,P>T #c ,A ,COMMUNE 9 ,*IAPAS8 ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,AUFHEB5 ,TEXT 3 ,P>T #c3 ,A ,COMMUNE 9 ,*IAPAS8 ,TRADITIONAL ACCUMULATION & SOCIAL /RUCTURE ,) ITS M\NTA9\S HIT ( ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA ?AN ,MEXICO4 ,! ,DI/RITO ,F$]AL ( ,MEXICO ,CITY1 EV5 ,SAN ,CRI/OBAL1 CAN SEEM A MILLION MILES AWAY3 UNCONNECT$ & UNIMPORTANT4 ,UNTIL ! #a#i#gS CAPITAL ACCUMULATION FOLL[$ A /ABLE & RELATIVELY BACKW>D MODEL1 NECESSITAT$ BY ! GEOGRAPHICAL 9ACCESSIBILITY & REMOT5ESS ( ?IS /ATE1 & MADE VIABLE BY ! RI* L&S4 ,! ,REVOLUTION B>ELY REA*$ ,*IAPAS1 & ! LATIFUNDIAS W]E NEV] BROK5 UP1 AL?\< AN E*O CAN BE HE>D 9 ! CONTEMPORANE\S SLAVE REVOLTS 9 ! LOGG+ CAMPS ( ! ,LAC&ON4.<#a#c.> ,SIMIL>LY ! ,C>D5AS RE=MS HAD LITTLE EFFECT 9 ! #a#i#cS4 ,SOME L& WAS R$I/RIBUT$1 BUT IT WAS ALL ( POOR QUALITY1 'SO /EEP ! CAMPES9OS HAD TO TIE !MSELVES TO TREES TO PL[1 :ILE ! RAN*]OS CONT9U$ TO HOLD GREAT SWA!S 9 ! ROLL+ VALLEYS4' .<#a#d.> ,! PATT]N ( ACCUMULATION WAS1 & TO A L>GE EXT5T /ILL IS1 BAS$ ON EXPANSIVE L& HOLD+S RA!R ?AN DEVELOP+ ! =CES ( PRODUCTION P] SE4 ,C(FEE1 BANANAS & O!R TROPICAL FRUIT >E GR[N = EXPORT2 CATTLE-RAIS+ IS ANO!R S\RCE ( PR(IT = ! RURAL ,*IAPAN B\RGEOISIE4 ,CROP-GR[+ REQUIRES ONLY SEASONAL LABOR-P[]1 & CATTLE-RE>+ G5]ALLY REQUIRES V]Y LITTLE AT ALL4 ,ACCUMULATION 9 !SE DOM9ANT 9DU/RIES HAS COME NOT FROM IMPROV+ PRODUCTIVITY 7?\< AGRICULTURAL TE*NIQUES HAVE OBVI\SLY IMPROV$ OV] ! YE>S71 RA!R IT HAS COME FROM EXT5D+ ! L& AVAILABLE ON :I* TO GR[ OR GRAZE CATTLE4 ,*IAPAN L&[N]S HAVE1 AS A RESULT1 A REPUTATION = BE+ AMONG ! MO/ VIOL5T 9 ,MEXICO4 ,!IR BUS9ESS HAS LIT]ALLY BE5 ?AT ( =C+ PEOPLE (F F]TILE L&4 ,BECAUSE ! L&[N]S >E ME/IZO 7MIX$ BLOOD7 OR LAD9O & ?OSE !Y >E EXPROPRIAT+ >E 9V>IABLY 9DIG5\S1 ! RURAL B\RGEOISIE >E DEEPLY RACI/ -- AN IMPORTANT PO9T TO BE> 9 M9D :5 DISCUSS+ ! VALIDITY ( SOME ,ZAPATI/A IDEAS4 ,?R\< ?IS VIOL5T RACISM1 ! HAC5DADOS & LATIFUNDI/AS HAVE BE5 ABLE TO UTT]LY DOM9ATE ?OSE ,9DIANS ?AT HAVE BE5 ALL[$ TO REMA9 AS WAGE LABOR]S OR DEBT-PEONS4 ,:E!R ?IS IS BY =C+ EMPLOYES TO BUY FROM ! HACI5DA %OP1 RAP+ !IR WIVES OR DAUD ,*IAPAN CAPITAL DOES NOT EV5 HAVE TO WORRY AB\T ! CO/S ( ! REPRODUCTION ( LABOR1 AS !SE HAVE ALWAYS BE5 BORNE BY ! FAMILY UNIT 9 ! IMPOV]I%$ LOCAL VILLAGE4 ,DEP5D+ ON !IR SIZE 7L>GE-SCALE AGRIBUS9ESS OR M$IUM-SIZ$ COMM]CIAL GR[]S7 ! L&[N]'S CAPITAL MAY FL[ TO ! CITIES TO BE 9VE/$1 (T5 9 SPECULATIVE V5TURES4 ,A L>GE P>T ( !IR PR(ITS ALSO GOES ON CONSPICU\S CONSUMPTION1 ! FLAUNT+ ( :I* FUR!R RE9=CES ! RURAL HI]>*Y4 ,!IR PAY+ (F ( LOCAL CACIQUES IS P]FECTLY 9 *>ACT] = ?IS UND]DEVELOP$ =M ( ACCUMULATION4 ,CACIQUES >E RA!R LIKE *>ROS 9 ?AT !Y CAN DELIV] SOME ( ! BASIC DEM&S ( ! CAMPES9O & M$IATE HIS NE$S4 ,!Y >E USUALLY OLD] M5 :O >E 9VOLV$ 9 LOCAL COMM]CIAL ACTIVITIES & HAVE A REPUTATION AS FIX]S1 USUALLY ) SOME ACCESS TO LOCAL /ATE FUNDS4 ,MANY >E ,P,R,II/AS1 MO/ >E CORRUPT & VIOL5T & ALL BELIEVE !Y 'S]VE ! PEOPLE'4 ,9 FACT !Y S]VE TO DEMOBILIZE & SUPPRESS RURAL /RUGGLE & >E 9VALUABLE TO ! L&[N]S4 ,CACIQUISMO ITSELF HAS (T5 BE5 A FOCUS = /RUGGLE1 ) PR$ICTABLY UNSUCCESSFUL RESULTS4 ,! MIGRATORY FL[ ( L& REFUGEES 9 ,*IAPAS HAS BE5 EA/W>DS1 AS C(FEE GR[]S EXP&$ !IR PLANTATIONS 9 ! F]TILE ,SOCONUSCO REGION ( ! /ATE4 ,9 #ai$ ! L&LESS1 P>TICUL>LY ,*OL ,9DIANS1 BEGAN >RIV+ 9 ! ,LAC&ON4 ,! TRICKLE SOON BECAME A FLOOD3 ,9DIANS FROM ,OAXACA MADE HOMELESS BY GOV]NM5T DAMS1 FROM ,V]ACRUZ1 EVICT$ BY ,GU>DIAS ,BLANCAS1 ME/IZO F>M]S FROM ,GU]R]O & ,MI*OACAN4 ,MU* LIKE ! ,U,S BORD]1 ! ,LAC&ON WAS BECOM+ A SAFETY VALVE = ! POV]TY & DISPOSSESSION AGRICAPITALI/ EXPANSION WAS CREAT+4 ,! P>TY-/ATE SAW ?IS1 RECOGNIZ$ ITS VALUE1 & GRANT$ A NUMB] ( L& TITLES ?R\< GOV]NM5T DECREE 9 #aieg & #a#i#f#a4 ,BUT ! /AMP$E 9TO ! ,LAC&ON & CONSEQU5T DE=E/ATION MEANT !RE WAS NOT 5\< L& TO GO >\ND1 & :AT !RE WAS QUICKLY BECAME /]ILE4 ,?OSE :O HAD RECKON$ ON AVOID+ PROLET>IANIZATION BY REFUS+ TO GO TO ! CITIES N[ F\ND !Y HAD TO SURVIVE BY SELL+ !IR LABOR-P[] :]EV] !Y C\LD & EK+ \T SOME SORT ( EXI/5CE ON A T9Y PAT* ( B>R5 L&4 #a#i#gS -- EVICTION & RESI/ANCE 9 ! ,LAC&ON ,BY ! E>LY '#gS1 ) ! MIGRATION TO ! ,LAC&ON UN/EMM$ & LIV+ CONDITIONS BECOM+ UNBE>ABLE1 REVOLT WAS 9 ! AIR4 ,9 #aigb ,PRESID5T ,E*EV]RIA S\ES W]E TO BE GIV5 TO SIXTY-SIX ,9DIAN HEADS-(-FAMILY2.<#a#e.> ! RE/ ORD]$ TO LEAVE4 ,!RE WAS IMM$IATE RESI/ANCE TO ! EVICTIONS -- & AN 9FLUX ( Y\NG ACTIVI/S 9TO ! REGION1 ,LOS ,ALTOS 9 P>TICUL>4 ,MANY W]E /UD5TS :O HAD TURN$ TO ,GUEV>I/ OR ,MAOI/ IDEOLOGY AFT] !IR EXILE FROM ,MEXICO ,CITY 9 #a#i#f#h1 N[ ESP\S+ AN ALL-\T GU]RILLA W> = :I* !Y W]E LITTLE PREP>$4 ,AN EXAMPLE WAS ! ,MAOI/ GR\P ,L9EA ,PROLET>IA :O S5T BRIGADES FROM ,TORREON & ,MONT]REY AFT] BE+ 9VIT$ TO ,*IAPAS BY LOCAL LIB]ATION !OLOGY PRIE/S SU* AS ,BI%OP ,SAMUEL ,RUIZ4 ,) ?IS MI%-MA% ( ,L59I/ ACTIVITY1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO DISCOV] ! AUTONOM\S CONT5T ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ EVICTION FROM ! ,LAC&ON4.<#a#f.>,TO MUDDY ! WAT] /ILL FUR!R1 IT IS PLA9 ?AT ! VANGU>DI/S & ! LIB]ATION !OLOGI/S W]E NOT 9 COMPETITION = ! HE>TS & M9DS ( ! CAMPES9OS1 AS SOME HAVE SUGGE/$4 ,LIB]ATION !OLOGY1 :I* WE %ALL LOOK AT 9 MORE DETAIL BEL[1 HAD A HI< ,M>XI/ COMPON5T 9 ! MID-#a#i#gS3 SOME PRIE/S REFUS$ SACRAM5TS TO ?OSE :O OPPOS$ ,L9EA ,PROLET>IA2 9 TURN ! ,MAOI/S RAIS$ ! BANN] ( ! 9DIG5\S *UR*4 ,CONSEQU5TLY ! SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! CAMPES9OS HAD TO PASS ?R\< TWO LAY]S ( M$IATION -- OR ONE ( HIES 9 ! HE>T ( ! ,LAC&ON4 ,=TY COMMUNITIES & EJIDOS W]E REMOV$ FROM ?IS ,U,N-PROTECT$ ECOSY/EM4 ,! FREQU5T L& OCCUPATIONS BY CAMPES9O GR\PS1 SOMETIMES L$ BY ! ,C,I,O,A,C 7,9DEP5D5T ,C5TRAL ( ,AGRICULTURAL ,WORK]S & ,CAMPES9OS1 ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY DOM9AT$ & /ILL 9FLU5TIAL TODAY71 W]E USUALLY MET ) MILIT>Y EXPULSION4 ,9 #aih ! >MY MASSACR$ FIFTY ,TOJOLABAL ,9DIANS :O HAD OCCUPI$ A F9CA 7L>GE F>M7 =TY MILES FROM ,COMITAN4 ,?IS WAS ! PATT]N = ! '#hS3 ! >MY & ! POLICE COMB9+ ) ! ,GU>DIAS ,BLANCAS TO SUPPRESS L& TAKEOV]S & MURD] PEASANT LEAD]S4 ,NEW PATT]NS ( ACCUMULATION ,IF ! #a#i#gS SAW AN UPSURGE 9 CLASS /RUGGLE1 IT ALSO SAW ! >RIVAL ( NEW NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL PATT]NS ( ACCUMULATION4 ,! F>M]S & RAN*]S N[ADAYS SIT MORE OR LESS UNCOM=TABLY ) ! NEW 9DU/RIES ?AT WI% TO EXPLOIT ,*IAPAS'S ABUNDANT NATURAL WEAL?1 & :I* >E (T5 DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO !IR 9T]E/S4 ,NEW DAMS W]E BUILT 9 ?IS P]IOD TO PROVIDE ELECTRICITY = PETRO*EMICAL PLANTS 9 ,TABASCO & ,V]ACRUZ3 ,*IAPAS IS ,MEXICO'S L>GE/ PRODUC] ( HYDROELECTRICITY1 ?\< HALF ( ITS HOMES HAVE NO P[]4 ,DAM CON/RUCTION HAS PROVID$ SPORADIC EMPLOYM5T = SOME P>TS ( ! 9DIG5\S POPULATION1 :ILE O!RS HAVE HAD TO AB&ON !IR VILLAGES TO RIS+ FLOOD WAT]S4 ,FUR!R DAM CON/RUCTION IS PLANN$1 MU* ( IT T>GET$ AT ! ,ZAPATI/A /RONISON ) ! DISCOV]Y ( OIL1 H[EV]4 ,! DEPOSITS 9 ! NOR?-EA/ ( ! /ATE >E P>T ( ! ,GULF ( ,MEXICO FIELD ?AT PRODUCES #h#a.0 ( ,MEXICO'S CRUDE EXPORT4 ,BUT NEW DEPOSITS HAVE ALSO BE5 F\ND 9 ! EA/1 JU/ NOR? ( ! ,GUATEMALAN BORD] 7! SO-CALL$ ,OCOS+O FIELD71 BANG 9 ! MIDDLE ( ,ZAPATI/A T]RITORY4 ,MO/ ( ?IS NEW OIL IS NOT YET BE+ PUMP$1 BUT EXPLORATORY WELLS HAVE BE5 DRILL$ BO? BY ,P,E,M,E,X1 ! NATIONAL OIL COMPANY1 & 9T]NATIONAL OIL 9T]E/S4 ,?IS SORT ( HIT-&-MISS DRILL+ REQUIRES A LOT ( L&2 CONSEQU5TLY ! LATIFUNDI/AS & RAN*]OS COME 9TO CONFLICT ) ! 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL ?AT VIEWS !M AS BACKW>D4 ,A LESS DEVELOP$ 9DU/RY1 BUT POT5TIALLY ( GREAT IMPORTANCE TO ! REGION1 IS BIOTE*NOLOGY4 ,*IAPAS'S DIV]SE ECOSY/EMS >E A P>ADISE = ?OSE SEEK+ TO LAUN* A NEW R\ND ( ACCUMULATION BAS$ ON PAT5T$ G5ETIC TE*NOLOGY4 ,ALREADY SEV]AL COMPANIES HAVE BEGUN BIO-PROSPECT+ 9 ! /ATE4 ,BUT ?IS IS AN EXPLOITATION ?AT WILL BE BAS$ ON ! PRES]VATION ( ! JUNGLES1 RA!R ?AN !IR DE/RUCTION4 ,WE CAN SEE A NEW PATT]N ( ACCUMULATION DEVELOP+ 9 ,*IAPAS4 ,PREVI\SLY A BACKWAT] ( NON-9NOVATORY LOCAL CAPITAL1 ! REGION HAS N[ ACQUIR$ A /RATEGIC IMPORTANCE TO SECTIONS ( BO? NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL4 ,H[EV]1 ! CONTRADICTION IS NOT SO MU* BETWE5 NEW MODES ( ACCUMULATION & OLD1 AL?