO ?OSE :O WORK = ,B>CLAY'S OR ,NAT4 ,WE/4 ,F9ALLY WE >E TOLD ?AT ! S+LE /ATE ,BANK WILL PROVIDE C\NTRY-WIDE ACC\NT+ & CONTROL ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS4 ,WE CAN ONLY CONCLUDE ?AT WORK]S' CONTROL & ACC\NT+ WILL TAKE PLACE ?R\< ! ME*ANISM ( ?IS BANK4 ,?IS 9DE$ PROVES TO BE ,L59'S OP9ION4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 ! BANKS & ! TRU/S 7:I* >E1 REMEMB]1 9EXTRICABLY L9K$7 >E ! ME*ANISM VIA :I* ! PROLET>IAT WILL EX]CISE ITS DICTATOR%IP4 ,?US HE GIVES AS AN EXAMPLE ( ! SOCIALI/ ECONOMIC SY/EM ! PO/AL S]VICE1 SAY+3 

',A WITTY ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRAT ( ! SEV5TIES ( ! LA/ C5TURY CALL$ ! PO/AL S]VICE AN EXAMPLE ( ! SOCIALI/ ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,?IS IS V]Y TRUE4 ,AT PRES5T ! PO/AL S]VICE IS A BUS9ESS ORGANIZ$ ON ! L9ES ( A /ATE-CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY4 ,IMP]IALISM IS GRADUALLY TRANS=M+ ALL TRU/S 9TO ORGANIZATIONS ( A SIMIL> TYPE1 9 :I* /&+ OV] ! 0COMMON0 PEOPLE1 :O >E OV]-WORK$ & />V$1 ONE HAS ! SAME B\RGEOIS BUREAUCRACY4 ,BUT ! ME*ANISM ( SOCIAL MANAGEM5T IS ALREADY TO H&4 ,ONCE WE HAVE OV]?R[N ! CAPITALI/S1 CRU%$ ! RESI/ANCE ( !SE EXPLOIT]S ) ! IRON H& ( ! >M$ WORK]S1 & SMA%$ ! BUREAUCRATIC MA*9E ( ! MOD]N /ATE1 WE %ALL HAVE A SPL5DIDLY-EQUIPP$ ME*ANISM1 FRE$ FROM ! 0P>ASITE01 A ME*ANISM :I* CAN V]Y WELL BE SET GO+ BY ! UNIT$ WORK]S !MSELVES1 :O WILL HIRE TE*NICIANS1 =EM5 & ACC\NTANTS1 & PAY !M ALL1 AS 9DE$ ALL 0/ATE0 (FICIALS 9 G5]AL1 WORKM5'S WAGES4 

,TO ORGANIZE ! :OLE ECONOMY ON ! L9ES ( ! PO/AL S]VICE SO ?AT ! TE*NICIANS1 =EM5 & ACC\NTANTS1 AS WELL AS ALL (FICIALS1 %ALL RECEIVE SAL>IES NO HI<] ?AN A WORKMAN'S WAGE'1 ALL UND] ! CONTROL & LEAD]%IP ( ! >M$ PROLET>IAT -- ?IS IS \R IMM$IATE AIM4 ,?IS IS ! /ATE & ?IS IS ! ECONOMIC F\NDATION WE NE$4'.<#a#d#e.> 

,H]E WE F9ALLY GET TO GRIPS ) ,L59'S CONCEPTION ( :AT ! FUTURE ECONOMY WAS SUPPOS$ TO LOOK LIKE4 ,! ECONOMIC /RUCTURE WAS TO BE /RIK+LY SIMIL> TO CAPITALISM4 ,! TRU/S & ! BANKS W\LD REMA94 ,! SOLE *ANGES :I* !SE SPL5DIDLY EQUIPP$ ME*ANISMS W]E TO UND]GO W\LD BE ?AT !Y W\LD BE MADE BIGG] & !RE=E BETT] & !Y W\LD BE UND] ! CONTROL ( ! >M$ PROLET>IAT4 ,! IMM$IATE AIM ( ! PROLET>IAT ON COM+ TO P[] W\LD BE TO EXT5D ! CONTROL ( ! BANKS OV] ! ECONOMY1 TO 9CREASE ! SIZE & NUMB] ( ! TRU/S & TO USE !M BO? = ! B5EFIT ( EV]YONE 9/EAD ( = !IR OPPRESSION4 ,! VITAL QUE/ION ( ! DAY W\LD BECOME3 

'444! EXPROPRIATION ( ! CAPITALI/S1 ! CONV]SION ( ALL CITIZ5S 9TO WORK]S & O!R EMPLOYES ( ONE HUGE 0SYNDICATE0 -- ! :OLE /ATE -- & ! COMPLETE SUBORD9ATION ( ! 5TIRE WORK ( ?IS SYNDICATE TO A G5U9ELY DEMOCRATIC /ATE1 ! /ATE ( ! ,SOVIET ( ,WORK]S' & ,SOLDI]S' ,DEPUTIES4'.<#a#d#f.> 

,! SYNDICATES :I* HAD PREVI\SLY OPPRESS$ & TRODD5 D[N ! MASSES BECOME UND] ,SOVIET RULE ! MEANS = !IR SALVATION4 ,UND] CAPITALISM ! TRU/S BR+ 9 !IR WAKE 9T5SE MIS]IES1 ! LI/ ( :I* SEEMS 5DLESS4 ,9 !IR UNAVOIDABLE SE>* = PLACES :]E CAPITAL CAN BE PR(ITABLY 9VE/$ & 9 !IR DRIVE TO MONOPOLIZE ! S\RCES ( RAW MAT]IALS1 ! F9ANCI]S HAVE1 ACCORD+ TO ,L591 DIVID$ UP ! WORLD AMONG !MSELVES1 SEIZ+ & 5SLAV+ IMM5SE COLONIES4.<#a#d#g.> ,BUT1 AS ! RELATIVE /R5G?S ( ! F9ANCI]S 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES *ANGES.<#a#d#h.> ! /RONG] C\NTRIES /RIVE TO TAKE ! COLONIES ( ! WEAK]4 ,9EVITABLY ?IS LEADS TO W>4.<#a#d#i.> ,9 ! NEW ]A ( CAPITALISM PEACE IS JU/ AN 9T]VAL 9 P]IODS BETWE5 W>S & ALL ! MIS]Y !Y BR+1.<#a#e.> ,! MASSES REMA9 'HALF-/>V$ & POV]TY-/RICK5'.<#a#e#a.> 9 SPITE ( ! AMAZ+ TE*NICAL PROGRESS :I* CAPITALISM UND]GOES 9 ITS IMP]IALI/ ]A4 ,! P[] ( ! /ATE & ITS BURD5 9CREASES1 = ! TRU/S CREATE MORE & MORE MONOPOLIES :I* >E PROTECT$ & EXT5D$ BY ! /ATE UNTIL EV5TUALLY ! /ATE BECOMES 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ! TRU/S IT FO/]S4 ,CAPITALISM BECOMES /ATE CAPITALISM.<#a#e#b.>1 ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE 9CREASES1 REACTION & MILIT>Y DESPOTISM GR[1 PR(ITS 9CREASE AT ! EXP5SE ( EV]YONE B> ! SMALL GR\P ( F9ANCI]S :O CONTROL ! /ATE4 ,ALL ?IS1 ,L59 BELIEV$1 RESULTS FROM ! NEW CONDITIONS ( MONOPOLY CAPITALISM & ! 9CREAS$ CONTROL ( PRODUCTION BY ! /ATE4 ,BUT ONCE /ATE P[] PASSES TO ! PROLET>IAT1 ,L59 ?\<T1 !SE V]Y CONDITIONS BECOME AN ASSURANCE ?AT EXPLOITATION WILL BE DE/ROY$ = EV]4 ,L59 DESCRIB$ ! TRANS=MATION AS FOLL[S3 

',UND] PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ALL !SE /EPS T[>DS GREAT] MONOPOLIZATION & CONTROL OV] PRODUCTION BY ! /ATE >E 9EVITABLY ACCOMPANI$ BY 9T5SIFI$ EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE1 BY AN 9CREASE 9 OPPRESSION2 IT BECOMES MORE DIFFICULT TO RESI/ ! EXPLOIT]S1 & REACTION & MILIT>Y DESPOTISM GR[4 ,AT ! SAME TIME !SE /EPS 9EVITABLY LEAD TO A TREM5D\S GR[? 9 ! PR(ITS ( ! BIG CAPITALI/S AT ! EXP5SE ( ALL O!R SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION4 ,! WORK+ PEOPLE = DECADES TO COME >E =C$ TO PAY TRIBUTE TO ! CAPITALI/S 9 ! =M ( 9T]E/ PAYM5TS ON W> LOANS RUNN+ 9TO ?\S&S ( MILLIONS4 ,BUT ) PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION ABOLI%$ & /ATE P[] PASS+ COMPLETELY TO ! PROLET>IAT1 !SE V]Y CONDITIONS >E A PL$GE ( SUCCESS = SOCIETY'S TRANS=MATION ?AT WILL DO AWAY ) ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN & 5SURE ! WELL-BE+ ( EV]YONE4'.<#a#e#c.> 

,N[ ?IS IS IMPORTANT4 ,:AT WAS ONCE EVIL BECOMES ! MEANS = A SALVATION4 ,AS SOON AS /ATE P[] *ANGES H&S ! VALUE SIGNS *ANGE & /ATE CAPITALISM BECOMES A POSITIVE BOON1 ACCORD+ TO ,L594 ,9 FACT HE DEF9$ SOCIALISM 9 RELATION TO /ATE CAPITALISM3 

',= SOCIALISM IS M]ELY ! NEXT /EP =W>D FROM /ATE-CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY4 ,OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 SOCIALISM IS M]ELY /ATE CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY :I* IS MADE TO S]VE ! 9T]E/S ( ! :OLE PEOPLE & HAS TO ?AT EXT5T CEAS$ TO BE CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY4'.<#a#e#d.> 

,! MOVEM5T ( HI/ORY ITSELF WAS1 ,L59 ?\<T1 DICTAT+ ! NE$ = ?IS TRANS=MATION ( /ATE CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY FROM A MEANS ( 9T5SE OPPRESSION TO !IR EFFICI5T S]VANT4 ,AS HE PUT IT3 

'444/ATE CAPITALISM IS A COMPLETE MAT]IAL PREP>ATION = SOCIALISM1 ! ?RE%OLD ( SOCIALISM1 A RUNG ON ! LADD] ( HI/ORY BETWE5 :I* & ! RUNG CALL$ SOCIALISM !RE >E NO IMM$IATE RUNGS4'.<#a#e#e.> 

,?IS TOO IS IMPORTANT4 ,= ,L59 HI/ORY C\LD BE COMP>$ TO A LADD] :I* HAD TO BE CLIMB$4 ,EA* /AGE WAS HI<] ?AN ! LA/4 ,EA* /AGE WAS A PREP>ATION = ! NEXT /EP & IF ?IS PREP>ATION WAS LACK+ !N ! NEXT /EP C\LD NOT BE TAK54 ,& ONCE A C]TA9 /AGE HAD BE5 REA*$ ! NEXT /EP =W>D C\LD ONLY LEAD US TO SOCIALISM4 ,?IS /AGE HAD BE5 REA*$ 9 ! ADVANC$ C\NTRIES4 ,L59 ?\<T ?AT !RE W]E NO 9T]M$IATE RUNGS BETWE5 /ATE CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM 7H5CE ANY ATTEMPT TO PAT* UP HIS !ORY BY PROCLAIM+ ?AT NEW /AGES HAVE BE5 REA*$ >E 9 DIRECT CONTRADICTION ) ,L59'S [N CONVICTIONS74 ,ONCE CAPITALISM HAD REA*$ ! /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T KN[N AS /ATE CAPITALISM !RE C\LD BE ONLY ONE WAY =W>D -- SOCIALISM4 ,BUT IT WAS EQUALLY TRUE ?AT UNLESS CAPITALISM HAD CREAT$ ! NECESS>Y FRAMEWORK !N SOCIALISM WAS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,9 ! ADVANC$ C\NTRIES ALL ! NECESS>Y APP>ATUS -- ! BIG BANKS & ! TRU/S -- WAS ALREADY 9 EXI/5CE4 ,H5CE REVOLUTION WAS IMM95T !RE4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! BACKW>D C\NTRIES IT WAS A DIFF]5T /ORY AS !SE C\NTRIES W]E NOT YET READY = SOCIALISM4 ,& 9 ,RUSSIA1 :I* WAS AN 9T]M$IATE C\NTRY1 HALF BACKW>D & HALF ADVANC$1.<#a#e#f.> ONE ( ! PRIME TASKS ( ! PROLET>IAN GOV]NM5T W\LD BE TO BUILD UP ?IS ESS5TIAL APP>ATUS4 ,TO DO SO 9 FACT BECAME AN OV]RID+ OBJECTIVE BECAUSE SOCIALISM IS DEF9$ AS BE+ NO?+ MORE ?AN /ATE CAPITALISM ) A WORK]S' /ATE4.<#a#e#g.> 

,?R\<\T #aiag ,L59 WAS TO /RESS ! IMPORTANCE ( BUILD+ UP & US+ ! /ATE CAPITALI/ APP>ATUS4 ,9 ,APRIL HE PUT =W>D A S]IES ( MEASURES :I* W\LD 5HANCE ! 9FLU5CE ( ! PROLET>IAT AMONG ! G5]AL POPULATION4 ,!SE MEASURES W]E3 #a74 ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! L&2 #b74 ! M]G+ ( ALL ! BANKS 9TO ONE & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A BRAN* 9 EV]Y VILLAGE2 #c74 ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! ,SUG> ,MANUFACTUR]S ,SYNDICATE4 ,! LA/ TWO MEASURES >E CLE>LY AIM$ AT 9CREAS+ ! EXT5T ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,L591 IF ALL !SE MEASURES W]E PUT 9TO EFFECT & IF AID WAS =?COM+ FROM ! WORK]S ( ADVANC$ ,WE/]N ,EUROPE 7AFT] ! \TBREAK ( !IR [N REVOLUTION7 !N ! TRANS=MATION ( ,RUSSIA 9TO A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY W\LD BE 9EVITABLE4.<#a#e#h.> ,! POT5TIAL = !SE MEASURES ALREADY EXI/$ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,= 9/ANCE ! SUG> SYNDICATE HAD DEVELOP$ 9TO A S+LE 9DU/RIAL ORGANISM ON A NATIONAL SCALE & HAD ALREADY BE5 SUBJECT TO /ATE CONTROL UND] ,CZ>ISM4 ,?IS SYNDICATE W\LD1 ,L59 >GU$1 SIMPLY PASS 9TO ! H&S ( ! PROLET>IAN GOV]NM5T & BE CONTROLL$ BY ! WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,IT W\LD !N BE POSSIBLE TO L[] ! PRICE ( SUG>4.<#a#e#i.> ,! SUG> 9DU/RY WAS NOT ! ONLY EXAMPLE ( MONOPOLY CAPITALISM 9 ,RUSSIA & !RE=E NOT ! ONLY 9DU/RY :]E /ATE CAPITALISM C\LD BE MADE TO WORK = ! PROLET>IAT4.<#a#f.> ,O!R L>GE SYNDICATES SU* AS ! COAL & METAL SYNDICATES C\LD ALSO BE NATIONALIZ$ ) EASE4 ,:]E SU* SYNDICATES DID NOT EXI/ A CONSCI\S ATTEMPT WAS TO BE MADE TO CREATE L>GE WELL ORGANIZ$ NATIONALIZ$ ONES4 ,9 ,OCTOB] ,L59 /AT$ ?AT3 

',COMPULSORY SYNDICALISATION I4E4 COMPULSORY AMALGAMATION 9 ASSOCIATIONS UND] /ATE CONTROL -- ?IS IS :AT CAPITALISM HAS PREP>$ ! WAY =1 ?IS IS :AT HAS BE5 C>RI$ \T 9 ,G]MANY BY ! ,JUNK]S' /ATE1 ?IS IS :AT CAN EASILY BE C>RI$ \T 9 ,RUSSIA BY ! ,SOVIETS1 BY ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP1 & ?IS IS :AT WILL PROVIDE US ) A /ATE APP>ATUS ?AT WILL BE UNIV]SAL1 UP-TO-DATE & NON-BUREAUCRATIC4'.<#a#f#a.> 

,L59 WAS ?US PROPOS+ TO RELY ON & TO BUILD UP ! ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE CREAT$ BY CAPITALISM ITSELF 9 ORD] TO REPLACE CAPITALISM4 ,9DE$ 9 ,MAY #aiag HE W5T SO F> AS TO CLAIM ?AT3 

',CONTROL MU/ BE E/ABLI%$ OV] ! BANKS1 FOLL[$ BY A FAIR TAX ON 9COMES4 ,& NO?+ MORE6'.<#a#f#b.> 

,GIV5 ?IS ATTITUDE IT IS H>DLY SURPRIS+1 TO F9D ?AT AFT] ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION ,L59 CONT9UALLY /RESS$ ! NE$ TO EXT5D ! APP>ATUS ( /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,9DE$ IT W\LD NOT BE TOO MU* TO SAY ?AT DEVELOP+ ! ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY 9 ! DIRECTION ( /ATE CAPITALISM BECAME HIS MAJOR CONC]N4 ,OBVI\SLY HE /ILL BELIEV$ ?AT ?IS /ATE CAPITALISM W\LD BE UND] ,SOVIET CONTROL4 ,BUT1 AS HE HAD SAID 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a#g1 AN ADVANC$ POLITICAL SY/EM WAS NOT 5\< -:AT WAS NE$$ WAS AN ADVANC$ ECONOMIC SY/EM AS WELL4 ,!N HE HAD WRITT53 

',! REVOLUTION HAS RESULT$ 9 ,RUSSIA CAT*+ UP ) ! ADVANC$ C\NTRIES 9 A FEW MON?S1 AS F> AS H] POLITICAL SY/EM IS CONC]N$4 

,BUT ?AT IS NOT 5\<4 ,! W> IS 9EXORABLE2 IT PUTS ! ALT]NATIVE ) RU?LESS SEV]ITY2 EI!R1 P]I% OR OV]TAKE & \T/RIP ! ADVANC$ C\NTRIES ECONOMICALLY AS WELL4'.<#a#f#c.> 

,N[ ?AT ! SECOND REVOLUTION WAS A REALITY ?IS IS :AT HE PROCE$$ TO AIM = AS A FIR/ PRIORITY4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,L591 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#iL#h CONTA9$ A GREAT V>IETY ( SOCIO-ECONOMIC /RUCTURES EXI/+ SIDE BY SIDE4 ,! ECONOMY CONTA9$ ALL ! FOLL[+ 9T]M+L$ ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION3 

'L74 PATRI>*AL1 I4E4 TO A CONSID]ABLE EXT5T NATURAL1 PEASANT F>M+2 

#b74 SMALL COMMODITY PRODUCTION 7?IS 9CLUDES ! MAJORITY ( ?OSE PEASANTS :O SELL !IR GRA972 

#c74 PRIVATE CAPITALISM2 

#d74 SOCIALISM4'.<#a#f#d.> 

,?US )9 ! VA/ B\ND>IES ( ,RUSSIA !RE EXI/$1 HE ?\<T1 NE> SUBSI/5CE F>M+ & HI<LY SOPHI/ICAT$ SOCIALI/ ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION4 ,! T]M ,SOCIALI/ ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC IMPLI$1 HE SAID1 ! DET]M9ATION ( ,SOVIET P[] TO A*IEVE ! TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM1 & NOT ?AT ! NEW ECONOMIC SY/EM WAS ALREADY A SOCIALI/ ORD]4.<#a#f#e.> ,! E/ABLI%M5T ( /ATE CAPITALISM W\LD BE A NECESS>Y /EP ALONG ! ROAD TO SOCIALISM4 ,AS HE WROTE 9 ,MAY #a#i#a#h3 

'444/ATE CAPITALISM W\LD BE A /EP =W>D AS COMP>$ ) ! PRES5T /ATE ( AFFAIRS 9 \R ,SOVIET ,REPUBLIC4 ,IF 9 APPROXIMATELY SIX MON?S' TIME /ATE CAPITALISM BECAME E/ABLI%$ 9 \R ,REPUBLIC1 ?IS W\LD BE A GREAT SUCCESS & A SURE GU>ANTEE ?AT )9 A YE> SOCIALISM WILL HAVE GA9$ A P]MAN5TLY FIRM HOLD & WILL HAVE BECOME 9V9CIBLE 9 \R C\NTRY4'.<#a#f#f.> 

,SIMIL>LY HE TOLD A MEET+ 9 ,APRIL #aiah ?AT IF /ATE CAPITALISM C\LD BE QUICKLY A*IEV$ !N ?IS W\LD BE A VICTORY4.<#a#f#g.> ,IT W\LD BE 9 HIS [N WORDS A 'SALVATION'3 

'444/ATE CAPITALISM W\LD BE \R SALVATION2 IF WE HAD IT 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! TRANSITION TO FULL SOCIALISM W\LD BE EASY1 W\LD BE )9 \R GRASP1 BECAUSE /ATE CAPITALISM IS SOME?+ C5TRALIZ$1 CALCULAT$1 CONTROLL$ & SOCIALIZ$1 & ?AT IS EXACTLY :AT WE LACK2'.<#a#f#h.> 

