,A ,DISCUSSION ON 0,LI/51 ,M>XI/60 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 

,TEXT 3 

,ROB]T ,B4 ,C>SON1 9 AN >TICLE PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,APRIL #aig ISSUE ( ,MON?LY ,REVIEW1 WRITES ?AT ! 0MAJOR ?RU/0 ( ',LI/51 ,M>XI/6' IS TO 0DE/ROY A CLASS-BAS$ ANALYSIS ( SOCIETY & REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY40 ,?IS CRITICISM HAS BE5 MADE BY MANY ,M>XI/S :O READ ! >TICLE4.<#a.> 

,C>SON'S ACCUSATION IS QUITE ABSURD4 ,I S]I\SLY D\BT IF HE DID MORE ?AN SKIM ! >TICLE4 ,C>SON GOES ON TO SAY ?AT MY APPROA* IS 0AHI/ORICAL0 & ?AT ,I TRY TO PROMOTE A 0CRUDE K9D ( 9DIVIDUALI/IC AN>*ISM0--?IS DESPITE ! FACT ?AT A L>GE PORTION ( ! >TICLE ATTEMPTS TO DRAW IMPORTANT HI/ORICAL LESSONS FROM E>LI] REVOLUTIONS & DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! >TICLE IS UNEQUIVOCALLY COMMITT$ TO AN>*O-COMMUNISM4 

,! MO/ 9T]E/+ ?+ AB\T ,C>SON'S CRITICISM IS :AT IT REVEALS AB\T ! !ORETICAL LEVEL ( MANY ,M>XI/S4 ,APP>5TLY ,C>SON REG>DS A FUTURI/IC APPROA* AS 0AHI/ORICAL40 ,HE ALSO SEEMS TO REG>D MY BELIEF ?AT FRE$OM EXI/S ONLY :5 EA* 9DIVIDUAL CONTROLS HIS DAILY LIFE AS 0A CRUDE K9D ( 9DIVIDUALI/IC AN>*ISM40 ,H]E WE GET TO ! NUB ( ! PROBLEM4 ,FUTURISM & 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM >E 9DE$ ! 0MA9 ?RU/0 ( ! PAMPHLET4 ,C>SON'S REPLY CONFIRMS PRECISELY :AT ! PAMPHLET SET \T TO PROVE AB\T ,M>XISM TODAY1 NAMELY ?AT ,M>XISM 7,I DO NOT SPEAK ( ,M>X H]E7 IS NOT FUTURI/IC & ?AT ITS P]SPECTIVES >E ORI5T$ NOT T[>D CONCRETE1 EXI/5TIAL FRE$OM1 BUT T[>D AN AB/RACT FRE$OM--FRE$OM = 0,SOCIETY10 = ! 0,PROLET>IAT10 = CATEGORIES RA!R ?AN = PEOPLE4 ,C>SON'S FIR/ *>GE1 ,I MI<T EMPHASIZE1 %\LD BE LEVEL$ NOT ONLY AT ME BUT AT ,M>X--AT HIS FUTURISM 9 ! ,EI<TE5? ,BRUMAIRE ( ,L\IS ,NAPOLEON4 

,AS TO ! *>GE ?AT ,I AM OPPOS$ TO A 0CLASS-BAS$ ANALYSIS ( SOCIETY & REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY10 NE$ ,I SAY ?AT A 0CLASS ANALYSIS0 P]MEATES ! PAMPHLET8 ,IS IT CONCEIVABLE ?AT ,I C\LD HAVE T]MS LIKE 0CAPITALI/0 & 0B\RGEOIS0 )\T WORK+ ) A 0CLASS-BAS$ ANALYSIS08 ,ORIG9ALLY ,I ?\<T !RE C\LD HAVE BE5 NO D\BT AB\T ! MATT]4 ,I HAVE S9CE *ANG$ ! EXPRESSION 0CLASS ANALYSIS0 9 ! TEXT TO 0CLASS L9E10 & P]HAPS ,I HAD BETT] EXPLA9 ! DIFF]5CE ?IS *ANGE IS MEANT TO CONVEY4 

,:AT ,C>SON IS REALLY SAY+ IS ?AT ,I DO NOT HAVE A ,M>XI/ 0CLASS ANALYSIS0--A 0CLASS ANALYSIS0 9 :I* ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT IS DRIV5 TO REVOLUTION BY DE/ITUTION & IMMIS]ATION4 ,C>SON APP>5TLY ASSUMES ?AT ,M>X'S TRADITIONAL 0CLASS L9E0 EXHAU/S ALL !RE IS TO SAY AB\T ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,& 9 ?IS RESPECT1 HE ASSUMES F> TOO MU*4 ,ONE NE$ ONLY TURN TO ,BAKUN91 = EXAMPLE1 TO F9D A CLASS ANALYSIS ?AT WAS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ,M>X'S--& MORE RELEVANT TODAY4 ,BAKUN9 BELIEV$ ?AT ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT BY NO MEANS CON/ITUTES ! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y CLASS 9 SOCIETY4 ,HE NEV] RECEIV$ ! CR$IT DUE HIM = PR$ICT+ ! EMB\RGEOISEM5T ( ! 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASS ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ 9DU/RY4 ,9 ,BAKUN9'S VIEW1 ! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y CLASS WAS NOT ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT--0A CLASS ALWAYS 9CREAS+ 9 NUMB]S1 & DISCIPL9$1 UNIT$1 ORGANIZ$ BY ! V]Y ME*ANISMS ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ITSELF0 7,M>X7--BUT ! UPROOT$ PEASANTRY & URBAN DECLASSES1 ! RURAL & URBAN LUMP5 ELEM5TS ,M>X SO HE>TILY DESPIS$4 ,WE NE$ GO NO FUR!R ?AN ! URBAN C5T]S ( ,AM]ICA--NOT TO SPEAK ( ! RICE PADDIES ( ,ASIA--TO F9D H[ ACCURATE ,BAKUN9 WAS BY COMP>ISON ) ,M>X4 

,AS IT TURN$ \T1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALI/ 9DU/RY NOT ONLY 0DISCIPL9$10 0UNIT$0 & 0ORGANIZ$0 ! WORK+ CLASS BUT1 BY !SE V]Y MEASURES1 D5ATUR$ ! PROLET>IAT = G5]ATIONS4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! TRANSITIONAL & LUMP5IZ$ CLASSES ( SOCIETY TODAY 7SU* AS BLACKS1 DROP\T Y\?1 PEOPLE LIKE /UD5TS1 9TELLECTUALS & >TI/S :O >E NOT ROOT$ 9 ! FACTORY SY/EM1 & Y\NG WORK]S :OSE ALLEGIANCE TO ! WORK E?IC HAS BE5 %AK5 BY CULTURAL FACTORS7 >E ! MO/ RADICAL ELEM5TS 9 ! WORLD TODAY4 

,A 0CLASS ANALYSIS0 DOES NOT NECESS>ILY BEG9 & 5D ) ,M>X'S N9ETE5?-C5TURY V]SION1 A V]SION ,I REG>D AS GROSSLY 9ACCURATE4 ,! CLASS /RUGGLE1 MOREOV]1 DOES NOT BEG9 & 5D AT ! PO9T ( PRODUCTION4 ,IT MAY EM]GE FROM ! POV]TY ( ! UNEMPLOY$ & UNEMPLOYABLES1 MANY ( :OM HAVE NEV] DONE A DAY'S WORK 9 9DU/RY2 IT MAY EM]GE FROM A NEW S5SE ( POSSIBILITY ?AT SL[LY P]VADES SOCIETY--! T5SION BETWE5 0:AT IS0 & 0:AT C\LD BE0--:I* P]COLATES ?R\< VIRTUALLY ALL TRADITIONAL CLASSES2 IT MAY EM]GE FROM ! CULTURAL & PHYSICAL DECOMPOSITION ( ! TRADITIONAL CLASS /RUCTURE ON :I* ! SOCIAL /ABILITY ( CAPITALISM WAS BAS$4 ,F9ALLY1 EV]Y CLASS /RUGGLE IS NOT NECESS>ILY REVOLUTION>Y4 ,! CLASS /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ORIG9AL ,ROMAN PROLET>IUS & PATRICIUS WAS DECID$LY REACTION>Y & EV5TUALLY 5D$1 AS ,M>X OBS]V$ 9 ! OP5+ L9ES ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 09 ! COMMON RU9 ( ! CONT5D+ CLASSES40.<#b.> 