\< T5SIONS C]TA9LY EXI/1 AS SOME HAVE >GU$3.<#a#g.> A F>M] MAY NE$ TO GRAB MORE L& TO KEEP HIS AGRIBUS9ESS GR[+1 BUT HE W\LD SURELY BE MORE ?AN HAPPY TO H& OV] A DRILL+ CONCESSION = A G5]\S FEE4 ,RA!R ! CONTRADICTION IS BETWE5 A LOCAL & 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL ?AT IS COMPELL$ TO MAKE EV] MORE ( ,*IAPAS B>R5 9 ORD] TO ACCUMULATE & 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL 9 ! =M ( BIOTE* MULT9ATIONALS :O NE$ TO PRES]VE ! ECOSY/EM4.<#a#h.> ,OIL IS PR$ICTABLY W9N+ & ! NATURAL RES\RCES ( ,*IAPAS >E BE+ SL[LY ]OD$4 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT IS ?AT = ! LOCAL RAN*]OS & LATIFUNDI/AS 7:O NE$ ONLY RELATIVELY SMALL AM\NTS ( LABOR-P[]71 = ! OIL COMPANIES & BIOTE* CORPORATIONS1 ! 9DIG5\S POPULATION ( EA/]N ,*IAPAS IS N[1 ALMO/ ABSOLUTELY1 SURPLUS TO REQUIREM5TS4 ,?OSE :O W]E DISPLAC$ FROM ! WE/ N[ DISCOV] IT W\LD BE BETT] NOT TO HAVE EXI/$ AT ALL4 ,?IS ABSOLUTE NEGLECT IS REFLECT$ 9 ! LEVELS ( ALCOHOLISM 9 MANY ,9DIAN COMMUNITIES1 & ! MALNUTRITION & HI< 9FANT MORTALITY 9 ! EA/]N HIKS ( REBELLION ,! SPECIFIC CAUSES ( ! >M$ UPRIS+ ( ! ,*IAPAN ,9DIANS >E EASY 5\< TO TRACE4 ,:ILE ! 9DIG5\S POPULATION HAD BE5 EXCLUD$ FROM ! ,P,R,I WELF>E /ATE1 ASIDE FROM A LAY] ( ,P,R,II/A CACIQUES1 !Y HAD B5EFIT$ FROM ! SUBSIDIES ?AT HAD TRADITIONALLY SUPPORT$ ,MEXICAN AGRICULTURE4 ,FROM #a#i#h#h1 !SE SUBSIDIES & PROTECTIONS W]E R$UC$1 DISMANTL$ OR ABOLI%$ BY ! NEW NEOLIB]AL ,P,R,I4 ,SO1 = EXAMPLE1 #aihi SAW ! ABOLITION ( ,9,M,E,C,A,F,E1 ! /ATE AG5CY DESIGN$ TO PUR*ASE & SET C(FEE PRICES1 A CRUCIAL CROP = ! ,9DIAN EJIDOS4 ,FLOAT$ ON ! WORLD M>KET1 ! PRICE ( C(FEE FELL LIKE A /ONE4.<#a#i.> ,WID] /RUCTURAL *ANGES ALSO OCCURR$ 9 ! NAME ( OP5+ ,MEXICO UP TO ! FREE M>KET4 #aiib SAW ! 9FAM\S AM5DM5T ( ,>TICLE #bg ( ! ,CON/ITUTION4 ,PREVI\SLY SACR$ TRU?S W]E BE+ QUE/ION$ BY ! ,P,R,I3 ! AM5D$ ,>TICLE N[ P]MITT$ ! SALE ( COMMUNAL L&S TO ANYONE :O WANT$ TO BUY FROM ANYONE :O C\LD BE P]SUAD$ 7OR =C$7 TO SELL4 ,! C\NTRYSIDE HAD BE5 OP5$ UP TO COMPETITION1 /R5G!N+ ! H& ( ! F9CA-[N]S & 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL4 ,ON TOP ( ?IS1 ,N,A,F,T,A1 :I* ,SAL9AS SAW AS HIS CR[N+ A*IEVEM5T1 W\LD SOON COME 9TO PLAY4 ,H[ W\LD ! ,9DIANS' SMALL CORN OR C(FEE CROPS COMPETE ) MOD]N ,U,S AGRIBUS9ESS8 ,! ANSW] WAS ?AT !Y W\LDN'T4 ,9 T&EM ) !SE FACTORS :I* PO9T$ TO FUR!R IMMIS]ATION1 ! CAMPES9OS ( EA/]N ,*IAPAS HAD NOT EXP]I5C$ A R$UCTION 9 ! /ATE-SPONSOR$ REPRESSION ?AT HAD BE5 DIRECT$ AGA9/ !M4 ,! SI< ( RELIEF ?AT HAD ACCOMPANI$ ! 5D ( ,G5]AL ,CA/ELLANOS'S MURD]\S GOV]NOR%IP ( ! /ATE 7#a#i#h#b-#h#h7 QUICKLY BECAME A GROAN :5 HIS SUCCESSOR1 ,PATROC9IO ,GONZALEZ BEGAN JAIL+ PEASANT LEAD]S & BUMP+ (F J\RNALI/S ,! ,GU>DIAS ,BLANCAS W]E ROAM+ ! C\NTRYSIDE ) IMPUNITY & ! NEW =E/RY POLICE W]E %OOT+ AT ANYONE !Y CAU,I,C71 :I* HAD BE5 SET UP BY ,MAOI/S 9 ! '#gS W]E UNABLE TO HOLD !IR MEMB]S4 ,! /ABLE CYCLICAL WORLD ( ! ,9DIAN VILLAGE WAS BE+ CONSUM$ BY CRISIS4 ,COLOMBUS ,DAY1 ,OCTOB] #aiib SAW T5 ?\S& 9DIG5\S M>*+ ?R\< ! /REETS ( ,SAN ,CRI/OBAL4 ,LAT] !Y TORE D[N ! /ATUE ( LOCAL CONQUI/ADORE ,DIEGO DE ,MAZ>IEGOS4 ,MANY 9 ! DEMON/RATION W]E ALREADY ,ZAPATI/AS4 ,! ,9DIANS ( ,LOS ,ALTOS1 ,LAS ,CANADAS & ,LA ,SELVA W]E FLOOD+ 9TO ! RANKS ( ! ,E,Z,L,N4 ,BUT :]E HAD ! ,E,Z COME FROM8 ,& :O EXACTLY WAS ORGANIZ+ IT8 ,=MATION ( ! ,E,Z,L,N .<#b.> ,! EGALIT>IAN NATURE ( 9DIG5\S COMMUNAL LIFE HAS BE5 WIDELY OV]/AT$4 ,DESP]ATE TO DISPEL ! DEAD WEI*Y & ALCOHOL-FUEL$ DOME/IC VIOL5CE1 ! 9DIG5\S COMMUNAL LIFE IS CONSID]ABLY LESS ?AN P]FECT4 ,BUT !RE IS A MOM5T ( TRU?3 COMMUNAL EJIDOS >E ! NORM1 IMPORTANT DECISIONS >E *EW$ OV] = H\RS ON 5D BY EV]YONE1 PLAYS & POETRY KEEP ! HI/ORY ( RESI/ANCE ALIVE4 ,:AT IS NEW AB\T ! ,ZAPATI/A COMMUNITIES IS ! 5]GETIC MANN] 9 :I* !Y HAVE BECOME POLITICAL & OV]COME SOME ( ! WOR/ ASPECTS ( VILLAGE TRADITION4 ,IMPORTANTLY ?IS HAS 5ABL$ ! ,ZAPATI/AS TO MOVE BEYOND ! CRIPPL+ LOCALISM ?AT HAS BE5 *>ACT]I/IC ( O!R PEASANT /RUGGLES4 ,AS WE HAVE ALREADY EXPLA9$1 ONE M$IATION ! CAMPES9OS HAVE GONE ?R\< 7& /ILL GO ?R\<7 5R\TE TO BECOM+ ,ZAPATI/AS1 IS ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,CA?OLIC *UR* & LIB]ATION !OLOGY 9 P>TICUL>4 ,:E!R CRITICAL OR CELEBRATORY1 ACC\NTS ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE G5]ALLY NEGLECT$ ?IS REACTION>Y 9FLU5CE ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,*IAPAS4 ,! EXT5T TO :I* ! AUTONOM\S COMMUNITIES >E 9FECT$ ) RELIGI\S S5TIM5T IS NOT ALWAYS APPRECIAT$4 ,EV]Y VILLAGE HAS A *UR*1 USUALLY ! MO/ SKILLFULLY CON/RUCT$ BUILD+ 9 ! COMMUNITY1 & :I* IS SOMETIMES ! ONLY PLACE = MILES ?AT HAS ELECTRICITY1 :ILE ! ,ZAPATI/AS !MSELVES 9V>IABLY LIVE 9 ILL-LIT %ACKS4 ,!RE IS A HI< 9T]P5ETRATION ( RELIGION & POLITICS3 ! LAY CATE*I/ :O PREA*ES IS (T5 ! LOCAL ,E,Z,L,N REP1 & ,MASSES HAVE A T5D5CY TO DISSOLVE 9TO LONG POLITICAL MEET+S -- OR ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,IT W\LD BE FAIR TO SAY ?AT :ILE LIB]ATION !OLOGY HAS CONTRIBUT$ TO ! COMBATIVITY ( ! ,*IAPAN ,9DIANS IT HAS ALSO PLAY$ ITS P>T 9 RET>D+ ! !ORETICAL EF=TS ( ! ,ZAPATI/A /RUGGLE4 ,! PH5OM5ON HAS BE5 PRES5T 9 ,*IAPAS 9 A CONC5TRAT$ =M S9CE AT LEA/ #a#i#g#d1 :5 ,SAMUEL ,RUIZ 7! ',R$ ,BI%OP'1 A FIGURE MU* HAT$ BY ! LATIFUNDI/AS & RAN*]OS7 ORGANIZ$ A ',CONGRESS ( ,9DIAN ,PEOPLES' 9 ,SAN ,CRI/OBAL4 ,%OCK$ 9TO ACTION BY ! ANG] DISPLAY$ AT ! ,CONGRESS1 ,RUIZ NOT ONLY /EPP$ UP ! *UR*'S MILITANT CRUSAD+ 9 ! VILLAGES1 HE ALSO1 AS WE HAVE SE51 9VIT$ ,MAOI/ CADRE 9TO ! >EA4 ,! MID- TO LATE-#a#i#gS WITNESS$ A P]IOD ( COOP]ATION BETWE5 ! P>TY ( ! *UR* & ! *UR* ( ! P>TY4 ,9 FACT ! #a#i#gS SAW ! HIXISM4 ,CONFRONT$ ) MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IPS ACROSS ALMO/ ! :OLE ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 MANY ,CA?OLICS BELIEV$1 = EXAMPLE ?AT3 ',! CLASS /RUGGLE IS A FACT & NEUTRALITY 9 ! QUE/ION IS NOT POSSIBLE' OR ',TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE444LEADS TO A CLASSLESS SOCIETY )\T [N]S OR DISPOSSESS$1 )\T OPPRESSOR & OPPRESS$4'.<#b#a.>,LIB]ATION !OLOGY EV5 HAD ITS [N ,*E -- ! BODY ( ,CAMILLO ,TORRES1 ,COLOMBIAN PRIE/-TURN$-GU]RILLA FIE UNABLE TO BREAK ) A *UR* :OSE V]Y ESS5CE IS HI]>*Y & AU?ORITY4 7,9 ITS TURN ,ROME IS KE5 TO KEEP !M ON SIDE -- 9 AN EXCOMMUNICAT$ LIB]ATION !OLOGY IT P]CEIVES ! POSSIBILITY ( ITS [N DISSOLUTION47 ,BY CONT9UALLY 5C\RAG+ ! REVOLT ( '! POOR' 9 ! CITY & ! C\NTRY1 YET UNABLE TO BREAK ?R\< ! MIASMA ( ,CA?OLICISM1 ! LIB]ATION !OLOGI/S ACTIVELY IMP$E ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CONSCI\S CATEGORY ( PROLET>IAT1 :OSE REALIZATION & SELF-ABOLITION IS ! ONLY REAL SOLUTION TO ! IMPOV]I%M5T ( !IR FLOCK4 ,BY ! MID-#a#i#hS1 ) SWA!S ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA UND]GO+ A TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY1 NOTABLY 9 ,BRAZIL1 ! HI 9 ,EL ,SALVADOR FUR!R MOD]AT$ ! 9FLU5CE ( ,M>XISM4 ,9 ,*IAPAS1 H[EV]1 ) ! SITUATION 9 ! HIS TO EXI/ \TSIDE ! PREVAIL+ MODE ( PRODUCTION74 ,?ANKS TO HIM1 MAN CAN /ILL SAVE HIS BE+ FROM ! EVIL EMBRACE ( CAPITAL4'.<#b#b.> ,:5 ,M>COS SAYS ',WE WANT LIB]ATION -- BUT NOT ! !OLOGY'1 WE %\LD NOT BE FOOL$4 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS >E AS DEV\T A LOT AS ONE IS EV] LIKELY TO MEET4 ,H[EV]1 IT WAS NOT JU/ ?AT ! ,*UR* WAS ACT+ AS A POLITICAL =CE -- IT WAS ALSO ACT+ AS A CONDUIT = ,MEXICAN LEFTI/S :O C\LD NOT O!RWISE GA9 ACCESS TO ! ,9DIANS ( ,*IAPAS4 ,RUIZ F\ND !SE LEFTI/S USEFUL 9 ! ORGANIZ+ WORK HE HAD COMMITT$ HIS DIOCESE TO4 ,9 ! #a#i#gS1 ! >RANGEM5T WAS ?AT ! PRIE/S W\LD H&LE PA/ORAL WORK :ILE ! ,MAOI/S H&L$ ! POLITICAL ORGANIZ+4 ,?IS BACKFIR$ ON HIM BADLY 9 #aih :5 ,L9EA ,PROLET>IA M\NT$ A C\P & REPLAC$ ! CATE*I/ LEAD]S 9 ! KEY PEASANT UNIONS4 ,IT TOOK TWO YE>S = ,RUIZ & HIS PRIE/S TO REGA9 ! 