,IF /ATE CAPITALISM W]E TO BE BUILT 9 ,RUSSIA1 HIS >GUM5T RAN1 !N IT W\LD HAVE TO BE COPI$ FROM ! MO/ ADVANC$ C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD -- ,G]MANY4 ,9 A HI<LY REVEAL+ PASSAGE WRITT5 9 ,MAY #a#iL#h HE SAID ?AT3 

',:ILE ! REVOLUTION 9 ,G]MANY IS /ILL SL[ 9 0COM+ =?01 \R TASK IS TO /UDY ! /ATE CAPITALISM ( ! ,G]MANS1 TO SP>E NO EF=T 9 COPY+ IT & NOT %R9K FROM ADOPT+ DICTATORIAL ME?ODS TO HA/5 ! COPY+ ( IT4'.<#a#f#i.> 

,! SOLE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 /ATE CAPITALISM UND] ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! /ATE CAPITALISM ( ! ,G]MAN F9ANCI]S W\LD BE ?AT A DIFF]5T CLASS W\LD BE 9 CONTROL ( ! /ATE1 ACCORD+ TO ,L59'S !ORY4 ,IT IS WOR? /RESS+ AGA9 ! WORDS :I* ,L59 /RESSES H]E1 HE BELIEV$ ?AT ! IMPORTANCE ( DEVELOP+ /ATE CAPITALISM WAS SO GREAT ?AT !RE %\LD BE NO %R9K+ AWAY FROM ADOPT+ DICTATORIAL ME?ODS4 ,YET HE FELT !RE W\LD /ILL BE A DIFF]5CE BETWE5 /ATE CAPITALISM SUBORD9AT$ TO AN IMP]IALI/ /ATE & /ATE CAPITALISM SUBORD9AT$ TO A PROLET>IAN /ATE4 

,AS HE PUT IT1 9 ,G]MANY3 

'444WE HAVE 0! LA/ WORD0 9 MOD]N L>GE-SCALE CAPITALI/ 5G9E]+ & PLANN$ ORGANIZATION1 SUBORD9AT$ TO ,JUNK]-B\RGEOIS IMP]IALISM4 ,CROSS \T ! WORDS 9 ITALICS & 9 PLACE ( ! MILIT>I/1 ,JUNK]1 B\RGEOIS IMP]IALI/ /ATE PUT ALSO A /ATE1 BUT ( A DIFF]5T SOCIAL TYPE1 ( A DIFF]5T CLASS CONT5T -- A ,SOVIET /ATE1 ?AT IS1 A PROLET>IAN /ATE1 & Y\ WILL HAVE ! SUM TOTAL ( ! CONDITIONS NECESS>Y = SOCIALISM4'.<#a#g.> 

,BUT :AT1 WE >E 5TITL$ TO ASK1 WILL BE ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO /ATES :5 ! PROLET>IAT CEASES TO CONTROL ! ,SOVIET /ATE1 BECOMES 9 FACT CONTROLL$ BY IT1 & DICTAT$ TO BY IT8 

,IT IS H>DLY SURPRIS+ ?AT ,RUSSIA HAS 5D$ UP AS A /ATE CAPITALI/ P>ADISE :5 WE DISCOV] ?AT ,L59 HIMSELF SET \T TO CREATE /ATE CAPITALISM AS HIS FIR/ PRIORITY4 ,HE ?\<T /ATE CAPITALISM W\LD UND]GO A TRANSITION AFT] ! REVOLUTION :I* W\LD TURN IT = ! FIR/ TIME 9TO A HUMANE ME?OD ( PRODUCTION WORK+ = ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT :AT WAS TO BE ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 PROLET>IAN /ATE CAPITALISM & ! B\RGEOIS V>IETY :5 ! LEAD] ( ! ,SOVIET /ATE BEGAN TO COMPLA91 AS HE DID1 ( A 0MANIA = MEET+S01.<#a#g#a.> BEGAN TO FEEL ?AT ! PEOPLE W]E TIR$ & NE$$ LEAD+ & BEGAN TO PRESS = LABOR DISCIPL9E8 ,:AT WAS TO BE ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 PROLET>IAN & B\RGEOIS /ATE CAPITALISM :5 ! LEAD] ( ! VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT BEGAN ONCE AGA9 TO COMPLA9 ?AT ORD9>Y WORK]S C\LD NOT BECOME SOCIALI/S BECAUSE !Y HAD TO SP5D1 SO MU* TIME WORK+8 ,:AT WAS TO 5SURE PROLET>IAN CONTROL OV] /ATE CAPITALISM :5 WORK]S' CONTROL WAS REPLAC$ BY ,TRADE ,UNION CONTROL8 ,& :AT WAS TO BE ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT & ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! B\RGEOISIE :5 P[] WAS SEIZ$ & RETA9$ BY A S+LE P>TY8 

,9 ,M>* #a#iL#h ,L59 9=M$ ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY ?AT !Y MU/3 

'444/& AT ! HEAD ( ! EXHAU/$ PEOPLE :O >E WE>ILY SEEK+ A WAY \T & LEAD !M ALONG ! TRUE PA? ( LABOR DISCIPL9E1 ALONG ! PA? ( CO-ORD9AT+ ! TASK ( >GU+ AT MASS MEET+S AB\T ! CONDITIONS ( WORK ) ! TASK ( UNQUE/ION+LY OBEY+ ! WILL ( ! ,SOVIET LEAD]1 ( ! DICTATOR DUR+ ! WORK4'.<#a#g#b.> 

,9 ,JUNE #aiah HE 9=M$ ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS ?AT3 

',IT IS UND]/&ABLE ?AT AMONG ! BROAD MASSES ( ! TOIL]S !RE >E MANY 7Y\ KN[ ?IS P>TICUL>LY WELL2 EV]Y ONE ( Y\ 9 ! FACTORIES7 :O >E NOT 5LI<T5$ SOCIALI/S & CANNOT BE SU* BECAUSE !Y HAVE TO SLAVE 9 ! FACTORIES & !Y HAVE NEI!R ! TIME NOR ! OPPORTUNITY TO BECOME SOCIALI/S4'.<#a#g#c.> 

,9 ,JULY #a#iL#h HE TOLD ! #e? ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS3 

'444A ! OLD WORK]S' CONTROL IS ALREADY ANTIQUAT$1 & ! TRADE UNIONS >E BECOM+ ! EMBRYOS ( ADM9I/RATIVE BODIES = ALL 9DU/RY4'.<#a#g#d.> 

,& 9 ,MAY #aiah HE WROTE3 

',N[ P[] HAS BE5 SEIZ$1 RETA9$ & CONSOLIDAT$ 9 ! H&S ( A S+LE P>TY1 ! P>TY ( ! PROLET>IAT444'.<#a#g#e.> 

,9DE$ IT HAD BUT ONE C\LD BE =GIV5 = ?9K+ ?AT ! P>TY :I* HAD SEIZ$ P[] WAS NOT ! P>TY ( ! PROLET>IAT :5 IF SUPPRESS$ ! UPRIS+ ( ,KRON/ADT WORK]S.<#a#g#f.>1 :5 IT GRADUALLY /RANGL$ CRITICISM FROM )9 ITS [N RANKS.<#a#g#g.> & :5 ITS LEAD] FLATLY 9/RUCT$ ! PROLET>IAT 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#b#a3 

',GET D[N TO BUS9ESS ALL ( Y\6 ,Y\ WILL HAVE CAPITALI/S BESIDE Y\1 9CLUD+ =EIGN CAPITALI/S1 CONCESSION>IES & LEASEHOLD]S4 ,!Y WILL SQUEEZE PR(ITS \T ( Y\ AM\NT+ TO HUNDR$S P] C5T2 !Y WILL 5RI* !MSELVES1 OP]AT+ ALONGSIDE ( Y\1 ,LET !M4 ,MEAN:ILE Y\ WILL LE>N FROM !M ! BUS9ESS ( RUNN+ ! ECONOMY1 & ONLY :5 Y\ DO ?AT WILL Y\ BE ABLE TO BUILD UP A COMMUNI/ REPUBLIC4'.<#a#g#h.> 

,L59 WAS TOO MU* ( A SOCIALI/ TO SIMPLY DROP ALL TALK ( ! WORK]S EV5TUALLY RUNN+ ! ECONOMY4 ,HE WAS TOO LITTLE ( ONE TO ALL[ !M TO ACTUALLY DO SO4 ,IT WAS TO PROVE A DANG]\S FAULT4 

,CONCLUSION 

,WE BEGAN BY ASK+ :Y ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION W5T SO BADLY WRONG4 ,NO D\BT A RANGE ( FACTORS CONTRIBUT$ TO ?IS FAILURE AMONG !M ! HUGE DIFFICULTIES ( BUILD+ A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY 9 A BACKW>D ECONOMY 9 A S+LE C\NTRY4 ,BUT :AT IS DI/URB+ IS ?AT = SO MANY 'MOD]N' SOCIALI/S ! SE>* = AN ANSW] /OPS !RE4 ,!Y HAVE !IR LET \T CLAUSE -- ! FAILURE WAS DUE TO SPECIAL CIRCUM/ANCES -- & !Y FEEL !Y CAN CONT9UE TO HOLD TO ! !ORIES ( ,L59 AS ?\< !Y W]E E/ABLI%$ TRU?S4.<#a#g#i.> ,:AT ,I HOPE ,I HAVE %[N 9 ?IS PAMPHLET IS ?AT !SE !ORIES !MSELVES CONTRIBUT$ 9 A V]Y DIRECT & IMPORTANT WAY TO ! CREATION ( ! K9D ( SOCIETY ?AT N[ EXI/S 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,!ORY HAD A MAJOR IMPACT ON PRACTICE & ! PRACTICE W5T HORRIBLY WRONG4 ,?IS IS NOT1 REPEAT NOT1 TO SAY ?AT :AT HAPP5$ 9 ,RUSSIA WAS 5TIRELY DUE TO ! ]RONE\S !ORIES ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,NO ONE BUT A CRUDE IDEALI/ W\LD D5Y ?AT ECONOMIC CIRCUM/ANCES PLAY$ !IR P>T4 ,:AT IS P>TICUL>LY WORRY+ IS ?AT SO MANY PEOPLE TO ?IS DAY D5Y ?AT !ORY PLAY$ ANY P>T 9 ! FAILURE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,NO ONE BUT A CRUDE ECONOMIC DET]M9I/ \<T TO D5Y ?IS4 ,TO FAIL TO ANALYZE & RU?LESSLY CRITICIZE ! !ORIES ( ?OSE :O L$ ,RUSSIA D[N ! PA? TO ,/AL9ISM IS ! MO/ CRASS %ORT-SI<T$NESS :I* CAN ONLY RESULT -- AS 9DE$ IT HAS RESULT$ 9 C\NTRY AFT] C\NTRY -- 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T REPEAT+ ITS OLD MI/AKES & 5D+ UP ) EV] NEW 'SOCIALI/' DICTATOR%IPS TO EXPLA9 AWAY4 

,HAV+ SAID ?AT IT DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ,I FEEL WE HAVE TO VILIFY ,L59 AS A P]SON4 ,IT W\LD BE V]Y EASY TO PRES5T AN IMAGE ( HIM AS A SUPREME AU?ORIT>IAN2 ONE HAS ONLY TO QUOTE A FEW PASSAGES \T ( CONTEXT & IGNORE SEV]AL O!RS & HE IS DAMN$ BY HIS [N M\?4 ,UN=TUNATELY SU* TRICK]Y NEI!R CONV9CES ANYONE NOR GETS TO ! HE>T ( ! MATT]4 ,IF ,L59 HAD AN 9CORRIGIBLY DICTATORIAL NATURE & IT WAS ?IS ?AT HAD CAUS$ ALL ! PROBLEMS !N MATT]S W\LD BE SIMPLE -- :5 ! NEXT REVOLUTION COMES ALONG Y\ SIMPLY *OOSE Y\RSELF AN HONE/ LEAD] ) NO SU* AMBITIONS4 ,UN=TUNATELY REVOLUTION AFT] REVOLUTION HAS BE5 C>RI$ \T 9 ?IS C5TURY & ALL ( !M HAVE FAIL$ TO CREATE A FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T SOCIETY4 ,!RE MU/ BE A REASON = ?IS & ! REASON LIES 9 ! !ORY ?AT GUIDES ! ACTIONS ( ! ,L59I/ REVOLUTION>IES4 

,L59 WAS MU* MORE DEMOCRATIC & EV5 LIB]T>IAN 9 HIS !ORIES ?AN HE HAS (T5 BE5 GIV5 CR$IT =4 ,HE WAS A FIRM BELIEV] 9 ! M]ITS ( DEMOCRACY 9 ITS 'PROP]' PLACE & COMMITT$ TO A =M ( WORK]S' CONTROL4 ,BUT TO ADMIT ?IS IS NOT TO TURN ONESELF 9TO A ,L59I/4 ,IT IS RA!R TO REALIZE ! FULL DANG] ( HIS IDEAS4 ,!Y /ILL HAVE AN ATTRACTION = MANY BECAUSE !Y SEEM AT FIR/ SI<T TO COME SO CLOSE TO ! TRU?4 ,DEMOCRACY IS ADVOCAT$2 BUT A C5TRALIZ$ P>TY REMA9S4 ,WORK]S' CONTROL IS ADVOCAT$2 BUT IT IS TO BE RE/RICT$ TO *ECK+ & ACC\NT+ :IL/ ! WORK]S LE>N TO DO MORE & 9 ! MEANTIME444 ,! NE$ = A HEAL?Y ECONOMY IS /RESS$ BUT EV]Y?+ IS TO BE SUBORD9AT$ TO ! DRIVE TO BUILD IT UP4 

,TO GRANT ?AT ,L59 WAS A G5U9E SOCIALI/1 9 ?AT HE BELIEV$ 9 ! M]ITS ( WORK]S' CONTROL AS HE SAW IT1 IS NOT TO BE 'S(T ON ,L59ISM' IT IS RA!R ! OPPOSITE -- IT IS TO RECOGNIZE ! DANG] ( SOCIALI/S :O TO ?IS DAY 7:IL/ !Y >E QUITE G5U9E & S9C]E PEOPLE7 >E COMMITT$ TO ! SAME IDEAS4 ,P>TLY AS A RESULT ( ,L59'S COMMITM5T TO SACRIFICE EV]Y?+ TO ECONOMIC GR[?1 P>TLY AS A RESULT ( HIS RE/RICT$ DEF9ITION ( WORK]S' CONTROL1 P>TLY AS A RESULT ( HIS FAILURE TO SEE ANY POSSIBLE DIV]G5CE ( 9T]E/ BETWE5 P>TY & CLASS.<#a#h.> !RE GREW UP 9 ,RUSSIA A PRISON = ! WORK]S 9/EAD ( ! PROPOS$ P>ADISE4 ,LATT] DAY SOCIALI/S W\LD BE WELL ADVIS$ TO TAKE NOTE1 TO AVOID EV5 ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC C5TRALIZ$ P>TY1 & TO SACRIFICE EV]Y?+ 79CLUD+1 IF NECESS>Y1 ECONOMIC GR[?7 RA!R ?AN SACRIFICE FULL WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,AS ,L591 HIMSELF1 ONCE SAID 9 A LUCID MOM5T3 

',! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S CAN BE A*IEV$ ONLY BY ! WORK]S' [N EF=TS1444'.<#a#h#a.> 

,PO/FACE 

,:ILE ,L59 IS C]TA9LY DEAD1 NOT ONLY DOES HIS PHYSICAL PRES5CE L+] ON 7AS SUP]/ITI\S PEASANTS CROSS !MSELVES :ILE FIL+ PA/ HIS FLOODLIT1 MUMIFI$ CORPSE 9 ,R$ ,SQU>E7 BUT HIS IDEAS & ! BYPRODUCTS ( HIS ACTIONS P]MEATE ! ,U,S,S,R TODAY4 ,!RE1 HE IS V5]AT$ ALONGSIDE ,M>X1 & ACCORD$ ! K9D ( ADULATION ,*RI/ RECEIVES 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 ,! ,RUSSIAN POLITICAL /RUCTURE & ! IDEOLOGY US$ TO BOL/] IT >E DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO HIS WORK4 

,!RE IS ANO!R REASON :Y WE CANNOT IGNORE ! ,U,S,S,R -- ,L59'S CREATION4 ,ITS LEAD]S BELIEVE1 & IT IS WIDELY ACCEPT$ ?R\<\T ! RE/ ( ! WORLD1 ?AT IT IS A SOCIALI/ C\NTRY4 ,NOT ONLY DO MANY 'LEFTI/S' SEE ! ,U,S,S,R AS '! FIR/ WORK]S' /ATE' 7:ILE >GU+ !MSELVES HO>SE AS TO :E!R IT IS 'DEG5]AT$'1 'DE=M$' OR :ATEV]7 BUT MANY MORE -- P]HAPS MO/ -- 'ORD9>Y PEOPLE' BELIEVE IT IS SOCIALI/ OR COMMUNI/4 

,:ILE ! SAME 'ORD9>Y PEOPLE' >E HORRIFI$ BY ! P]SECUTION ( DISSID5TS1 ! LACK ( FRE$OM ( OP9ION1 & ! OV]:ELM+ P[] ( ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY 9 ! ,U,S,S,R1 MANY LEFTI/S 7SELF-PROCLAIM$ SOCIALI/S7 EI!R MA9TA9 AN EMB>RASS$ SIL5CE ON SU* ISSUES1 OR ELSE ACCEPT ?AT SOME?+ IS WRONG1 :ILE DECL>+ !IR WILL+NESS TO FI<T TO DEF5D ! 'WORK]S' /ATE' %\LD IT BE ATTACK$ BY ! ,WE/4 

,= US1 AS SOCIALI/S1 ! ,U,S,S,R MU/ BE /UDI$4 ,ITS %ORTCOM+S MU/ BE ID5TIFI$ & EXPOS$4 ,AS LIB]T>IANS WE BELIEVE ?AT ANY REPRESSION ( WORK]S 9 ! ,U,S,S,R %\LD MAKE US ASK QUE/IONS AB\T ! REAL LIV+ CONT5T ( ?IS 'SOCIALISM' -- AS DI/9CT FROM ! !ORIES ) :I* IT SEEKS TO JU/IFY ITSELF4 ,&1 S9CE ,L59 WAS UND\BT$LY BO? MAN ( ACTION & !ORI/1 & DID MO/ TO %APE ! ,U,S,S,R 9 HIS [N SELF-IMAGE & 9 ! IMAGE ( HIS BELIEFS1 WE MU/ TRY TO UND]/& HIM AS WELL4 

,TO DO ?IS LEADS IMM$IATELY TO TWO O!R ISSUES3 ,M>X 7& ,M>XISM71 & ! PROSPECTS = SOCIALISM TODAY4 ,! MA9 AIM ( ?IS PAMPHLET IS TO EXAM9E C]TA9 ASPECTS ( ,L59'S ?9K+ 9 ! LI<T ( SEV]AL ( HIS 'KEY' PAMPHLETS4 ,CONCLUSIONS >E DRAWN 9 ! PROCESS AB\T ,L59'S CONCEPT ( SOCIALISM1 & AB\T :AT HAPP5$ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,!SE HAVE IMPORTANT BE>+S ON ! ISSUES ( ,M>X & ! PROSPECTS = SOCIALISM4 ,9 FACT1 WE HOPE ?AT \R PAMPHLET WILL CONTRIBUTE MORE TO ! DISCUSSION ( ! FUNDAM5TAL NATURE ( SOCIALISM ?AN ANY ( ! REC5T 'REEXAM9ATIONS' ( ,L59 & ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS -- ANXI\S AS MO/ ( !SE >E TO SALVAGE ,L59 AS A 'H]O ( SOCIALISM'4 

,TOO MANY CURR5T 'ASSESSM5TS' ( ,L59 /RESS EI!R ?AT HE WAS 'DEFEAT$ BY EV5TS' 7P>TICUL>LY BY ! 'DECIMATION' ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 & BY HIS [N ILLNESS7 OR ?AT HE HAD NO SOCIALI/ IDEALS BUT WAS SIMPLY AN AU?ORIT>IAN1 :OSE ONLY 9T5TION WAS TO CREATE A RU?LESS DICTATOR%IP4 ,&Y'S POSITION DIFF]S FROM BO? ( !SE4 ,HE >GUES ?AT EV5 HAD CIRCUM/ANCES BE5 BETT] 7! WORK+ CLASS /RONG]1 ! ,CIVIL ,W> & 9T]V5TION LESS DAMAG+71 & ?AT EV5 HAD ,L59 LIV$ LONG]1 ! K9D ( SOCIETY ?AT EM]G$ W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T FROM ! ,U,S,S,R ( TODAY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS NOT SIMPLY ! AU?ORIT>IAN ASPECTS ( ,L59'S *>ACT] & ?9K+ :I* 'CREAT$ A PRISON = ! WORK]S 9/EAD ( ! PROPOS$ P>ADISE'4 ,HIS BELIEFS & CONVICTIONS1 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ACTION1 MOLD$ ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY4 ,& ! ,P>TY1 ALMO/ 9EVITABLY WAS TO BE ! MIDWIFE ( A SOCIETY 9 ITS [N IMAGE4 