,TODAY1 NOT ONLY POV]TY BUT ALSO A RELATIVE DEGREE ( AFFLU5CE IS CAUS+ REVOLUTION>Y UNRE/--A FACTOR ,M>X NEV] ANTICIPAT$4 ,CAPITALISM1 HAV+ />T$ \T BY PROLET>IANIZ+ ! URBAN DECLASSES1 IS N[ 5D+ ITS LIFE-CYCLE BY CREAT+ NEW URBAN DECLASSES1 9CLUD+ 0%IFTLESS0 Y\NG 9DU/RIAL WORK]S :O NO LONG] TAKE ! JOBS1 ! FACTORY DISCIPL9E OR ! WORK E?IC S]I\SLY4 ,?IS /RATUM ( DECLASSES RE/S ON A NEW ECONOMIC BASE--A PO/-SC>CITY TE*NOLOGY1 AUTOMATION1 A RELATIVE DEGREE ( MAT]IAL ABUNDANCE--& IT PREFIGURES CULTURALLY ! CLASSLESS SOCIETY ! ,M>XI/S SO DEV\TLY 5VISION AS HUMANITY'S FUTURE4 ,ONE W\LD HAVE ?\<T ?AT ?IS REM>KABLE DIALECTIC1 ?IS 0NEGATION ( ! NEGATION10 W\LD HAVE /IRR$ A FLICK] ( UND]/&+ 9 ! HEAVY ?9K]S ( ! ,M>XI/ MOVEM5T4 

,IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE ( A REVOLUTION 9 ANY 9DU/RIALLY ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRY )\T ! SUPPORT ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 

,( C\RSE4 ,& 0,LI/51 ,M>XI/60 MAKES NO CLAIM ?AT A SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS POSSIBLE )\T ! P>TICIPATION ( ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,! >TICLE1 9 FACT1 TRIES TO %[ H[ ! PROLET>IAT CAN BE WON TO ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T BY /RESS+ ISSUES ?AT CONC]N ! QUALITY ( LIFE & WORK4 ,I AGREE1 ( C\RSE1 ) ! LIB]T>IAN ,M>XI/S & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 :O RAISE ! SLOGAN 0WORK]S' MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION40 ,I WOND]1 H[EV]1 IF ?IS SLOGAN GOES F> 5\< N[4 ,MY SUSPICION IS ?AT ! WORK]S1 :5 !Y GET 9TO REVOLUTION>Y MOTION1 WILL DEM& EV5 MORE ?AN CONTROL ( ! FACTORIES4 ,I ?9K !Y WILL DEM& ! ELIM9ATION ( TOIL1 OR1 :AT AM\NTS TO ! SAME ?+1 FRE$OM FROM WORK4 ,C]TA9LY A DROP\T \TLOOK IS GR[+ AMONG KIDS FROM WORK+-CLASS FAMILIES--HI< S*OOL KIDS :O >E BE+ 9FLU5C$ BY ! Y\? CULTURE4 

,AL?\< MANY O!R FACTORS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO ! SITUATION1 IT REMA9S TRUE ?AT ! WORK]S WILL DEVELOP REVOLUTION>Y VIEWS TO ! DEGREE ?AT !Y %$ !IR TRADITIONAL WORK+-CLASS TRAITS4 ,Y\NG WORK]S1 ,I ?9K1 WILL 9CREAS+LY DEM& LEISURE & ! ABOLITION ( ALI5AT$ LABOR4 ,! Y\NG ,M>X1 ,I MI<T ADD1 WAS NOT 9DIFF]5T TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( UNCONV5TIONAL VALUES 9 ! PROLET>IAT4 ,9 ,! ,HOLY ,FAMILY1 HE CITES ) OBVI\S FAVOR A ,P>ISIAN WORK+-CLASS GIRL 9 ,EUG5E ,SUE'S ,! ,W&]+ ,JEW :O GIVES ( H] LOVE & LOYALTY SPONTANE\SLY1 DISDA9+ M>RIAGE & B\RGEOIS CONV5TIONS4 ,HE NOTES1 0%E CON/ITUTES A REALLY HUMAN CONTRA/ TO ! HYPOCRITICAL1 N>R[-HE>T$1 SELF-SEEK+ WIFE ( ! B\RGEOIS1 TO ! :OLE CIRCLE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ?AT IS1 TO ! (FICIAL CIRCLE40.<#c.> ,! WORK+ CLASS1 9 ! Y\NG ,M>X'S VIEW1 IS ! NEGATION ( CAPITALISM NOT ONLY 9 ?AT IT SUFF]S TOTAL ALI5ATION1 ABASEM5T & DEHUMANIZATION1 BUT ALSO 9 ?AT IT AFFIRMS LIFE =CES & HUMAN VALUES4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 OBS]VATIONS ( ?IS K9D T5D TO FADE AWAY AS ,M>X'S SOCIALISM BECOMES 9CREAS+LY 0OBJECTIVI/0 & 0SCI5TIFIC0 7! ADMIR]S ( ,M>X'S FAM\S--BUT UNTRANSLAT$ & LITTLE-READ--,GRUNDRISSE NOT)/&+74 ,! LAT] ,M>X BEG9S TO PRIZE ! B\RGEOIS TRAITS ( ! WORK]--! WORK]'S 0DISCIPL9E10 0PRACTICALITY10 & 0REALISM0--AS ! *>ACT]I/ICS NECESS>Y = A REVOLUTION>Y CLASS4 

,! APPROA* :I* ,M>X FOLL[$ 9 ,! ,HOLY ,FAMILY WAS1 ,I ?9K1 ! CORRECT ONE4 ,TRAPP$ BY ! NOTION ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS1 QUA CLASS1 IMPLI$ ! LIQUIDATION ( CLASS SOCIETY1 ,M>X FAIL$ TO SEE ?AT ?IS CLASS WAS ! ALT] EGO ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,ONLY A NEW CULTURAL MOVEM5T C\LD REWORK ! \TLOOK ( ! PROLET>IAT--& DEPROLET>IANIZE IT4 ,IRONICALLY1 ! ,P>ISIAN WORK+-CLASS GIRLS ( ,M>X'S Y\? W]E NOT 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 BUT RA!R PEOPLE ( TRANSITIONAL CLASSES :O /RADDL$ SMALL- & L>GE-SCALE PRODUCTION4 ,!Y W]E L>GELY LUMP5IZ$ ELEM5TS1 LIKE ! SANS-CULOTTES ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 

,IF ! ANALYSIS 9 0,LI/51 ,M>XI/60 IS 0CLASS-BAS$10 :AT IS ! NATURE ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE8 

,! CLASS /RUGGLE DOES NOT C5T] >\ND MAT]IAL EXPLOITATION ALONE BUT ALSO >\ND SPIRITUAL EXPLOITATION4 ,9 ADDITION1 5TIRELY NEW ISSUES EM]GE3 CO]CIVE ATTITUDES1 ! QUALITY ( WORK1 ECOLOGY 7OR1 /AT$ 9 MORE G5]AL T]MS1 PSY*OLOGICAL & 5VIRONM5TAL OPPRESSION74 ,MOREOV]1 ! ALI5AT$ & OPPRESS$ SECTORS ( SOCIETY >E N[ ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE1 NOT A S+LE CLASS DEF9$ BY ITS RELATION%IP TO ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION2 ! MORE RADICAL AS WELL AS MORE LIB]ATORY S5SIBILITIES APPE> 9 ! Y\NG]1 NOT 9 ! MORE 0MATURE10 AGE GR\PS4 ,T]MS LIKE 0CLASSES0 & 0CLASS /RUGGLE10 CONCEIV$ ( ALMO/ 5TIRELY AS ECONOMIC CATEGORIES & RELATIONS1 >E TOO ONE-SID$ TO EXPRESS ! UNIV]SALIZATION ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,USE !SE LIMIT$ EXPRESSIONS IF Y\ LIKE 7! T>GET IS /ILL A RUL+ CLASS & A CLASS SOCIETY71 BUT ?IS T]M9OLOGY1 ) ITS TRADITIONAL CONNOTATIONS1 DOES NOT REFLECT ! SWEEP & ! MULTI-DIM5SIONAL NATURE ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,WORDS LIKE 0CLASS /RUGGLE0 FAIL TO 5COMPASS ! CULTURAL & SPIRITUAL REVOLT ?AT IS TAK+ PLACE ALONG ) ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE4 

0,LI/51 ,M>XI/60 SPEAKS A GREAT DEAL AB\T ! POT5TIALITIES ( A PO/-SC>CITY SOCIETY1 BUT :AT ( ! ACTUALITIES8 ,!RE IS /ILL A GREAT DEAL ( POV]TY & HUNG] 9 ! ,U4,S4 ,9FLATION IS A GR[+ PROBLEM1 NOT TO SPEAK ( UNEMPLOYM5T1 BAD H\S+1 RACIAL DISCRIM9ATION1 WORK SPE$-UPS1 TRADE UNION BUREAUCRACY1 & ! DANG] ( FASCISM1 IMP]IALISM & W>4 