9ITIATIVE4 ,HE TURN$ TO ANO!R GR\P ( LEFTI/S TO HELP HIM -- BUT UNBEKN[N/ TO HIM ?IS GR\P WAS AN ADVANCE P>TY ( ! ,*E ,GUEV>A-9SPIR$ ,FU]ZAS DE ,NACIONAL ,LIB]ACION 7,=CES ( ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION1 ,F,L,N74 ,BY ! TIME ,L9EA ,PROLET>IA WAS LEAV+ ,*IAPAS 9 #a#i#h#c1 ! ,F,L,N1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ITS SUCCESSES 9 ORGANIZ+ ) ! ,*UR*1 WAS UPP+ ITS ACTIVITY SIGNIFICANTLY4 ,! ,F,L,N ,HI< ,COMM& HAD SECRETLY VISIT$ ! CANYONS1 ) A VIEW TO DEVELOP+ AN >MY :I* !Y ALREADY HAD A NAME = -- ! ,E,Z,L,N4 ,) !M CAME A Y\NG CAPTA91 ,M>COS4 ,FROM #aiia ! ,F,L,N MADE REAL PROGRESS 9 RECRUIT+ BEYOND ITS CORE CADRE ( ,9DIAN MILITANTS4 ,:ILE !Y HAD MAY HAVE FOLL[$ ! FOCO MODEL ( ! ,CUBA EXP]I5CE1 :I* EMPHASIZES ! MILIT>Y /RUGGLE OV] ! SOCIAL1 !Y RECOGNIZ$ ! NE$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 GRASSROOTS ORGANIZATIONS -- A LESSON !Y MAY HAVE LE>N$ FROM ! 9NOVATIVE LEFT-,MAOI/ ASPECTS ( ,L9EA ,PROLET>IA4 ,H[EV]1 !Y HAD AVOID$ FALL+ 9TO A T5D5CY ?AT ,L9EA ,PROLET>IA HAD SUCCUMB$ TO3 DRIFT+ AWAY FROM MILITANT L& OCCUPATIONS & BATTLES ) EMPLOY]S & T[>DS COOP]ATION ) ,P,R,I AG5CIES OV] CR$IT L9ES1 M>KET+ FACILITIES & PRODUCTIVITY 9CREASES4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( DIFF]5TIAT+ BETWE5 !SE /RATEGIES BECAME MORE PRON\NC$ AS ! MASSIVE ANTI-POV]TY PROGRAM ,P,R,O,N,A,S,O,L ROLL$ 9TO ,*IAPAS 9 ! E>LY #a#i#iS4 ,) IT ROLL$ SOME ( ! OLD ,L9EA ,PROLET>IA CADRE1 N[ P>T ( ,SAL9AS'S RET9UE4 ,AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! ,P,R,O,N,A,S,O,L GOV]NM5T WORK]S & ! ,*UR*1 N[ LONG AW>E ( ! ,F,L,NS COMMITM5T TO >M$ /RUGGLE1 AIM$ TO DIV]T ! ,9DIANS' ANG] 9TO AV5UES ( GOV]NM5T RECUP]ATION4 ,BUT ) ! ECONOMIC SITUATION = ! ,9DIANS N[ SO DESP]ATE1 ! ,F,L,N WAS ABLE TO \TFLANK ?IS MOVE BY CREAT+ A NEW MILITANT BODY1 ! ,A,N,C,I,E,Z1 ! ,EMILIANO ,ZAPATA ,9DEP5D5T ,NATIONAL ,PEASANT ,ALLIANCE1 AN EMBRYONIC ,ZAPATI/A >MY UND] :OSE BANN] ! MILITANT ,9DIANS BEGAN ! WORK ( REORGANIZ+ !IR COMMUNITIES4 ,!Y EV5 MANAG$ TO GET SOME ,P,R,O,N,A,S,O,L FUNDS ON ! SLY = WEAPONS4 ,ALL !SE ELEM5TS -- ! ,F,L,N1 ! PRIE/S1 ! COMMUNAL ,9DIAN TRADITIONS1 EA* ) !IR [N 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS1 W]E L5SES ?R\< :I* ! COM+-9TO-BE+ ( ! ,E,Z,L,N WAS FOCUS$4 ,! NECESS>Y FIR/ /EP ( ?IS MILITANT REORGANIZATION WAS ! SUPPRESSION )9 ! COMMUNITIES ( ANTI-,ZAPATI/A ELEM5TS1 USUALLY CACIQUES \T TO 5RI* !MSELVES OR ,P,R,II/AS :O C\LD ACT AS LEV]S ( CO]CION OR AS SPIES4 ,?IS PROCESS MU/ HAVE DEVELOP$ 9 QUITE DIFF]5T WAYS ACCORD+ TO ! PREVAIL+ CONDITIONS4 ,9 SOME PLACES !RE WAS A BLANKET CONV]SION TO ,ZAPATISMO & ! VILLAG]S C\LD AF=D TO BE RELATIVELY OP51 AT LEA/ ) EA* O!R1 AB\T !IR ORGANIZATION4 ,9DIVIDUAL ,P,R,II/AS W\LD BE EASY TO ISOLATE & EXCLUDE4 ,O!R VILLAGES MIGE *UNKS ( ,*IAPAS >E CONTROLL$ BY ! ,E,Z,L,N1 ONE CAN (T5 F9D A ,ZAPATI/A VILLAGE NEXT TO A ,P,R,I VILLAGE1 ) ALL ! SUSPICION & ANTAGONISM ?AT ?AT IMPLIES4 ,! ,P,R,I WEB IS TORN BUT F> FROM BRU%$ AWAY3 ! FE> ( 9=M]S MEANS ?AT ON ! M>G9S ( ,E,Z,L,N T]RITORY1 CL&E/9ITY IS /ILL V]Y MU* ! NAME ( ! GAME4 ,! EXPULSION :]E POSSIBLE ( ,P,R,II/AS OP5$ UP A SPACE = ! ,ZAPATI/AS1 A SPACE :]E A PROCESS ( REBUILD+ C\LD BEG94 ,SIMULTANE\S TO ! CL&E/9E RECON/ITUTION ( ! VILLAGES ! 9SURG5T >MY BEGAN TO COALESCE 9 ! HI\ND #a#i#i#b-#i#c4 ,UNTIL ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#i#c1 ,M>COS & ! ,9DIAN CADRES W]E FOLL[+ ORD]S FROM ! ,HI< ,COMM& ( ! ,F,L,N 9 ,MEXICO ,CITY1 ?\< HE HAS S9CE MADE EV]Y EF=T TO HIDE IT4 ,9 ?AT MON?1 REALIZ+ ! ,F,L,N UNITS 9 O!R ,MEXICAN /ATES W]E B>ELY EXI/5T1 LET ALONE ABLE TO LEAD AN >M$ REVOLUTION1 HE REFUS$ !IR REQUE/ TO S5D F9ANCES \T ( ,*IAPAS4 ,IT SEEMS TO BE AT ?IS TIME ?AT ! IDEOLOGICAL BREAK ) ! ,F,L,N OCCURR$1 ?\< IT WAS NOT FULLY CONFIRM$ UNTIL ! FAILURE ( ! ,JANU>Y #aiid UPRIS+4 ,! ,CL&E/9E ,COMMITTEE = ,9DIG5\S ,REVOLUTION 7,C,C,R,I7 :I* HAD BE5 CREAT$ 9 ,JANU>Y #aiic & :I* WAS MADE UP ( VET]AN ,9DIAN CADRE N[ PU%$ = W>4 ,H[EV]1 ON ?IS ONE CRUCIAL PO9T1 ! VILLAGE ASSEMBLIES F\ND CONS5SUS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,WOMACK3 '.<,!.> ASSEMBLIES GROAN$ = CONS5SUS = ! >M$ WAY1 BUT IT W\LD NOT COME444 ,9 ! ,ZAPATI/A CANYONS ! MAJORITY RUL$444:]E COMMUNITIES VOT$ = W>1 ! ,E,Z,L,N TOL]AT$ NO DISS5T OR PACIFISM3 ! M9ORITIES HAD TO LEAVE4'.<#b#c.> ,FROM ITS ,F,L,N ORIG9S1 !N1 WE KN[ ?AT ! >MY ITSELF C\LD BE A SUFFICI5T =M = ! HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,A POLITICAL CADRE C\LD OP]ATE )9 ! >MY TO TRANSMIT ! L9E ( ! ORGANIZATION & ITS LEAD]%IP TO BO? COMBATANTS & NONCOMBATANTS4 ,L59ISM1 AS A 'HI]>*IC ORGANIZATION ( IDEOLOGY' 7,DEBORD71 DOES NOT REQUIRE AN OBVI\S P>TY =M2 IT IS 5\< ?AT A CADRE ( MILITANTS EXI/ ) A LEAD]%IP -- P]HAPS A HIDD5 LEAD]%IP -- GIV+ !M POLITICAL DIRECTION4 ,WE KN[ ?AT ! ,F,L,N GREW 9 ,*IAPAS BY RECRUIT+ & TRA9+ AN ,9DIAN CADRE :O !N PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 ! ,ZAPATI/A DECISION TO GO TO W>4 ,BUT ?IS WAS NOT A VANGU>D 'P>A*UT$ 9 FROM ! \TSIDE'4 ,AP>T FROM ,M>COS1 & POSSIBLY A FEW O!RS1 IT WAS COMPOS$ ( ,9DIANS :O JO9$ BECAUSE IT SEEM$ TO MEET !IR NE$S4 ,SPECIFICALLY1 IT UNIFI$ ,9DIANS ( DIFF]5T LANGUAGES & ALL[$ !M TO ACT COLLECTIVELY AGA9/ !IR EXPLOIT]S4 ,BUT IF ! ,E,Z,L,N HAS AT ITS ORIG9 ! HI]>*Y & M$IATION ?AT IS 9H]5T 9 ! ,*E ,GUEV>A V]SION ( ,L59ISM1 !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ! POLITICAL C]TA9TIES ?AT ACCOMPANI$ ?IS MODEL W]E DE/ROY$ FOLL[+ ! FAILURE ( ,JANU>Y #a#i#i#d4 ,! RUPTURE ?AT TOOK PLACE BETWE5 ,SEPTEMB] #aiic & ,FEBRU>Y #aiid MEANT ! ,E,Z,L,N & ! CADRE =M WAS ?R[N 9TO CRISIS4 ,ON ! ONE H& ! ,E,Z,L,N HAD CLE>LY FAIL$ 9 !IR ATTEMPT TO LAUN* A CR$IBLE MILIT>Y (F5SIVE1 & HAD BECOME BESIEG$ & ISOLAT$4 ,YET ON ! O!R H&1 ! \TP\R+ ( PUBLIC SUPPORT = ! ,ZAPATI/AS MU/ HAVE CAUS$ ! ,C,C,R,I-,G,C 7,G5]AL ,COMM&7 & ! ,9DIAN CADRES TO REEXAM9E !IR IDEAS4 ,\T ( ?IS CRISIS CAME A COMMITM5T TO A VAGUE =M ( LEFT RE=MISM1 UTILIZ+ IDEAS SU* AS CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,DESP]ATE TO SURVIVE1 ! ,E,Z,L,N HAS USUALLY PIT*$ = ! L[E/1 & LEA/ CONTROV]SIAL1 COMMON D5OM9ATOR 9 ITS ORGANIZ+ EF=TS & COMMUNIQUES -- ANTI-,P,R,I4 ,H[EV]1 ! O!R LONG-T]M EFFECT ( ! UPRIS+ & ITS FAILURE HAS BE5 A HI< LEVEL ( CONFUSION & DISORI5TATION4 ,P]IODICALLY ! ORGANIZATION HAS BE5 ABLE TO UNITE >\ND C]TA9 9ITIATIVES1 SU* AS ! ,5CU5TROS4 ,YET GIV5 ! EXTREMELY DIFFICULT CONDITIONS !Y LIVE UND]1 ! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE DISPLAY$ A TREM5D\S LEVEL ( C\RAGE & 9ITIATIVE4 ,IT IS ! SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! ,9DIANS1 ABOVE ALL ELSE1 ?AT DEF9ES ?IS /RUGGLE4 ,ZAPATI/A ORGANIZATION ,! SCALE ( ! UPRIS+ IS ! FIR/ ?+ ?AT /RIKES ! VISITOR TO EA/]N ,*IAPAS4 ,!RE >E OV] #a1#a REBEL COMMUNITIES1 EA* ) #c-#d PEOPLE1 USUALLY Y\NG4 ,!SE VILLAGES1 SOME ( :I* HAVE BE5 BUILT S9CE #a#i#i#d1 >E F$]AT$ 9TO ?IRTY-TWO AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES4 ,! CIVIL DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS IS FLUID3 LOCAL DECISIONS >E MADE LOCALLY1 IMPORTANT POLICY OR PROJECT DECISIONS MADE ON A WID]1 BUT NOT ALWAYS MUNICIPAL1 LEVEL4 ,MUNICIPALLY1 DELEGATES FROM EA* VILLAGE COME TOGE!R 9 ! ASSEMBLY HALLS ?AT >E ALMO/ AS COMMON AS *UR*ES4 ,!SE MEET+S >E EXTREMELY LONG-W9D$ BY ,EUROPEAN /&>DS1 SOMETIMES GO+ ON = TWO OR ?REE DAYS UNTIL SOME?+ LIKE CONS5SUS IS REA*$4 ,?IS ABILITY TO REA* CONS5SUS IS AID$ BY ! VITALITY ( ! TRADITIONAL DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS & :I* RECOGNIZES ! PRESS+ DEM&S ( LIFE UND] SIEGE4 ,! REMOT5ESS ( ! ,9DIANS' LIVES FROM REGUL> WAGE LABOR1 & ! COMMUNAL NATURE ( F>M+ :I* 9 ANY CASE IS LABOR-9T5SIVE ONLY SEASONALLY1 5ABLES ! ,ZAPATI/AS TO C>VE \T L>GE PORTIONS ( TIME = MEET+S & ORGANIZ+4 ,! CIVIL LEVEL IS COMPLET$ BY ! FIVE ,AGUASCALI5TES :I* >E DOTT$ >\ND ,ZAPATI/A T]RITORY4 ,NAM$ AFT] ! ORIG9AL ,AGUASCALI5TES 7:]E ! ,C,N,D WAS HELD7 :I* WAS DE/ROY$ BY ! ,MEXICAN >MY 9 #a#i#i#e1 9 TURN NAM$ AFT] ! ,AGUASCALI5TES ,MILIT>Y ,CONV5TION ( #a#i#a#d1 !SE CULTURAL C5T]S >E A CONGLOM]ATION ( S*OOLH\SES1 ASSEMBLY HALLS1 METALWORK+ %OPS1 SLEEP+ QU>T]S1 /ORAGE HUTS1 ETC4 ,IT IS TO ! ,AGUASCALI5TES ?AT ! ,ZAPATI/AS COME = !IR MO/ IMPORTANT POLITICAL MEET+S1 DANCES1 & 5DLESS BASKETBALL T\RNAM5TS4 ,!Y HAVE ALSO BE5 US$ AT V>I\S TIMES AS ,E,Z,L,N B>RACKS4 ,! ,E,Z,L,N 5CAMPM5TS1 BE+ OBVI\S T>GETS1 >E AWAY FROM ! COMMUNITIES1 HIDD5 FROM ! CON/ANT OV]FLIMY HELICOPT]S OR AIR =CE BOMB]S4 ,! LOCAL ,E,Z,L,N DETA*M5TS S5D REPRES5TATIVES TO ! V>I\S ,C,C,R,IS1 :I* 9 TURN S5DS DELEGATES TO ! ,C,C,R,I ,G5]AL ,COMM&1 :I* CONSI/S ( >\ND #g-#h MEMB]S1 & IS BAS$ 9 ! ,LAC&ON >EA SURR\ND+ ! ,AGUASCALI5TES ( ,LA ,REALIDAD4 ,! HI]>*Y ?AT EXI/S 9 ! ,E,Z IS ALMO/ C]TA9LY P>T ( ! LEGACY ! ,F,L,N HAS LEFT ! ,9DIANS4 ,COMM&ANTE1 ,SUBCOMM&ANTE1 ,MAJOR1 ,CAPTA93 ! *A9 ( COMM& APPE>S TO REPRODUCE ?AT ( ! /ATE'S >M$ W+ P]FECTLY4 ,NATURALLY1 !RE WILL HAVE BE5 T5D5CIES )9 ! ,C,C,R,I-,G,C ?AT BO? OSSIFY & LOOS5 COMM&1 BUT A RELAXATION C\LD BE MORE LIKELY 9 REC5T YE>S AS ! ,E,Z,L,N HAS BE5 MILIT>ILY QUIET S9CE ITS 9ITIAL FLURRY ( ACTIVITY4 ,) ! 