,9 FACT1 ,&Y >GUES1 ,L59'S VIEWS W]E SOMETIMES MORE LIB]T>IAN ?AN HE IS GIV5 CR$IT =4 7,?IS IS A VIEW NOT ALL 9 ,SOLID>ITY W\LD %>E1 & ! ,PO/FACE WILL LAT] GIVE A DIFF]5T EMPHASIS74 ,EV5 IF WE BELIEVE ?AT ,L59 WANT$ MASS P>TICIPATION 9 A =M ( PLANN+ & DECISION-MAK+1 IT CAN BE >GU$ ?AT HAD ?IS HAPP5$ 7:ATEV] ! REASONS :Y IT DIDN'T71 ! ,U,S,S,R W\LD /ILL NOT BE ON ! WAY TO SOCIALISM1 BECAUSE ! K9D ( DECISIONS WORK]S W]E BE+ ASK$ 7ALL[$87 TO MAKE1 ! 'MODEL' ( 'SOCIALISM' BE+ AIM$ AT FELL %ORT ( :AT WAS NE$$ = A RADICAL BREAK FROM CAPITALISM4 ,9 O!R WORDS -- & ?IS IS CRUCIAL -- ! FUNDAM5TAL FEATURES ( CAPITALISM W]E RETA9$ BY ,L59 & /ILL EXI/ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R3 EXPLOITATION ?R\< WAGE LABOR1 & RULE BY A BUREAUCRATIC CLASS ?R\< A P[]FUL /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,ALL ! REPRESSION & 9EQUALITIES WE SEE SO CLE>LY 9 ! ,U,S,S,R TODAY /EM FROM !SE FACTS4 ,IF WE ACCEPT ?IS IT %\LD COME AS NO SURPRISE TO LE>N ?AT !RE >E S]I\S PROBLEMS ( LABOR TURNOV] & ABS5TEEISM 9 ,SOVIET 9DU/RY -- LEAD+ TO ! =MULATION ( H>% 'ANTI-P>ASITE' LAWS2 OR ?AT PROBLEMS :I* >E USUALLY SE5 AS- SP9-(FS FROM CAPITALI/ COMPETITION 7SU* AS POLLUTION7 >E RIFE4 ,TO US ?IS TOO IS CRUCIAL S9CE !RE IS A WIDESPREAD MISCONCEPTION :I* EQUATES /ATE CONTROL1 NATIONALIZATION & C5TRAL PLANN+ ) SOCIALISM4 ,M>X & ,5GELS REPEAT$LY RECOMM5D !SE MEASURES1 & MANY 'COMMUNI/S' SEE !M AS P>T ( A TRANSITIONAL /AGE1 AS A MEANS TO AN 5D4 ,TO US1 ! DANG] ( ! MEANS BECOM+ ! 5D IS VIVIDLY ILLU/RAT$ BY ! IMPACT ( ,BOL%EVIK IDEAS ON DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,RUSSIA AFT] #aiag 7SEE ! ,SOLID>ITY PAMPHLET ',FROM ,BOL%EVISM TO ! ,BUREAUCRACY'74 

,A TYPICAL /ATEM5T BY ,L59 CONC]N+ ! ,BOL%EVIK 'PROGRAM' PROCLAIMS '! PROLET>IAT MU/ FIR/ OV]?R[ ! B\RGEOISIE & W9 = ITSELF /ATE P[]1 & !N USE ?AT /ATE P[]1 ?AT IS ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 AS AN 9/RUM5T ( ITS CLASS = ! PURPOSE ( W9N+ ! SYMPA?Y ( ! MAJORITY ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE'4 ,ONLY !N1 ,L59 >GUES 9 ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION1 WILL /ATE P[] NO LONG] BE NECESS>Y4 

,SEV]AL PO9TS CLE>LY /& \T FROM ?IS K9D ( /ATEM5T3 A74 ! ELITI/ DI/9CTION DRAWN BY ,L59 BETWE5 ! 'PROLET>IAT' & ! 'MAJORITY ( ! WORK]S'47,ONLY ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS KNEW :I* POLITICAL T5D5CY 'TRULY' REPRES5T$ '! PROLET>IAT'7 B74 ! WAY ! ,BOL%EVIKS JU/IFI$ !IR REFUSAL TO RECOGNIZE ! ANTI-,BOL%EVIK & !RE=E 'ANTI-PROLET>IAN' V]DICT ( ! MASSES 9 ! ELECTIONS TO ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY -- :I* !Y PROMPTLY DISB&$1 CALL+ = P[] TO ! 7!N ,BOL%EVIK-DOM9AT$7 ,SOVIETS4 ,T4 ,CLIFF1 9CID5TALLY %>ES ! ,BOL%EVIK'S >ROGANCE :5 HE WRITES ( ?IS EPISODE ',! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TO DECIDE :E!R ELECTIONS TO ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY %\LD BE ALL[$'62 C74 ! BEG9N+ ( A PROCESS1 :]E TAK+ /ATE P[] 9 ! NAME ( ! PROLET>IAT 7:O W\LD !N 'W9 OV]' ! MAJORITY ( WORK+ PEOPLE7 PAVES ! WAY = EX]CIS+ P[] OV] ! PROLET>IAT4 7,:AT REGIME 9 HI/ORY1 HAV+ TAK5 P[]1 HAS EV] PROCE$$ TO H& IT BACK TO ! PEOPLE874 

,IT %\LD !RE=E COME AS NO SURPRISE ?AT )9 MON?S ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION1 & BE=E ! ,CIVIL ,W> TOOK HOLD .<9 ,MAY #a#i#a#h7 ,L591 WAS >GU+ ?AT ! ,U,S,S,R NE$$ '/ATE CAPITALISM'4 ',WE1 ! P>TY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 HAVE NO O!R WAY ( ACQUIR+ ! ABILITY TO ORGANIZE L>GE-SCALE PRODUCTION ON TRU/ L9ES1 AS TRU/S >E ORGANIZ$1 EXCEPT BY ACQUIR+ IT FROM FIR/-CLASS CAPITALI/ EXP]TS'4 7,SEE ,L59'S ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS ,VOL4 #b#g1 P4 #c#e74 

,BY ,APRIL #aiah ,L59 WAS >GU+ ',WE MU/ RAISE ! QUE/ION ( PIECE-WORK & APPLY & TE/ IT 9 PRACTICE444WE MU/ ORGANIZE 9 ,RUSSIA ! /UDY & TEA*+ ( ! ,TAYLOR SY/EM444! ,REVOLUTION DEM&S1 9 ! 9T]E/S ( SOCIALISM1 ?AT ! MASSES UNQUE/ION+LY OBEY ! S+LE WILL 7,L59'S EMPHASIS7 ( ! LEAD]S ( ! LABOR PROCESS' ETC4 ETC4 ,! PRES5T PAMPHLET EXAM9ES ?IS VIEW 9 DETAIL4 

,?IS '/EP BACK' TO /ATE CAPITALISM 7'! /ATE MANAGEM5T ( PRIVATE CAPITALISM' 9 ,CLIFF'S DEF9ITION7 IS BLAM$ BY ,CLIFF ON ! COLLAPSE ( 9DU/RY IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,SOLID>ITY HAS DOCUM5T$ 9 GREAT DETAIL ! >GUM5TS ?AT RAG$ AT ! TIME1 9 ! ,U,S,S,R OV] 'WORK]S' CONTROL' -- 7SEE ',! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL'7 DEMON/RAT+ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E OPPOS$ ALL ALONG TO ANY 'SELF-MANAGEM5T' BY FACTORIES ETC4 ,:ILE NOT BELITTL+ ! PRACTICAL PROBLEMS FAC$ BY ! ,U,S,S,R 9 #a#i#a#g-#a#h1 WE W\LD >GUE ?AT ! MORE IMPORTANT FACTORS 9 ! GR[? ( /ATE P[] 7AT ! EXP5SE ( WORK]S' P[]7 W]E3 A74 ,L59'S LIMIT$ VIEW ( SOCIALISM AS 'NO?+ BUT /ATE CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY MADE TO B5EFIT ! :OLE PEOPLE'2 B74 ! ,BOL%EVIKS' OBSESSION ?AT !Y ALONE UND]/OOD ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONDITIONS1 & ?AT !Y ALONE REPRES5T$ ! WORK]S4 ,NOTE F> EXAMPLE ! >ROGANCE ( ! VIEW 7,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #b#i1 P4 #e#e#i71 ',! DICTATOR%IP ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS BE+ IMPLEM5T$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY1 ! P>TY :I* AS F> BACK AS #aie & EV5 E>LI] M]G$ ) ! 5TIRE REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT4' 

,!SE ATTITUDES1 & ! HO/ILE ACTIONS ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS 7IMM$IATELY AFT] !Y HAD SEIZ$ P[]7 AGA9/ AN>*I/S & O!R SOCIALI/ OPPON5TS1 CANNOT BE BLAM$ ON SPECIFIC DIFFICULTIES OR 'CIRCUM/ANCES' 444 ,A REVOLUTION IS NOT A TEA P>TY6 ,*AOTIC CONDITIONS W]E TO BE EXPECT$4 ,L59I/ IDEOLOGY 7=G$ ( C\RSE 9 ! EXTREME CONDITIONS ( ,CZ>I/ REPRESSION BUT DEEM$ PR(\NDLY RELEVANT BY ,BOL%EVIK P>TIES EV5 9 ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES7 DELIB]ATELY CREAT$ A GAP BETWE5 'LEAD]S' & 'L$'1 BETWE5 ! ,P>TY & ! PEOPLE1 BETWE5 ,COMMISS>S & WORK]S4 ,?IS 9EVITABLY />T$ A VICI\S D[NW>D SPIRAL3 ALO( TREATM5T ( WORK]S L$ TO SUSPICION & HO/ILITY4 ,?IS 9 TURN L$ TO MORE AU?ORIT>IAN DECREES1 :I* L$ TO OP5 REBELLION4 ,MEAN:ILE 9 AN ATTEMPT TO CONTROL ! SITUATIONP A HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ & REPRESSIVE /ATE APP>ATUS WAS BE+ BUILT UP4 

,!SE T5D5CIES W]E DETECT$ E>LY ON1 BY ?OSE %>P 5\< & BRAVE 5\< TO SPEAK \T4 ,TROTSKY & ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG REACT$ /RONGLY TO ! PUBLICATION ( ',:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8'4 ,TROTSKY1 9 ',\R ,POLITICAL ,TASKS' WROTE3 '= ! 'SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC JACOB9S'1 =-! FE>LESS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! SY/EM ( ORGANIZATIONAL SUB/ITUTIONALISM1 ! IMM5SE SOCIAL & POLITICAL TASK1 ! PREP>ATION ( ! CLASS = ! GOV]NM5T ( ! C\NTRY1 IS SUPPLANT$ BY AN ORGANIZATIONAL TE*NICAL TASK1 ! PREP>ATION ( ! APP>ATUS ( P[]4' ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WROTE2 ',IT IS A MI/AKE TO BELIEVE ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO SUB/ITUTE 'PROVISIONALLY' ! ABSOLUTE P[] ( A ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE 7ACT+ SOMEH[ BY 'TACIT DELEGATION'7 = ! YET UNREALIZABLE RULE ( ! MAJORITY ( CONSCI\S WORK]S4' ,%ORTLY BE=E H] DEA?1 9 H] ANALYSIS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION %E WAS TO WRITE3 ',FRE$OM = ! SUPPORT]S ( ! GOV]NM5T ONLY1 FRE$OM = ! MEMB]S ( ONE P>TY ONLY1 IS NO FRE$OM AT ALL4 ,FRE$OM IS ALWAYS = ! MAN :O ?9KS DIFF]5TLY4' 7,TROTSKY'S [N BEHAVIOR LAT]1 & ,ROSA'S IRON GRIP ON ,POLI% ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY NE$ NOT DETRACT US FROM ! P]CEPTIV5ESS ( !IR E>LY 9SI<TS74 

,DESPITE ! 'LIB]T>IAN' R+ ( ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION -- WRITT5 ON ! EVE ( ! ,OCTOB] EV5TS -- IT IS WOR? /RESS+ ?AT ONCE ! BOL%EVIKS W]E 9 P[] !Y IMM$IATELY CLAMP$ D[N ON NON-,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION>IES & SOCIALI/S4 

,AS E>LY AS ,NOVEMB] #a1 L#iL#g ! ,BOL%EVIKS ISSU$ A DECREE CURTAIL+ ! FRE$OM ( ! PRESS4 ,AMONG ! J\RNALS SUPPRESS$ W]E ! ,LEFT ,M5%EVIK ,RABO*AYA ,GAZETA & ! ,S4,R4 ,DYELO ,N>ODA1 J\RNALS AS REFLECTIVE ( SOCIALI/ OP9ION AS ?OSE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS !MSELVES4 ,ANO!R VICTIM ( ,BOL%EVIK C5SOR%IP WAS ,NOVAYA ,ZHIZN1 PUBLI%$ BY ,L59'S =M] COLLEAGUE ,MAXIM ,GORKI4 ,9 ! ISSUE = ,NOVEMB] #b#a1 #aiag ,GORKI HAD WRITT53 ',L59 IS NOT AN ALL- P[]FUL MAGICIAN1 BUT A DELIB]ATE JUGGL]1 :O HAS NO FEEL+ = ! LIVES OR ! HONOR ( ! PROLET>IAT4' 

,L59 HAD ALREADY CREAT$ A SECRET POLICE -- ! ,EXTRAORD9>Y ,COMMISSION = ! ,SUPPRESSION ( ,C\NT]-,REVOLUTION & ,SABOTAGE 7,*EKA74 ,?IS WAS HEAD$ BY A ,POLI% L& [N]'S SON ,FELIKS ,DZ]ZH9SKY4 ,! ,*EKA WAS GIV5 C>TE BLAN*E1 9CLUD+ ! P[] ( SUMM>Y EXECUTIONS1 TO DEAL ) 'C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES' I4E4 ) ANYONE :O OPPOS$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,IT SET AB\T ITS WORK ) A WILL4 ,AMONG ! E>LIE/ VICTIMS ( ! ,*EKA W]E ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S :O1 9 ! SPR+ ( #aiah HAD BE5 =M+ !IR [N DEF5SE GR\PS1 ! ,BLACK ,GU>DS4 ,ON ,APRIL #a#b1 #aiah ! ,*EKA RAID$ #bf AN>*I/ C5T]S 9 ,MOSC[1 KILL+ OR W\ND+ #d AN>*I/S & TAK+ #e PRISON]S6 ,/AT$ ! ,PETROGRAD AN>*I/ ,PAP] ,BUREVE/NIK3 ',! ,BOL%EVIKS HAVE LO/ !IR S5SES4 ,!Y HAVE BETRAY$ ! PROLET>IAT & ATTACK$ ! AN>*I/S4 ,!Y HAVE JO9$ ! ,BLACK-,HUNDR$ G5]ALS & ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOISIE4' ,WE DISAGREE ) ! ,PETROGRAD AN>*I/S ?AT !SE ACTIONS W]E A PRODUCT ( 'LOSS ( S5SES' BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y W]E P]FECTLY CONSI/5T ) ! ,BOL%EVIK WAY ( ?9K+4 

,AGA91 ,L59'S DUTIFUL FOLL[]S 7E4G4 ,T4 ,CLIFF7 MA9TA9 ?AT CIRCUM/ANCES -- OR 'FATE' EV5'6 -- PREV5T$ ,L59 FROM BE+ AS TOL]ANT AS HE W\LD HAVE WI%$4 ,! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 WE >E TOLD1 WAS 9 DANG] ( BECOM+ A 'B&WAGON' ?AT ALL SORTS ( 'REACTION>IES' W\LD JUMP ONTO4 ,TO AVOID ?IS DANG] ! OBVI\S ?+ TO DO WAS TO CLOSE IT D[N4 ,?IS DESPITE ! P>TICIPATION 9 ! VOT+ ( OV] #d MILLION PEOPLE3 ( :OM >\ND #ag MILLION VOT$ = ! ,S,RS1 AGA9/ #a MILLION = ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,WE W\LD >GUE ?AT ,L59 MAY HAVE ?\<T HE WAS LIB]T>IAN AT HE>T2 HE MAY EV5 HAVE S\ND$ LIB]T>IAN 7AT TIMES672 BUT BO? HIS PSY*OLOGY & HIS PHILOSOPHY W]E SU* ?AT 9 PRACTICE HE C\LD NOT ALL[ ANYONE BUT HIMSELF & HIS ,P>TY TO 'LEAD ! WAY'4 ,:5 HE DID 5C\RAGE '! MASSES' TO MAKE DECISIONS1 !SE W\LD ALWAYS BE )9 A WID] /RUCTURE :I*1 HE CONTROLL$4 

,EVID5CE ( ,L59'S DEEP-ROOT$ ELITISM IS TO BE CLE>LY SE5 9 ! V]Y LANGUAGE HE US$1 & ! WAY HE >GU$4 ,HIS WRIT+ IS %OT ?R\< ) >ROGANCE1 & ) HI]>*ICAL NOTIONS & TURNS ( PHRASE4 ,OP5 A WORK BY ,L59 AT R&OM1 & !SE >E ! SORT ( EXPRESSIONS Y\ WILL F9D3 'WE MU/ NOT DEGRADE SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC POLITICS TO ! LEVEL (444'1 'PRIMITIVE ME?ODS'1 'AN ORGANIZATION L$ BY ! REAL POLITICAL LEAD]S'1 'PITIFUL IDEALI/ NONS5SE'1 '%E] IGNORANCE'1 'H[ CAN PEOPLE HAV+ A S\ND M9D & A GOOD MEMORY ASS]T ?AT' ETC1 ETC4 ,ALL ?IS IS SURELY ONLY ! V]BAL MANIFE/ATION ( H[ HE SAW & TREAT$ O!R PEOPLE4 

,ANO!R TYPICAL ATTITUDE IS TO SEE ANYONE :O DISAGREES ) HIM AS NOT SIMPLY MI/AK51 BUT AS HAV+ GONE OV] TO ! OPPOSITION1 AS 'B\RGEOIS'4 ,?IS 'BLACK & :ITE' APPROA* WAS ( C\RSE TO BE EMULAT$ BY ,/AL+ ,MAO1 ,TROTSKY & C\NTLESS CAMP-FOLL[]S4 ,MILLIONS ( 'CLASS-TRAITORS' HAVE BE5 DISGRAC$1 OR -- MORE CONV5I5TLY -- ELIM9AT$1 AS A RESULT ( ?IS K9D ( ?9K+4 ,:AT EFFECT CAN IT POSSIBLY HAVE ON A COMMUNI/ LEAD] TO KN[ ?AT HIS_/H] ACTUAL HI/ORICAL EXI/5CE WILL LAT] BE D5I$ IF HE_/%E TAKES ! 'WRONG PA?'8 ,EV5 TODAY1 ,TROTSKY & MANY ( ! OLD ,BOL%EVIKS >E NOT ACKN[L$G$ 9 ! ,U,S,S,R AS HAV+ PLAY$ ANY REAL P>T 9 ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,IT WILL BE SE5 FROM ALL ?IS ?AT 'P>TICUL> CIRCUM/ANCES' & ! 'TWI/S ( FATE' ONLY EXAC]BAT$ & 9T5SIFI$ A REPRESSIVE PROCESS :I* WAS ALREADY TAK+ PLACE4 ,! REAL ROOTS ( !SE DEVELOPM5TS W]E 9 ,L59'S PHILOSOPHY -- & 9 HIS PSY*OLOGICAL MAKE-UP4 

,AT ?IS PO9T ! CRY IS SURE TO GO UP3 ',BUT ,L59 WAS A ,M>XI/1 & ,M>XISM IS A PHILOSOPHY ( LIB]ATION6' ,! PHILOSOPHY CAN'T BE BLAM$ = REPRESSION & P]SECUTION6 ,PUTT+ ASIDE ! VIEW ?AT ,L59 COMB9$ ,M>XISM ) A VOLUNT>ISM D]IV$ FROM ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y TRADITIONS 7S9CE ?IS IS ADEQUATELY DEALT ) 9 ,ROLF ,!5'S BOOK ',L59'7 !RE >E SEV]AL ASPECTS ( ,L59'S TREATM5T ( ,M>XISM :I* WE W\LD SEE AS RESPONSIBLE = ! EV5TS 9 L#iL#g & AFT]4 

,L59 WAS NEV] V]Y *OOSY 9 HIS SELECTION ( ! MEANS TO A*IEVE A P>TICUL> 5D -- HE W\LD RATIONALIZE HIS ACTIONS 9 ! NAME ( ! 'DIALECTIC'4 ,= EXAMPLE1 HE W\LD TALK ( US+ /ATE TO ABOLI% ! /ATE4 ,T4 ,CLIFF OBLIGES US ) AN EXCELL5T /ATEM5T ( ?IS 7',L59' ,VOL4 #c P4 LL-#a#a#a73 ',L59 KNEW1 LIKE ,M>X & ,5GELS BE=E HIM1 ?AT ! MEANS CANNOT P]FECTLY PREFIGURE ! 5D1 ?AT !RE MU/ BE A CONTRADICTION BETWE5 MEANS & 5DS1 BETWE5 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT & FULLY FL$G$ SOCIALISM1 OR COMMUNISM444 ,H[EV]1 ) ALL ! DIV]SION ( MEANS FROM 5DS1 UNLESS !RE IS A C5TRAL CORE CONNECT+ !M1 ! MEANS WILL NOT LEAD TO ! SUPPOS$ 5D4' ,?IS S\NDS A ',M>XI/' WAY ( ?9K+1 & ,I'LL LEAVE IT TO ,M>XI/S TO >GUE :E!R IT IS OR NOT6 ,! PROBLEM = US IS H[ DO WE ID5TIFY :I* P>T ( ! MEANS IS 9 CONTRADICTION ) ! 5D8 ,& :I* P>T WILL PROVE TO BE ! 'C5TRAL CORE' ?AT WE'LL 5D UP )8 ,AS F> AS ,L59 GOES1 ?IS 'DIALECTIC' 5ABL$ HIM TO DO ! OPPOSITE ( :AT PEOPLE WANT$1 BUT TO CONV9CE !M ?AT IT W\LD1 LEAD TO :AT !Y DID WANT4 ,?IS IS NO MORE ?AN ,ORWELL'S 'D\BLE?9K' -- A MANIPULATIVE TRICK US$ TIME & TIME AGA9 BY SKILLFUL POLITICIANS4 