0,LI/51 ,M>XI/60 WAS WRITT5 TO DEAL ) ! SIMPLIFICATIONS ( SOCIAL PROBLEMS 7! ECONOMIC & ,?IRD ,WORLD-ORI5T$ 0EI!R_/OR0 NOTIONS7 ?AT W]E DEVELOP+ 9 ! 0,NEW ,LEFT40 ,! PO/-SC>CITY VIEWPO9T ADVANC$ 9 ! PAMPHLET WAS NOT DESIGN$ TO REPLACE ONE SIMPLIFICATION 7CLASS /RUGGLE7 BY ANO!R 7UTOPIA74 ,YES1 !SE ECONOMIC1 RACIAL & BUREAUCRATIC ACTUALITIES EXI/ = MILLIONS ( PEOPLE 9 ! ,U4,S4 & ABROAD4 ,ANY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ?AT FAILS TO DEAL 5]GETICALLY & MILITANTLY ) !M WILL BE AS DI/ORT$ AS A MOVEM5T ?AT DEALS ) !M1 S+LY OR SEV]ALLY1 TO ! EXCLUSION ( ALL O!RS4 ,MY WRIT+S ON PO/-SC>CITY POSSIBILITIES1 ECOLOGY1 UTOPIA1 ! Y\? CULTURE & ALI5ATION >E 9T5D$ TO HELP FILL A MAJOR GAP 9 RADICAL !ORY & PRAXIS1 NOT TO CREATE ANO!R GAP4 

,! REALLY IMPORTANT PROBLEM WE FACE IS H[ ! ACTUALITIES ( ! PRES5T SC>CITY SOCIETY >E RELAT$ TO--& CONDITION$ BY--! POT5TIALITIES = A FUTURE PO/-SC>CITY SOCIETY4 ,SO F> AS ?IS REALLY DIALECTICAL PROBLEM IS CONC]N$1 ! HEAVY ?9K]S ( ! 0LEFT0 %[ !MSELVES TO BE 9CR$IBLY LI<T-M9D$ & N>R[LY EMPIRICAL4 ,9 ! 9DU/RIALIZ$ ,WE/]N WORLD1 SC>CITY HAS TO BE 5=C$1 SO GREAT IS ! PRODUCTIVE POT5TIAL ( TE*NOLOGY4 ,TODAY ECONOMIC PLANN+ HAS ONE BASIC PURPOSE3 TO CONF9E A HI<LY ADVANC$ TE*NOLOGY )9 A COMMODITY FRAMEWORK4 ,MANY ( ! SOCIAL PROBLEMS :I* W]E 5DUR$ ALMO/ PASSIVELY A G5]ATION AGO >E N[ REG>D$ AS 9TOL]ABLE BECAUSE ! T5SION BETWE5 0:AT IS0 & 0:AT C\LD BE0 HAS REA*$ A PO9T :]E 0:AT IS0 SEEMS UTT]LY IRRATIONAL4 ,?IS T5SION ADDS AN EXPLOSIVE *>ACT] TO MANY ACTUALITIES ?AT EVOK$ ONLY A FLICK] ( PROTE/ A QU>T] ( A C5TURY AGO4 ,MOREOV]1 ! T5SION BETWE5 0:AT IS0 & 0:AT C\LD BE0 CONDITIONS ALL ! TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ISSUES ?AT HAVE OCCUPI$ RADICAL MOVEM5TS = G5]ATIONS4 ,WE CAN NO LONG] DEAL ) !SE ISSUES ADEQUATELY UNLESS WE VIEW !M 9 ! LI<T ( ! ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL & CULTURAL POSSIBILITIES ( PO/-SC>CITY4 

,LET ME PRES5T A CONCRETE EXAMPLE4 ,ASSUME !RE IS A /RUGGLE BY WELF>E MO!RS TO 9CREASE !IR ALLOTM5TS4 ,9 ! PA/1 ! MO!RS W]E ORGANIZ$ BY LIB]AL GR\PS OR ,/AL9I/S2 PETITIONS W]E DRAWN UP1 DEMON/RATIONS W]E ORGANIZ$1 & P]HAPS A WELF>E C5T] OR TWO WAS OCCUPI$4 ,ALMO/ 9V>IABLY1 ONE ( ! GR\PS OR P>TIES TROTT$ \T A 0RE=M C&IDATE0 :O PROMIS$ ?AT1 IF ELECT$1 HE W\LD FI<T 0UNFL9*+LY0 = HI<] WELF>E EXP5DITURES4 ,! 5TIRE /RUGGLE WAS CONTA9$ )9 ! ORGANIZATIONAL =MS & 9/ITUTIONS ( ! SY/EM3 =MAL MEET+S ( ! MO!RS 7) ! PATRONIZ+ 0ORGANIZ]S0 PULL+ ! /R+S71 =MAL MODES ( ACTIONS 7PETITIONS1 DEMON/RATIONS1 ELECTIONS = PUBLIC (FICE71 & MAYBE A MODE/ AM\NT ( DIRECT ACTION4 ,! ISSUE PRETTY MU* CAME TO AN 5D ) A COMPROMISE ON ALLOTM5T 9CREASES & P]HAPS A L+]+ =MAL ORGANIZATION TO OV]SEE 7& LAT] SELL \T7 FUTURE /RUGGLES >\ND WELF>E ISSUES4 

,H]E ACTUALITY TRIUMPH$ COMPLETELY OV] POT5TIALITY4 ,AT BE/1 A FEW MO!RS MI<T BE 0RADICALIZ$10 :I* MEANT ?AT !Y JO9$ 7OR W]E %AMELESSLY US$ BY7 ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TO PROMOTE !IR POLITICAL 9FLU5CE4 ,= ! RE/1 MO/ ( ! WELF>E MO!RS RETURN$ TO ! %ABB9ESS ( !IR DAILY LIVES & TO V>Y+ DEGREES ( PASSIVITY AS HUMAN BE+S4 ,NO?+ WAS REALLY *ANG$ = ?OSE :O DID NOT EGO TRIP AS 0LEAD]S10 0POLITICALS0 & 0ORGANIZ]S40 

,TO REVOLUTION>IES ) A 0PO/-SC>CITY CONSCI\SNESS0 7TO USE ,TODD ,GITL9'S PHRASE71 ?IS K9D ( SITUATION W\LD BE 9TOL]ABLE4 ,)\T LOS+ SI<T ( ! CONCRETE ISSUES ?AT 9ITIALLY MOTIVAT$ ! /RUGGLE1 REVOLUTION>IES W\LD TRY TO CATALYZE AN ORD] ( RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ! MO!RS 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FROM RELATION%IPS ! USUAL ORGANIZATIONAL =MAT IMPOSES4 ,!Y W\LD TRY TO FO/] A DEEP S5SE ( COMMUNITY1 A R\ND$ HUMAN RELATION%IP ?AT W\LD TRANS=M ! V]Y SUBJECTIVITY ( ! PEOPLE 9VOLV$4 ,GR\PS W\LD BE SMALL1 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ! FULL P>TICIPATION ( EV]YONE 9VOLV$4 ,P]SONAL RELATION%IPS W\LD BE 9TIMATE1 NOT M]ELY ISSUE-ORI5T$4 ,PEOPLE W\LD GET TO KN[ EA* O!R1 TO CONFRONT EA* O!R2 !Y W\LD EXPLORE EA* O!R ) A VIEW T[>D A*IEV+ ! MO/ COMPLETE1 UNALI5AT$ RELATION%IPS4 ,WOM5 W\LD DISCUSS SEXISM AS WELL AS !IR WELF>E ALLOTM5TS1 *ILD-RE>+ AS WELL AS H>ASSM5T BY L&LORDS1 !IR DREAMS & HOPES AS HUMAN BE+S AS WELL AS ! CO/ ( LIV+4 

,FROM ?IS 9TIMACY !RE W\LD GR[1 HOPEFULLY1 A SUPPORTIVE SY/EM ( K9%IP1 MUTUAL AID1 SYMPA?Y & SOLID>ITY 9 DAILY LIFE4 ,! WOM5 MI<T COLLABORATE TO E/ABLI% A ROTAT+ SY/EM ( BABY SITT]S & *ILD-C>E ATT5DANTS1 ! COOP]ATIVE BUY+ ( GOOD FOOD AT GREATLY R$UC$ PRICES1 ! COMMON COOK+ & P>TAK+ ( MEALS1 ! MUTUAL LE>N+ ( SURVIVAL SKILLS & NEW SOCIAL IDEAS1 ! FO/]+ ( CREATIVE TAL5TS1 & MANY O!R %>$ EXP]I5CES4 ,EV]Y ASPECT ( LIFE ?AT C\LD BE EXPLOR$ & *ANG$ W\LD BE ONE P>T ( ! NEW K9DS ( RELATION%IPS4 ,?IS 0EXT5D$ FAMILY0--BAS$ ON EXPLOR$ AFF9ITIES & COLLECTIVE ACTIVITIES--W\LD REPLACE RELATION%IPS M$IAT$ BY 0ORGANIZ]S10 0*AIRM510 AN 0EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE10 ,ROB]T'S ,RULES ( ,ORD]1 ELITES1 & POLITICAL MANIPULATORS4 