9DIG5\S W> ON HOLD1 WORK 9 ! COMMUNITIES HAS TAK5 PREC$5CE1 & ! DAMAGE MILIT>IZATION CAN DO TO A SOCIAL MOVEM5T R$UC$4 ,! ,E,Z1 H[EV]1 IS /ILL ! >5A :]E ! Y\NG WI% TO PROVE !MSELVES4 ,S9CE #aiid A NEW G5]ATION ( COMBATI5TES 7,E,Z SOLDI]S7 HAS COME ( AGE1 & IT W\LD BE 9T]E/+ TO KN[ H[ MANY HAVE MADE IT 9TO ! ,C,C,R,I-,G,C -- OR :E!R !Y N[ DOM9ATE IT4 ,UN=TUNATELY ?IS 9=MATION IS NOT AVAILABLE TO US4 ,ONE FUR!R ASPECT ?AT DIFF]5TIATES ! ,E,Z FROM AN >MY ( ! /ATE1 ASIDE FROM ITS RELATIVELY 9=MAL COMM& /RUCTURE1 IS ! APP>5T ABS5CE ( BO? PUNI%M5T & 9SUBORD9ATION4 ,JO9+ UP IS NOT COMPULSORY1 ?\< ALL SEV5TE5 YE>-OLD M5 & WOM5 >E 5C\RAG$ TO P>TICIPATE4 ,MANY SEEM TO WANT TO JO9 ! MILITIAS E>LI]4 ,! ,ZAPATI/A >MY HAS AFT] ALL COME ULTIMATELY FROM ! MAT]IAL NE$S & 9SURRECTION>Y DESIRE ( ! ,*IAPAN ,9DIANS4 ,AS SU* BECOM+ A COMBATI5TE IS SE5 TO BE NOT ONLY 9 AN ,9DIAN'S SELF 9T]E/1 IT IS ALSO AN ESCAPE FROM AGRICULTURAL DRUDG]Y & E>LY M>RIAGE 9TO A WORLD ( EXCITEM5T & POSSIBILITY4 ,! ,E,Z MAY NOT APPE> AS A BURD5 TO ! Y\NG1 RA!R TO JO9 IT C\LD BE TO EMB>K UPON A PROCESS ( 9DIVIDUAL & COMMUNAL SELF-EXPRESSION4 ,IF WE WI% TO BELIEVE ,M>COS1 & SOME MAY NOT1 IT IS ALSO A SPACE = LIMIT$1 BUT HI!RTO UN?9KABLE1 SEXUAL EXP]IM5TATION1 FREE FROM ! JUDGM5TAL GAZE ( ! VILLAGE ELD]S4 ,! RELATION%IP ( ! ,E,Z,L,N TO ! AUTONOM\S COMMUNITIES AFT] #aiid APPE>S TO BE *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! SLOGANS3 ',COMM&+ OBEY+' & ',EV]Y?+ = EV]YONE1 NO?+ = \RSELVES'4 ,! =M] IS REALLY NO?+ MORE ?AN AN 9DIG5\S TAKE ON ! PRACTICE ( RECALLABLE DELEGATES4 ,AS SU* IT FOLL[S FIRMLY 9 ! TRADITIONS ( SOVIETS & WORK]S' C\NCILS -- ?\< ( C\RSE IT IS D\BLE-$G$3 IF ! COMM&]S OBEY1 !Y ALSO COMM&4 ,! LATT] SLOGAN IS AN ASSURANCE ?AT ?AT ! ,E,Z,L,N1 OR ! ,C,C,R,I-,G,C1 WILL NOT 5RI* ITSELF AT ! EXP5SE ( ! COMMUNITIES1 NOR WILL IT TRANS=M ITSELF 9TO A NEW LAY] ( CACIQUISMO4 ,! VILLAGES >E NOT ! BASES ( SUPPORT = ! GU]RILLA >MY1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 NEIS TO BE ! BASE ( SUPPORT = ! SELF-ORGANIZ$ VILLAGE4 ,BECAUSE !RE >E NOT NE>LY 5\< RES\RCES TO GO >\ND1 ANY MAT]IAL 5RI*M5T ON ! P>T ( ! ,E,Z1 OR SECTIONS ( ! ,E,Z1 W\LD 9/ANTLY RAISE SUSPICIONS ( ,P,R,I 9FLU5CE4 ,BUT 9 FACT ! ,ZAPATI/A >MY IS NOT SAY+ 'WE WILL TAKE ONLY ?AT %>E TO :I* WE >E 5TITL$'1 !Y >E SAY+ 'WE WILL TAKE LESS ?AN \R %>E4' ,9 IMPOV]I%$ EA/]N ,*IAPAS ?IS AM\NTS TO A LITTLE MORE ?AN PO/UR+4 ,! SAME OBSESSION ) DEA? WE NOT$ E>LI] ALSO LEADS 9TO A LANGUAGE ( SACRIFICE4 ,! DIALECTIC ( 'COMM&+ OBEY+' CAN BE/ BE SE5 AT WORK 9 ! DEVIS+ & IMPLEM5TATION ( ! V>I\S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,LAWS ( ! ,E,Z,L,N4 ,! ,LAWS !MSELVES >E MIR$ 9 LEFTI/ B\RGEOIS LANGUAGE -- ',! ,RIY ,>M$ ,=CES' -- & (T5 9 RE=MI/ CONT5T1 SU* AS ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,AGR>IAN ,LAW1 :I* WE %ALL LOOK AT LAT]4 ,ONCE AGA9 WE SEE ! 9FLU5CE ( ! /RUCTURES ( ,M>XISM-,L59ISM4 ,BUT !Y REPRES5T ALSO A SOPHI/ICAT$ ATTEMPT BY ! CAMPES9OS TO BEG9 SOLV+ !IR [N PROBLEMS4 ,! >MY1 BE+ EV]Y:]E1 WAS ! ONLY BODY ?AT C\LD IMPLEM5T !IR NEW WORLD ) ANY DEGREE ( CONSI/5CY4.<#b#d.> ,! ,LAWS1 DEVIS$ AFT] 5DLESS DEBATE & DISCUSSION1 9 !MSELVES 7I4E4 ASIDE FROM !IR CONT5T7 >E AN ATTEMPT BY ! ,9DIANS TO 5D[ !IR /RUGGLE ) A S5SE ( P]MAN5CE1 A WAY ( SAY+ 'WE >E NOT GO+ BACK4' ,NATURALLY !Y >E M$IATIONS1 BUT !Y >E AT LEA/ M$IATIONS :I* HAVE 5ABL$ ! ,ZAPATI/A /RUGGLE TO MOVE BEYOND VISC]AL CLASS ANTAGONISM 9TO SELF-ORGANIZATION -- A COH]5CE NOT SE5 9 ! ,MEXICAN C\NTRYSIDE S9CE ! DAYS ( ! ,AYALA ,PLAN4 ,ANY DESCRIPTION ( ,ZAPATI/A ORGANIZATION MU/ 9CLUDE AN ACC\NT ( ! EFFECT ( ! UPRIS+ ON ! /ATUS ( 9DIG5\S WOM54 ,BE=E ,ZAPATISMO ! CONDITIONS WOM5 LIV$ 9 W]E DREADFUL3 SEXUAL ABUSE WAS RIFE ?R\< RAPE OR E>LY =C$ M>RIAGE1 DOME/IC VIOL5CE WAS HI<1 GIV+ BIR? TO L>GE FAMILIES RU9$ A WOMAN'S BODY & GAVE !M A HEAVY RESPONSIBILITY = SOCIAL REPRODUCTION ?R\< H\SEHOLD *ORES4 ,MOREOV] !Y W]E EXPECT$ TO R$UCE !IR FOOD 9TAKE SO ?AT ! HUSB& & *ILDR5 C\LD EAT SUFFICI5TLY1 ?\< EV5 ?IS WAS UNABLE TO /AUN* ! HI< RATES ( 9FANT MORTALITY4 ,9 %ORT !Y W]E VIRTUAL SLAVES 9 !IR [N VILLAGES4 ,! UPRIS+ HAS NOT LIB]AT$ !M1 AS IT HAS NOT LIB]AT$ ANY O!R ,9DIAN1 FROM A WORLD ( WANT4 ,:AT IT HAS DONE IS GIV5 !M AN OPPORTUNITY TO BREAK BEYOND ! ATOMIZATION ( ! VILLAGE TO =M A DEVELOP+ UNITY BAS$ ON ! RI* V>IETY ( !IR NE$S4 ,! SPACE = WOM5'S ORGANIZATION HAS NOT OP5$ UP BECAUSE ( ! REBELLION1 9/EAD ! WOM5'S DEM&S HAVE BE5 IMPOS$ ON ! M5 9 A COLLECTIVE & CONSCI\S ATTEMPT TO EXP& ! SPH]E ( !IR [N AUTONOMY4 ,?IS HAS ONLY ADD$ TO DIV]SITY ( ,ZAPATISMO4 ,SOME HAVE >GU$ ?AT 'WOM5'S 9TEGRATION 9TO MILIT>Y /RUCTURES REMA9S ! SURE/ WAY TO DEFUZE ! SUBV]SIVE POT5TIAL ( !IR *OICE TO BREAK ) ! PA/4'.<#b#e.> ,WE W\LD DISAGREE4 ,! WOM5 SEE !IR SUBV]SIVE POT5TIAL NOT AS WOM51 BUT AS ,ZAPATI/A WOM54 ,?AT 5TAILS EXP&+ !IR AUTONOMY BO? )9 ! VILLAGE 7= EXAMPLE1 9 CO-OPS ( V>I\S K9DS7 & EMB>K+ ON A PROJECT ( SOLID>ITY ) ! M5 9 ! >MY4 ,!Y >E BO? AGA9/ & ) ! M52 PRIM>ILY !Y >E = !MSELVES1 A PROJECT :I* !Y SEE AS BE+ REALIZ$ 9 ! ORGANIC & RELATIVELY 9=MAL /RUCTURES ( ! ,E,Z,L,N4 ,& 9 RESPONSE TO ! /ATE'S MILIT>IZATION ( ,*IAPAS !Y HAVE EXPRESS$ !MSELVES ?R\< SIMULTANE\SLY TAK+ UP >MS & DEVELOP+ !IR [N QUASI-MILIT>Y /RUCTURES4 ,>M$ ) /AFFS ?AT >E ALMO/ AS TALL AS !MSELVES1 !Y HAVE TRA9$ !MSELVES TO FIE A ,ZAPATI/A EMBLEM4 ,ASIDE FROM TAK+ UP >MS1 P]HAPS ! S+LE MO/ SUBV]SIVE ACT !Y HAVE UND]TAK5 IS ! BANN+ ( ALCOHOL1 :I* IS US$ BY ! ,*IAPAN L&[N]S & RAN*]S AS AN \T-&-\T WEAPON ( SOCIAL CONTROL4 ,ALCOHOL SALES ON TICK T5D TO CAUSE UNPAYABLE DEBT ?R\< ! EMPLOY]'S %OP1 & ! COMMUNITY 9 ITS ALI5ATION & P[]LESSNESS TURNS 9 ON ITSELF ?R\< DOME/IC VIOL5CE4 ,! EFFECT 9 ,9DIAN COMMUNITIES HAS BE5 DEVA/AT+1 SIMIL> TO ?AT EXP]I5C$ ON ! RES]VATIONS ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,) ! L&[N]S GONE1 ! 9DIG5\S WOM5 IMM$IATELY 5=C$ A BAN ?AT IS UNIV]SAL 9 ,ZAPATI/A T]RITORY4 ,MANY VILLAGES HAVE A T9Y ONE-P]SON JAIL OR SECURE HUT :]E ! OCCASIONAL DRUNK>D RETURN+ FROM ,OCOS+O OR ,ALTAMIRANO CAN BE IMPRISON$ = A NI*ES AGA9/ /ATE MILIT>IZATION 9 ! T\RI/ T[N ( ,SAN ,CRI/OBAL4 ,! WOM5'S SITUATION IS NOT DEVELOP+ ALL ONE WAY4 ,PREGNANT COMBATI5TES MU/ RETURN TO !IR VILLAGES :]E !Y MAY BE SUBJECT TO ISOLATION1 AL?\< ! FA!R ( ! *ILD MU/ ACCOMPANY H]2 ?OSE :O HAVE NEV] LEFT WILL ALMO/ ALWAYS BE ILLIT]ATE1 UNABLE TO SPEAK ANY ,SPANI%1 & CONT9UE TO BE> ! BURD5 ( *ILDC>E4 ,9 MANY VILLAGES WOM5 >E /ILL EXCLUD$ FROM MEET+S4 ,NEV]!LESS ! T5D5CY IS T[>DS FREE DET]M9ATION AS P>T ( ! DEVELOP+ SOCIAL :OLE1 T[>DS REBELDE MUJ]ES 7REBEL WOM57 RA!R ?AN SUBS]VI5T ONES4 ,LA/LY1 ! MILIT>Y SITUATION 9 ,*IAPAS DEM&S A BRIEF M5TION4 ,! F$]AT$ ,ZAPATI/A >EAS >E SURR\ND$ & 9T]P5ETRAT$ ) HUNDR$S ( >MY *ECKPO9TS & BASES4 ,! MILIT>IZATION IS IMM5SE3 #g1 TROOPS1 ONE ?IRD ( ! 5TIRE ,MEXICAN >MY1 >M$ ) ! BE/ WEAPONS ,AM]ICAN ANTI-N>CO MONEY CAN BUY4 ,P,R,I- & L&[N]-SPONSOR$ P>AMILIT>IES1 ( :I* !RE >E SEV5 DIFF]5T V>IETIES ROAM ! C\NTRYSIDE1 RAT*ET+ UP ! T5SION4 ,?IS PAT*WORK ( CONFLICT IS FUR!R CONFUS$ BY ! WAVES ( REFUGEES ?AT HAVE OCCASIONALLY BE5 CREAT$ BY >MY OCCUPATIONS ( ,ZAPATI/A MUNICIPALITIES1 OR ?OSE ) ,E,Z SYMPA?IES :O HAVE BE5 EXPELL$ FROM ,P,R,I VILLAGES4 ,9 ,*IAPAS ! >M$ W+ ( CAPITAL IS EV]Y:]E VISIBLE4 ,HAV+ DESCRIB$ ! BASIC \TL9E ( ! ,ZAPATI/A SET-UP1 WE %ALL N[ TURN TO ! IDEAS ( ! UPRIS+4 ,9 ATTEMPT+ TO MOVE BEYOND ! *E]LEAD+ OR ! HO/ILITY ?IS SOCIAL MOVEM5T HAS PROMPT$1 WE %ALL DEAL )1 9 TURN1 ! IDEAS ( ! 'ULTRA-LEFT' & ! ACADEMIC AUTONOMI/S4 ,! 