,!N !RE IS ! VIEW ( SOCIALISM AS A 'BOOK-KEEP+ & ACC\NT+' EX]CISE1 ! /RESS ON 'PRODUCTIVITY & GR[?'4 ,?IS1 TOO1 CAN BE TRAC$ TO ,M>X -- :O AFT] ALL WAS A PRODUCT ( HIS TIMES4 ,BUT AGA9 ! PROBLEM IS3 :AT W]E ! PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS VIEW8 ,& ! ANSW]3 WORK]S W]E US$1 TREAT$ AS MEANS TO 5DS \TSIDE ( !MSELVES 7BUILD+ UP ! NATIONAL ECONOMY1 %OR+ UP A ROTT5 P>ASITIC BUREAUCRACY7 JU/ AS UND] CAPITALISM4 

,WE'VE M5TION$ ,L59'S PO/-REVOLUTION>Y 5?USIASM = ONE-MAN MANAGEM5T1 ,TAYLORISM & 'LABOR DISCIPL9E'1 & HIS DET]M9ATION TO SUBORD9ATE FACTORY COMMITTEES & UNIONS TO ! 'P>TY ?AT REPRES5T$ ! TOTAL1 HI/ORICAL 9T]E/S ( ! PROLET>IAT' 7,CLIFF74 ,IT IS AMUS+ TO SEE ,CLIFF'S BALANC+ ACT AS HE DESCRIBES ! ,P>TY'S DOM9ATION ( ! UNIONS1 BUT >GUES '! TRADE UNIONS MU/ BE ABLE TO DEF5D ! LIV+ /&>DS ( ! WORK]S 444 ,!Y %\LD BE BO? 9DEP5D5T ( ! /ATE & SYMBIOTIC ) IT' 7,L591 ,VOL4 #c1 P4#a#b#b-#c74 ,! NEGLECT$ SIDE ( ! CO9 ( C\RSE WAS ! REACTION ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 

,9 ,M>* #a#i#a#h1 DELEGATES FROM A NUMB] ( FACTORIES 79CLUD+ ! FAM\S ,PUTILOV PLANT :I* HAD BE5 9 ! VANGU>D 9 ,OCTOB]7 MET TO DISCUSS ! SITUATION4 ,! DOCUM5T !Y PRODUC$ SAID3 ',! FACTORY COMMITTEES 444 HAVE BECOME OB$I5T TOOLS ( ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T4 ,! TRADE UNIONS HAVE LO/ !IR AUTONOMY & 9DEP5D5CE & NO LONG] /AGE CAMPAIGNS 9 DEF5SE ( WORK]S' RI<TS4 ,! ,SOVIETS 444 SEEM AFRAID ( ! WORK]S2 !Y >E NOT ALL[+ NEW ELECTIONS1 !Y HAVE ?R[N UP A WALL ( >MOR >\ND !MSELVES & TURN$ 9TO M]E GOV]NM5T ORGANIZATIONS :I* NO LONG] EXPRESS ! OP9IONS ( ! WORK+ MASSES'4 ,DELEGATES PROTE/$ AGA9/ ! MUZZL+ ( ! PRESS & ! FACT ?AT !IR DEM&S = ! REELECTION ( FACTORY COMMITTEES HAD BE5 MET ) =CE4 ,MANY CALL$ = ! CREATION ( A NON-,P>TY WORK]S' ORGANIZATION4 

,9 ! SUMM] ( L#iL#h /RIKES BROKE \T 9 ,PETROGRAD1 ,ROVNO1 ,TULA1 ,M9SK1 ,SMOL5SK & ,S>ATOV4 ,9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 PEASANTS RESI/$ ! =CIBLE REQUISITION+ ( GRA94 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS REPLI$ ) ! MA*9E GUNS ( ! ,*EKA4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #c? L#iL#h1 ,FANYA ,KAPLAN ATTEMPT$ TO ASSASS9ATE ,L594 ,! T]ROR ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD LEFT ! WORK]S BUT ONE WEAPON -- !IR [N REVOLUTION>Y VIOL5CE4 ,:5 9 L#iL#i A ,CONGRESS ( NON-,P>TY WORK]S WAS CONV5$1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS PREV5T$ IT BE+ HELD BY >RE/+ ALL ! DELEGATES4 

,F9ALLY !RE IS YET ANO!R MORE FUNDAM5TAL ASPECT ( ,L59'S USE 7OR MISUSE7 ( ,M>XISM4 ,?IS IS HIS 'HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM'4 

,! SUBTLETIES ( ,M>XI/ PHILOSOPHY >E NOT DWELT ON MU* BY LEFT GR\PS TODAY4 ,SADLY1 MO/ DISCUSSION ( ?IS HAS BECOME UTT]LY REMOTE FROM MO/ PEOPLE4 ,& :5 AN ATTEMPT IS MADE 7EG4 BY ! ',WORK]S' ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY' 9 !IR LECTURES ON ,TROTSKY & 'DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM'7 ! ,L59I/ V]SION IS TROTT$ \T 7=GIVE ! PUN674 ,MO/ PHILOSOPH]S REG>D ,L59 AS NOT HAV+ UND]/OOD ,M>X'S PHILOSOPHY1 & C]TA9LY AS HAV+ CONTRIBUT$ NO?+ TO PHILOSOPHY HIMSELF4 ,?IS ( C\RSE DOESN'T WORRY ! ,W,R,P1 S9CE 9 !IR OP9ION ALL PR(ESSIONAL PHILOSOPH]S >E B\RGEOIS ANYWAY6 

,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK'S 0BOOK ',L59 AS ,PHILOSOPH]' DEALS ) ?IS QUE/ION 9 DETAIL4 ,IF ! WORK+ CLASS IS TO HAVE A PHILOSOPHY TO WORK ) 7& WE AT LEA/ ?9K WE CANNOT DO )\T7 IT IS IMPORTANT TO 'GET IT RI<T'4 ,! PROBLEM LIES 9 TWO DIFF]5T 9T]PRETATIONS ( ! NOTION ( 'MAT]IALISM'4 ,L59'S APPROA* 7AS P\ND$ \T 9 ',MAT]IALISM & ,EMPIRIO-,CRITICISM' -- GREAT B$-TIME READ+67 IS TO SEE MAT]IALISM AS A SCI5CE ( KN[L$GE1 A SCI5TIFIC PHILOSOPHY1 CONFIRM$ BY 'NATURAL SCI5CE' 7I4E4 PHYSICS1 *EMI/RY ETC471 & JU/ AS RELIABLE AS A NATURAL SCI5CE4 ,WE >E ?US MOV+ T[>DS A MORE COMPLETE & MORE ACCURATE KN[L$GE ( ! WORLD -- 9CLUD+ ! SOCIAL WORLD4 ,! WORLD1 OR NATURE1 CONSI/S ( 'MATT]'1 :I* EXI/S 9DEP5D5TLY ( \R M9DS4 ,KN[L$GE IS GA9$ ?R\< \R S5SES :I* REFLECT REALITY1 MAK+ 'COPIES' OR 'IMAGES' ( OBJECTS4 

,! >GUM5T ?AT ,L59 EXP\NDS IS ?AT1 = ! MAT]IALI/1 'S5SATION DEP5DS ON ! BRA91 N]VES1 RET9A ETC41 I4E4 ON3 MATT] ORGANIZ$ 9 A DEF9ITE WAY'4 ,H5CE 'CONSCI\SNESS )\T MATT] DOES NOT EXI/' & SO ',! EXI/5CE ( MATT] DOES NOT DEP5D ON S5SATION4 ,MATT] IS PRIM>Y'4 ,& 'CONSCI\SNESS & S5SATION' >E !RE=E 'SECOND>Y'4 

,L59 CONTRA/S ?IS VIEW ) 'IDEALISM' :I*1 HE SAYS1 CLAIMS ?AT OBJECTS DO NOT EXI/ )\T ! M9D1 OR ?AT 7AN 'AGNO/IC' POSITION7 'TO RECOGNIZE ! EXI/5CE ( ! HUMAN M9D IS TO TRANSC5D ! B\NDS ( EXP]I5CE'4 

,! 'BLACK & :ITE' APPROA* IS US$ AGA91 & ANY ATTEMPT TO EXPLA9 ! NATURE & RELATION%IP ( 'M9D' & 'MATT]' OR ! REAL WORLD 9 ANY O!R WAY ?AN ! 'MAT]IALI/' IS DISMISS$ AS 'IDEALISM -- & !RE=E A TOOL ( B\RGEOIS CONS]VATISM1 RELIGION' ETC4 -- OR ELSE IT IS 'PITIFUL NONS5SE'4 ',AP>T FROM !SE TWO DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ ME?ODS 7VIZ4 MAT]IALISM & IDEALISM -- AS HE HAS DEF9$ !M7 444 !RE CAN BE NO ?IRD ME?OD'4 ,!SE >E 'TWO IRRECONCILABLE FUNDAM5TAL TR5DS 9 PHILOSOPHY'4 

,AP>T FROM DI/ORT+ HIS OPPON5TS' VIEWS1 AS ,PANNEKOEK PO9TS \T1 :AT ,L59 IS DO+1 IS TO R$UCE ! REAL WORLD TO 'MATT]'4 ,M9D1 CONCEPTS1 IDEAS1 5]GY ETC4 >E M]ELY =MS ( MATT]4 ,?9K+ IS A PROCESS AK9 TO A MIRROR 7OR A CAM]A = ,CDE4 ,HEALY7 TAK+ 9 & REFLECT+ 'OBJECTIVE REALITY'4 ,MATT] IS PRIM>Y1 CONSCI\SNESS SECOND>Y4 ,MOREOV]1 ! FUTURE ( MANK9D IS SOMEH[ 'WRITT5 9 NATURE'4 ,CONTRADICTIONS EXI/ 9 ! V]Y /UFF ( :I* WE >E MADE4 ,!SE CONTRADICTIONS WORK !MSELVES \T DIALECTICALLY1 ETC1 ETC4 

,BUT A DIFF]5T 'MAT]IALI/' APPROA* CAN BE TAK51 :I* DOESN'T PRODUCE SU* WEIRD RESULTS1 & :I* IS SURELY :AT ,M>X MEANS H]E ! 'MAT]IAL WORLD' EMBRACES \R M5TAL ACTIVITY1 \R IDEAS1 ETC41 :I* >E OBVI\SLY NOT MATT] 9 !MSELVES1 BUT :I* >E CAPABLE ( 'BECOM+ MAT]IAL =CE' 7',CRITIQUE ( ,HEGEL'S ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,RI<T' -- ,M>X74 ,! ESS5TIAL CONTRIBUTION ,M>X MADE WAS NOT TO TAKE P>T 9 ! DEBATE OV] :I* IS 'MO/ REAL' 7OR :I* IS 'PRIM>Y'7 MATT] OR M9D4 ,= ,M>X ?IS WAS A /]ILE1 PURELY !ORETICAL DEBATE3 ',! DISPUTE OV] ! REALITY OR NON-REALITY ( ?9K+ :I* IS ISOLAT$ FROM PRACTICE IS A PURELY S*OLA/IC QUE/ION' 7,!SES ON ,FEU]BA*74 ,AGA91 ONE HAS ! FEEL+ ?AT ,L591 :O QUOTES ?IS PASSAGE HIMSELF1 DIDN'T UND]/& IT4 ,TO HIM IT SEEM$ TO HAVE MEANT '?9K & ACT AT ! SAME TIME & Y\ WILL BE ALRI<T6'74 ,M>X'S MEAN+ WAS SURELY ?AT !RE WAS A FUNDAM5TAL 9T]RELATION BETWE5 ?9K+ & ACT+ -- A TWO-WAY RELATION%IP4 ,IDEAS >E PRODUCTS ( SOCIAL =MATIONS1 & >E 9 A S5SE !MSELVES SOCIAL =MATIONS1 CAPABLE ( AFFECT+ ! WORLD4 ,?US1 PEOPLE 9 DIFF]5T SOCIAL CLASSES T5D TO HOLD DIFF]5T VIEWS2 & !Y USE !SE VIEWS TO ACT ON ! WORLD 9 !IR [N CLASS 9T]E/S4 

,! BEAUTY ( ,PANNEKOEK'S ANALYSIS IS ?AT HE %[S H[ !SE TWO DIFF]5T 9T]PRETATIONS ( 'MAT]IALISM' !MSELVES CORRESPOND TO CLASS POSITIONS4 ,! 'MIDDLE CLASS' MAT]IALI/ SEES NOT ONLY MATT]1 BUT 'CONCEPTS1 NATURAL LAWS1 & =CES 7E4G4 ELECTRICITY1 GRAVITY7 444 AS AN ELEM5T ( NATURE ITSELF 7\R EMPHASIS7'1 :I* HAS BE5 DISCOV]$ & BR\<T TO LI<T BY SCI5CE'4 ,= ,L591 'IDEAS' >E P>T ( NATURE1 WAIT+ TO BE DISCOV]$ OR 'PROV$' BY 'SCI5CE'4 ,= ! REVOLUTION>Y1 ! PROLET>IAN1 'HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM' MEANS ?AT '!SE 7CONCEPTS1 ETC47 >E =M$ \T ( ! /UFF ( NATURE 7BUT7 PRIM>ILY 444 ! CREATIONS ( ! M5TAL LABOR ( MAN 7\R EMPHASIS7' OR 'PRODUCTS :I* CREATIVE M5TAL ACTIVITY =MS \T ( ! SUB/ANCE ( NATURAL PH5OM5A' 7,PANNEKOEK1 P#b#i74 

,L59'S MAT]IALISM IS DUBB$ 'MIDDLE-CLASS' BY ,PANNEKOEK1 :O %[S ?AT IT CORRESPONDS MO/ CLOSELY TO ! MAT]IALISM DEVELOP$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ITS FI<T AGA9/ ! *UR* & /ATE 9 FEUDAL ,EUROPE4 ,! NE$ TO OPPOSE RELIGI\S & SPIRITUAL EXPLANATIONS ( REALITY L$ TO AN EMPHASIS ON MATT] AS OPPOS$ TO SPIRIT4 ,PANNEKOEK %[S H[ ,L59 CON/ANTLY EQUATES HIS OPPON5TS' VIEWS ) A RELIGI\S \TLOOK4 

,L591 TOO1 WAS P>TICIPAT+ 9 A /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! RELIGI\S F\NDATIONS ( FEUDAL ,CZ>ISM4 ,9 ?IS HE SAW 'SCI5TIFIC' MAT]IALISM AS ! BE/ WEAPON4 ,BUT1 S9CE NATURAL SCI5CE WAS ! PRODUCT ( ! RIS+ B\RGEOISIE1 A WEAPON =G$ = ITS USE 75ABL+ IT TO DEFEAT SUP]/ITION & DEVELOP TE*NOLOGY1 9DU/RY & 'SCI5TIFIC' ECONOMICS ETC47 W\LD BE 9ADEQUATE = ! CLASS :I* WAS TO GO BEYOND ! NEW 7SCI5TIFIC7 DIVISIONS ( LABOR1 ! NEW CLASS DIVISIONS ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 ,ONLY A 'SOCIAL SCI5CE'1 >GUES ,PANNEKOEK1 C\LD DO ?IS4 ,& ?IS SOCIAL SCI5CE W\LD HAVE TO SEE REALITY AS A :OLE1 TO 5ABLE ! WORK+ CLASS TO OV]COME ITS ALI5ATION -- FROM ITSELF & FROM NATURE4 ,SUBSUM+ 'M9D' TO 'MATT]' SEEMS TO DO ?IS1 BUT IT HAS UNWANT$ CONSEQU5CES4 

,L59 SEEMS TO HAVE HALF-GRASP$ ?IS NE$ TO 'SYN!SIZE'1 TO OV]COME ! FRAGM5TATION ( REALITY4 ,BUT ?IS CAME \T 9 HIS OBSESSION ) '! TRU?'1 & ) C5TRALIZATION1 ) CONTROLL+ ! ':OLE-/ATE'1 ) '! P>TY' 7! FACT ?AT A 'P>TY' MEANS A 'P>T' & IMPLIES ! EXI/5CE ( O!R 'P>TS' DIDN'T BO!R HIM44474 ,ABOVE ALL1 ?IS ATTEMPT TO GRASP A PHILOSOPHY TO 5D ALL HUMAN ILLS IRONICALLY PRODUC$ A 'MONOLI?IC' \TLOOK1 :I* WAS ITSELF TO CAUSE MANY MORE ILLS4 

,= ! IMPLI$ PASSIVITY ( \R M9DS' 'REFLECT+' OBJECTIVE REALITY CANNOT EXPLA9 DIFF]5T REFLECTIONS REGI/]$ BY DIFF]5T PEOPLE4 ,A SOCIAL APPROA* W\LD HAVE L$ TO LOOK+ AT ! CLASS ORIG9S ( IDEAS4 ,BUT AS ,PANNEKOEK PO9TS \T 'NO:]E 9 HIS BOOK 7',MAT]IALISM & ,EMPIRIO-,CRITICISM'7 DO WE F9D AN ATTEMPT AT OR A TRACE ( SU* AN UND]/&+4' ,L59 ONLY KNEW ?AT 'PRACTICE' PRODUC$ 'TRU?' -- PROVID$ Y\ C\LD QUOTE ,M>X TO BACK Y\ UP4 ,ALL ?IS COMES DANG]\SLY CLOSE TO SAY+ ?AT IF ,I SUCCE$ 9 DEFEAT+ O!RS ) DIFF]5T IDEAS1 !N 'PRACTICE' HAS DEMON/RAT$ ! SUP]IORITY ( MY IDEAS4 ,MA*IAVELLI LIVES6 

,LA/LY1 ?IS 'SCI5TIFIC' MAT]IALISM NOT ONLY GIVES \R PSY*OLOGICAL NE$ = LIB]ATION ! BACK+ ( APP>5TLY 9CONTRAV]TIBLE 'SCI5CE' IT ALSO 5ABLES US TO DUB \R OPPON5TS 'UN-SCI5TIFIC'1 'PRIMITIVE'1 ETC4 ,C\PLE ?IS ) ! 'PASSIVE' ROLE ALLOCAT$ TO M9DS 9 ! A*IEVEM5T ( 'UND]/&+'1 & WE SEE H[ EASY IT WAS = ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO TREAT PEOPLE AS OBJECTS JU/ AS CAPITALISM DOES -- & MOREOV] TO JU/IFY IT4 

,IT IS N[ CLAIM$1 ?AT ,L591 9 HIS LA/ MON?S1 SAW ! WAY ! ,U,S,S,R WAS GO+ 9 P>TICUL> !-1 'BUREAUCRATIZATION' -- & BEGAN TO FI<T IT4 7,SEE ,M4,LEW93 ',L59'S ,LA/ ,/RUGGLE'74 ,BUT ,L59'S PROPOSALS TO DEAL ) ! PH5OM5ON1 AS WE MI<T EXPECT >E PURELY ORGANIZATIONAL1 & ELITI/ 7AS ,LEW9 ADMITS74 ,!Y DO NOT REV]SE ! EXCESSIVE1 C5TRALIZATION1 OR GIVE MORE P[] TO WORK]S AT ! BASE4 ,L59 PROPOS$ M]G+ ! 'MO/ AU?ORITATIVE ,P>TY BODY' -- ! ,C5TRAL ,CONTROL ,COMMISSION -- ) A /ATE BODY3 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS>IAT = ,WORK]S' & ,PEASANTS' ,9SPECTION 7,R,K,I74 ,?IS W\LD1 9 ,L59'S WORDS1 'RAISE ! ,R,K,I TO AN EXCEPTIONALLY HI< LEVEL 444 GIV+ IT A LEAD]%IP ) ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE RI<TS ETC4' ,LEW9 ,APP5DIX ,I,X1 & PP4 #a#b-#a74 ,9CID5TALLY1 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISS> 9 *>GE ( ! ,R,K,I FROM #aiai TO #aibb WAS 444 ,/AL94 

,LEW9 CLAIMS ?AT ?IS ELITISM WAS 'SIMPLY ! RESULT ( ! SITUATION ( ,SOVIET P[] AT ! BEG9N+ ( #aibc 444 M]ELY AN EXPRESSION ( 7,L59'S7 ADAPTATION TO A SITUATION 9 :I* ! DRIV+ =CE ( ! REGIME WAS AN ELITE4' ,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 DOESN'T ANSW] ANY?+4 ,L591 IT IS ADMITT$ 'FAIL$1 TO SEE ! DANG] ( ! T5D5CIES 444 AT ! P[] SUMMIT4' ,ONCE AGA91 ! DANG] IS ASSUM$ TO BE ,/AL91 NEV] ,L59 HIMSELF4 ,WE >GUE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT ,L59'S ELITISM WAS ?OR\< & CONSI/5T4 ,9 \R VIEW1 ! ,U,S,S,R TODAY1 :]E DISSID5TS >E DECL>$ 9SANE & /RIK+ WORK]S %OT D[N 7,NOVO*]KASSK1 ,DNIEPRODZ]ZH9SK7 IS A LOGICAL & 9EVITABLE \TCOME ( ,L59'S ,BOL%EVISM1 ONCE IT GOT ! UPP] H&4 