,! /RUGGLE = 9CREAS$ ALLOTM5TS W\LD EXP& BEYOND ! WELF>E SY/EM TO ! S*OOLS1 ! HOSPITALS1 ! POLICE1 ! PHYSICAL1 CULTURAL1 ES!TIC & RECREATIONAL RES\RCES ( ! NEI<BORHOOD1 ! /ORES1 ! H\SES1 ! DOCTORS & LAWY]S 9 ! >EA1 & SO ON--9TO ! V]Y ECOLOGY ( ! DI/RICT4 

,:AT ,I HAVE SAID ON ?IS ISSUE C\LD BE APPLI$ TO EV]Y ISSUE--UNEMPLOYM5T1 BAD H\S+1 RACISM1 WORK CONDITIONS--9 :I* AN 9SIDI\S ASSIMILATION ( B\RGEOIS MODES ( FUNCTION+ IS MASK$ AS 0REALISM0 & 0ACTUALITY40 ,! NEW ORD] ( RELATION%IPS ?AT C\LD BE DEVELOP$ FROM A WELF>E /RUGGLE IS ,UTOPIAN ONLY 9 ! S5SE ?AT ACTUALITY IS 9=M$ & CONDITION$ BY PO/-SC>CITY CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! FUTURE P5ETRATES ! PRES5T2 IT RECA/S ! WAY PEOPLE 0ORGANIZE0 & ! GOALS = :I* !Y /RIVE4 

,P]HAPS A PO/-SC>CITY P]SPECTIVE IS POSSIBLE 9 ! ,U4,S4 & ,EUROPE1 BUT IT IS H>D TO SEE H[ A PO/-SC>CITY APPROA* HAS ANY RELEVANCE = ! ,?IRD ,WORLD1 :]E TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T IS GROSSLY 9ADEQUATE TO MEET ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y NE$S ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ! LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION & ! NON-CO]CIVE1 UNM$IAT$ SOCIAL =MS ?AT >E POSSIBLE = ! ,U4,S4 & ,EUROPE W\LD HAVE TO BE SUPPLANT$ BY ! RIGOR\S PLANN+ ( HI<LY C5TRALIZ$1 CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS 9 ,ASIA1 ,AFRICA & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,C>L ,OGLESBY HAS EV5 >GU$ ?AT TO HELP !SE CONT95TS CAT* UP ) ! ,U4,S41 IT WILL BE NECESS>Y = ,AM]ICANS TO WORK T5 OR TWELVE H\RS DAILY TO PRODUCE ! GOODS NE$$4 

,I ?9K WE MU/ DISPEL ! CONFUSION ?AT EXI/S AB\T ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 ,?IS CONFUSION1 DUE P>TLY TO ! SUP]FICIALITY ( KN[L$GE AB\T ! ,?IRD ,WORLD1 HAS DONE 5ORM\S H>M TO RADICAL MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD4 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 IDEOLOGY 9 ! ,U4,S41 BY PROMOT+ A M9DLESS IMITATION ( MOVEM5TS 9 ,ASIA & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 LEADS TO A BYPASS+ ( ! SOCIAL TASKS 9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD4 ,! RESULT IS ?AT ,AM]ICAN RADICALS HAVE (T5 EAS$ ! TASKS ( ,AM]ICAN IMP]IALISM BY CREAT+ AN ALI5 MOVEM5T ?AT DOES NOT SPEAK TO ISSUES AT HOME4 ,! 0,MOVEM5T0 7:ATEV] ?AT IS7 IS ISOLAT$ & ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE >E FAIR GAME = EV]Y T5D5CY1 REACTION>Y AS WELL AS LIB]AL1 ?AT SPEAKS TO !IR PROBLEMS4 

,I ?9K WE %\LD BEG9 ) SOME ESS5TIALS4 ,! ,?IRD ,WORLD IS NOT 5GAG$ 9 A 0SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION40 ,ONE MU/ BE GROSSLY IGNORANT ( ,M>XISM--! FAVOR$ IDEOLOGY ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD FETI%I/S--9 ORD] TO OV]LOOK ! REAL NATURE ( ! /RUGGLE 9 ,ASIA1 ,AFRICA & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,!SE >EAS >E /ILL TAK+ UP ! TASKS ?AT CAPITALISM RESOLV$ = ! ,U4,S4 & ,EUROPE MORE ?AN A C5TURY AGO--NATIONAL UNIFICATION1 NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE & 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,! ,?IRD ,WORLD TAKES UP !SE TASKS 9 AN ]A :5 /ATE CAPITALISM IS BECOM+ PR$OM9ANT 9 ! ,U4,S4 & ,EUROPE1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ITS [N SOCIAL =CES HAVE A HI<LY /ATIFI$ *>ACT]4 ,SOCIALISM & ADVANC$ =MS ( /ATE CAPITALISM >E NOT EASY TO DI/+UI% FROM EA* O!R1 ESPECIALLY IF ONE'S CONCEPTION ( 0SOCIALISM0 IS HI<LY S*EMATIC4 ,DRAPE HI]>*Y ) A R$ FLAG1 SUBM]GE ! CRUDE/ SY/EM ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION & =C$ COLLECTIVIZATION 9 RHETORIC AB\T ! 9T]E/S ( 0! ,PEOPLE0 OR 0! 0,PROLET>IAT10 COV] UP HI]>*Y1 ELITISM & A POLICE /ATE ) HUGE PORTRAITS ( ,M>X1 ,5GELS & ,L591 PR9T LITTLE 0,R$ ,BOOKS0 ?AT 9VITE ! MO/ AU?ORIT>IAN ADULATION & PREA* ! MO/ 9ANE BANALITIES 9 ! NAME ( 0DIALECTICS0 & 0SOCIALISM0--& ANY GULLIBLE LIB]AL :O IS BECOM+ DIS5*ANT$ ) HIS IDEOLOGY1 YET IS TOTALLY UNCONSCI\S ( ! B\RGEOIS CONDITION+ HE HAS ACQUIR$ FROM ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY & AU?ORIT>IAN S*OOL1 CAN SUDD5LY BECOME A FLAM+ 0REVOLUTION>Y0 SOCIALI/4 

,! :OLE PROCESS IS DISGU/+--ALL ! MORE SO BECAUSE IT /&S AT ODDS ) EV]Y ASPECT ( REALITY4 ,ONE IS TEMPT$ TO SCREAM3 0,LOOK1 MO!RFUCK]6 ,HELP ! ,?IRD ,WORLD BY FI<T+ CAPITALISM AT HOME6 ,DON'T COP \T BY HID+ UND] ,HO'S & ,MAO'S SKIRTS :5 Y\R REAL JOB IS TO OV]?R[ DOME/IC CAPITALISM BY DEAL+ ) ! REAL POSSIBILITIES ( AN ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION6 ,DEVELOP A REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT AT HOME BECAUSE EV]Y REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT H]E IS NECESS>ILY 9T]NATIONALI/ & ANTI-IMP]IALI/1 NO MATT] H[ MU* ITS GOALS & LANGUAGE >E LIMIT$ TO ! ,AM]ICAN CONDITION40 ,OGLESBY'S HO/ILITY TO A PO/-SC>CITY APPROA* ON ! GR\NDS ?AT WE WILL HAVE TO WORK T5 OR TWELVE H\RS DAILY TO MEET ! ,?IRD ,WORLD'S NE$S IS SIMPLY PREPO/]\S4 ,TO ASSUME ?AT ! WORK+ DAY WILL BE 9CREAS$ BY AN ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION IS TO 9VITE ITS DEFEAT BE=E ! FIR/ BL[ IS /RUCK4 ,IF1 9 SOME MIRACUL\S WAY1 ,OGLESBY'S 0REVOLUTION0 W]E TO BE VICTORI\S1 SURELY HE DOESN'T ?9K ?AT ! ,AM]ICAN PEOPLE W\LD ACCEPT AN 9CREAS$ WORK+ DAY )\T A /RONG1 C5TRALIZ$ /ATE APP>ATUS CRACK+ ITS :IP OV] ! 5TIRE POPULATION4 ,9 :I* CASE1 ONE WOND]S :AT K9D ( 0AID0 SU* A REGIME W\LD 0(F]0 TO ! ,?IRD ,WORLD8 