'ULTRA-LEFT' T5D TO SEE ! ,ZAPATI/A AS A DESP]ATE GU]RILLA FIACT] ( ! REBEL ,9DIAN1 FROM :]E SOME ( !SE CONTRADICTIONS >ISE4 ,! CLASS POSITION ( ! ,ZAPATI/A ,9DIAN ,! CLASS POSITION ( ! ,ZAPATI/A ,9DIAN IS1 AS WE %ALL >GUE1 MORE PEASANT ?AN PROLET>IAN4 ,BE=E SUB/ANTIAT+ ?IS PO9T1 WE MU/ /EP BACK BRIEFLY & D]IVE AN UND]/&+ ( ! NATURE & FUNCTION ( ! PEASANTRY4 ,TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM EXPLA9S ! PEASANTRY ) ! SAME ANALYTICAL TOOLS IT USES TO EXPLA9 CLASS POL>IZATION 9 URBAN SOCIETIES4 ,IT IS P]FECTLY SUIT$ TO ! RAPID MOVEM5T & SOCIAL *ANGE ?AT TAKES PLACE 9 CITIES DUR+ 9DU/RIALIZATION1 BUT IT CAN LEAD SOME TO A SIMPLI/IC IDEA ( CLASS RELATIONS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 :]E MANY PRE-CAPITALI/ =MS SURVIVE & :]E /ABILITY RA!R ?AN *ANGE CAN BE ! DEF9+ E?OS4 ,JU/ AS CAPITALISM 9 ! CITIES BASES ITSELF ON CON/ANTLY REVOLUTIONIZ+ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 SOME OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S SEE 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE A MIRROR$ PROCESS :]EBY GREAT] NUMB]S ( PEASANTS >E EXCLUD$ FROM ! L&1 :ILE A MU* SMALL] NUMB] MANAGE TO TRANS=M !MSELVES 9TO PR(ESSIONAL F>M]S ) L>G] L&HOLD+S4 ,) ?IS PROGRAMMATIC APPROA* IT IS EASY TO BELIEVE 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( /IRR+ UP CLASS W> )9 ! VILLAGE ITSELF4 ,?US = ,L59 IT WAS SIMPLY A MATT] ( 5C\RAG+ ! POOR PEASANTS TO REBEL AGA9/ ! RI* PEASANTS4 ,!SE POOR PEASANTS1 9CREAS+LY SEP>AT$ FROM ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 W\LD DISCOV] !IR NATURAL ALLIES 9 ! PROLET>IAT1 :ILE ! AFFLU5T PEASANTS ) ACCESS TO L& & M>KET NETWORKS W\LD SIDE ) ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! URBAN =MULA ( CLASS /RUGGLE WAS SIMPLY TRANSPOS$ ONTO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,!RE IS1 ( C\RSE1 TRU? 9 ?IS ANALYSIS4 ,CAPITALISM1 TO ! EXT5T TO :I* IT CAN P5ETRATE1 & !REBY ALT]1 TRADITIONAL PEASANT SOCIETY1 DOES CREATE CLASS POL>IZATION4 ,BUT ! ,SOVIET EXP]I5CE ( ,W> ,COMMUNISM1 ,N,E,P & P>TICUL>LY COLLECTIVIZATION1 %[S NOT AN 9CREAS+LY CLASS-RIDD5 & SOCIALLY VOLATILE PEASANT COMMUNITY2 9/EAD IT %[S ! HI< LEVEL ( 9T]NAL /ABILITY & RESI/ANCE TO \TSIDE 9FLU5CE3 NOT SO MU* AN EXAMPLE ( POOR PEASANT & POLITICAL COMMISS> VS4 RI* PEASANT1 AS RI* & POOR PEASANT VS4 POLITICAL COMMISS>4 ,! PROBLEM ) ! OR?ODOXY IS ?AT IT OV]E/IMATES ! ABILITY ( CAPITAL TO BREAK D[N TRADITIONAL PEASANT /RUCTURES4 ,! PROCESS ( AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION MAY HAVE HAPP5$ 9 WE/]N ,EUROPE & NOR? ,AM]ICA1 BUT 9 MANY P>TS ( ! WORLD1 SU* AS ,MEXICO1 ! PEASANT VILLAGE HAS REMA9$ /UBBORNLY IMP]VI\S TO CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,SO :ILE AGRIBUS9ESS IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY WAGE-LABOR & NEW F>M+ TE*NIQUES1 PEASANT PRODUCTION HAS AT ITS HE>T UNSPECIALIZ$ PRODUCTION = CONSUMPTION1 FAMILY LABOR1 AN ABS5CE ( ACC\NT+1 ETC4 ,9 PLACE ( ! REL5TLESS DRIVE = PR(IT1 PEASANT LIFE IS ONE ( ISOLATION & IMMUTABILITY :]E BIR?S1 M>RIAGES & ! SEASONS HOLD MORE IMPORTANCE ?AN CROP YIELD OR RATIONAL BUS9ESS PLANN+4 ,! POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS CONS]VATIVE /ABILITY >E TW(OLD4 ,! FIR/ IS ?AT PEASANT UPRIS+S >E ALMO/ ALWAYS A REACTION TO AN EXT]NAL CRISIS :I* ?REAT5S ! PEACE ( ! VILLAGE1 RA!R ?AN AS A RESULT ( 9T]NAL CLASS ANTAGONISMS4 ,! MANY CRISES 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,MEXICAN CAMPES9O HAS MEANT ?IS CLASS HAS BE5 AN ESPECIALLY COMBATIVE ONE3 ! SUDD5 >RIVAL ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION 7! ,CONQUE/71 ! G5OCIDE BY SWORD & DISEASE1 ! RULE FROM ,SPA91 ! VIOL5T EXPANSION ( ! LATIFUNDIAS UND] ! ,PORFIRIATO >E ALL EXAMPLES4 ,! SECOND IMPLICATION IS ?AT )9 ! PEASANT UPRIS+ ! B9D+ ASPECT ( TRADITION 5ABLES SMALL PRIVATE F>M]S & ?OSE ) COMMUNAL L&HOLD+S 7?\< ! DIFF]5CE IS NOT ALWAYS CLE> CUT3 ONE CAN M]GE 9TO ! O!R AT DIFF]5T TIMES ( ! YE> OR AT TIMES ( FAMILY *ANGE7 TO LIVE HAPPILY TOGE!R 9 REVOLT -- ! ,AYALA ,PLAN IS A CASE 9 PO9T4 ,! PR9CIPAL PO9T ( ATTACK :I* ! OR?ODOXY ID5TIFIES IS (T5 ! MO/ RESI/ANT TO *ANGE4 ,:AT1 !N1 IS ! NATURE ( ! CLASS POSITION ( ! ,ZAPATI/A ,9DIAN TODAY8 ,WE DESCRIB$ E>LI] ! UNEV5 DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM 9 ,*IAPAS4 ,! ,9DIANS HAVE EXP]I5CE ( WAGE-LABOR ?AT MIY -- :5 IT IS OV] ! CAMPES9O MU/ RETURN TO ! VILLAGE TO SCRAT* \T A LIV+ FROM ! SOIL4 ,= M51 JU/ AB\T ! ONLY =M ( P]MAN5T WORK IS BE+ EMPLOY$ BY ! REPRESSIVE >MS ( ! ,P,R,I OR ! L&[N]S4 ,= ! WOM51 H&ICRAFTS 79CLUD+ ,ZAPATI/A DOLLS7 TO SELL 9 ! M>KETS ( ,SAN ,CRI/OBAL OR \TSIDE ,MAYAN RU9S IS A POSSIBLE =M ( 9COME4 ,?IS IS A /RICTLY PEASANT ACTIVITY3 !IR /ALL IS A PAT* ( GR\ND & ! LEVEL ( POV]TY (FSETS ANY PETTY-B\RGEOIS TRADE CONT5T ?IS ACTIVITY MITLY & TEMPOR>ILY 9TEGRAT$4 ,!Y REPRES5T A SECTION ( ! POPULATION :I* CAPITAL HAS NOT FULLY PROLET>IANIZ$ BECAUSE IT HAS NO NE$ ( !IR LABOR-P[]4 ,9 FACT1 AS WE M5TION$ E>LI]1 IT W\LD BE BETT] = CAPITAL IF !SE PEOPLE DID NOT EXI/ AT ALL4 ,NEI!R HAS !IR LIMIT$ CONTACT ) ! WAGES SY/EM BE5 A DEF9ITIVE EXP]I5CE = ! ,*IAPANECOS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y !Y HAVE RETREAT$ FUR!R 9TO ! M>G9S ( ,MEXICAN GEOGRAPHY 9 !IR ATTEMPT TO PRES]VE !IR TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES4 ,!IR PRODUCTIVE LIVES >E DET]M9$ BY ! L& & ! CONSUMPTION NE$S ( !IR FAMILY & VILLAGE2 !IR SOCIAL LIVES BY ! TRADITIONS ( ! VILLAGE2 !IR ?9K+ IS G5]ALLY SOCIAL RA!R ?AN ECONOMIC -- !Y >E P>T ( ! 'DIFF]5T WORLD' ( ! PEASANT4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO AVOID WAGE-LABOR ALTOGE!R -- ITS 9FLU5CE HAS BE5 IMPORTANT TO ! ,ZAPATI/AS' ABILITY TO LOOK BEYOND !IR IMM$IATE LOCALITY4 ,BUT ! OV]ALL CLASS POSITION ( ! ,ZAPATI/A1 HIS OR H] CULTURE & BELIEFS1 IS ?AT ( ! PEASANT4 ,WE C\LD P]HAPS BE/ DEF9E ?IS CLASS LOCATION AS ?AT ( A SEMI-PROLET>IAN PEASANTRY4 ,9DE$ ONE C\LD >GUE ?AT ! UPRIS+ ITSELF HAS1 ) ITS OBSESSION = ,MAYAN TRADITION1 RE9=C$ ! PEASANT ASPECT OV] ! PROLET>IAN4 ,IT IS ONLY ) ?IS CATEGORY ( SEMI-PROLET>IAN PEASANT ?AT WE CAN UND]/& ! CONTRADICTIONS AT ! HE>T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ,ZAPATI/A & ! PRACTICE ( ! ,E,Z,L,N ITSELF4 ,GU]RILLA FIM] OR POLITICO8 ,BO? & NEI!R4 ,! 'ULTRA-LEFT' GR\PS1 MI/AK+ ! ,ZAPATI/AS = PROLES1 CONDEMN !M = FALL+ 9TO ! TRAPS ( TW5TIE? C5TURY WORK+ CLASS 9SURRECTION4 ,! ACADEMICS ALSO MI/AKE !M = FULLY-9TEGRAT$ WAGE-SLAVES1 & !RE=E REPRES5TATIVE ( A NEW RECOMPOSITION ( LABOR AGA9/ 'NEOLIB]ALISM'4 ,BUT ! ,*IAPAN ,9DIANS >E NOT C5TRAL TO ! EXPANSION ( CAPITAL2 !Y >E EXTREMELY M>G9AL TO IT4 ,CONSEQU5TLY !Y >E NOT 9 AN ADVANTAGE\S POSITION TO DEVELOP A CRITIQUE ( CAPITAL4 ,!IR ONLY POSSIBILITY IS TO REASS]T HUMAN COMMUNITY OV] A SY/EM ?AT W\LD RA!R SEE !M DEAD4 ,! 'ULTRA-LEFT'.<#b#f.>3 ,MAO & ,M>COS ,SYLVIE ,D5EUVE & ,*>LES ,REEVE'S >TICLE ',BEH9D ! ,BALACLAVAS ( S\?-EA/ ,MEXICO' IS )\T D\BT ! MO/ HO/ILE REACTION TO ! ,9DIAN UPRIS+ 9 ,*IAPAS4 ,REACT+ AGA9/ ! ROMANTICIZATION ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS1 !Y WI% TO ASS]T ! PROLET>IAN ASPECTS ( ! /RUGGLE OV] ! MORE IMPORTANT PEASANT & ,9DIAN ASPECTS :I* WE HAVE ALREADY EXAM9$4 ,!Y P]CEIVE 9 ! REBELLION & ! =MS IT HAS TAK5 NO?+ MORE ?AN ONE FUR!R EXAMPLE ( DEAD5+ ,L59ISM GRAFT+ ITS /RUCTURES ONTO AUTONOM\S CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,OSCILLAT+ BETWE5 CONTEMPT = ! ,9DIANS' TRADITIONAL SUBS]VI5CE & AN UNGR\ND$ BELIEF 9 !IR IMMAN5T ABILITY TO LAUN* 9TO AN UNM$IAT$ ORBIT ( PURE REVOLUTION1 ,D5EUVE & ,REEVE GIVE A S*EMATIC ACC\NT ( H[ !Y BELIEVE ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,*IAPAS HAS DEVELOP$ & BE5 D]AIL$4 ,= !M1 ! /RONG BASE ASSEMBLIES ( ! ,ZAPATI/A MUNICIPALITIES M]ELY S]VE TO PROTECT ?OSE LEAD]S :O 'MU/ NEV] BE SE5'3 '! ,ZAPATI/A >MY IS444ONLY ONE P>T ( ,! ,ORGANIZATION -- IT IS ITS VISIBLE P>T4' ,!Y ACC\NT = ! LACK ( AN OBVI\S ,P>TY L9E & ! ABS5CE ( ,M>XI/ VOCABUL>Y 9 G5]AL BY >GU+ ?AT1 S9CE ! COLLAPSE ( ! /ATE CAPITALI/ BLOC1 VANGU>DI/ ORGANIZATIONS HAVE HAD TO REVISE !IR EXPECTATIONS D[NW>D -- IMPLY+ ?AT ! =MS ( ,L59ISM >E 9TACT1 HIDD51 WAIT+ = ! HI/ORIC MOM5T4 ,BUT ! PROBLEM ,D5EUVE & ,REEVE HAVE IS ?AT !Y >E SIMPLY 9 POSSESSION ( 9SUFFICI5T 9=MATION ON :I* TO BASE !IR ANALYSIS4 ',BEH9D ! ,BALACLAVAS' CONSEQU5TLY TALKS A GREAT DEAL AB\T ! ORGANIZATION ( POLITICS1 OR ! POLITICS ( ORGANIZATION1 & V]Y LITTLE AB\T ACTUAL SITUATIONS 9 ,*IAPAS4 ,!Y !MSELVES ADMIT !Y HAVE F\ND IT DIFFICULT TO GET CONCRETE 9=MATION4 ,AS A RESULT1 WE F9D JU/ AB\T EV]Y ASPECT ( ! ,9DIANS' /RUGGLE MISREPRES5T$3 ! L& OCCUPATIONS >E NOT AB\T L&1 ONLY REV5GE2 ! WOM5S' /RUGGLE IS SIDEL9$ 9TO ! >MY & HAS NO O!R EXPRESSION2 ! ,F,Z,L,N DOM9ATES CIVIL SOCIETY \TSIDE ,*IAPAS2 ! ,E,Z,L,N IS MADE UP ( 'Y\NG PEOPLE1 M>G9AL1 MOD]N1 MULTIL+UAL444!IR PR(ILE HAS LITTLE TO DO ) ! ISOLAT$ ,9DIAN ?AT SOME IMAG9E4' ,& SO ON & SO =?4 ,D5EUVE & ,REEVE'S CLASS ANALYSIS IS 9ADEQUATE1 & !Y SUPPLEM5T IT ) A SKET* ( ! MANN] 9 :I* ,L59ISM HAS 9 ! PA/ MANIPULAT$ PEASANT MOVEM5TS4 ,IT IS REALLY ?IS REFUSAL TO EV5 LOOK = ANY?