,IAN ,PYRIE 

,A4,A4 ,RASKOLNIKOV 

,A ,SECOND ,LOOK AT ,L59 

,A ,SECOND ,LOOK AT ,L59 WAS A DISCUSSION BULLET9 PUBLI%$ BY ,SOLID>ITY 7,LONDON7 9 ! ,SPR+ ( #a#i#h4 ,IT CONSI/$ ( A LETT] BY ,ADAM ,WE/OBY AB\T ! ,SOLID>ITY PAMPHLET ,A ,FRE% ,LOOK ,AT ,L59 & RESPONSES BY ! PAMPHLETS AU?OR ,&Y ,BR[N1 & BY ,A4 ,A4 ,RASKOLNIKOV COAU?OR ( ! ,PO/FACE TO ! PAMPHLET4 

,LETT] FROM ,ADAM ,WE/OBY 

,DE> ,K51 

,MANY ?ANKS = Y\R NOTE & ! COPY ( ,&Y ,BR[N'S ESSAY ON ,L594 ,I W\LD HAVE REPLI$ E>LI] EXCEPT ,I WANT$ TO READ IT & S5D Y\ SOME COMM5TS4 ,IF Y\ ?9K ! AU?ORS W\LD BE 9T]E/$ P]HAPS Y\ C\LD =W>D !M ?IS LETT] -- ,I 5CLOSE SOME SP>E COPIES4 

,I MU/ ADMIT TO SOME DISAPPO9TM5T ON ! TREATM5T ( ,L594 ,I'LL TRY TO 9DICATE ! MA9 PO9TS1 & JU/ ONE OR TWO ( ! SECOND>Y ONES4 ,Y\ SAY Y\ DON'T ?9K ! CRITIQUE ( ,L59ISM IS %>P 5\< -- C]TA9LY TRUE1 BUT :AT IS MORE IMPORTANT IS ?AT IT ISN'T FOCUS$ OR DEEP 5\< AS F> AS ITS EXPLANATIONS GO4 ,!RE IS A S]I\S PROBLEM ( ME?OD H]E4 ,&Y ,BR[N'S ESS5TIAL FRAMEWORK IS ?AT ,L59'S ?\<T & WORK 7:I* HE TAKES TO BE ACCURATELY REPRES5T$ 9 ! ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS7 =MS AN ESS5TIAL & H>MONI\S UNITY1 :I* %IFT$ ITS EMPHASIS 9 A GRADUAL LIB]T>IAN DIRECTION BETWE5 #aib & #a#i#a#g1 BUT :I* ALWAYS CONSI/$ ( SOME SORT ( BL5D+ ( /ATE SOCIALISM ) LIB]T>IANISM4 ,& :AT IS MORE HE SUPPOSES ?AT1 9 G5]AL1 ,L59'S UTT]ANCES >E MADE 9 GOOD FAI?4 ,DISCREPANCIES1 CONSEQU5TLY1 >E ASSIMILAT$ AS DIFF]5T FACETS ( ! MANY SIDES ( ,L591 ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ! RELATION ( P>TY TO CLASS1 & SO ON4 

,OBVI\SLY ANY BIOGRAPHICAL OR 9TELLECTUAL TREATM5T ( ,L59 MU/ BE1 OR 5TAIL1 A VIEW ( ! HI/ORY & SIGNIFICANCE ( ,BOL%EVISM4 ,&Y ,BR[N DOESN'T SKIRT ?IS PROBLEM1 BUT HE HAS A VIEW ( IT :I* HE DOESN'T JU/IFY3 ,BOL%EVISM REPRES5TS A CURR5T ( ! WORK]S_/SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T :I* 'W5T WRONG'4 ,?US :AT IS 9 FACT ! RULE AS F> AS ! ECONOMICALLY COLLECTIVIZ+ REVOLUTIONS ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY >E CONC]N$ IS PRES5T$ AS AN EXCEPTION1 AN ABB]ATION1 A %OCK+ DIV]SION ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,ESS5TIALLY HE FALLS 9TO ! SAME TRAP HE CORRECTLY CRITICIZES ! ,TROTSKYI/S = ON ! 7N>R[]7 QUE/ION ( ! DEG5]ATION ( ! ,SOVIET /ATE4 ,:AT IS NOT RAIS$ IS ! QUE/ION ( :E!R ,L59ISM 7& O!R CURR5TS ( /ATE SOCIALISM1 P]HAPS EV5 ( SOCIALISM ITSELF7 REPRES5T SOCIAL =CES & 9T]E/S DI/9CT FROM1 & ALI5 TO1 ! WORK+ CLASS8 ,IT'S A QUE/ION :I* %\LD BE ASK$ & EXAM9$ BE=E >RIV+ AT AN ANSW]4 

,I M5TION$ ! ME?ODOLOGICAL MYOPIA ( TAK+ ALL UTT]ANCES 9 GOOD FAI?4 ,:]E WE HAVE TO DO ) A P>TY ?AT EXPLICITLY DI/+UI%ES BETWE5 ! POLITICAL ELITE & ! MASS1 & DELIB]ATELY ORGANIZES ITSELF ) A SECRET 9T]NAL LIFE1 & 9 SU* A WAY ?AT POLITICAL PROCESSES )9 ! POLITICAL ELITE >E TO BE 9SULAT$ FROM ?OSE )9 ! MASS1 ?IS PROBLEM IS OBVI\SLY ACUTELY IMPORTANT4 7,IT EXI/S 9 ! CASE ( ALL RUL+ & ALL POLITICAL M9ORITIES3 IT IS A COMMONPLACE ( B\RGEOIS '/ATESMAN%IP' ?AT LY+ IS P]MISSIBLE = ! GREAT] GOOD ( ! /ATE4 ,>E WE TO SUPPOSE ?AT ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL ( /ATE SOCIALI/S W]E IGNORANT (1 OR :OLLY REPUDIAT$1 ?IS ESS5TIAL MAXIM ( M9ORITY POLITICS S9CE TIME IMMEMORIAL8 ,IT'S MORE PROBABLE ?AT POLITICAL MATURITY CONSI/S 9 RECOGNIZ+ ?AT ! ESS5TIAL >T IS TO GIVE TEMPOR>Y1 P>TIAL1 9T]E/S A UNIV]SAL & MORAL =M -- SOME?+ :I* ONE CANNOT DO )\T DISSIMULATION47 

,BECAUSE ,&Y ,BR[N SUFF]S FROM ME?ODOLOGICAL G5]OSITY HE IS L$ TO M9IMIZE BO? ! 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS ( ,L59ISM 7! ,PO/FACE PO9TS TO ! TOTALLY SELF-CONTRADICTORY *>ACT] ( ,MAT]IALISM & ,EMPIRIO-,CRITICISM7 & ! EXT5T ( ! %IFTS OV] TIME4 ,IT IS JU/ NOT TRUE ?AT ,L59 GRADUALLY %IFT$ HIS VIEW ( ! /ATE P[]1 UNTIL >RIV+ AT ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,HE OPPOS$ ,BUKH>9 ON ?IS 9 LATE #a#i#a#f1 & !N1 9 TRY+ TO ANSW] ,BUKH>91 UND]W5T HIS [N 'CRISIS ( CONV]SION'1 L9K+ ! POT5TIAL = SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS ) SOVIETS 9 ! =M ?AT EV5TUALLY BECAME ,/ATE & ,RESOLUTION4 ,TO HIS CR$IT HE >RIV$ AT ?IS -- A REJECTION ( HIS ,KAUTSKYI/ VIEW ( ! /ATE E>LI] -- BE=E 7ONLY JU/ -- 9T]E/+- QUE/ION H[ F> HE WAS PICK+ UP SUB-CONSCI\S 'VIBRATIONS'7 ! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION & ! REEM]G5CE ( ! SOVIETS 7?IS IS COV]$ 9 AN >TICLE BY ,M>IAN ,SAW] 9 ,SOCIALI/ ,REGI/]1 #a#i#g#g1 & ALSO 9 ,COH5'S BIOGRAPHY ( ,BUKH>974 

,AS Y\ KN[ ,I ?9K ,L59ISM IS BE/ EXAM9$ FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ?AT IT REPRES5TS NOT A NEW CLASS1 BUT AT LEA/ A NEW HI]>*ICAL & EXPLOITATIVE SOCIAL ORD] :I* =MS ITSELF POLITICALLY4 ,! IDEA ?AT ALL =MS ( M9ORITY EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION HAVE TO BE ?OSE ( A DISCRETE CLASS SEEMS TO ME A HANGOV] FROM ,M>XISM1 & A SIMPLI/IC V]SION ( IT AT ?AT4 ,!RE IS NO REASON 9 PR9CIPLE :Y BO? OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION CAN'T BE ORGANIZ$ = ! B5EFIT ( A 7DIFF]5TIAT$ & DIFFICULT TO DEF9E7 SOCIAL M9ORITY ?R\< A HI]>*Y_/BUREAUCRACY1 :I* S9KS ITS ROOTS RI<T D[N 9TO SOCIETY1 RA!R ?AN BE+ CORRALL$ )9 A DEF9ABLE & DISCRETE SOCIAL GR\P4 ,?IS IDEA IS :AT IS -- = EXAMPLE -- OBJECTIVE & FRUITFUL 9 ,BAHRO4 ,& -- AL?\< ( C\RSE HE DOESN'T DRAW ?IS CONCLUSION -- IT IS PRECISELY :AT IS PREFIGUR$ 9 ,L59'S !ORY & PRACTICE ( ! P>TY & 7MO/ ( ! TIME7 ! /ATE4 

,ON PAGE #c1 9 P>TICUL>1 ,&Y ,BR[N SEEMS TO ME TO BE TILT+ AT A /RAW MAN :5 HE ANSW]S AN>*I/S BY ! D5IAL ?AT E>LY ,BOL%EVIKS W]E MOTIVAT$ BY SELF-9T]E/4 ,MOTIVES >E ALWAYS DIFFICULT TO BE SURE AB\T1 & ,I D\BT IF ALL ?OSE :O OP]AT$ FRUITFULLY 9 ! ,EUROPEAN LEFT SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 7,P>VUS1 = EXAMPLE87 W]E AS PURE AS HE ALL[S4 ,EV5 IF IT W]E SO ! REBUTTAL DOESN'T HOLD4 ,WAS #a<i NOT A B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION SIMPLY BECAUSE MO/ ( ?OSE :O PLAY$ A LEAD+ ROLE FROM #a<i TO #a#g#i#c_/#d W]E IDEALI/S RA!R ?AN MONEY$1 LUXURY-LOV+ B\RGEOIS8 ,EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y CLASS & SOCIAL ORD] HAS TO A*IEVE AN 9T]NAL-DIVISION ( LABOR3 ! PASSIONATE1 H]OIC & RATIONAL ELEM5T MAKE ! REVOLUTION2 !IR PLUMP C\S9S B5EFIT 7FREQU5TLY SLAU<T]+ ! REVOLUTION>IES AS !Y DO SO74 

,= SIMIL> REASONS ,I WASN'T REALLY 9 AGREEM5T ) ,*APT] #d4 ,! *APT] P]HAPS %[S ?AT ,L59 ?\<T HE WAS CON/RUCT+ A SOCIAL_/ECONOMIC ORD] :I* WAS A LOGICAL EXT5SION1 ! EXT5SION TO ! LIMIT1 ( TRU/IFI$ CAPITALISM4 ,?IS DOESN'T %[ ?AT ?IS WAS ! EV5TUAL RESULT1 & ?AT ,RUSSIA IS BE/ ANALYZ$ AS A /ATE CAPITALI/ C\NTRY4 ,I WON'T GO 9TO ! >GUM5TS ON /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,BUT ?IS CONNECTION ( ,L59 ) IT HAS AN OBVI\S 9T]NAL RELATION TO ! VIEW ?AT ,L59 & ,BOL%EVISM W]E 'WRONG'1 'MI/AK5' CURR5TS ( ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T3 TO CONSID] ?AT !Y HAD ! EFFECT ( CREAT+ A SOCIAL ORD] DI/9CT FROM BO? CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM W\LD IMM$IATELY RAISE ! QUE/ION :E!R !Y W]5'T ! REPRES5TATIVES_/ H]ALDS ( ?IS BE=E ! REVOLUTION4 ,9 ?IS1 ,I ?9K1 ! ESSAY FALLS BACK 9TO AN 7APPROXIMATELY ,CLIFFITE7 V]SION ( ,M>XI/ UNIL9E>ISM3 ,L59 7OR ,/AL97 ATTEMPT$ A NEW SOCIAL ORD]1 BUT CIRCUM/ANCES & HIS [N EQUIPM5T PREV5T$ HIM1 & HE_/!Y FELL BACK 9TO BE+ JU/ ! MO/ ADVANC$ REPRES5TATIVE ( ! EXI/+ ORD]4 ,BUT ! FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION REMA9S3 H[ DOES 'CAPITAL ACCUMULATION' EXPLA9 ! EVOLUTION ( ,SOVIET-TYPE ECONOMIES8 

,AS Y\ WILL GA!R ,I WAS MORE SYMPA!TIC TO ! ,PO/FACE ?AN ! MA9 TEXT4 ,P>TLY BECAUSE IT IS MORE CONC]N$ AB\T & REALI/IC AB\T ,L59'S ',MA*IAVELLIANISM' 1 & P>TLY BECAUSE IT IS S5SITIVE TO ! CONNECTION ( ?IS -- OR AT LEA/ SOME ELEM5TS ( IT -- ) ,M>X4 ,! COMM5TS ON PHILOSOPHY ,I F\ND P>TICUL>LY 9T]E/+4 ,IT IS RI<T ?AT ,L59'S MUTILATION ( PHILOSOPHICAL MAT]IALISM ISN'T JU/ >BITR>Y 7?\< POLEMIC IMPOSES LOTS ( >BITR>Y ELEM5TS71 BUT RA!R SOME?+ GIV5 BY ! NE$ TO MAKE KN[L$GE 7OR ! CRIT]IA = IT7 SPR+ FROM A S+LE RA!R ?AN A MASS S\RCE 7ONE !ORY1 ONE TRU?1 ONE P>TY -- OR AS ,?OREZ WAS TO SAY1 ONE NATION1 ONE >MY1 ONE /ATE 674 ,IF ! SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATION TO MAT]IAL REALITY 7:I* IS ! OBJECTIVE ELEM5T 9 ,MAT]IALISM & ,EMPIRIO-,CRITICISM7 HAS TO TAKE PLACE SEQU5TIALLY1 ON ! P>T ( ONE 'SUBJECT' 7! P>TY1 9 POLITICAL T]MS7 !N KN[L$GE MU/ NECESS>ILY BE REPRES5T$ AS 9DIVIDUAL -- O!RWISE :OSE COGNITIONS >E BE+ COMP>$ 9 ! IMPROV+ APPROXIMATIONS8 ,BUT ISN'T ?IS LOCALIZATION ( KN[L$GE 7:I* CUTS ACROSS ! SIMULTANE\S1 MANY-SID$ VIEW ( IT :I* IS PR$OM9ANT 9 ,HEGEL & ,M>X7 ITSELF ! EXPRESSION ( ! WORLD VIEW ( A SOCIAL M9ORITY DI/+UI%$ BY $UCATION & 9TELLECT8 

,EV5 SO1 ! ,PO/FACE SUCCUMBS TO CRITICIZ+ ,L59 BECAUSE HE WASN'T A PHILOSOPHICAL ,M>XI/4 ,M>X MAY NOT HAVE DEVIS$1 BUT HE C]TA9LY ALL[$ ,5GELS 'DIALECTIC ( NATURE'4 ,& ISN'T ?IS ! V]Y BASIS ( ,MAT]IALISM & ,EMPIRIO-,CRITICISM8 ,I JU/ DON'T ?9K ?AT PHILOSOPHY 7! AB/RACTE/ =M ( ! /UDY ( \R [N CONSCI\SNESS 9 ACTION71 CAN EV] COME TO A HALT1 & DIE4 ,BUT1 ?R\<\T1 ,M>X DOES WANT TO WRITE F9IS4 ,& WE >E (T5 TEMPT$ 9TO ?9K+ ?AT HE SUCCESSFULLY DID SO4 ,I (T5 ?9K !RE IS A REAL ANALOGY BETWE5 ! 9TELLECTUAL'S WI% = A FA!R FIGURE REC5T 5\< TO BE RELEVANT BUT LONG 5\< AGO TO BE DEAD & FAM\S1 & -- = EXAMPLE -- ! PEASANT'S ATTITUDE TO ! LITTLE FA!R CZ>1 CORRECT+ ! CORRUPT (FICIALS & FALSE 9T]PRET]S1 FONDLY IMAG9$ AS DILIG5TLY READ+ & >BITRAT+ ON ALL ! DOLEANCES ( ! D[NTRODD5 ( ! FIELD 7OR LIBR>Y74 

,! MO/ G5]AL QUE/ION :]E BO? ! MA9 TEXT & ! ,PO/FACE SEEM$ TO ME FLAW$ WAS 9 ! PICTURE ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS /ILL 7ALWAYS87 ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS ( MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,BO? ASSUME ?IS IS 9 PR9CIPLE SO1 !N GO LOOK+ = ! FACTORS :I* EXPLA9 :Y IT IS O!RWISE4 ,BUT ! TRACK RECORD FACTS ACCUMULATION ( HI/ORICAL EVID5CE DON'T DO MU* TO SUPPORT ?IS VIEW4 ,WORK]S DON'T (T5 /RUGGLE = P[]1 !Y EV5 LESS (T5 GET IT1 :5 !Y GET IT !Y SOON REL9QUI% IT1 & ?OSE !Y REL9QUI% IT TO TREAT !M WORSE !N ! ONES BE=E4 ,AS A G5]ALIZATION ONE CAN SAY ?AT ! MOD]N WORK+ CLASS PRES]VES ITS MORAL QUALITIES 7:I* IT DOES -- IT IS NOT1 BY & L>GE1 ACTIVELY 5GAG$ 9 CORRUPTION & HYPOCRISY7 ONLY BY KEEP+ ITS DI/ANCE FROM POLITICS4 ,GIV5 ?AT ! MANUAL WORK+ CLASS IS A DIM9I%+ -- & F> LESS CONFID5T FRACTION ( SOCIETY1 ! PICTURE ( WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T AS ! EXPLANATORY EMBRYO LAT5T )9 MOD]N SOCIETY AT LEA/ NE$S >GU+ =4 ,NEI!R REALLY DOES IT4 

,ONE LA/ CRITICISM3 ,I ?\<T ,&Y ,BR[N %\LD HAVE TAK5 F> MORE ACC\NT ( !-SECOND>Y LIT]ATURE4 ,I JU/ DON'T ANY LONG] ?9K IT SATISFACTORY TO WRITE AB\T ,L59 9 DETAIL )\T BE+ IMM]S$ AS F> AS POSSIBLE 9 ! 7N[ V]Y NUM]\S & GOOD7 WRIT+S AB\T ,RUSSIAN HI/ORY4 ,L591 = EXAMPLE1 CAME FROM AN ESS5TIALLY CONSPIRATORIAL TRADITION -- ,:AT IS TO BE ,DONE8 DID NOT SPR+ FROM A TABULA RASA4 

,=GIVE ME IF !SE COMM5TS S\ND OV]-CRITICAL4 ,I AM S5D+ !M ON ONLY BECAUSE ! MATT] SEEMS TO ME IMPORTANT & ,I WANT$ TO LET Y\ HAVE REACTIONS4 

,ROB9 ,BLICK HAS DONE A GOOD DEAL MORE WORK ON ,L59 ?AN ,I HAVE1 & QUITE A BIT ( :AT IS ABOVE REFLECTS ?IS 7?\< ALL ! USUAL EXON]ATIONS APPLY1 ( C\RSE 67 ,MAYBE Y\ CAN GET HIM TO COMM5T DIRECTLY1 TOO4 ,POSSIBLY HE W\LD EV5 PREP>E A %ORT CRITICAL COMM5T = PUBLICATION4 

,= MY P>T1 :ILE ,I'M SURE !RE IS MORE HI/ORICAL WORK TO BE DONE ON ,L59 & ,BOL%EVISM1 ,I FEEL REASONABLY CLE> AS TO ! ESS5TIAL IMPORT4 ,! MORE IMPORTANT & DIFFICULT QUE/ION SEEMS TO ME ! SOCIAL *>ACT] ( BUREAUCRACY ITSELF4 ,M>X ANALYZ$ ! COMMODITY_/CAPITAL RELATION2 CAN WE NOT PRODUCE A COMP>ABLY AB/RACT & EFFECTIVE ANALYSIS ( !3 '(FICIAL' RELATION8 ,I'VE BE5 READ+ ,CA/ORIADES & A NUMB] ( O!RS ON ?IS1 BUT !Y ALL SEEM TO ME TO PAUSE ON ! \TSIDE ( DESCRIPTIVISM4 ,A REALLY DIFFICULT PROBLEM4 ,P]HAPS IT CAN'T BE CRACK$ BY AB/RACT ?\<T AT ALL8 

,BE/ WI%ES1 

,ADAM ,WE/OBY 

,RESPONSE FROM ,&Y ,BR[N 

,DE> ,ADAM1 

,?ANKS = Y\R COMM5TS ON ! ,L59 PAMPHLET4 ,SO F> AS ,I CAN SEE !RE IS AN ELEM5T ( COMMON GR\ND 9 ?AT NEI!R ( US LIKES ,L59 BUT ON ! MA9 QUE/ION1 :I* IS TO MY M9D ',:AT IS ! NATURE ( ,L59ISM & H[ CAN IT BE/ BE ATTACK$8' WE DIFF]4 