,LIKE MANY ( ! 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 ZEALOTS1 ,OGLESBY SEEMS TO HAVE AN 9COMPLETE KN[L$GE ( ,AM]ICA'S 9DU/RIAL CAPACITY & ! REAL NE$S ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 ,R\<LY SEV5TY P]C5T ( ! ,AM]ICAN LABOR =CE DOES ABSOLUTELY NO PRODUCTIVE WORK ?AT C\LD BE TRANSLAT$ 9TO T]MS ( REAL \TPUT OR ! MA9T5ANCE ( A RATIONAL SY/EM ( DI/RIBUTION4 ,!IR WORK IS L>GELY LIMIT$ TO S]VIC+ ! COMMODITY ECONOMY--FIL+1 BILL+1 BOOKKEEP+ = A PR(IT & LOSS /ATEM5T1 SALES PROMOTION1 ADV]TIS+1 RETAIL+1 F9ANCE1 ! /OCK M>KET1 GOV]NM5T WORK1 MILIT>Y WORK1 POLICE WORK1 ETC41 AD NAUSEAM4 ,R\<LY ! SAME P]C5TAGE ( ! GOODS PRODUC$ IS SU* PURE G>BAGE ?AT PEOPLE W\LD VOLUNT>ILY /OP CONSUM+ IT 9 A RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,WORK+ H\RS C\LD BE R$UC$ 5ORM\SLY AFT] A REVOLUTION )\T LOS+ HI< PRODUCTIVE \TPUT1 PROVID$ ?AT ! AVAILABLE LABOR SUPPLY & RAW MAT]IALS W]E US$ RATIONALLY4 ,! QUALITY ( ! PRODUCTIVE \TPUT1 MOREOV]1 C\LD BE SO IMPROV$ ?AT ITS DURABILITY & USEFULNESS W\LD MORE ?AN CANCEL \T ANY R$UCTION 9 PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY4 

,ON ! O!R SIDE1 LET US LOOK MORE CLOSELY AT ! MAT]IAL NE$S ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 ,AS ,WE/]N]S1 0WE0 T5D TO ASSUME \T ( H& ?AT 0!Y0 WANT OR NE$ ! SAME K9D ( TE*NOLOGIES & COMMODITIES ?AT CAPITALISM PRODUC$ 9 ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE4 ,?IS CRUDE ASSUMPTION IS BOL/]$ BY ! FE> CONSCI\SLY G5]AT$ BY IMP]IALI/ IDEOLOGY1 ?AT MILLIONS ( BLACK1 BR[N1 & YELL[ PEOPLE >E HUNGRILY EYE+ 0\R0 VA/ RES\RCES & /&>D ( LIV+4 ,?IS IDEOLOGY REM9DS US H[ LUCKY 0WE0 >E TO BE ,AM]ICANS OR ,EUROPEANS1 5JOY+ ! BLESS+S ( 0FREE 5T]PRISE10 & H[ M5AC+ 0!Y0 >E1 FE/]+ 9 POV]TY1 MIS]Y & ! ILLS ( OV]POPULATION4 ,IRONICALLY1 ! 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 ZEALOTS %>E ?IS IDEOLOGY 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y1 TOO1 CONCEIVE ( ,ASIAN1 ,AFRICAN & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN NE$S 9 ,WE/]N T]MS--AN APPROA* ?AT MI<T BE CALL$ ! ,NKRUMAH M5TALITY ( TE*NOLOGICAL GIGANTISM4 ,:ATEV] IS LIV+ & VITAL 9 ! PRE-CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD IS SACRIFIC$ TO 9DU/RIAL MA*ISMO1 OOZ+ ) ! EGOMANIACAL ELITISM ( ! NEWLY CONV]T$ MALE RADICAL4 

,P]HAPS NO >EA ( ! WORLD IS MORE SUITABLE = AN ECO-TE*NOLOGY ?AN ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4.<#d.> ,MO/ ( ,ASIA1 ,AFRICA & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA LIE 9 ! 0SOL> BELT10 BETWE5 LATITUDES #d DEGREES NOR? & S\?1 :]E SOL> 5]GY CAN BE US$ ) ! GREATE/ EFFECTIV5ESS = 9DU/RIAL & DOME/IC PURPOSES4 ,NEW1 SMALL-SCALE TE*NOLOGIES >E MORE EASILY ADAPT$ = USE 9 ! UND]DEVELOP$ >EAS ?AN ELSE:]E4 ,! SMALL-SCALE G>D5+ TE*NOLOGIES1 9 FACT1 >E 9DISP5SABLE = ! PRODUCTIVE USE ( ! SOIL TYPES ?AT >E PREVAL5T 9 SEMI-TROPICAL1 TROPICAL1 & HI<L& BIOMES4 ,! PEASANTRY 9 !SE >EAS HAVE A LONG TRADITION ( TE*NOLOGICAL KN[-H[ 9 T]RAC+ & HORTICULTURE1 = :I* SMALL MA*9ES >E ALREADY AVAILABLE OR EASILY DESIGNABLE4 ,GREAT /RIDES HAVE BE5 MADE 9 DEVELOP+ AN IRRIGATION TE*NOLOGY TO PROVIDE YE>-R\ND WAT] RES\RCES = AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY4 ,A UNIQUE COMB9ATION C\LD BE MADE ( MA*9E & H&CRAFTS1 CRAFTS 9 :I* !SE >EAS /ILL EXCEL4 ,) ADVANCES 9 ! /&>D ( LIV+ & 9 $UCATION1 ! POPULATION ( !SE >EAS C\LD BE EXPECT$ TO /ABILIZE SUFFICI5TLY TO REMOVE PRESSURE ON ! L&4 ,:AT ! ,?IRD ,WORLD NE$S ABOVE ALL IS A RATIONAL1 SOPHI/ICAT$ COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK TO R$I/RIBUTE FOOD & MANUFACTURES FROM >EAS ( PL5TIFUL SUPPLY TO ?OSE 9 NE$4 

,A TE*NOLOGY ( ?IS K9D C\LD BE DEVELOP$ = ! ,?IRD ,WORLD FAIRLY RAPIDLY BY ,AM]ICAN & ,EUROPEAN 9DU/RY )\T PLAC+ UNDUE /RA9 ON ! RES\RCES ( ! ,WE/4 ,! RATIONAL USE ( SU* A TE*NOLOGY PRESUPPOSES A SWEEP+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD ITSELF--A REVOLUTION1 ,I BELIEVE1 ?AT W\LD ALMO/ IMM$IATELY FOLL[ A SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ! ,U4,S4 ,) ! REMOVAL ( IMP]IALISM'S MAIL$ FI/1 A NEW P]SPECTIVE C\LD OP5 = ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 ,! VILLAGE W\LD ACQUIRE A NEW S5SE ( UNITY ) ! ELIM9ATION ( ! LOCAL HI]>*IES APPO9T$ BY ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5TS :I* HAVE SO HEAVILY P>ASITIZ$ ! REGIONS4 ,AN EX*ANGE ECONOMY W\LD CONT9UE TO EXI/ 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD1 AL?\< ITS BASE W\LD PROBABLY BE COLLECTIVI/4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! EXPLOITATION ( LABOR & ! DOM9ATION ( WOM5 BY M5 W\LD BE ELIM9AT$1 ?US IMPOS+ SEV]E RE/RICTIONS ON ! USE ( 9COME DIFF]5TIALS = EXPLOITATIVE PURPOSES4.<#e.> ,! RES\RCES ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD C\LD BE US$ TO PROMOTE ! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL ALT]NATIVES--A PEOPLE'S MOVEM5T AS AGA9/ AN AU?ORIT>IAN ONE1 DEC5TRALIZ$1 IMM$IATE RELATIONS AS AGA9/ C5TRALIZ$ M$IAT$ 9/ITUTIONS4 

,IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO SAY :AT K9D ( 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURE W\LD EM]GE FROM REVOLUTION>Y *ANGES 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD FOLL[+ A COMPLETE SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD4 ,UNTIL N[1 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD HAS BE5 OBLIG$ TO FI<T IMP]IALISM L>GELY ON ITS [N4 ,AL?\< !RE HAS BE5 A GREAT DEAL ( 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY FROM MILLIONS ( PEOPLE 9 ,EUROPE & ! ,U4,S4 = ,?IRD ,WORLD /RUGGLES1 !RE HAS BE5 NO REAL1 DIS9T]E/$ MAT]IAL SUPPORT FROM !SE KEY 9DU/RIAL >EAS4 ,ONE WOND]S :AT WILL HAPP5 :5 A REVOLUTION>Y ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,EUROPE BEG9 TO AID ! ,?IRD ,WORLD FULLY & DIS9T]E/$LY1 ) NO?+ BUT ! WELL BE+ ( ! ,AFRICAN1 ,ASIAN & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN PEOPLES AT ISSUE4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD WILL TAKE A MORE B5IGN & LIB]T>IAN =M ?AN WE SUSPECT2 & ?AT SURPRIS+LY LITTLE CO]CION WILL BE NE$$ TO DEAL ) MAT]IAL SC>CITY 9 !SE >EAS4 