+ NEW 9 ?IS /RUGGLE ?AT IS ! MO/ 9FURIAT+ ASPECT ( ',BEH9D ! ,BALACLAVAS'4 ',BEH9D ! ,BALACLAVAS' DOES1 H[EV]1 PO9T TO AN IMPORTANT PROBLEM :I* SUPPORT]S ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS >E UNABLE TO P]CEIVE3 ! WAY 9 :I* ! ,E,Z,L,N COMM&]S1 & ,M>COS 9 P>TICUL>1 >E M$IATORS1 SPECIALIZ$ LEAD]S & NEGOTIATORS AP>T FROM ! MASS ( ! REBEL ,9DIANS4 ,! QUE/ION !N IS3 TO :AT EXT5T HAVE !SE ROLES BE5 =C$ ON !M BY MAT]IAL CONDITIONS & ! NECESSITY ( SURVIVAL1 & TO :AT EXT5T HAVE !Y GR[N FROM ! HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ?AT W]E IMPORT$ ) ! ,F,L,N8 ,ULTIMATELY WE CANNOT GIVE A DEF9ITIVE ANSW] TO ?IS4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY TRAC$ ! HI/ORY ( ! ,F,L,N'S 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! HIE G5]AT$ FROM )94 ,SU* A MOVE W\LD FALSELY SUGGE/ ?AT ! 9SPIR+ ACTS ( CLASS /RUGGLE -- LIB]ATION ( PRISON]S FROM JAIL1 L& OCCUPATIONS1 ETC4 -- W\LD HAVE HAPP5$ )\T ! M$IAT+ & REPRES5TATIVE =MS ( ! ,E,Z,L,N4.<#b#g.> ,9 FACT1 >GUABLY ! ,*IAPAS UPRIS+ W\LD NOT HAVE REA*$ ! HEIDI/ =M IT TOOK4 ,?IS IS AN EXPRESSION ( ! LIMITS ( !IR P>TICUL> SITUATION3 A MORE G5]ALIZ$ & PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T1 TO A*IEVE ITS GOALS1 C\LD NOT ACCEPT ! RELATIONS ( M$IATION & REPRES5TATION ?AT ! ,9DIAN PEASANTS DO4 ,YET ! LEGACY ( ! ,F,L,N'S VANGU>D MODEL HAS UND\BT$LY FUZ$ ) ! REBELLI\S & AUTONOM\S 5]GIES ( ! ,9DIANS1 & ?IS ORGANIZATIONAL =M ITSELF WAS ?R[N 9TO CRISIS1 FIR/LY BY ! BREAK ) ! NATIONAL ,F,L,N1 & %ORTLY AFT]W>DS BY ! FAILURE ( ! ,JANU>Y #aiid UPRIS+4 ,! NEGATIVE ASPECTS ( !SE =MS1 = EXAMPLE ! HI]>*Y ( ! >MY1 HAVE S9CE CONTRIBUT$ TO ! CREATION ( A SPECIALIZ$ LAY] ( ,E,Z,L,N NEGOTIATORS4 ,EQUALLY ! MILIT>Y SITUATION 9 ,*IAPAS HAS COMPELL$ ! ,9DIANS TO TALK1 NOT CONT9UALLY1 BUT OCCASIONALLY1 TO ! /RUCTURES ( P[] 9 ORD] TO SURVIVE4 ,?IS EX]CISE1 :I* BO? SIDES KN[ IS A *>ADE1 IS ONLY ONE SIDE ( ! M$IATION CO93 ?AT ( SIMPLE PUBLICITY4 ,9 A V]Y REAL WAY1 ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES >E BETT] PROTECT$ :5 !Y HAVE A HI< PUBLIC PR(ILE4 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS1 PLAY+ ON ! NATURAL DRAMA ( !IR IMPACT & IDEAS W]E 9ITIALLY V]Y SUCCESSFUL AT ?IS4 ,LATT]LY1 & PR$ICTABLY1 !Y HAVE BE5 LESS SO AS O!R EV5TS TAKE C5T] /AGE = ! NATION'S M$IA4 ,?IS SORT ( M$IA USE IS C]TA9LY MANIPULATIVE BUT TACTICALLY IT HAS A*IEV$ A MEASURE ( SUCCESS4 ,ONE UN=TUNATE RESULT IS ?AT ! M$IA-FRI5DLY MEMB]S ( ! ,E,Z,L,N HAVE SOMETIMES HAD TO PORTRAY !MSELVES AS VICTIMS1 RA!R ?AN MILITANTS4 ,! O!R SIDE ( ?IS M$IATION ( ! UPRIS+ IS A G5U9E NE$ TO COMMUNICATE ) O!R SECTIONS ( NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL SOCIETY :I* >E 5GAG+ 9 /RUGGLE ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R4 ,WANT+ A DIFF]5T SOCIETY BUT KN[+ ?AT !Y ALONE CANNOT CREATE IT1 ! ,ZAPATI/AS FEEL ! NE$ TO REA* BEYOND ! BLOCKADE1 TO EX*ANGE IDEAS & CON/RUCT NETWORKS ( SOLID>ITY4 ,:ILE ?IS SOMETIMES USES M$IA *ANNELS1 IT DOES NOT EXCLUDE DIRECT COMMUNICATION4 ,?AT IS :Y WE PREF] TO EMPHASIZE ! VISITS ( WORK]S' & /UD5TS' DELEGATIONS1 ! SOLID>ITY T\RS ( ,EUROPEAN FOOTBALL TEAMS1 & ! M>*ES & ,CONSULTAS :I* RADIATE FROM ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES1 OV] ! PRES5TATIONAL GLOSS ( ,M>COS4 ,AS = ,M>COS HIMSELF -- ONE ( TWO OR ?REE LAD9OS AMONG T5S ( ?\S&S ( PURE BLOOD ,9DIANS -- HE IS AN EXPRESSION ( ! CONTRADICTIONS )9 ,ZAPATISMO4 ,NE$+ TO COMMUNICATE AT ! LEVEL ( M$IA FOLL[+ ! ,JANU>Y #aiid FAILURE1 ! MOVEM5T HAS F\ND ITSELF ! CONSUMMATE COMMUNICATOR4 ,POSSIBLY ,M>COS'S POSITION HAS BE5 UND]M9$ BY ! FAILURE & SUBSEQU5TLY HE HAS UND]GONE A TRANS=MATION FROM ,F,L,N POLITICAL & MILIT>Y LEAD] TO ,E,Z,L,N M$IA D>L+4 ,AS SU* HE HAS FILL$ AN IMM$IATE NE$ ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,BUT IT IS ! B\RGEOIS PRESS1 NE$+ A H&LE ON ! /ORY1 :I* HAS 5D[$ HIM ) AN AIR ( ROMANTIC AU?ORITY4 ,MANY AN>*I/S1 UN?9K+ AS EV]1 HAVE PLAY$ ALONG1 & ! NUMB] ( 9TELLECTUALS & ACTIVI/S :O VISIT ,*IAPAS O/5SIBLY TO RESE>* ! LIV+ CONDITIONS BUT :OSE WET DREAM IS TO MEET ,M>COS IS REVEAL+4 ,! =CES ( PRODUCTION ,IS ! UPRIS+ '! F9AL EPISODE ( ! SL[ & PECULI> 9TEGRATION ( ?IS P]IPH]AL REGION BY ,MEXICAN CAPITAL' AS ,D5EUVE & ,REEVE W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE8 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS >E DIRT POOR F>M]S ) B>ELY ANY RES\RCES4 ,QUITE H[ !Y C\LD HAVE ANY EFFECT ON ! =CES ( PRODUCTION 9 ,*IAPAS IS DIFFICULT TO SEE4 ,9 FACT1 BE+ P>T ( ! 'DIFF]5T WORLD' ( ! PEASANTRY1 & BY REFUS+ TO DIE1 !Y >E OB/ACLES TO DEVELOPM5T1 RA!R ?AN BE>]S ( IT4 ,WE RETURN TO \R C5TRAL >GUM5T3 CAPITAL MAY HAVE AS ITS ESS5CE SELF-EXP&+ VALUE & ! CONSEQU5T PROLET>IANIZATION ( ! POPULATION1 BUT ! EXP]I5CE ( CAPITALISM 9 ! ',?IRD ,WORLD' IS AS UNEV5 DEVELOPM5T4 ,! IDEA ?AT CAPITAL SEEKS TO DEVELOP ALL >EAS TO A UNI=M /&>D IS ME*ANICAL3 SOME PLACES1 = REASONS ( GEOGRAPHY1 CLIMATE1 CLASS & SOCIAL /RUCTURE CAN ONLY BE EXPLOIT$ TO A DEGREE4 ,UNABLE TO ALWAYS DEVELOP ! P]IPH]Y1 CAPITAL TURNS 9W>DS & EMB>KS ON A NEW CYCLE ( 9T5SIVE ACCUMULATION4 ,MEXICAN & LATT]LY 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL HAS ALREADY 9TEGRAT$ ,*IAPAS AS PRODUCTIVELY AS IT IS ABLE3 FIR/ ?R\< ! LATIFUNDIAS & RAN*ES1 SUBSEQU5TLY ?R\< OIL4 ,! NEW IRONY ! 'ULTRA-LEFT' HAVE NEGLECT$ IS ?AT ! SPECIFIC & IMPORTANT CAPITAL ( BIOTE*NOLOGY WI%ES TO RET>D ! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE =CES 9 ,*IAPAS4 ,!RE >E TWO WAYS 9 :I* WE CAN MAKE S5SE ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES >GUM5T4 ,! FIR/ IS ?AT1 ?R\< ! >MY1 ! ,E,Z ITSELF HAS REVOLUTIONIZ$ SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 ! VILLAGES4 ,BREAK+ D[N ! G5D] B>RI]1 RELEAS+ ! 5]GY & CONFID5CE ( ! Y\NG2 ITS NE$ = C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION COMPELS PREVI\SLY ISOLAT$ VILLAGES TO COMMUNICATE & WORK TOGE!R4 ,?R\< ITS NE$ TO IMPOSE ITSELF ON ! \TSIDE WORLD IT IS C]TA9LY A MOD]NIZ+ 9FLU5CE4 ,BUT ! ,E,Z IS NOT CONNECT$ TO L& PRODUCTION4 ,! VILLAGES & MUNICIPALITIES >E LEFT TO DO :AT !Y WILL ) ! OCCUPI$ L&S3 ! ,E,Z HAS NOT 5C\RAG$ NEW CROPS = M>KET1 NEW SE$ V>IETIES OR IRRIGATION PROJECTS4 ,! EJIDOS & RECLAIM$ L&S >E /ILL V]Y MU* D$ICAT$ TO SUBSI/5CE F>M+4 ,BUT DESPITE !IR 9ABILITY TO PRODUCE A MEAN+FUL SURPLUS1 & COM+ AS !Y DO FROM ! 'DIFF]5T WORLD' ( ! PEASANTRY1 P]HAPS ! ,ZAPATI/AS >E /ILL A PROTO-EMBRYONIC L&[N+ CLASS ?R\< !IR TOL]ANCE1 9 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,AGR>IAN ,LAW1 ( SMALLHOLD+S8 ,?IS ,LAW ALL[S PRIVATE HOLD+S ( UP TO A HUNDR$ HECT>ES ( POOR QUALITY L&1 OR FIFTY ( GOOD QUALITY L&1 :I* IS A FAIR BIT ( SPACE4 ,IT IS ALMO/ ID5TICAL TO ! ,AYALA ,PLAN :I* WAS DISCUSS$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS >TICLE1 & MANY ( ?OSE SAME >GUM5TS APPLY4.<#b#h.> ,WE W\LD ( C\RSE LIKE TO SEE ! ELIM9ATION ( ALL SMALL PROP]TY RELATIONS4 ,BUT IF WE >E LOOK+ = ! SE$S ( ! NEW WORLD 9 ! OLD1 WE MU/ LOOK = ! T5D5CIES T[>DS COMMUNISM4 ,M>X COMM5T$ ON ! AGR>IAN COMMUNE3 ',ITS 9NATE DUALISM ALL[S AN ALT]NATIVE3 EI!R ITS PROP]TY ELEM5T WILL PREVAIL OV] ! COLLECTIVE ONE1 OR ! LATT] OV] ! =M]4 ,IT ALL DEP5DS ON ! HI/ORICAL 5VIRONM5T4'.<#b#i.> ,9 ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES ( ,*IAPAS PRIVATE HOLD+S >E R>E1 ! COLLECTIVE PREVAILS4 ,NATIONALISM ,! ULTRA-LEFTI/S' /RONGE/ *>GE AGA9/ ! ,ZAPATI/AS IS ?AT !Y >E NATIONALI/S3 ! ,ZAPATI/A PROJECT IS NO?