,Y\R MA9 ACCUSATION W\LD APPE> TO BE ?AT ,I AM NAIVE 9 ASSUM+ ?AT ,L59 MEANT :AT HE SAID & ?AT ?IS REPRES5TS A =M ( ME?ODOLOGICAL G5]OSITY4 ,9 A S5SE Y\'RE RI<T4 ,IT MAY WELL BE ?AT TO LOOK AT :AT ,L59 SAID & TO TAKE HIM AT HIS WORD DOES IGNORE ! IMPORTANT POSSIBILITY ?AT HE WAS LY+4 ,YET :AT SO F> AS ,I CAN SEE JU/IFIES ! 9ITIAL APPROA* IS ! FACT ?AT ,L59 DID NOT LIE 9 HIS S]I\S WORKS ( !ORY SU* AS ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION4 ,HE ACTUALLY OP5LY ADVOCAT$ MU* ( :AT HE LAT] PROCE$$ TO DO4 ,PEOPLE SIMPLY DIDN'T LOOK C>EFULLY 5\< AT :AT HE SAID4 ,LIKE ! ,L59I/S TODAY HE TALK$ AB\T WORK]S' CONTROL ETC41 BUT :5 Y\ LOOK CLOSELY 5\< AT ! !ORY !Y SAY ?AT WORK]S' CONTROL WILL BE POSSIBLE SOM$AY BUT 9 ! IMM$IATE PO/ REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD P>TY 'GUIDANCE' IS A MU/4 ,& WE ALL KN[ :AT P>TY 'GUIDANCE' MEANS 9 PRACTICE4 ,:AT ,I TRI$ TO %[ 9 ! PAMPHLET IS H[ V]Y CLE>LY ,L59 SAID :AT HE 9T5D$ TO DO :5 HIS P>TY TOOK P[] & H[ CLOSELY ! !ORY ( ,L59ISM RESEMBLES ! PRACTICE4 

,!RE IS A SECOND REASON :Y ,I CONSID] IT IMPORTANT TO TAKE ,L59'S !ORIES AT FACE VALUE4 ,HE HAS1 AS WE KN[1 AN 5ORM\S NUMB] ( FOLL[]S ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,MANY ( !M TAKE HIS !ORIES S]I\SLY & AT FACE VALUE4 ,!Y DO NOT BELIEVE HE WAS LY+ & !Y TRY TO PUT 9TO PRACTICE HIS !ORY4 ,:AT ,I WAS TRY+ TO DO WAS CONV9CE A FEW MODEM DAY ,L59I/S ( :]E !IR !ORY WILL ALWAYS LEAD !M -- TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! P>TY4 ,I CANNOT SEE H[ ,I C\LD HAVE P]SUAD$ ANYONE ( ! WEAKNESS ( ! !ORY !Y BELIEVE 9 IF ,I SIMPLY SELECT$ ONLY ! ACTIONS & /ATEM5TS :I* PRES5T$ ,L59 9 ONE LI<T4 ,!Y W\LD SIMPLY SAY 7AS !Y HAVE BE5 SAY+ 9 ! SECOND>Y LIT]ATURE :I* Y\ ACCUSE ME ( NOT HAV+ READ7 ?AT ! LIB]T>IANS HAVE GOT IT ALL WRONG4 ,A C\PLE ( QUICK QUOTES FROM ! 0REAL ,L590 & !Y CAN %[ ?AT WE HAVE DI/ORT$ ! !ORY 7EV5 IF WE HAVE CORRECTLY ANALYZ$ ! PRACTICE 674 ,I !RE=E WAS 9DE$ G5]\S4 ,I TRI$ TO TAKE ,L59 AT HIS BE/ & TO %[ ?AT :5 Y\ LOOK AT :AT HE ACTUALLY WROTE1 9/EAD ( ! EVIL /RAW MAN :I* MO/ PEOPLE WANT TO >GUE AGA9/1 HIS !ORIES W]E !MSELVES EV]Y BIT AS RESPONSIBLE = ! FAILURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AS ! 'MAT]IAL CIRCUM/ANCES'4 

,!RE IS ALSO A ?IRD REASON :Y :AT ,L59 SAYS %\LD BE TAK5 S]I\SLY4 ,HIS IDEAS W]E NOT ! ?R[ AWAY ONE L9]S ( A MODEM POLITICIAN1 DELIV]$ ONE M9UTE & =GOTT5 ! NEXT4 ,!Y W]E ! PRODUCT ( MON?S ( /UDY ( ,M>XISM4 ,:Y %\LD HE HAVE BO!R$ ) ?IS T$I\S & /]ILE TASK IF HE M]ELY WI%$ TO CYNICALLY MANIPULATE ! MASSES8 ,!RE SEEMS TO ME TO BE A RESI/ANCE TO ! IDEA ?AT WELL MEAN+ PEOPLE C\LD DO ! ?+S ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID4 ,YET ?IS SURELY IS ! REAL DANG] ( ,L59I/S TODAY4 ,!Y DO NOT NOTICEABLY BELONG TO A DIFF]5T CLASS TO ! LIB]T>IANS OR ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS 7?\< !IR P]SONALITIES MAKE A FASC9AT+ /UDY74 ,!Y >E NOT ALL NOTICEABLY UNPLEASANT PEOPLE4 ,BUT !Y WILL1 9 ! HONE/ S]VICE ( AN IDEA1 PUT Y\ & ME UP AGA9/ ! WALL & %OOT US & TELL !MSELVES !Y >E S]V+ ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,!Y W\LD FRI<T5 ME A LOT LESS IF !Y W]E LI>S & *EATS :O W]E ONLY \T TO GRAB P[] = !MSELVES & !Y W\LD PROBABLY DO A LOT LESS DAMAGE TO ! SOCIALI/ CAUSE4 ,Y\R EXAMPLE ( ,P>VUS IS A GOOD ONE4 ,:AT DANG] HAS ,P>VUS PROV$ TO BE 9 ! LONG RUN8 ,& ,L598 ,! S]I\S & S9C]E ADH]5T ( ,M>XISM W\LD APPE> TO ME TO DO MORE DAMAGE4 

,9 ?IS RESPECT ,I WAS P>TICUL>LY 9T]E/$ 9 Y\R COMM5TS ON H[ F> ! ,BOL%EVIKS REPRES5T$ A NEW CLASS4 ,Y\ >E ABSOLUTELY RI<T TO ATTACK ANYONE :O COMES TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ALL =MS ( M9ORITY EXPLOITATION & OPPRESSION HAVE TO BE ?OSE ( A DISCRETE CLASS BUT !RE >E O!R POSSIBILITIES BESIDES ! ONE Y\ M5TION4 ,A P]SON CAN S]VE AN IDEA JU/ AS !Y CAN S]VE A CLASS1 A GR\P OR !IR [N SELF-9T]E/ 7GIV5 ! ,?AT*]_/,C,B,I DIVIDE OV] MONET>ISM ?IS IS A P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT PO9T74 ,IT IS ?IS ?AT MAKES ! /UDY ( ,L59'S IDEAS VALUABLE4 ,IDEAS HAVE AN IMPACT ON HI/ORY 7EV5 ! IDEAS ( HI/ORICAL MAT]IALI/S 67 ,I SET \T 9 ! PAMPHLET TO DOCUM5T ?IS4 ,I WANT$ TO %[ H[ ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E MOTIVAT$ BY A SET ( IDEAS :I* W]E P]FECTLY CONSI/5T ) ,M>XISM & ?AT !SE IDEAS HAD AN 5ORM\S IMPACT ON !IR BEHAVIOR & W]E !MSELVES A MAJOR CAUSE 7NOT ! ONLY ONE1 BUT POSSIBLY ! ONLY ONE :I* C\LD HAVE BE5 ALT]$ BY ! CONSCI\S EF=TS ( HUMAN BE+S7 ( ! FAILURE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT ,I W\LD HAVE TO PLEAD GUILTY TO ONE ( Y\R *>GES4 ,I CONFESS ,I DO REG>D ,L59ISM AS A =M ( AB]RATION S9CE ,I /ILL BELIEVE 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,I HAVE NOT YET AB&ON$ MY BELIEF 9 SOCIALISM BUT ,I HAVE AB&ON$ MY BELIEF 9 ,M>XISM & ,I HAVE NEV] ADOPT$ A BELIEF 9 ,L59ISM 7& = ?IS REASON ,I W\LD CLAIM TO BE ABLE TO ANALYZE IT MORE OBJECTIVELY -- ,I HAVE NO REVOLUTION>Y FA!R FIGURES TO HATE 674 ,I REG>D ,L59ISM & ,M>XISM AS ONLY ONE TR5D 9 A MOVEM5T ) A V]Y LONG HI/ORY4 ,TO ANALYZE PRECISELY & C>EFULLY :]E !IR IDEAS W]E 9 ]ROR IS ,I BELIEVE AN IMPORTANT TASK = ?OSE ( US :O CONT9UE TO BELONG TO ?IS MOVEM5T4 

,! WAY ,I SEE IT IS ?AT ,BOL%EVISM IS ! LOGICAL EXT5SION ( ,M>XISM1 & ,M>XISM ITSELF REPRES5TS A CURR5T ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T :I* CONTA9$ SOME GOOD & SOME FUNDAM5TALLY MI/AK5 IDEAS :I* 9 ! 5D S]V$ ! 9T]E/S ( C]TA9 /RATA 9 SOCIETY4 ,I WAS TRY+ TO TRACE ! SIGNIFICANCE ( -- SOME ( ?OSE MI/AK5 IDEAS VIA ,*APT] #d ( ! PAMPHLET & ?AT IS :Y IT IS SO LONG4 ,! :OLE IDEA ( ?AT *APT] IS NOT TO %[ ?AT ,RUSSIA IS /ATE CAPITALI/ 7,I DID NOT GO 9TO ?IS QUE/ION 9 ! PAMPHLET S9CE ,I WAS NOT WRIT+ AB\T ,RUSSIA TODAY BUT ,I ESS5TIALLY RESI/ ! IDEA ( DRAGG+ SOCIETIES KICK+ & SCREAM+ 9TO PRE-DET]M9$ CATEGORIES2 T]MS LIKE '/ATE CAPITALI/' OR 9DE$ 'CAPITALI/' CAN ONLY BE US$ AS COMP>ATIVE DEVICES NOT COMPLETE DESCRIPTIONS4 ,! T]M '/ATE CAPITALI/' IS ,I BELIEVE A USEFUL CONCEPT TO USE :5 LOOK+ AT ,RUSSIA JU/ AS IT IS :5 LOOK+ AT ! ,WE/ BUT IT IS NOT A DEF9ITION & ONE C\LD GA9 JU/ AS MANY 9SI<TS 9TO ! NATURE ( ,RUSSIA BY LOOK+ AT ANCI5T ,*9ESE BUREAUCRACIES72 ,:AT ,I WAS TRY+ TO %[ 9 ,*APT] #d WAS H[ ,L59 TOOK A !ORY FROM ,M>X1 DEVELOP$ IT 9 ONE ( ! FEW CONSI/5T DIRECTIONS POSSIBLE & CAME TO TWO IMPORTANT & QUITE WRONG CONCLUSIONS4 ,ONE WAS ?AT CAPITALISM AS A SY/EM IS DRIV5 TO COLLAPSE SOON] RA!R ?AN LAT] & ?AT IT MU/ BE REPLAC$ BY SOCIALISM4 ,TO MY M9D ?IS IS A CORRECT UND]/&+ ( ,M>X & A COMPLETE MISUND]/&+ ( ! DYNAMICS ( ! EVOLUTION ( SOCIAL ORD]S4 ,!RE IS NO REASON :Y CAPITALISM %\LD COLLAPSE ( ITS [N ACCORD & 9 PO9T ( FACT IT HAS FAIL$ TO DO SO2 FUR!RMORE !RE IS NO REASON :Y SOCIALISM MU/ HE ! REPLACEM5T RA!R ?AN SAY B>B>ISM OR RULE BY AN >I/OCRATIC ELITE4 7,ON ?IS QUE/ION Y\ SEEM TO HAVE ?\<T ,I WAS PUTT+ =W>D MY [N VIEWS :5 ,I WAS TRY+ TO %[ :AT ,L59 ?\<T & H[ WRONG HE WAS4 ,I MYSELF DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT !RE >E ONLY TWO POSSIBILITIES :I* >E /ATE CAPITALISM OR SOCIALISM4 ,IT IS ,L59 :O BELIEV$ ?IS4 ,I ?OR\<LY AGREE ) Y\ ?AT ?IS IDEA IS NONS5SE & ,I HAVE NEV] HELD IT4 ,ONE ( ! AIMS ( ,*APT] #d WAS TO %[ :AT L9E> ?9K+ LIKE ?IS CAN LEAD PEOPLE TO DO74 ,! SECOND IMPORTANT CONCLUSION WAS ?AT :AT IS BAD UND] CAPITALISM IS GOOD UND] SOCIALISM :I* IS ! REASON+ :I* HAS DRIV5 C\NTLESS HONE/ SOCIALI/S 9TO ! RANKS ( RU?LESS OPPRESSORS ( ! V]Y PEOPLE !Y CLAIM TO S]VE4 ,I ?9K AN UND]/&+ ( H[ CRUCIAL ?IS P>TICUL> PIECE ( D\BLE?9K IS TO ,M>XI/ ?9K+ IS ( C5TRAL IMPORTANCE4 ,L59 ?\<T ?AT SOCIALI/S MU/ :5 !Y TAKE P[] /RIVE TO BUILD UP ! ECONOMY AT ALL CO/S & ?AT 9 ! LA/ ANALYSIS EV]Y?+ ELSE %\LD BE SUBORD9AT$ TO ?IS 5D4 ,:5 ! CAPITALI/S MADE SIMIL> PLEAS HE OPPOS$ !M4 ,:5 ! G5U9E SOCIALI/S OPPOS$ HIS [N PLEAS HE RU?LESSLY CRU%$ !M 9 ! FOND BELIEF ?AT HE WAS HELP+ TO CREATE SOCIALISM4 ,! SWIT* IS NOT SIMPLY A MATT] ( P[] CORRUPTS -- ! NOTION ?AT !RE IS A POSITIVE SIDE TO CAPITALISM & ?AT SOCIAL ADVANCE CONSI/S ( BUILD+ UP A MORE ADVANC$ ECONOMY IS A C5TRAL COMPON5T ( ,M>XISM ! CONSEQU5CES ( :I* ONLY BECOME CLE> 9 PRACTICE4 

,I ALSO TRI$ 9 ! PAMPHLET TO %[ EXACTLY H[ ,L59 FELL %ORT ( LIB]T>IANISM4 ,I WAS SOME:AT WORRI$ ?AT Y\ CAME AWAY ) ! IDEA ?AT ,I REG>D ,L59'S IDEAS AS SOME SORT ( MIXTURE ( /ATE SOCIALISM & LIB]T>IANISM4 ,I TRI$ TO %[ 9 ! PAMPHLET ?AT ,L59 BELIEV$ 9 LIB]T>IANISM 9 ! FUTURE :ILE HE BELIEV$ 9 DISCIPL9E & AU?ORITY 7TEMP]$ & MOD]AT$ BY WORK]S' 0ACC\NT+0 OR 0*ECK+0 & GRADUALLY REPLAC+ !M 9 PRACTICE74 ,I WANT$ TO %[ ?AT CONTR>Y TO :AT IS WRITT5 9 A NUMB] ( ! SECOND>Y S\RCES1 ,L59 NEV] ADOPT$ EI!R AN AN>*I/ OR A FULLY LIB]T>IAN POSITION4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT HE QUITE OP5LY >GU$ AGA9/ FULL WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T AS AN IMM$IATE PRACTICAL MEASURE BE=E ! REVOLUTION & AFT]W>DS PROCE$$1 TO ACT 9 ACCORDANCE ) ?IS BELIEF TO DISA/R\S EFFECT4 

,ALL 9 ALL ,I TRI$ TO ACCUSE ,L59 ( #a7 BE+ 9CAPABLE ( RECOGNIZ+ ! DIV]G5CE ( 9T]E/ BETWE5 P>TY & CLASS & BETWE5 P>TY LEAD] & P>TY2 #b7 PUTT+ (F ! QUE/ION ( TRUE DEMOCRACY TO ! DI/ANT FUTURE4 #c7 ID5TIFY+ ! EXPANSION ( ! ECONOMY AS ITSELF PROGRESSIVE & ALL IMPORTANT2 #d7 BELIEV+ ?AT SUBORD9ATION & DISCIPL9E W]E NECESS>Y TO A*IEVE ?IS2 #e7 HAV+ ACT$ ?R\<\T HIS LIFE1 & QUITE OP5LY >GU$ ?IS WAY1 AGA9/ ! PR9CIPLE ( WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T AS A PRACTICAL IMM$IATE MEASURE2 #f7 HAV+ !RE=E HAD A PR(\NDLY OPPRESSIVE IMPACT ON ! C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION2 #g7 HAV+ DONE SO 9 COMPLETE ACCORDANCE ) ! !ORIES ( ,M>XISM4 ,IT %\LD FOLL[ FROM ?IS ?AT ,I CLE>LY DO REG>D ,L59ISM AS REPRES5T+ 9T]E/S QUITE DI/9CT FROM & ALI5 TO ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,I AM L$ TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT REVOLUTION>IES %\LD AT ALL CO/S AVOID MAK+ ! SAME ]RORS4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT ?AT WE F9D WAYS ( ORGANIZ+ :I* DO NOT 9VOLVE ! 9H]5T OPPRESSIV5ESS ( !4 ,L59I/ P>TY /RUCTURE4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT ! IDEA ( WORK]S' C\NCILS IS C5TRAL TO ! WAY ,I SEE ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,SO F> AS ,I AM CONC]N$ !RE IS GOOD /RONG EVID5CE = ! IDEA ( WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T AS ! EMBRYO :I* IS BE+ /RIV$ =4 ,WORK]S' C\NCILS >E NOT SOME NOTION :I* ,I OR ANYONE ELSE HAS ?\<T UP AS A 'NICE IDEA'4 ,!Y >E ! =M ( ORGANIZATION :I* HAS BE5 ?R[N UP 9 A NUMB]1 ( QUITE DI/9CT REVOLUTIONS & ,I SEE ANY DIV]G5CE FROM A BELIEF 9 ?IS G5]AL TYPE ( ORGANIZATION AS HI<LY DUBI\S4 ,I %\LD /RESS H]E ?AT :5 ,I TALK ( WORK]S' C\NCILS ,I DO NOT MEAN MALE MANUAL UNSKILL$ PROLET>IANS HAVE CORN]$ ! M>KET ON REVOLUTION>Y ASPIRATIONS 79DE$ Y\ QUITE CORRECTLY PO9T \T ! SMALL SIZE & ! PASSIVITY ( ?IS GR\P74 ,I 9CLUDE1 ( C\RSE1 WOM5 UND] ! CATEGORY ( WORK]S 7BE IT 9 ! HOME OR AT WORK7 & :ITE COLL> WORK]S4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T IS ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE TO ,L59ISM :I* DOES NOT DRAG US BACK 9TO ! MORASS ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 

,BESIDES ! MAJOR ISSUES !RE >E A NUMB] ( M9OR PO9TS :I* ,I'D LIKE TO CLE> UP4 ,I DIDN'T QUOTE FROM MANY ( ! SECOND>Y S\RCES S9CE MO/ ( !M 7& ,I'VE WAD$ ?R\< 5\< ( !M7 HAVE1 TO BE TREAT$1 ) C>E4 ,!RE IS A T5D5CY = ONE TO REPEAT ! UTT]ANCES ( ANO!R )\T *ECK+ BACK TO ! PRIM>Y S\RCES4 ,GIV5 ! *OICE ,I PREF] TO DEAL ) ! PRIM>Y S\RCES & NEV] TO RELY ON SECOND>Y4 ,?IS DOESN'T MEAN ?AT ,I HAV5'T READ !M -- ,I SIMPLY DON'T REG>D QUOT+ FROM A SECOND>Y S\RCE AS V]Y GOOD PRO(4 