,9 ANY CASE1 !RE IS NO REASON TO FE> ?AT A QUASI-/ATI/ DEVELOPM5T 9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD W\LD BE MORE ?AN TEMPOR>Y OR ?AT IT W\LD AFFECT ! WORLD DEVELOPM5T4 ,IF ! ,U4,S4 & ,EUROPE TOOK A LIB]T>IAN DIRECTION1 !IR /RATEGIC 9DU/RIAL POSITION 9 ! WORLD ECONOMY W\LD1 ,I ?9K1 FAVOR A LIB]T>IAN ALT]NATIVE = ! WORLD AS A :OLE4 ,REVOLUTION IS CONTAGI\S1 EV5 :5 IT OCCURS 9 A RELATIVELY SMALL & ECONOMICALLY 9SIGNIFICANT C\NTRY4 ,I CANNOT IMAG9E ?AT ,EA/]N ,EUROPE C\LD )/& ! EFFECTS ( A LIB]T>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ! ,U4,S4 ,! REVOLUTION W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY 5GULF ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 :]E MASSIVE DISSATISFACTION EXI/S1 & F9ALLY ! 5TIRE ,ASIAN CONT95T4 ,IF ONE D\BTS ! FULFILLM5T ( ?IS POSSIBILITY1 LET HIM CONSID] ! IMPACT ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION ON ,EUROPE AT A TIME :5 ! WORLD ECONOMY WAS F> LESS 9T]DEP5D5T ?AN IT IS TODAY4 

,AFT] ! REVOLUTION ! PLANET W\LD BE DEALT ) AS A :OLE4 ,! RELOCATION ( POPULATIONS 9 >EAS ( HI< D5SITY1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( RATIONAL1 HUMANI/IC BIR? CONTROL PROGRAMS ORI5T$ T[>D IMPROV+ ! QUALITY ( LIFE1 & ! MODIFICATION ( TE*NOLOGY ALONG ECOLOGICAL L9ES--ALL ( !SE PROGRAMS W\LD BE ON ! AG5DA ( HI/ORY4 ,ASIDE FROM SUGGE/+ SOME BASIC GUIDEL9ES DRAWN FROM ECOLOGY1 ,I CAN DO NO MORE ?AN SPECULATE AB\T H[ ! RES\RCES & L& >EAS ( ! WORLD C\LD BE US$ TO IMPROVE LIFE 9 A PO/-REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 ,!SE PROGRAMS WILL BE SOLV$ 9 PRACTICE & BY HUMAN COMMUNITIES ?AT /& ON A F> HI<] LEVEL1 CULTURALLY1 PSY*OLOGICALLY & MAT]IALLY1 ?AN ANY COMMUNITY ?AT EXI/S TODAY4 

0,LI/51 ,M>XI/60 SEEMS TO BE QUITE RELEVANT AS A CRITIQUE ( ! VULG> ,M>XI/S--,PROGRESSIVE ,LABOR1 ! ,TROTSKYI/S1 & O!R 0,OLD ,LEFT0 MOVEM5TS4 ,BUT :AT ( ! MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ ,M>XI/S--PEOPLE SU* AS ,M>CUSE1 ,GORZ & ! ADMIR]S ( ,GRAMSCI8 ,SURELY 0,LI/51 ,M>XI/60 IMPUTES TOO MU* TO ! 0,OLD ,LEFT0 9 TAK+ IT AS ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = A CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM4 

,M>CUSE IS ! MO/ ORIG9AL ( ! ?9K]S :O /ILL CALL !MSELVES ,M>XI/S1 & ,I MU/ CONFESS ?AT EV5 ON ?OSE PO9TS :]E ,I MAY HAVE DISAGREEM5TS ) HIM1 ,I AM /IMULAT$ BY :AT HE HAS TO SAY4 

,) ?IS EXCEPTION1 ,I W\LD DIFF] ) ! CLAIM ?AT 0,LI/51 ,M>XI/60 IS RELEVANT ONLY AS A CRITIQUE ( ! 0,OLD ,LEFT40 ,! >TICLE IS RELEVANT TO ALL TYPES ( ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,TWO ?+S TR\BLE ME AB\T ,M>X'S MATURE WRIT+S3 !IR PSEUDO-OBJECTIVITY & ! OB/ACLES !Y RAISE TO ,UTOPIAN ?9K+4 ,! ,M>XIAN PROJECT1 AS IT WAS =MULAT$ BY ,M>X HIMSELF1 DEEP5$ ! E>LY SOCIALI/ TRADITION BUT ALSO N>R[$ IT1 & 9 ! LONG RUN ?IS HAS PRODUC$ A NET SETBACK RA!R ?AN A NET GA94 

,BY ,M>X'S PSEUDO-OBJECTIVITY ,I MEAN ! A/ONI%+ EXT5T TO :I* ,M>X ID5TIFI$ 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM0 ) ! SCI5TISM ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,AL?\< !RE IS A T5D5CY TODAY = ! MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ 0NEO-,M>XI/S0 TO CA/ ! ,M>XIAN PROJECT 9 T]MS ( ALI5ATION1 ! PROJECT 7AS IT DEVELOP$ 9 ,M>X'S H&S7 WAS ABOVE ALL AN ATTEMPT TO MAKE SOCIALISM 0SCI5TIFIC10 TO PROVIDE IT ) ! AU?ORITY ( A SCI5TIFIC CRITIQUE4 ,?IS L$ TO AN EMPHASIS ON 0OBJECTIVITY0 ?AT 9CREAS+LY SUBV]T$ ! HUMANI/IC GOALS ( SOCIALISM4 ,FRE$OM & ,]OS 7:]E ! LATT] WAS TAK5 UP AT ALL7 W]E AN*OR$ SO COMPLETELY 9 ! MAT]IAL PRECONDITIONS = FRE$OM ?AT EV5 ! LOSS ( FRE$OM1 IF IT PROMOT$ ! MAT]IAL DEVELOPM5T1 WAS VIEW$ AS AN 0ADVANCE0 ( FRE$OM4 ,M>X1 = EXAMPLE1 WELCOM$ /ATE C5TRALIZATION AS A /EP 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES )\T ONCE CONSID]+ H[ ?IS PROCESS 5HANC$ ! CAPACITY ( ! B\RGEOISIE TO RESI/ REVOLUTION4 ,HE DISCLAIM$ ANY MORAL EVALUATION ( SOCIETY & 9 HIS LAT] YE>S BECAME 9CREAS+LY CAPTIVE TO SCI5TISM & TO MA!MATICAL CRIT]IA ( TRU?4 

,! RESULT ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T HAS BE5 A MAJOR LOSS = ! HUMANI/IC & IMAG9ATIVE ELEM5TS ( SOCIALISM4 ,M>XISM HAS DAMAG$ ! LEFT 5ORM\SLY BY AN*OR+ IT 9 A PSEUDO-OBJECTIVITY ?AT IS ALMO/ 9DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ! JURIDICAL M5TALITY4 ,:5EV] ,I HE> 0,NEW ,LEFT0 ,M>XI/S D5\NCE A POSITION AS 0OBJECTIVELY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y10 0OBJECTIVELY RACI/10 OR 0OBJECTIVELY SEXI/10 MY FLE% CRAWLS4 ,! *>GE1 FLUNG R&OMLY AGA9/ ALL OPPON5TS1 CIRCUMV5TS ! NE$ = AN ANALYTIC OR A DIALECTICAL CRITIQUE4 ,ONE SIMPLY TRACES 0C\NT]REVOLUTION10 0RACISM0 OR 0SEXISM0 TO BE ! PRECONCEIV$ 0OBJECTIVE EFFECTS40 ,M>X R>ELY EXHIBIT$ ! CRUDITY ( ! 0,OLD ,LEFT0 & 0,NEW ,LEFT0 9 HIS USE ( ?IS APPROA*1 BUT HE US$ ! APPROA* (T5 5\<--& (T5 AS A SUB/ITUTE = A MULTIDIM5SIONAL ANALYSIS ( PH5OM5A4 