+ MORE ?AN A RETREAT FROM ! RIGORS ( ! GLOBAL M>KET 9TO ! OLD C]TA9TIES ( NATIONAL SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 ?IS TIME >\ND R$EEM$ BY ! ABS5CE ( ! ,P,R,I4 ,TO FACILITATE ?IS1 ! 'ULTRA-LEFTI/S' IMPLY1 !Y >E SEEK+ ALLIANCES ) SECTIONS ( ! NATIONAL POLITICAL CLASS1 MANEUV]+ !MSELVES 9TO EV] MORE ADVANTAGE\S POSITIONS FROM :I* TO TAKE P[]4 ,?IS IS SIMPLY NOT TRUE4 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE NEV] 5T]$ 9TO ANY =MAL ALLIANCE ) ANY FRACTION ( ,MEXICO'S POLITICAL CLASS4 ,!Y FLIRT$ BRIEFLY ) ! ,P,R,D BACK 9 #a#i#i#d1 &1 AS F> AS WE KN[1 !Y HAVE NOT REPEAT$ ! EX]CISE AS A RESULT ( !IR EXP]I5CE4 ,9DE$1 ONE ( ! ,E,ZS REVOLUTION>Y LAWS =BIDS ITS MEMB]S FROM HOLD+ ANY SORT ( PUBLIC PO/4 ,( C\RSE LAWS CAN BE *ANG$4 ,BUT IF ! ,ZAPATI/AS' AIM IS TO ALLY !MSELVES ) NATIONALI/ SECTIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE !Y >E BE+ UN*>ACT]I/ICALLY 9COMPET5T AB\T IT4 ,IT W\LD1 H[EV]1 BE FOOLI% TO D5Y ! PATRIOTIC ELEM5TS ( ! ,ZAPATI/A /RUGGLE4 ,! NATIONAL AN!M IS SUNG 9 ! COMMUNITIES1 ?\< NOT AS (T5 AS ! ,ZAPATI/A AN!M1 & ! FLAG IS OCCASIONALLY P>AD$ AB\T1 ALL ( :I* MAKES ANY SELF-RESPECT+ REVOLUTION>Y CR+E ) EMB>RASSM5T4 ,! FLAG IS A CLUE TO ! QUIXOTIC NATURE ( ! ,ZAPATI/A'S 'NATIONALISM4' ,! R$1 :ITE & GRE5 ( ! ,MEXICAN FLAG >E ALSO ! COLORS ( ! ,P,R,I1 :O HAVE HAD UNTIL REC5TLY ! EXCLUSIVE RIE H>DLY DISPLAY+ ! FLAG AS A SIGN ( SUPPORT = ! REGIME ?AT IS PO9T+ GUNS AT !M4 ,SO IT MU/ MEAN SOME?+ ELSE4 ,! ISSUE IS H>DLY CL>IFI$ BY ! ,E,Z'S COMMUNIQUES1 :I* >E AS CONFUS+ AS EV]4 ,!RE WE CAN F9D /ATEM5TS ?AT SPEAK BO? ( '! IMPORTANCE ( ! PATRIA 7HOMEL&7' & ( 'A WORLD )\T FRONTI]S OR BORD]S4' ,AS ,WILDCAT SAY 9 ',UNMASK+ ! ,ZAPATI/AS'1 ?IS IS CALL$ HAV+ Y\R CAKE & EAT+ IT4 ,! ANSW] LIES SURELY 9 A CLOS] EXAM9ATION ( ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( ?IS /RUGGLE4 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS >E1 AS WE NOT$ E>LI]1 TO ALL 9T5TS & PURPOSES ONE HUNDR$ P] C5T 9DIG5\S4 ,TZELTALS1 ,TZOTZILS1 ,*OLS1 ,MAMS1 ,ZOQUES & ,TOJOLABALS >E ! COMPOSITION ( ! UPRIS+4 ,MANY ( ! M5 DO NOT SPEAK ,SPANI% & ALMO/ NONE ( ! WOM5 DO4 ,! ,MEXICAN /ATE HAS NEGLECT$ OR MURD]$ !M = DECADES4 ,YET !Y >E COMMUNICAT+ ) ,MEXICO1 PEOPLE ) :OM !Y DO NOT %>E A COMMON ANCE/RY4 ,WE NE$ TO BE> 9 M9D TWO ?+S4 ,! FIR/ IS ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,IF !RE IS ONE QUALITATIVE & POSITIVE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,ZAPATI/AS ( !N & ! ,ZAPATI/AS ( N[1 IT IS ?AT ! LATT]1 ) !IR LIMIT$ EXP]I5CE ( WAGE-LABOR & ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,F,L,N1 HAVE MANAG$ TO BREAK AWAY FROM ! MYOPIC LOCALISM ( PEASANT /RUGGLE4 ,!IR DESIRE TO 9T]V5E 9 NATIONAL LIFE IS PREF]ABLE TO A REFUSAL TO LOOK BEYOND ! B\ND>IES ( !IR [N HOME PROV9CE OR /ATE4 ,SECONDLY1 ! 'ULTRA-LEFT' >TICLES WE >E EXAM9+ W]E ALL WRITT5 BE=E ! ,E,Z,L,N DEVELOP$ !IR PROJECT ( ! ,5CU5TRO1 ! 9T]NATIONAL MEET+S '= HUMANITY & AGA9/ NEOLIB]ALISM4' ,ESS5TIALLY WE BELIEVE ! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE TRANSC5D$ !IR LOCALISM & HAVE DEVELOP$ IMPORTANT T5D5CIES T[>DS 9T]NATIONALISM1 ?\< 9 AN IMPORTANT S5SE1 & ONE :I* IS P>T ( ! LEFTI/ ASPECT ( !IR H]ITAGE1 !Y >E /ILL RET>D$ BY A NATIONALI/ P]SPECTIVE4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 ?REE ,5CU5TROS SO F>1 9 ,*IAPAS1 ,SPA9 & ,BRAZIL1 =UMS :]E ACTIVI/S & ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 /RUGGLE GA!R FROM >\ND ! WORLD TO DISCUSS :AT IS ON !IR M9DS4 ,BY ALL ACC\NTS !SE MEET+S HAVE BE5 CONFUS$ & CONFUS+3 ! FOCUS IS ON NETWORK+ & HET]OG5EITY RA!R ?AN ORGANIZ+ & DEVELOP+ A UNITY-?R\<-DIFF]5CE4 ,9DE$ IT C\LD BE SAID 9 SOME WAYS ?AT ! ,5CU5TROS MIRROR ! CROSS-CLASS NATURE ( CIVIL SOCIETY1 :I* WE DEAL ) BEL[4 .<#c.>,BUT ! ,ZAPATI/AS1 AT FIR/ RECOGNIZ+ !IR NE$ = 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY1 P>TICUL>LY =EIGN PEACE OBS]V]S TO MITIGATE ! WOR/ (F5SES ( ! ,MEXICAN >MY1 HAVE GIV5 BIR? TO A LIV+1 EVOLV+ 9T]NATIONALISM4 ,?IS IS ALL ! MORE REM>KABLE GIV5 ?AT MANY ( !M HAVE A V]Y %AKY GRASP ( WORLD GEOGRAPHY4 ,:]E ! ,5CU5TROS WILL GO IS ANYBODY'S GUESS4 ,!Y MAY EASILY FALL AP>T1 GIV5 ! DIV]SE NATURE ( ! P>TICIPANTS & ! G5]ALLY AB/RACT NATURE ( OPPOSITION TO 'NEOLIB]ALISM'4 ,BUT 9 ! FUTURE CONTEXT ( AN UPSURGE 9 CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA !Y C\LD HAVE SOME?+ VALUABLE TO CONTRIBUTE4 ,ONE 9FLU5CE !Y C]TA9LY HAVE HAD IS ON ! 'ANTI-CAPITALI/' MOVEM5T4 ,! ,ACADEMICS .<#c#a.> ,! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE C]TA9LY BE5 A GREAT 9SPIRATION TO SOME -- ?ANKS TO !IR /RUGGLE A SECTION ( ACADEMIA1 AT LEA/ 9 ,MEXICO ,CITY & ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TEXAS1 HAS REPRODUC$ & EXT5D$ ITSELF4 ,LIKE ! 'ULTRA-LEFT' GR\PS1 ! ACADEMICS HAVE FAIL$ TO GR\ND !IR ANALYZES ADEQUATELY 9 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( ,*IAPAS4 ,! ACADEMICS1 H[EV]1 HAVE SWUNG ! O!R WAY -- OV]PRAIS+ ! ,E,Z,L,N BY SEE+ 9 !M A MICROCOSM ( RESI/ANCE TO 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL4 ,BY BETT+ ON ! C5TRALITY ( ,*IAPAS1 !Y HAVE CON/RUCT$ A BIZ>RE MODEL :I* VIEWS ! ,ZAPATI/AS AS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS4 ,AGA9/ ! CYNICISM ( ! 'ULTRA-LEFT'1 !Y >E SO OV]JOY$ ?AT SOME?+ -- ANY?+ -- IS HAPP5+ !Y HAVE JUMP$ ?R\< !ORETICAL HOOPS TO PROVE ,ZAPATISMO ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT P> EXCELL5CE4 ,FROM ?IS !Y HAVE !N EXTRAPOLAT$ V>I\S IDEAS ( ! ,E,Z,L,N AS ( POT5TIALLY UNIV]SAL IMPORTANCE = A TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY RECOMPOSITION ( LABOR AGA9/ CAPITAL4 ,! /RANGE/ ASPECT ( !IR IDEAS IS ?AT :ILE ! ACADEMICS WI% TO HOLD ! ,ZAPATI/AS UP AS WORK+ CLASS MILITANTS1 !Y FIGUM5TS ?AT ,ZAPATISMO IS 'NOT A PEASANT MOVEM5T 444. 'A RECOMPOSITION ( ! WORLD ( LABOR444ITS EXP]I5CE IS NOT ?AT ( A RELATIVELY ISOLAT$ & M>G9AL SOCIAL GR\P1 BUT BELONGS FULLY TO !SE PROCESSES ( RECOMPOSITION & PROBABLY REPRES5TS !IR HI ,?+S DET]IORATE FUR!R :5 ,JOHN ,HOLL[AY D5IES ! POSSIBILITY ( ID5TIFY+ ! CLASS POSITION ( ANY SOCIAL GR\P OR 9DIVIDUAL ANY:]E -- CLASS BECOMES A CONCEPT )\T A DEF9ITION6 ,HIS POSITION IS ?AT ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 HUMAN CREATIVITY & ALI5AT$ WORK :I* RUNS ?R\< EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL CANNOT ULTIMATELY BE EXT5D$ 9TO ID5TIFIABLE CLASS =MATIONS :I* /RUGGLE ) EA* O!R3 ',S9CE CLASSES >E CON/ITUT$ ?R\< ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 WORK & ITS ALI5ATION1 & S9CE ?IS ANTAGONISM IS CON/ANTLY *ANG+1 IT FOLL[S ?AT CLASSES CANNOT BE DEF9$4' ,NATURALLY WE AGREE ) ,HOLL[AY ON ?IS EXI/5CE ( ! 9T]NAL CONFLICT BETWE5 HUMAN CREATIVE ACTIVITY & ALI5AT$ EXPLOITATION1 JU/ AS WE AGREE ?AT ! REIFI$ CATEGORIES ( CAPITAL1 SU* AS WAGE-LABOR1 :I* >E CON/ITUT$ FROM CLASS /RUGGLE1 >E OP5 TO CON/ANT CONTE/ATION4 ,ON ONE LEVEL1 CAPITAL IS REPRODUC$ FROM \R [N ACTIVITY EV]Y H\R ( EV]Y DAY4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME WE NECESS>ILY CONFRONT !SE REIFI$ CATEGORIES AS OBJECTIVE REALITY4 ,AS ,WILDCAT 7,G]MANY7 SAY1 9 A GOOD CRITIQUE ( ,HOLL[AY'S REASON+ '9 ATTEMPT+ TO OPPOSE ! OBJECTIVI/1 DEF9ITIONAL & CLASSIFICATORY CONCEPT ( CLASS1 .<,HOLL[AY HAS ?R[N.> ! BABY \T ) ! BA?WAT]4 ,IF WE R$UCE ! CONCEPT ( CLASS TO A G5]AL HUMAN CONTRADICTION PRES5T 9 EV]Y P]SON BETWE5 ALI5ATION & NON-ALI5ATION1 BETWE5 CREATIVITY & ITS SUBORD9ATION TO ! M>KETS1 BETWE5 HUMANITY & ! NEGATION ( HUMANITY1 !N ! CLASS CONCEPT LOSES ALL MEAN+4' .<#c#c.> ,CLASSES DO CON/ITUTE !MSELVES1 & ! CLASS /RUGGLE IS F\ACT]I/ICS 7?AT W\LD = !M BE M]E 'SOCIOLOGY'71 & !IR >GUM5TS HAVE A SOME:AT FANTA/IC FEEL4 ,AS WE HAVE ALREADY >GU$1 WE DO NOT ACCEPT ! GLOBAL C5TRALITY ( ! /RUGGLE 9 ,*IAPAS1 AL?\< WE DO NOT D5Y ! IMPORTANCE ( C]TA9 9DU/RIES 9 ?AT REGION TO 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL4 ,WE SEE ! ,ZAPATI/AS RA!R AS AN 9SPIRATIONAL MOM5T ( CLASS /RUGGLE ON ! P]IPH]IES4 ,9 FACT IT IS !IR GEOGRAPHICAL REMOT5ESS :I*1 ?R\< ! RELATIVE IMPOSSIBILITY ( DEVELOP+ AN ATOMIZ$ 9DIVIDUALITY1 HAS BOL/]$ ! COMMUNAL ASPECT1 & SO ! REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE ( ! CAMPES9OS4 ,H[EV]1 :ILE WE DO NOT AGREE ) ! C5TRAL !SIS ( ! ACADEMICS1 IT IS /ILL WOR? TAK+ A QUICK LOOK AT !IR TREATM5T ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ,E,Z,L,N IDEAS4 ,! REFUSAL TO TAKE P[] & CIVIL SOCIETY ,9 REJECT+ ! CLASSICAL MODEL ( GU]RILLA W> S9CE ! UPRIS+1 & ?R\< MEASURES SU* AS ! BAN ON MEMB]S ( ! ,E,Z,L,N HOLD+ PUBLIC PO/S1 ! 