,AS REG>DS ,L59'S ATTITUDE TO ,BUKH>9'S VIEWS ON ! /ATE ?+S >E MU* MORE COMPLEX ?AN Y\ MAKE \T1 ,L59 DID DISAGREE ) ,BUKH>9'S ',T[>DS A !ORY ( ! ,IMP]IALI/ ,/ATE' BUT HIS ATTITUDE T[>DS IT WAS NOT ONE ( SIMPLE CONDEMNATION4 ,HE ACCUS$ ,BUKH>9 ( BE+ ABSOLUTELY 9CORRECT ON ONE ISSUE :I* WAS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,M>XI/S & ! AN>*I/S ON ! /ATE4 ,L59 MA9TA9$ ?AT ! /ATE WAS IMPORTANT 9 ! P]IOD AFT] ! REVOLUTION :IL/ ,BUKH>9 WAS MORE 9CL9$ TO /RESS ! NE$ TO 'BL[ IT UP' BECAUSE ! IMP]IALI/ /ATE HAD BECOME SO P[]FUL4 ,?IS IS :AT ,L59 OBJECT$ TO 9 HIS 9ITIAL RESPONSE TO ,BUKH>9 & !RE IS NO SIGN ( HIM )DRAW+ ?IS OBJECTION 9 ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION2 9 FACT ! FIR/ HALF ( ?IS BOOK IS DEVOT$ TO A REAFIRMATION ( TRADITIONAL ,M>XI/ ATTITUDES TO ! /ATE :I* IS L>GELY 9T5D$ AS A RESPONSE TO ,BUKH>94 ,ON ! O!R H& ,L59 V]Y QUICKLY ACCEPT$ MO/ ( ,BUKH>9'S POSITION ON ! NATURE ( ! IMP]IALI/ /ATE S9CE LITTLE ( ?IS WAS NEW 7IT CAME FROM ,HILF]D+ :O ,L59 HAD READ & APPROV$ ( E>LI]74 ,IT IS JU/ NOT TRUE TO TALK ( ,L59 UND]GO+ A CRISIS ( CONV]SION4 ,HE FROM ! FIR/ WAS >GU+ ?AT ,BUKH>9'S BOOK HAD SOME GOOD PO9TS 9 IT & SOME BAD PO9TS & HE PROCE$$ TO WRITE ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION NOT AS AN ADMISSION ?AT ,BUKH>9 WAS RI<T ALL ALONG BUT AS AN EXPLANATION ( HIS [N 9DEP5D5T IDEAS4 ,!SE VIEWS HAD BE5 9FLU5C$ BY ,BUKH>9 YET !Y W]E1 AT LEA/ ON MY READ+ ( ! TWO BOOKS1 QUITE DIFF]5T4 

,! EXT5T TO :I* ,L59'S IDEAS %IFT$ DUR+ HIS LONG P]IOD 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ! TIM+ ( ANY %IFT >E COMPLEX QUE/IONS4 ,ESS5TIALLY ,I W\LD PUT ! KEY DATE 7& ! ONLY REAL OCCASION ON :I* ONE CAN TALK ( ,L59 UND]GO+ A CRISIS ( CONV]SION MAY WELL BE AT ?IS P]IOD7 AS ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> :5 ,L59 BROKE ) ,KAUTSKY 7?\< :E!R ,I W\LD AGREE ) Y\ ON H[ F> HE SUCCE$$ 9 BREAK+ FREE FROM ! /RAI<T JACKET ( ,KAUTSKY'S IDEAS IS ANO!R MATT]74 ,AT ?IS TIME HE /UDI$ ,HEGEL EXT5SIVELY & IS REPUT$ TO HAVE RADICALLY DEP>T$ FROM ! PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS EXPRESS$ 9 ,MAT]IALISM & ,EMPIRIO-,CRITICISM4 ,S9CE ,I'M NO EXP]T AT EI!R ,HEGEL OR PHILOSOPHY ,I'VE ALWAYS %I$ CLE> ( ?IS >EA BUT ,I DO ?9K IF WE >E EXAM9+ ,L59'S PHILOSOPHY WE NE$ TO TAKE HIS WORK ON ,HEGEL 9TO ACC\NT NOT PRET5D IT DOESN'T EXI/4 ,I TRI$ TO PRES5T 9 ! PAMPHLET A FAIRLY L>GE BODY ( EVID5CE ( /ATEM5TS FROM ,L59 :I* %[$ BO? ! EXT5T & ! LIMITS ( ! *ANGES HIS IDEAS UND]W5T & ! GRADUAL NATURE ( ! *ANGE4 ,IF ANY?+ ,I ?9K ,I UND]/AT$ ! NUMB] ( DIFF]5T >EAS 9 :I* HIS IDEAS UND]W5T EXT5SIVE *ANGE 9 ! P]IOD BETWE5 #aib & #aiag S9CE ,I MADE NO REF]5CE TO HIS NOTEBOOKS ON ,HEGEL4 

,AS REG>DS Y\R ASS]TION ?AT ,L59 COMES FROM AN ESS5TIALLY CONSPIRATORIAL TRADITION1 ,I ?9K Y\ NE$ TO PROVE Y\R CASE4 ,! L9E ( >GUM5T :I* SEES ,L59 AS A DIRECT DESC5DANT ( ,NE*AEV & HIS LIKE IS NOT UNIV]SALLY ACCEPT$ BY ANY MEANS4 7,H>D+ = 9/ANCE >GUES V]Y /RONGLY AGA9/ IT74 ,IT IS POSSIBLE TO LE>N AN AWFUL LOT AB\T ,L59 BY READ+ ,M>X1 ,KAUTSKY1 ,PLEKHANOV1 ,HILF]D+ & ,BUKH>9 S9CE !Y >E P>T ( ! SAME TRADITION4 ,! POPULI/ T]RORI/S >E1 9 MY OP9ION1 NOT & TO DRAW A DIRECT L9E ( CONSPIRATORIAL DESC5T IS TO IGNORE ! %>P DIV]G5CE :I* EXI/$ BETWE5 ! TWO TRADITIONS & WAS RECOGNIZ$ BY BO? SIDES AT ! TIME4 ,DO WE REALLY HAVE TO SEE EV]Y?+ 9 T]MS ( CONSPIRACIES8 ,OR ( ,RUSSIAN NATIONAL *>ACT]I/ICS8 ,:Y WAS AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM SO READILY IMPORT$ TO ,EUROPE IF IT REPRES5T$ P>T ( A ,RUSSIAN CONSPIRATORIAL TRADITION8 ,ISN'T IT MORE FRUITFUL TO LOOK = ! ORIG9S ( ,L59'S AU?ORIT>IANISM 9 ,M>X RA!R ?AN 9 ,*]NY%EVSKY8 

,TO SUM UP2 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT Y\ >E TRY+ TO RE-ASS]T ! /&>D LIB]T>IAN CRITIQUE ( ,L59 7& 9CID5TALLY ALSO ! /&>D RI<T W+ CRITIQUE74 ,Y\ SEEM TO WANT TO PUT ,L59'S AU?ORIT>IANISM D[N TO A COMB9ATION ( HIS DEBT TO ! ,RUSSIAN TRADITION ( REVOLUTION>Y CONSPIRACY & HIS [N DESIRE TO GRAB P[] = HIMSELF & HIS GR\P4 ,Y\ ALSO SEEM TO SEE ,L59'S IDEAS AS BASICALLY UNSUBTLE & CONTRADICTORY4 ,I SEE ,L59 AS A SUBTLE COMPLEX & L>GELY CONSI/5T ,M>XI/ & ,I W\LD TRACE HIS AU?ORIT>IANISM1 HIS BL9K]$ ECONOMIC !ORIES & HIS CONS]VATIVE CONCEPT ( ! IMM$IATE PO/-REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY TO ,M>X4 ,IT IS !RE1 ,I ?9K1 :]E ! BLAME LIES & ,I AM CONV9C$ ?AT UNTIL WE DIT* ,M>XISM & ITS LEGACY ?AN ALL REVOLUTION>IES WILL REMA91 0P>T ( ! PROBLEM NOT P>T ( ! SOLUTION40 

,F9ALLY C\LD ,I JU/ SAY ?AT1 :IL/ ,I DISAGREE ) Y\ ON A NUMB] ( IMPORTANT PO9TS1 MO/ ( :AT ,I HAVE WRITT5 IS NOT MEANT AS AN ATTACK ON Y\R IDEAS SO MU* AS AN ATTEMPT TO CLE> UP MISUND]/&+S AB\T MY [N4 ,I ACTUALLY F\ND Y\R COMM5TS 9T]E/+ & /IMULAT+ EV5 :]E ,I DISAGRE$ ) !M4 

,REG>DS 

,&Y ,BR[N4 

,L591 ,L59ISM ,& ,SOCIALISM -- ,A4,A4 ,RASKOLNIKOV 

,A,W'S COMM5TS ON ,&Y ,BR[N'S PAMPHLET ON ,L59 W]E MO/ 9T]E/+ & ?\<T-PROVOK+4 ,AS ONE ( ! AU?ORS ( ! PO/FACE1 ,I FEEL ! NE$ TO ADD MY [N COMM5TS1 IF ONLY 9 ! HOPE ?AT ?IS DISCUSSION WILL DRIVE A FEW MORE NAILS 9TO ! C(F9 ( ,L59ISM4 

,ALMO/ AT ONCE WE 5C\NT] A PROBLEM ( MEAN+ -- JU/ :AT DO WE MEAN BY ?AT OV] WORK$ WORD LIB]T>IAN8 ,CAN'T WE F9D ANO!R1 MORE EXACT1 WORD TO DESCRIBE1 ! K9D ( SOCIALISM WE WANT8 7,9DE$1 WE MAY WELL HAVE TO F9D ANO!R WORD TO DESCRIBE ! SOCIAL SY/EM WE WANT AS 9 ! M9DS ( MANY PEOPLE ,SOCIALISM MEANS SOME?+ VA/LY DIFF]5T FROM1 & (T5 ! EXACT OPPOSITE (1 ?AT :I* WE 5VISAGE 67 ,MAYBE1 A FIELD ( RESE>* MORE USEFUL ?AN PA/ EV5TS W\LD BE TODAY'S USE ( LANGUAGE1 9 P>TICUL> ITS USE AS A TOOL ( MY/IFICATION & SELF-MY/IFICATION4 ,HAV+ SAID ?IS1 IF WE MEAN BY LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM A SOCIETY :]E BO? ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & LIFE AS A :OLE >E COLLECTIVELY SELF-MANAG$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP !N ,L59 WAS NEV] AN ADVOCATE ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 NOR AT ANY TIME DID HIS IDEAS DEVELOP 9 ?AT DIRECTION4 ,TO DEPICT ,L59 AS A LIB]T>IAN1 EV5 AN UNCONSCI\S ONE1 CAN ONLY HAMP] & NOT S]VE ! PROCESS ( DEMY/IFICATION1 A PROCESS :I* DAILY BECOMES EV] MORE NECESS>Y4 

,L59'S UTT]ANCES W]E1 ,I ?9K1 MADE 9 GOOD FAI?4 ,9DE$1 ! REAL TRAG$Y IS ?AT ,L59 REALLY DID ?9K1 AS TODAY'S ,L59I/S /ILL ?9K1 ?AT HIS AU?ORIT>IAN1 HI]>*ICAL1 C5TRALI/ IDEOLOGY WAS SOCIALISM1 WAS ! SELF- EMANCIPATION ,( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?US :ILE IT IS WRONG TO CALL ,L59ISM A CURR5T 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T :I* 0W5T WRONG01 IT W\LD P]HAPS BE RI<T TO SAY ?AT ,L59ISM WAS1 GIV5 ! SITUATION 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #aiag & ! NATURE ( ,L59I/ IDEOLOGY1 A CURR5T :I* HAD V]Y LITTLE *ANCE ( GO+ RI<T4 ,VICTOR ,S]GE1 :O HAD COME TO ,L59ISM FROM ,AN>*ISM & 5D$ HIS DAYS 9 EXILE AS A MEMB] ( ! ,P,\,M1 MADE A VALID PO9T :5 HE WROTE ?AT ! 0EVILS0 ( ,L59ISM ORIG9AT$ 9 AN ABSOLUTE S5SE ( POSSESSION ( ! TRU? GRAFT$ ON TO A DOCTR9AL RIGIDITY4 ,L59 & TODAY'S ,L59I/S >E NOT ! ONLY ONES POSSESS+1 OR RA!R POSSESS$1 BY ?IS ABSOLUTE S5SE4 ,SU* POSSESSION IS NOT UNKN[N 9 LIB]T>IAN CIRCLES 6 ,JU/ AS !RE IS A T5D5CY AMONG ! B\RGEOISIE TO BECOME A FUNCTION ( ITS PROP]TY1 TO BE 5SLAV$ BY ?AT :I* IT HAS CREAT$1 SO !RE IS A T5D5CY AMONG REVOLUTION>IES TO BECOME A FUNCTION (1 TO BE 5SLAV$ BY1 !IR IDEOLOGY4 

,SU* 0SUCCESSFUL0 REVOLUTIONS AS !RE HAVE BE5 9 ?IS C5TURY HAVE BE5 BAS$ ON ! ,L59I/ MODEL1 A MODEL ONTO :I* LOCAL FEATURES1 RURAL GU]RILLA W> 9 ,*9A = EXAMPLE1 HAVE BE5 GRAFT$4 ,SU* LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTIONS AS !RE HAVE BE51 HAVE BE5 CRU%$ FROM )\T BY SUP]IOR MILIT>Y =CE4 ,ALL !SE REVOLUTIONS HAVE TAK5 PLACE 9 >EAS 7,MEXICO1 ,S\!RN ,UKRA9E1 ,SPA97' :]E ! WORK+ CLASS HAS BE5 A M9ORITY ( ! POPULATION & !IR VALIDITY AS EXAMPLES_/MODELS = C\NTRIES :]E ! WORK+ CLASS IS A MAJORITY IS AT BE/ QUE/IONABLE4 ,!RE IS ALSO ! QUE/ION ( ! CAPTURE & USE ( /ATE-P[]4 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS & ,MAKHNOVI/S IGNOR$ ?IS QUE/ION1 ! ,C,N,T-,F,A,I S5T ITS LEAD]S TO BE M9I/]S 9 A POPUL> FRONT GOV]NM5T4 ,FROM A LIB]T>IAN VIEWPO9T NEI!R SOLUTION IS SATISFACTORY4 ,BUT :AT IS ! LIB]T>IAN SOLUTION8 

,9 C\NTRIES :]E ! WORK+ CLASS IS A M9ORITY1 ITS ECONOMIC & POLITICAL ASPIRATIONS HAVE BE5 EXPRESS$ ?R\< RE=MI/ TRADE UNIONS & POLITICAL P>TIES & LOOK LIKE BE+ SO EXPRESS$ AT LEA/ = ! =ESEEABLE FUTURE4 ,UNLESS WE >E LIKE ! RELIGI\S SECT>IES :O *]I% AS AN >TICLE ( BL9D FAI? ?AT ONE F9E DAY BY SOME MY/]I\S PROCESS ! MILL5NIUM WILL >RIVE1 ! QUE/ION ( :]E ?IS LEAVES US & :AT WE CAN DO AB\T IT 7:I* IS ALSO ! QUE/ION ( :AT IS ! ROLE ( GR\PS LIKE ,SOLID>ITY7 %\LD BE A MATT] ( SOME URG5CY4 ,ALL POLITICAL ACTIVITY IS A COMPROMISE BETWE5 REALITY & UTOPIA & TO ME IT SEEMS ?AT ALL ,WE/]N REVOLUTION>IES1 ,L59I/ & LIB]T>IAN ALIKE1 HAVE ]R$ ON ! SIDE ( UTOPIA AT ! PRICE ( LOSS ( CONTACT ) REALITY4 ,FANTASIES BAS$ ON ,PETROGRAD 9 #aiag OR ,B>CELONA 9 #aicf MAY BE A NECESS>Y SOLACE1 BUT !Y >E /ILL FANTASIES 6 

,! QUE/ION ( :AT SOCIAL =CE ,L59ISM & O!R SOCIALI/ CURR5TS REPRES5TS IS A V]Y IMPORTANT ONE4 ,A,W TRIES TO ANSW] ?IS & 9 SO DO+ GIVES MU* FOOD = ?\<T4 ,UNTIL MU* MORE RESE>* HAS BE5 DONE ON ! SOCIAL MAKE UP ( SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS & ! PROCESS BY :I* !Y BECOME BUREAUCRATIZ$ ,I DON'T ?9K ?IS QUE/ION CAN PROP]LY BE ANSW]$4 ,ALSO1 IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO LOOK AT ! *>ACT] /RUCTURES ( SOCIALI/S1 BO? ?OSE :O REMA9$ LOYAL & ?OSE :O BECAME BUREAUCRATS4 ,A LOOK AT ,REI*'S WORK MI<T PROVE USEFUL H]E4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS LEAVES UNANSW]$ A V]Y IMPORTANT QUE/ION -- IF SOCIALISM DOESN'T REPRES5T ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS CAN ?AT CLASS EV] DEVELOP A SET ( IDEAS :I* DOES8 

,:ILE ,A4,W4'S LETT] ACCURATELY DESCRIBES ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 LEAD]S & L$ 7OR ORD] GIV]S & ORD] TAK]S7 9 ! ,L59I/ P>TY1 A RELATION%IP :I* ALSO EXI/S BETWE5 ! P>TY & ! MASS ( NONP>TY WORK]S1 IT LEAVES ASIDE ! QUE/ION ( :Y ?IS %\LD BE & H[ A REVOLUTION>Y GR\P CAN PREV5T SU* RELATION%IPS DEVELOP+ )9 IT4 ,EV5 9 LIB]T>IAN ORGANIZATIONS ! HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL RELATION%IPS ( CAPITALISM >E REPRODUC$ 6 ,MAYBE1 WE %\LD PROGRESS FROM A NEGATIVE CRITICISM ( ,L59ISM 7MANIFE/$ 9 OBSESSIVE 0TROT- BA%+07 TO A POSITIVE DISCUSSION ( H[ NEW NONHI]>*ICAL1 EGALIT>IAN RELATION%IPS CAN BE BUILT )9 LIB]T>IAN GR\PS4 ,I'M AW>E ?AT ?IS C\LD ALL TOO EASILY DEG5]ATE 9TO ! K9D ( BREA/-BEAT+ GUILT TRIPP+ ONE SEES AMONG MALE SYCOPHANTS ( ! 0,FEM9T]N SEXUAL ,/AL9I/S01 BUT IF IT IS TRUE ?AT A POLITICAL GR\P IS ! TYPE ( SOCIETY IT WANTS 9 MICROCOSM !N ?IS MU/ BE DONE4 

,C]TA9LY1 ANY BODY ( IDEAS :I* HASN'T BECOME FOSSILIZ$ WILL *ANGE ) TIME4 ,LIKEWISE1 BECAUSE HUMANS >5'T P]FECT !RE'LL BE CONTRADICTIONS & MI/AKES4 ,:]E LIB]T>IANS DIFF]1 OR %\LD DIFF]1 IS ?AT 9/EAD ( CLAIM+ TO BE CONSI/5TLY RI<T S9CE #a#h#d#h1 #a#i,O#c OR :5EV] WE'RE WILL+ TO ADMIT WE'RE NOT ALWAYS RI<T1 ?AT \R IDEAS CAN & DO *ANGE4 

,A4,W4'S PO9T ?AT MAYBE ,L59'S MOVE TO HIS 0,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION0 POSITION WAS ! RESULT ( HIS PICK+ UP 0VIBES0 ( ! REBIR? ( ! ,SOVIETS IS A TELL+ ONE4 ,IF ?IS IS TRUE !N IT MAKES ,L59'S LIFE AS A REVOLUTION>Y EV5 MORE TRAGIC BECAUSE IT %[S ?AT :ILE HE WAS S5SITIVE TO :AT WORK]S W]E DO+ = !MSELVES1 :5 !IR SELF-ACTIVITY CONTRADICT$ HIS FIX$ IDEAS HE FELT ?AT IT WAS' ?IS ACTIVITY & NOT HIS IDEAS :I* W]E WRONG4 

,)\T D\BT ,L59'S FOLL[]S HAVE KEPT UP ?IS TRADITION -- IF ! MASSES DON'T DO IT \R WAY1 !Y ?9K1 !N IT %\LDN'T BE DONE4 

,ANO!R QUE/ION NE$+ AN ANSW] IS :Y DO OBVI\SLY 9TELLIG5T FOLK1 & ! ,L59OID SECTS >E FULL ( 'EM1 FALL = SU* CRAP & BELIEVE IT TO BE !1 LA/ WORD 9 REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T8 ,FOLL[+ FROM ?IS ?OSE ( US :O'VE BE5 9 ! ,C4,P1 ,S4,L4,L4 & CO4 MU/ ASK \RSELVES :Y WE ONCE FELL = IT & H[ DID WE COME TO REALIZE ?AT IT WAS CRAP8 

,! PO9T MADE 9 ! F9AL P>AGRAPH NE$S MORE DISCUSSION ?AN !RE IS SPACE = H]E4 ,SO ,I'LL JU/ SAY ?AT ,I ?9K IT UND]L9ES :AT ,I'VE CONCLUD$ ?AT ,M>XISM IS NO LONG] AN ADEQUATE TOOL = SOCIAL ANALYSIS1 ?AT ,M>XISM ISN'T ! SOLUTION BUT A BIG P>T ( ! PROBLEM1 ?AT Y\ CAN'T BE A ,M>XI/ 7OR ANY O!R NAME-I/7 & A REVOLUTION>Y 66 

,! ,AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM & ,BOL%EVISM & ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S & ! ,BOL%EVIKS NE$ TO BE LOOK$ AT MORE CLOSELY ?AN EI!R ,A4,B4 OR ,A4,W4 HAVE DONE4 ,9 T]MS ( PRACTICE1 ! ACTIVITIES ( ,BAKUN91 OR ! ,F,A,I OR EV5 ( ! ,FRE$OM ,PRESS GR\P HAVE BE5 JU/ AS CONSPIRATORIAL & ELITI/ AS ?AT ( ! ,L59I/S4 ,ALSO1 IT IS A REFLECTION ( ,AN>*ISM'S FAILURE ?AT :5 ,AN>*I/S MOVE T[>DS 0ORGANIZATION0 ! ORGANIZATIONAL IDEAL IS ALWAYS ,L59I/4 ,! ,O,R,A_/,A,W,A_/,L,C,G IS A PRIME EXAMPLE4 ,IT NE$S TO BE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT A =MAL COMMITM5T TO LIB]T>IANISM IS NO GU>ANTEE AGA9/ BUREAUCRATIZATION4 ,AN EXAM9ATION ( BUREAUCRATIZATION )9 BO? ,M>XI/ & ,L59I/ GR\PS NE$S TO BE UND]TAK54 ,MAYBE !RE IS A 0NATURAL LAW0 ?AT :ATEV] !IR IDEOLOGY REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS TAKE ON ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! SOCIETY 9 :I* !Y EXI/4 ,IF !RE IS :AT CAN WE DO AB\T IT8 