,Y\ MU/ SEE H[ CONSEQU5TIAL ?IS IS4 ,FRE$OM IS DIVE/$ ( ITS AUTONOMY1 ( ITS SOV]EIGNTY OV] ! HUMAN CONDITION4 ,IT IS TURN$ 9TO A MEANS 9/EAD ( AN 5D4 ,:E!R FRE$OM IS DESIRABLE OR NOT DEP5DS UPON :E!R IT FUR!RS ! 0OBJECTIVE0 DEVELOPM5T4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ANY AU?ORIT>IAN ORGANIZATION1 ANY SY/EM ( REPRESSION1 ANY MANIPULATORY TACTIC CAN BECOME ACCEPTABLE1 9DE$ ADMIRABLE1 IF IT FAVORS ! 0BUILD+ ( SOCIALISM0 OR 0RESI/ANCE TO IMP]IALISM0--AS ?\< 0SOCIALISM0 OR 0ANTI-IMP]IALISM0 IS MEAN+FUL :5 IT IS POISON$ BY MANIPULATION1 REPRESSION1 & AU?ORIT>IAN =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,CATEGORIES REPLACE REALITIES2 AB/RACT GOALS REPLACE REAL GOALS2 0,HI/ORY0 REPLACES EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,! UNIV]SAL1 :I* REQUIRES A COMPLEX1 MANY-SID$ ANALYSIS TO BE GRASP$1 IS REPLAC$ BY ! P>TICUL>2 ! TOTAL1 BY ! ONE-SID$4 

,NO LESS S]I\S IS ! REJECTION ( ,UTOPIAN ?\<T--! IMAG9ATIVE =AYS ( ,*>LES ,F\RI] & ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS4 ,:AT ,M>T9 ,BUB] CALL$ ! 0UTOPIAN ELEM5T 9 SOCIALISM0 IS REJECT$ = A 0H>DHEAD$0 & 0OBJECTIVE0 TREATM5T ( 0REALITY40 ,BUT1 9 FACT1 ?IS APPROA* %RIVELS REALITY BY LIMIT+ ONE'S PURVIEW ( SOCIAL EXP]I5CE & DATA4 ,! HIDD5 POT5TIAL ( A GIV5 REALITY IS EI!R SUBV]T$ BY AN EMPHASIS ON ! 0OBJECTIVE0 ACTUALITIES OR1 AT LEA/1 DIM9I%$ BY A ONE-SID$ TREATM5T4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y BECOMES A CAPTIVE TO EXP]I5CE NOT AS IT EXI/S DIALECTICALLY1 9 ALL ITS ACTUALITIES & POT5TIALITIES1 BUT AS IT IS DEF9$ 9 ADVANCE BY 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM40 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ! ,NEW ,LEFT1 LIKE ! ,OLD ,LEFT1 HAS NEV] GRASP$ ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( ! ECOLOGY ISSUE1 NOR HAS IT US$ ECOLOGY AS A BASIS = UND]/&+ ! PROBLEMS ( COMMUNI/ RECON/RUCTION & ,UTOPIA4 ,AT BE/ ! ISSUE IS GIV5 LIP S]VICE1 ) SOME DRIVEL AB\T H[ 0POLLUTION IS PR(ITABLE02 AT WOR/ IT IS D5\NC$ AS SPURI\S1 DIV]SION>Y & 0OBJECTIVELY C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y40 ,MO/ ( ! SOPHI/ICAT$ ,M>XI/S >E AS CAPTIVE TO !SE LIMIT+ FEATURES ( ,M>XISM AS !IR ,NEW ,LEFT BRE?R54 ,! DIFF]5CE IS ?AT !Y >E SIMPLY MORE SOPHI/ICAT$4 

,9 CONTRA/ TO MO/ RADICAL WORKS1 0,LI/51 ,M>XI/60 CONT9UALLY SPEAKS ( 0HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY0 9/EAD ( 0CLASS SOCIETY10 ( 0DOM9ATION0 9/EAD ( 0EXPLOITATION40 ,:AT SIGNIFICANCE DO !SE DIFF]5CES 9 LANGUAGE HAVE8 

,A DIFF]5CE IS DEF9ITELY 9T5D$4 ,PRE-,M>XIAN SOCIALISM WAS1 9 MANY WAYS1 MU* BROAD] ?AN ! ,M>XIAN V>IETY4 ,NOT ONLY WAS IT MORE UTOPIAN1 IT WAS ALSO OCCUPI$ MORE ) ! G5]AL ?AN ! P>TICUL>4 ,V>LET1 ! LA/ ( ! GREAT 5RAGES1 :O SURVIV$ ! DEA? ( HIS COMRADE ,JACQUES ,R\X & ,ROBESPI]RE'S PURGE ( ! LEFT1 CONCLUD$ ?AT GOV]NM5T & REVOLUTION >E UTT]LY 09COMPATIBLE40 ,:AT A SPL5DID 9SI<T6 ,9 ?IS ONE OBS]VATION REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS EXP&$ FROM A CRITIQUE ( A SPECIFIC CLASS SOCIETY TO A CRITIQUE ( HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY AS SU*4 ,! PRE-,M>XIAN SOCIALI/ & RADICAL !ORI/S BEGAN TO OCCUPY !MSELVES ) DOM9ATION1 NOT ONLY EXPLOITATION2 ) HI]>*Y1 NOT ONLY CLASS RULE4 ,) ,F\RI]1 CONSCI\SNESS ADVANC$ TO ! PO9T :]E ! GOAL ( SOCIETY WAS VIEW$ AS PLEASURE1 NOT SIMPLY HAPP9ESS4 

,Y\ MU/ SEE :AT AN 5ORM\S GA9 ?IS WAS4 ,EXPLOITATION1 CLASS RULE & HAPP9ESS >E ! P>TICUL> )9 ! MORE G5]ALIZ$ CONCEPTS ( DOM9ATION1 HI]>*Y & PLEASURE4 ,IT IS !ORETICALLY--&1 9 GREAT P>T1 ACTUALLY-POSSIBLE TO ELIM9ATE EXPLOITATION & CLASS RULE OR TO A*IEVE HAPP9ESS1 AS !SE CONCEPTS >E DEF9$ BY ,M>XISM1 )\T A*IEV+ A LIFE ( PLEASURE OR ELIM9AT+ DOM9ATION & HI]>*Y4 ,M>X1 BY 0SCI5TIFICALLY0 AN*OR+ EXPLOITATION1 CLASSES1 & HAPP9ESS 9 ! ECONOMIC DOMA91 ACTUALLY PROVID$ ! RATIONALE = A !ORETICAL REGRESSION FROM ! ORIG9AL SOCIALI/ VALUES4 ,M>XIAN ECONOMIC SOLUTIONS1 SU* AS NATIONALIZATION ( PROP]TY1 MAY EV5 CREATE ! ILLUSION ?AT HI]>*Y HAS DISAPPE>$4 ,ONE HAS ONLY TO /UDY ! TORM5T ( ! ,TROTSKYI/ MOVEM5T OV] ! NATURE ( ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE TO SEE H[ OBFUSCAT+ ,M>XIAN !ORY CAN BE4 

,?IS P>TICUL>IZATION ( ! G5]AL IS PRECISELY :AT ,M>XISM A*IEV$4 ,AS ,I NOT$ 9 REPLY TO ! PREVI\S QUE/ION1 SOCIALISM WAS GIV5 GREAT] !ORETICAL DEP? BY ! ACQUISITION ( DIALECTICAL PHILOSOPHY1 BUT IT WAS N>R[$ DISA/R\SLY BY ,M>X'S ECONOMIC EMPHASIS4 ,EV5 ,M>X'S WRIT+S %RIVEL 9 CONT5T AS ! MAN 0MATURES40 ,!Y 9CREAS+LY C5T] ON ! 0OBJECTIVE0 ECONOMIC ELEM5TS ( SOCIETY1 UNTIL ,M>X S9KS 9TO A GROTESQUE FETI%IZATION ( ECONOMIC !ORY ( ! K9D WE F9D 9 VOLUME TWO ( ,CAPITAL4 ,) ,M>X'S DEA?1 AN IMM5SE EXEGETICAL LIT]ATURE EM]GES ON CAPITALI/ CIRCULATION1 ACCUMULATION & 0REALIZATION !ORY40 ,EV5 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG WAS CAU<T 9 ?IS SWAMP1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ! ,KEYNESIAN ,M>XI/S :O *URN \T !IR PAP]S = ! ,AM]ICAN ,ECONOMIC ,REVIEW & ,SCI5CE & ,SOCIETY4 

,M>XISM CREAT$ A /UP5D\S 9TELLECTUAL FURNITURE ?AT ONE MU/ CLE> AWAY TO MAKE CONTACT ) REALITY4 ,! FIELD AB\NDS ) 0EXP]TS0 & HEAVIES1 ) ACADEMICS & AU?ORITIES :OSE BULL%IT MAKES ORIG9AL1 9DE$ DIALECTICAL1 ?\<T VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,ONCE WE RESCUE ! ESS5TIALS1 ?IS !ORETICAL G>BAGE MU/ BE JUNK$4 ,IT IS VITALLY NECESS>Y ?AT WE RETURN TO ! G5]ALIZ$ T]RA9 ?AT PRE-,M>XIAN SOCIALISM E/ABLI%$1 & !N GO =W>D AGA94 

,! Y\? CULTURE HAS ALREADY POS$ ! 0SOCIAL QUE/ION0 9 ITS RI*E/ & MO/ MEAN+FUL T]MS--0,LIFE V]SUS DEA?40 ,I W\LD SAY1 ) AN EYE T[>DS ! 9SI<TS ( ,M>XISM1 0,LIFE V]SUS SURVIVAL40 ,9 ANY CASE1 WE HAVE TO GET AWAY FROM ! ONE-SID$1 REPRESSIVE J>GON ( ,M>XISM1 :I* DEF9ES \R P]SPECTIVE 9 A LIMIT+ MANN]4 ,I AM REM9D$ ( A F9E PASSAGE FROM ,PAUL ,AVRI*'S REC5T BOOK1 ,KRON/ADT #a#i#b#a1 9 :I* ! LANGUAGE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ,KRON/ADT SAILORS IS CONTRA/$ ) ?AT ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 0,REBEL AGITATORS10 ,AVRI* NOTES1 SPEAK+ ( ! SAILORS1 0WROTE & SPOKE 7AS AN 9T]VIEW] LAT] NOT$7 9 A HOMESPUN LANGUAGE FREE ( ,M>XI/ J>GON & =EIGN-S\ND+ EXPRESSIONS4 ,ES*EW+ ! WORD 'PROLET>IAT1' !Y CALL$1 9 TRUE POPULI/ FA%ION1 = A SOCIETY 9 :I* ALL ! 'TOIL]S'--PEASANTS1 WORK]S & ! 'TOIL+ 9TELLIG5TSIA'--W\LD PLAY A DOM9ANT ROLE4 ,!Y W]E 9CL9$ TO SPEAK ( A 'SOCIAL' RA!R ?AN A 'SOCIALI/' REVOLUTION1 VIEW+ CLASS CONFLICT NOT 9 ! N>R[ S5SE ( 9DU/RIAL WORK]S V]SUS B\RGEOISIE1 BUT 9 ! TRADITIONAL N>ODNIK S5SE ( ! LABOR+ MASSES AS A :OLE PITT$ AGA9/ ALL :O ?ROVE ON !IR MIS]Y & EXPLOITATION1 9CLUD+ POLITICIANS & BUREAUCRATS AS WELL AS L&LORDS & CAPITALI/S4 ,WE/]N IDEOLOGIES--,M>XISM & LIB]ALISM ALIKE--HAD LITTLE PLACE 9 !IR M5TAL \TLOOK40.<#f.> 

,! PO9T1 ( C\RSE1 IS NOT ,WE/]N IDEOLOGIES V]SUS ,RUSSIAN1 OR 0HOMESPUN0 V]SUS 0=EIGN-S\ND+0 LANGUAGE4 ,! REAL PO9T IS ! BROAD] CONCEPTS ) :I* ! 0MASSES0 WORK$ ALMO/ 9TUITIVELY--CONCEPTS DRAWN FROM ! EXP]I5CE ( !IR [N OPPRESSION4 ,NOTE H[ ! SAILORS HAD A BROAD] VIEW ( ! 0LABOR+ MASSES0 & !IR 0OPPRESSORS0 ?AN ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 A VIEW ?AT 9CLUD$ ! ELITI/ ,BOL%EVIKS AMONG ! OPPRESSORS4 ,NOTE WELL1 TOO1 H[ ,M>XI/ J>GON MADE IT POSSIBLE = ! ,BOL%EVIKS TO EXCLUDE !MSELVES AS OPPRESSORS 9 FLAT D5IAL ( ! REAL SITUATION4 ,= MY P>T1 ,I AM DELI<T$ ?AT ! ,NEW ,LEFT 9 ,AM]ICA HAS REPLAC$ ! WORDS 0WORK]S & 0PROLET>IAT0 BY 0PEOPLE40 ,9DE$1 IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT EV5 PR(ESS$LY ,M>XIAN GR\PS LIKE ! ,PAN!RS & ,WEA!RM5 HAVE BE5 OBLIG$ TO USE A POPULI/ LANGUAGE1 = ?IS LANGUAGE REFLECTS ! *ANG$ REALITY & PROBLEMS ( \R TIMES4 

,TO SUM UP3 :AT ,I AM TALK+ AB\T IS A HUMAN CONDITION REFLECT$ BY ! WORD 0P[]40 ,WE MU/ F9ALLY RESOLVE ! HI/ORIC & EV]YDAY DI*OTOMIES3 MAN'S P[] OV] WOMAN1 MAN'S P[] OV] MAN1 & MAN'S P[] OV] NATURE4 ,= 9H]5T 9 ! ISSUE ( P[]--( DOM9ATION-->E ! CONTRADICTORY1 DE/RUCTIVE EFFECTS ( P[]3 ! CORRUPTION ( LIFE-GIV+ SEXUALITY1 ( A LIFE-N\RI%+ SOCIETY1 ( A LIFE-ORI5T+ EGO1 & ( A LIFE-SU/A9+ ECOLOGY4 ,! /ATEM5T 0P[] CORRUPTS0 IS NOT A TRUISM BECAUSE IT HAS NEV] BE5 FULLY UND]/OOD4 ,IT MAY YET BECOME UND]/OOD BECAUSE P[] N[ DE/ROYS4 ,NO AM\NT ( !ORETICAL EXEGESIS CAN PLACE P[] 9 ! S]VICE ( HI/ORY OR ( A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION4 ,! ONLY ACT ( P[] ?AT IS EXCUSABLE ANY LONG] IS ?AT ONE ACT--POPUL> REVOLUTION--?AT WILL F9ALLY DISSOLVE P[] AS SU* BY GIV+ EA* 9DIVIDUAL P[] OV] HIS OR H] EV]YDAY LIFE4 

.<#a.> ,?IS IS AN $IT$ SUMM>Y ( SEV]AL DISCUSSIONS ON 0,LI/51 ,M>XI/610 MO/ ( :I* OCCURR$ AT MY AN>*O-COMMUNISM CLASS AT ,ALT]NATE ,U1 ,NEW ,YORK'S LIB]ATION S*OOL4 ,I HAVE SELECT$ ! MO/ REPRES5TATIVE & RECURR5T QUE/IONS RAIS$ BY READ]S ( ! PAMPHLET4 

.<#b.> ,M>X & ,5GELS1 0,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O40 

.<#c.> ,K>L ,M>X & ,FR$]ICK ,5GELS1 ,! ,HOLY ,FAMILY 7,=EIGN ,LANGUAGES ,PUBLI%+ ,H\SE2 ,MOSC[1 #a#i#e#f71 P4 #a#b4 

.<#d.> ,! ALT]NATIVES TO A 0,WE/]N0-TYPE TE*NOLOGY = ! ,?IRD ,WORLD & ! RESOLUTION ( ! 0POPULATION PROBLEM0 9 ?IS >EA WILL BE DISCUSS$ 9 SOME DETAIL 9 MY =?COM+ BOOK1 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 TO BE PUBLI%$ BY ,ALFR$ ,A4 ,KNOPF & AS A ,V9TAGE PAP]BACK4 

.<#e.> ,MORE CAN BE LE>N$1 ,I ?9K1 FROM ! IMPACT ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T HAD ON ! VILLAGE ECONOMY ?AN FROM ,MAO OR ,HO & ! MOVEM5TS !Y SPOKE =4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 V]Y LITTLE 9=MATION ON ?IS DEVELOPM5T IS AVAILABLE 9 ,5GLI%4 ,! SPONTANE\S TAKEOV] & COLLECTIVIZATION ( ! L& BY ,SPANI% PUEBLOS DUR+ ! E>LY WEEKS ( ,FRANCO'S REBELLION PROVIDES US ) ONE ( ! MO/ REM>KABLE ACC\NTS ( H[ ! PEASANTRY CAN RESPOND TO LIB]T>IAN 9FLU5CE4 

.<#f.> ,PAUL ,AVRI*1 ,KRON/ADT #aiba 7,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS2 ,PR9CETON1 ,N4,J41 #a#i#g71 PP4 #a#g#b-#g#c4 ,= A DIFF]5T 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,KRON/ADT EV5TS SEE MY 9TRODUCTION TO ,IDA ,METT1 ,! ,KRON/ADT ,UPRIS+ 7,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS2 ,MONTREAL1 #a#i#g#a74 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,A ,DISCUSSION ON 0,LI/51 ,M>XI/60 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,A ,DISCUSSION ON 0,LI/51 ,M>XI/60 -- ,UPDAT$4 

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