,! >GUM5T AS TO :AT ! ,U,S,S,R IS OR ISN'T IS ONE ?AT'LL GO ON = EV]4 ,SURELY1 ! PO9T IS ?AT IT ISN'T SOCIALI/ NOR IS IT 9 ANYWAY BETT] ?AN ,WE/]N CAPITALISM4 ,MAYBE ! :OLE >GUM5T IS N[T MORE ?AN AN ADMISSION ( FAILURE & DEFEAT4 ,MAYBE :AT WE %\LD BE DO+ IS NOT DISCUSS+ :AT W5T WRONG 9 ! PA/1 BUT :AT WE CAN DO TODAY TO 5SURE IT GOES RI<T 9 ! FUTURE4 ,AS A />T WE C\LD AGREE ?AT WE NE$ NOT TO HAGGLE AB\T 9T]PRETATIONS ( PA/ PHILOSOPH]S 7,M>X1 ,BAKUN9 ET AL7 BUT TO CONTRIBUTE TO TOMORR['S PHILOSOPHY ( LIB]ATION :I* 9 ITS REALIZATION WILL R5D] R$UNDANT BO? ! !ORY & PRACTICE ( ORD] GIV+ & ORD] TAK+4 

,I'M GLAD ,A4,W4 F\ND ! PO/FACE 9T]E/+4 ,IT WASN'T ! AU?ORS' 9T5TION TO ATTACK ,L59 = AB&ON+ ,M>X'S PHILOSOPHICAL MAT]IALISM 9 FAVOR ( SOME ME*ANICAL V>IETY4 ,! PHILOSOPHICAL DIM5SION ( ! PO/FACE >OSE \T ( A DISCUSSION BY ! AU?ORS ( PHILOSOPHY 9 G5]AL & ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK'S BOOK 0,L59 AS ,PHILOSOPH]04 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT DESPITE HIS SPLIT ) ,L59 ,PANNEKOEK REMA9$ A ,M>XI/1 BUT P]HAPS BECAUSE ( HIS TRA9+ AS AN A/RONOM] HE RETA9$ HIS CRITICAL FACULTIES & WAS ?US ABLE TO *ALL5GE MANY ( ! %IBBOLE?S ( 0OR?ODOX0 ,M>XISM4 ,! FACT ?AT TODAY HE IS LIONIZ$ BY C]TA9 C\NCIL COMMUNI/S :OSE COMMUNISM IS AS /]ILE & LOCK$ 9 AN IDEALIZ$ PA/ ( DEFEATS & FAILURES AS ! #ef O!R TYPES1 DOESN'T MEAN ?AT HIS CRITIQUE ( ,L59'S PHILOSOPHY IS ( NO USE TO ?OSE 5GAG$ ON ! WORK ( TOTAL DEMY/IFICATION4 ,MAYBE H]E WE %\LD1 ASK :Y IT IS ?AT REVOLUTION>IES1 EV5 ?OSE :O PRIDE !MSELVES ON !IR ICONOCLASM1 FEEL A NE$ = H]OES1 = PROPHETS1 = IDEOLOGICAL M5TORS8 ,CAN'T WE ?9K = \RSELVES8 ,! DESIRE ( :I* ,A4,W4 WRITES = ! 0LOCALIZATION ( KN[L$GE0 ! PROP]TY ( A M9ORITY :OSE CAPITAL IS $UCATION TO WRITE F9IS1 TO HAVE A TOTAL SY/EM ( IDEAS :I* WILL BE GOOD = ALL SITUATIONS & ALL TIMES IS A SYMPTOM ( ! SAME AILM5T4 ,C\LD IT BE ?AT WE NE$ AN ALL-EMBRAC+ SY/EM ( IDEAS BECAUSE WE >E AFRAID ( TAK+ RESPONSIBILITY = \R ?\<TS & ACTIONS8 ,IS IT EASI] TO QUOTE ,M>X OR ,L59 TO PROVE Y\'RE RI<T ?AN TO ADMIT Y\'RE WRONG 6 

,A4,W4 ASKS IS ! WORK+ CLASS ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS4 ,C]TA9LY1 ?OSE :O CALL !MSELVES REVOLUTION>IES >E A T9Y M9ORITY :I* IS OV]:ELM+LY Y\NG1 MALE1 :ITE-COLL> & COLLEGE $UCAT$4 ,I'D GO F>!R ?AN ,A4,W4 & SAY ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS DOESN'T HAVE ANY MORAL QUALITIES DI/9CT FROM ?OSE ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,GIV5 A *ANCE1 MANY1 IF NOT MO/1 WORK]S WILL BE JU/ AS CORRUPT & HYPOCRITICAL AS !IR B\RGEOIS C\NT]P>TS -- JU/ LOOK AT ! UNION LEAD]S :O'VE RIS5 UP FROM ! FACTORY FLOOR 6 ,! DI/ANCE TAK5 BY MO/ WORK]S FROM POLITICS /EMS NOT FROM A DESIRE TO PRES]VE MORAL 9TEGRITY1 BUT FROM ACCEPTANCE ( ! IDEA ?AT POLITICS IS SOME?+ DONE NOT BY WORK]S BUT BY POLITICIANS4 ,! WORK]S' ABILITY UNTIL V]Y REC5TLY TO IMPROVE WAGES BY 0PURE & SIMPLE0 TRADE UNIONISM HAS RE9=C$ ?IS IDEA4 ,F> FROM /RA9+ AT ! LEA% ( RI<T-W+ LEAD]%IP WAIT+ ONLY = ! CORRECT LEFT LEAD]%IP 7OR AUTONOM\S WORK]S' GR\P7 TO RELEASE !IR NATURAL REVOLUTION>Y 9/9CTS MO/ WORK]S >E CONS]VATIVE1 ACCEPT+ ! /ATUS QUO OR1 :5 UPSET ) IT1 CONV9C$ !RE IS FUCK ALL !Y CAN DO AB\T IT4 ,= :Y ?IS IS SO SEE 0,! ,IRRATIONAL 9 ,POLITICS0 -- ,SOLID>ITY'S BE/ EV] PAMPHLET 6 ,= MANY WORK]S ,SOCIALI/S >E ! ,LABOR C\NCILS :O'VE WRECK$ !IR COMMUNITIES1 OR ! ,LABOR GOV]NM5TS !Y'VE VOT$ 9 VA9 =1 OR SOCIAL WORK]_/TEA*] TYPES :O PATRONIZE & CO]CE !M & :O >E DISMISS$ AS MIDDLE CLASS 0WANK]S04 ,I'M NOT SAY+ ! WORK+ CLASS IS BEYOND HOPE4 ,I AM SAY+ ?AT IT IS FOOLI% TO IDEALIZE IT AS BO? ,L59I/S & LIB]T>IANS HAVE DONE4 ,! WORK+ CLASS DOES HAVE ! POT5TIAL TO *ANGE SOCIETY 9 A REVOLUTION>Y WAY1 BUT IT IS /ILL F> AWAY FROM REALIZ+ ?AT POT5TIAL4 ,?AT IS ! REALITY FROM :I* WE MU/ />T4 

,I AGREE ,L59 [ES AS MU* TO ,RUSSIA'S CONSPIRATORIAL TRADITION AS HE DOES TO ,M>X OR ,KAUTSKY4 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ,L59I/S HAVE TRI$ TO APPLY ?IS TRADITION :OLESALE TO C\NTRIES :]E POLITICAL LIFE HAS TAK5 A DIFF]5T C\RSE4 ,! RESULT IS ! POLITICAL ABSURDITIES ( ! SECTS4 ,BRITA9 HAS A DIFF]5T POLITICAL TRADITION TO ,RUSSIA1 A TRADITION :I* = ALL ITS %ORTCOM+S WE CAN IGNORE ONLY AT ! CO/ ( A RETREAT FROM REALITY 9TO A WORLD ( DREAMS FUEL$ BY WI%FUL ?9K+4 

,GREAT CONTRIBUTIONS HAVE BE5 MADE TO ! DEMY/IFICATION ( ,L59ISM4 ,MU* REMA9S TO BE DONE BE=E ! TASK IS COMPLET$4 ,MEAN:ILE WE CAN TRY TO SEE TO IT ?AT 9 FI<T+ ONE =M ( MY/IFICATION WE DON'T REPLACE IT ) ANO!R1 BUT CONTRIBUTE T[>DS ! CREATION ( A POLITICAL_/9TELLECTUAL CLIMATE :I* 9 TURN WILL CONTRIBUTE T[>DS ! LIB]ATION ( HUMANITY FROM ALL =MS ( BONDAGE4 

,A4,A4 ,RASKOLNIKOV4 

.<#a.> ,EV5 TODAY ANY TRAVEL] 9 ,RUSSIA :O LEAVES ! CITIES WILL SEE ?AT ! MA9 MEANS ( AGRICULTURAL TRANSPORT 9 ! HORSE & C>T4 

.<#b.> ,T4 ,CLIFF1 ,L59 7,LONDON1 #a#i#g#h71 ,VOL4 #c1 P4 #a#a#a4 

.<#c.> ,A /RANGE WORD 9DE$1 = ,M>XI/S TO USE4 

.<#d.> ,I4 ,DEUTS*] $4 ,! ,AGE ( ,P]MAN5T ,REVOLUTION2 ,A ,TROTSKY ,AN?OLOGY 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#d71 P4 #b#g#h4 

.<#e.> ,P4 ,AVRI*1 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S1 7,PR9CETON1 #a#i#f#g7 ,P4#i#c4 

.<#f.> ,SEE1 = 9/ANCE1 ! REACTION ( ! ,BRITI% AN>*I/S AS DETAIL$ BY ,J4 ,QUAIL1 ,! ,SL[ ,BURN+ ,FUZE 7,LONDON1 #a#i#g#h71 P4 #b#i#i4 

.<#g.> ,! NAME ,S]GV5 IS PROBABLY A PSEUDONYM = ,MAKSIMOV4 

.<#h.> ,P4 ,AVRI*1 ,! ,AN>*I/S 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 7,LONDON1 #a#i#g#c7 P4#a#b#c4 

.<#i.> ,IBID4 P4 #a#b#d4 

.<#a.> ,V4,I4 ,L591 ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS 9 #de ,VOLUMES 7,MOSC[1 #a#i#f-#a#i#g71 7,AN ,5GLI% TRANSLATION ( ! F\R? ,RUSSIAN $ITION ( ! ,SO*95IYA7 ,VOL4 #bg P4 #e#a#g4 ,H]EAFT] ?IS $ITION WILL BE REF]R$ TO AS ,C4,W4 

.<#a#a.> ,?IS IS NOT TO D5Y ! SIGNIFICANCE ( A /UDY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P]SONALITY & ITS SIGNIFICANCE = AN ANALYSIS ( ! TRADITIONAL LEFT'S AU?ORIT>IANISM4 

.<#a#b.> ,SEE ,KRUPSKAYA'S MEMOIRS = ! SORDID DETAILS3 ,N4 ,KRUPSKAYA1 ,MEMORIES ( ,L591 7,LONDON1 #a#i#g74 

.<#a#c.> ,= ?OSE 9T]E/$ 9 ,L59'S IDEAS G5]ALLY BY F> & AWAY ! BE/ ACADEMIC BOOK IS ,N1 ,H>D+1 ,L59'S ,POLITICAL ,?\<T 7,LONDON1 #a#i#g#g74 

.<#a#d.> ,= ?OSE MORE 9T]E/$ 9 ! PRACTICE ( ! E>LY ,BOL%EVIKS 9 P[] !RE IS NO BETT] BOOK ?AN ! EXCELL5T ,M4 ,BR9TON1 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL7,LONDON1 #a#i#g7 

.<#a#e.> ,A4 ,ULAM1 ,L59 & ! ,BOL%EVIKS 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#i71 P4 #d#f#b4 

.<#a#f.> ,R4 ,PAYNE1 ,L59 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#d71 P4#c#e#c4 

.<#a#g.> ,P4 ,AVRI*1 OP4 ,CIT4 ,P4 #a#b4 

.<#a#h.> ,M4 ,SUKHANOV1 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aiag 7,OX=D1 #a#i#e#e71 P4#b#h#g4 

.<#a#i.> ,C4,W41 ,VOL4 #be P4 #d#b#b4 

.<#b.> ,IBID4 P4 #c#i#g4 

.<#b#a.> ,IBID4 P4#d#b4 

.<#b#b.> ,IBID4 P4 #d#e#h4 

.<#b#c.> ,IBID4 P4 #d#h#h4 

.<#b#d.> ,IBID4 P4 #d#a#i4 

.<#b#e.> ,IBID4 P4 #d#b#a4 

.<#b#f.> ,J4 ,KEEP 9 ,R$DAWAY & ,%APIRO 7$S471 ,L593 ! ,MAN1 ! ,!ORI/1 ! ,LEAD]1 P4 #a#c#f4 

.<#b#g.> ,IBID4 P4 #d#b#a4 

.<#b#h.> ,L59'S ACTIONS :5 9 P[] HAVE ALSO PLAY$ NO SMALL P>T 9 L5D+ CR$5CE TO ?IS 9T]PRETATION4 

.<#b#i.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #e1 P4 #c#g#e4 

.<#c.> ,IBID4 P4 #d#b#b4 

.<#c#a.> ,IBID4 ,P4 #dL#f4 ,READ]S MAY BE =GIV5 = F9D+ !MSELVES CONFUS$ BY ! V>IETY ( DIFF]5T TYPES ( CONSCI\SNESS DESCRIB$ H]E4 ,BASICALLY ,L59 OP]AT$ ) A MODEL ( ?REE *>ACT]I/IC TYPES ( CONSCI\SNESS4 ,TRADE UNION CONSCI\SNESS 7MORE OR LESS AN AW>5ESS ( ! NE$ TO FI<T ONE'S [N EMPLOY]7 WAS ! FIR/ /AGE ON ! R\TE FOLL[$ BY POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS 7AN AW>5ESS ( ! NE$ TO FI<T ALONGSIDE O!R CLASSES AGA9/ ! /ATE7 & F9ALLY ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL CONSCI\SNESS 7PUT SIMPLY1 AN AGREEM5T ) & UND]/&+ ( ! ,BOL%EVIK PROGRAM74 ,= ?OSE 9T]E/$ 9 A FULL ACADEMIC ACC\NT ( ,L59'S !ORY ( CONSCI\SNESS & ITS SIGNIFICANCE 9 ,L59'S ?\<T SEE ,N4 ,H>D+ OP4 CIT4 

.<#c#b.> ,IBID4 P4 #e4 

.<#c#c.> ,IBID4 P4 #d#e#b4 

.<#c#d.> ,IBID4 P4 #dL#f4 

.<#c#e.> ,IBID4 P4 #d#f#d4 

.<#c#f.> ,IBID4 #d#e#i4 

.<#c#g.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #g1 ,P4 #c#f#g4 

.<#c#h.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #e1 P4 #d#f#a4 

.<#c#i.> ,IBID4 P4 #d#g#h4 

.<#d.> ,T4 ,CLIFF1 ,L59 7,LONDON1 #a#i#g#e71 ,VOL4 #a1 P4 #b#d#b4 

.<#d#a.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #a1 P4 #e#b4 

.<#d#b.> ,IBID4 P4 #c#g4 

.<#d#c.> ,SEE = 9/ANCE ,IBID4 P4 #c4 

.<#d#d.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #a#e1 P4 #a#c4 

.<#d#e.> ,IBID4 P4 #a#b4 

.<#d#f.> ,IBID4 P4 #a#a4 

.<#d#g.> ,IBID4 P4 #a#h4 

.<#d#h.> ,IBID4 P4 #a#g4 

.<#d#i.> ,?IS IS NOT TO SUGGE/ ?AT !RE MAY NOT BE EVID5CE = SU* AN ACCUSATION ELSE:]E 9 ,L59'S WRIT+S4 ,MU* ( :AT HE WROTE AFT] #aiag PROVIDES /RONG EVID5CE = SU* A *>GE4 

.<#e.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 L#f1 P4 #c#b4 

.<#e#a.> ,?\< NOT NECESS>ILY ANY BETT] AS IT SEEMS A HI<LY ME*ANICAL EXPLANATION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( CONSCI\SNESS4 

.<#e#b.> ,IBID4 P4 #ca 

.<#e#c.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #b#e1 P4 #d#d4 

.<#e#d.> ,& 9DE$ DANG]\SLY P[]FUL4 

.<#e#e.> ,CLIFF1 OP4 CIT4 P4 #h#b4 

.<#e#f.> ,IBID4 

.<#e#g.> ,IBID4 P4 #d#f#c4 

.<#e#h.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #b#c1 ,P4 #c#d4 

.<#e#i.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #b#f1 P4 #a#c4 

.<#f.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #b#e1 P4 #d#g#c4 

.<#f#a.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #c#c1 ,P4 #g#h4 

.<#f#b.> ,M4 ,FLOR9SKY1 ,! ,5D ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#a71 P4 #b#h4 

.<#f#c.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #b#e1 P4 #c#g#c4 

.<#f#d.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #b#f1 P4 #a#a#c4 

.<#f#e.> & ( C\RSE ! NOTION ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS IS NOTORI\SLY OP5 TO 9T]PRETATIONS ( ! '?OSE :O AGREE ) ME >E CLASS CONSCI\S' V>IETY4 

.<#f#f.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #b#f1 P4 #a#a#c4 

.<#f#g.> ,I HAVE 9 FACT US$ ,L59'S [N EMPHASIS ?R\<\T4 

.<#f#h.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #b#e1 P4 #d#b#e4 

.<#f#i.> ,IBID4 

.<#g.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #b#f1 P4 #a#e4 

.<#g#a.> ,TE*NICIANS >E ( C\RSE USEFUL AS = ! O!R TWO444 

.<#g#b.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #b#e1 P4#c#d#a4 

.<#g#c.> ,IBID4 P4#d#b#f4 

.<#g#d.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #b#g1 P4 #b#g#a4 

.<#g#e.> ,IBID4 P4 #b#d#h4 

.<#g#f.> ,?\< HIS COMMITM5T TO ?IS IDEAL DID MOVE FUR!R 9TO ! BACKGR\ND AS HE GOT OLD] ) ! EXCEPTION1 P]HAPS1 ( ! LA/ YE> ( HIS LIFE4 

.<#g#g.> ,IBID4 P4 #a#c#e4 

.<#g#h.> ,IBID4 P4 #a#c#c4 

.<#g#i.> ,IBID4 P4 #a#i#e4 

.<#h.> ,IBID4 P4 #a#f4 

.<#h#a.> ,IBID4 P4 #b#a#b4 

.<#h#b.> ,IBID4 P4 #b#f#h4 

.<#h#c.> ,IBID4 P4 #b#g4 

.<#h#d.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #b#d1 P4 #dii 

.<#h#e.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #b#f1 P4 #a#c4 

.<#h#f.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #b#e1 P4 #c#g4 

.<#h#g.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #b#a1 P4 #d#d4 

.<#h#h.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #b#e1 P4 #c#f4 

.<#h#i.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #b#f1 P4 #i4 

.<#i.> ,I AM NOT SUGGE/+ H]E ?AT ,L59 DID NOT WANT HIS P>TY TO TAKE P[] :AT ,I AM SUGGE/+ IS ?AT HE SAW MORE ?AN ONE WAY ( IT DO+ SO4 

.<#i#a.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #b#d1 P4 #b#c4 

.<#i#b.> ,IBID4 P4 #d#h4 

.<#i#c.> ,IBID4 P4 #b#c#f4 

.<#i#d.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #b#e1 P4 #a#h#e4 

.<#i#e.> ,IBID4 P4 #a#h#c-#d4 

.<#i#f.> ,P>TICUL>LY AS AN EXCELL5T ACC\NT ALREADY EXI/S SEE2 ,A4 ,RAB9[IT*1 ,PRELUDE TO ,REVOLUTION1 7#a#i#f#h1 ,9DIANA74 

.<#i#g.> ,A4 ,K]5SKY1 ,! ,PRELUDE TO ,BOL%EVISM1 7#a#i#a#i7 P4 #b#b#e4 

.<#i#h.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #b#e1 P4 L#h#i4 

.<#i#i.> ,IBID4 

.<#a.> ,IBID4 P4 #a#g#h4 

.<#a#a.> ,) SOME JU/IFICATION4 ,SEE ! DECID$LY WEAK EXPLANATIONS ?AT ,K]5SKY (F]S = HIS ACTIONS 9 HIS BOOK ON ! SUBJECT2 OP4 ,CIT4 

.<#a#b.> ,A4 ,K]5SKY1 ,RUSSIA & ,HI/ORY'S ,TURN+ ,PO9T1 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#e71 P4 #c#e#f4 

.<#a#c.> ,C4,W4 ,VOL4 #b#e1 P4 #c#g4 

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.<#a#c.> ,SEE ,D4 ,LAMB1 ,MUT9IES3 #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b AVAILABLE FROM ,SOLID>ITY4 

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.<#a#e#g.> ,A /ATE :I* 9 !ORY AT LEA/ BEG9S TO WI!R AWAY IMM$IATELY TO MAKE WAY = FULL COMMUNISM4 

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