'REFUSAL TO TAKE P[]'1 EI!R ?R\< ,L59I/ OR RE=MI/ MEANS1 HAS BE5 ID5TIFI$ AS A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO PO/-COLD W> REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4 ,! ACADEMICS SEE IT AS A F9AL REJECTION ( ! /ATE1 ( AN 5D TO ! CONQU]+ ( POLITICAL P[] 9 ORD] TO IMPOSE ONE VIEW ( ! WORLD OV] ALL O!RS4 ,BUT ! ACADEMICS HAVE IGNOR$ ONE ?+3 ! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE TAK5 P[] -- 9 ! >EAS :]E !Y HAVE BE5 ABLE TO4 ,!Y HAVE =C$ L&LORDS TO FLEE -- & KILL$ SOME -- TORN D[N !IR H\SES1 EXPELL$ CACIQUES & ,P,R,II/AS4 ,9 ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES1 ! P[] ( ! ,P,R,I IS SMA%$1 REPLAC$ BY CAMPES9O SELF-ACTIVITY1 PROTECT$ BY CAMPES9O GUNS4 ,IF ?AT IS NOT TAK+ P[] 7OR 'REABSORB+ /ATE P[]'71 !N :AT IS8 ,IT IS TRUE H[EV] ?AT ! ,E,Z,L,N ( TODAY DOES NOT WI% TO /ORM ! ,PRESID5TIAL ,PALACE 9 ,MEXICO ,CITY 7:I*1 GIV5 ITS SIZE1 IS AN IMPOSSIBILITY74 ,!Y DO NOT SEEK TO IMPOSE !IR VIEWS ON O!R /RUGGLES1 AS IS CLE> FROM !IR REFUSAL TO DOM9ATE ,5CU5TROS OR ! ,F,Z,L,N4 ,BUT CLE>LY !Y HAVE A VISION ( *ANGE BEYOND !IR CORN] ( ,*IAPAS4 ,H[1 !N1 WILL ?IS *ANGE COME AB\T8 ,! ,E,Z,L,NS ANSW] IS ?R\< 'CIVIL SOCIETY'1 ! MULTITUDE ( SMALL1 (T5 MIDDLE CLASS & S+LE-ISSUE GR\PS :O EXI/ 9 OPPOSITION TO1 & \TSIDE ! BUDGET (1 ! ,P,R,I4 ,JOHN ,ROSS 9 ,REBELLION FROM ! ,ROOTS *>ACT]IZES CIVIL SOCIETY AS '?AT UN/AT$ COALITION ( OPPOSITION RANK-&-FILE1 URBAN SLUM-DWELL]S1 9DEP5D5T CAMPES9O ORGANIZATIONS & DISAFFECT$ UNION SECTIONS1 ULTRA-LEFT /UD5TS1 LIB]AL 9TELLECTUALS1 PEAC5IKS1 BEATNIKS1 ROCK]OS1 PUNKS1 /REETGANGS & EV5 A FEW TURNCOAT ,P,R,II/AS1 ALL ( :OSE R$ LIE 5C\RAG$ TO SUBSUME !IR NE$S TO A MIDDLE CLASS AG5DA -- ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y >E 5C\RAG$ TO /R5G!N !IR 'AUTONOMY'1 JU/ AS EV]YONE IS4 ,9/EAD IT IS ?AT ) HET]OG5EITY BE+ EV]Y?+ 9 CIVIL SOCIETY1 ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS >E 5C\RAG$ TO VIEW !MSELVES AS ONLY ONE P>T ( ! PAT*WORK4 ,!Y >E BO? RELATIVELY IMPORTANT & RELATIVELY UNIMPORTANT4 ,ANY ATTEMPT TO IMPOSE !IR NE$S AS A CLASS1 OR A FRACTION ( A CLASS1 W\LD SIMPLY BE SE5 AS BAD MANN]S & DETRIM5TAL TO ! 'COMMON /RUGGLE'1 :I* UNTIL V]Y REC5TLY HAS BE5 RIDD+ ,MEXICO ( ! ,P,R,I4 ,9 REALITY IT IS ONLY ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,P,R,I ?AT HAS KEPT !SE DISP>ATE GR\PS ON ANY?+ LIKE ! SAME WAVEL5G?4 ,& IT IS ! ,P,R,I ) !IR HOOKS SO DEEP 9TO ! LABOR MOVEM5T ?AT ISOLATES & 5C\RAGES ! BREAKAWAY UNIONS TO SEEK !SE CROSS-CLASS ALLIANCES1 :I* 9 TURN DILUTE ! POSSIBILITY ( REAL WORK+ CLASS AUTONOMISATION4 ,! ,P,R,I HAS BE5 BO? ! BULW>K ( UNITY & ! REASON = ITS WEAKNESS4 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE P9N$ !IR HOPES = *ANGE ON CIVIL SOCIETY1 ?\<4 ,!Y TALK ( OP5+ UP DEMOCRATIC SPACES = DISCUSSION & BEG EV]YONE ?AT '9 ADDITION TO !IR [N LITTLE PROJECT !Y %\LD OP5 !IR HORIZON TO A NATIONAL PROJECT L9K$ ) :AT IS HAPP5+4' ,! 'OP5+ UP ( SPACE = DISCUSSION' IS UND]/&ABLE1 GIV5 ! OMNIPRES5CE ( ! P>TY-/ATE4 ,BUT ! ,ZAPATI/AS SEEM TO HAVE SP5T H>DLY A ?\E EXPRESSIONS ( !IR [N V>I$ CLASS 9T]E/S & LOCATIONS4 ,TO ASK !SE GR\PS TO UNITE IS TO ASK ! IMPOSSIBLE4 ,!RE CAN BE NO COMMON AUTONOMISATION = CIVIL SOCIETY AS A G5U9ELY REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT4 ,!RE CAN ONLY BE ! BURY+ ( WORK+ CLASS 9T]E/S 9 FAVOR ( ?OSE ( ! MIDDLE CLASS1 OR AN IMPOSITION BY ! WORK+ CLASS ( ITS RI* & V>I$ NE$S -- :I* 9 EFFECT W\LD MEAN ! DE/RUCTION ( CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,:AT IS DISAPPO9T+ IS ?AT PEOPLE LIKE ,JOHN ,HOLL[AY HAVE SUPPORT$ ?IS IDEA ( CIVIL SOCIETY AS ! 5G9E = REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE :5 ALL IT REALLY IS IS A POPUL> FRONT1 & A WEAK ONE AT ?AT1 AS ! #aiid ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONV5TION DEMON/RAT$4 ,BUT !N IT IS EASY TO SEE POSSIBILITY 9 ! ,E,Z,L,N PROGRAM4.<#c#d.> ,!IR REMOT5ESS FROM ! T[NS & CITIES ( ,MEXICO 5C\RAGES ROMANTICISM1 & TALK+ ) ONLY ! VAGUE/ ( CATEGORIES & MO/ EVOCATIVE ( WORDS1 !Y REALLY CAN BE ALL ?+S TO ALL M54 ,EXCEPT ( C\RSE ! M5 FROM ! ,P,R,I4 ,DIGNITY ,ZAPATI/A6 ,RE9V5T+ ,REVOLUTION 9 ,MEXICO CONCLUDES ) ,HOLL[AY'S TREATM5T ( ! ,ZAPATI/A CONCEPT ( DIGNITY4 ,M>XISM1 HE >GUES1 HAS DEVELOP$ A NUMB] ( T]MS TO DESCRIBE CAPITAL'S DOM9ATION OV] ! PRODUC]S ( WEAL?1 BUT HAS NOT DEVELOP$ A CORRESPOND+ LANGUAGE TO DESCRIBE ! DIALECTICAL MOVEM5T ( WORK+ CLASS LIB]ATION1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( 'SELF-VALORIZATION' 7ITSELF A NOT UNPROBLEMATIC REV]SAL ( A C5TRAL CAPITALI/ CATEGORY74 ,?IS LACK ( A POSITIVE POLE >\ND :I* TO ORGANIZE HAS HAMP]$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( A CONSCI\S MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT ) !IR CONCEPT ( 'DIGNITY' ! ,ZAPATI/AS MAY HAVE FILL$ A GAP 9 ! M>KET4 ,BY G5]ALIZ+ IT1 ,HOLL[AY BELIEVES 'DIGNITY' C\LD BECOME A WORKABLE IDEA >\ND :I* TO ORGANIZE AGA9/ ! DAILY 9DIGNITIES ( LIFE UND] CAPITAL4 ,! PROBLEM HE TRIES H>D TO AVOID IS ! AB/RACT NATURE ( 'DIGNITY' ONCE IT IS UNIV]SALIZ$4 ,BY ATTEMPT+ TO G5]ALIZE IT1 HE IS RUPTUR+ IT FROM ! PLACE :]E IT MAKES S5SE -- RURAL ,*IAPAS1 :]E IT ACQUIRES SU* A P[]FUL RESONANCE4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT = ! ,9DIANS DIGNIDAD IS A CRUCIAL CONCEPT -- ONE ?AT HAS BE5 G5]AT$ BO? NATURALLY & CONSCI\SLY FROM !IR /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! L&[N]S & RAN*]S4 ,IT HAS BE5 5D[$ ) A RADICAL CONT5T ?AT HAS L$ ! CAMPES9OS 9TO BECOM+ ,ZAPATI/AS1 9TO CON/RUCT+ !IR AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES1 9 :OSE SELF-ACTIVITY ! NEGATION ( CAPITAL RESIDES4 ,BUT DIGNITY IS ONLY SO P[]FUL BECAUSE ( ! CONDITIONS AGA9/ :I* IT HAS REBELL$ -- MANY ( :I* DO NOT APPLY TO VA/ SWA!S ( ! WORLD'S WORK+ CLASS4 ,WE W\LD >GUE ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO UND]/& ! CONCEPT ( DIGNITY 9 ,*IAPAS )\T UND]/&+ ! RACISM ! ,9DIANS HAVE BE5 SUBJECT$ TO = DECADES4 ,AS WE HAVE ALREADY NOT$1 ! ,ZAPATI/A MOVEM5T IS TO ALL 9T5TS & PURPOSES COMPLETELY 9DIG5\S4 ,NON-,9DIAN CAMPES9OS 9 ! /ATE1 :ILE (T5 POLITICAL1 HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO A*IEVE A SIMIL> MILITANT UNITY4 ,CAPITAL HAS ACCUMULAT$ 9 EA/]N ,*IAPAS BY EXPLOIT+ A WORK=CE MADE DOCILE BY V5OM\S RACISM4 ,! DI/ORT$ =MS ( VALUE EXTRACTION KN[N AS DEBT-PEONAGE HAVE NOT DISAPPE>$ FROM ?IS BACKW>D /ATE1 NOR HAS ! MURD] ( ,9DIAN LEAD]S1 ! RAPE ( ,9DIAN WOM5 OR ! PR$ATIONS ( ,GU>DIA ,BLANCA SCUM4 ,IT IS AGA9/ ?IS SY/EMATIC RACISM AS MU* AS ! H&-TO-M\? EXI/5CE ?AT ! ,9DIANS >E REBELL+4 ,& IT IS :Y !RE IS A RESONANCE BETWE5 ! COMMUNIQUES ( ! ,E,Z,L,N & ! LIT]ATURE ( ! ,AM]ICAN CIVIL RIIAT1 ?\<1 RACISM IS NOT A DEF9+ *>ACT]I/IC1 ?\< IT IS AN IMPORTANT ONE = MILLIONS4 ,! DEF9+ CONDITION IS RA!R ?AT ( HAV+ NO?+ TO SELL BUT ONE'S LABOR-P[]4 ,DIGNITY AS ! ,ZAPATI/AS MEAN IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO TRANSLATE TO ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD1 ?\< ?OSE SECTIONS ( ! WORLD WORK+ CLASS :O EXP]I5CE VIRUL5T RACISM MAY GET A LOT \T ( IT4 ,IF DIGNITY WAS TRANSLAT$ UNIV]SALLY1 ) RADICAL CONT5T BY A REBELLI\S PROLET>IAT1 IT C\LD BE ALL TOO EASILY RECUP]ABLE BY CAPITAL4 ,ACQUI/ION ( NEW COMMODITIES & RI PROCESS TO ?AT :I* HAS HAPP5$ 9 MANY IMPOV]I%$ BLACK >EAS 9 ! ,U,S4 ,TO BE FAIR TO ,HOLL[AY1 HE DOES ACKN[L$GE ?AT '! UPRIS+ W\LD BE /R5G!N$ IF IT W]E MADE EXPLICIT ?AT EXPLOITATION IS SY/EMATIC TO ! SY/EMATIC NEGATION ( DIGNITY4' ,BUT NO?+ IS MADE EXPLICIT 9 ?AT P>T ( ! ,ZAPATI/A PROGRAM :I* DEALS ) LIFE BEYOND ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES4 ,?OSE ACADEMICS :O 9T5TLY /UDY ! LANGUAGE ( ! UPRIS+ DO SO ONLY BECAUSE !RE IS SO LITTLE CONSI/5T CONT5T4 ,! AMORPH\S 'PROGRAM = ,MEXICO' IS EI!R RE=MI/ OR NAIVELY OP5 TO RE=MI/ MANIPULATION4 ,! REAL PROCESS IS ! REORGANIZATION ( ! ,9DIANS' LIVES & COMMUNITIES4 ,IT IS ,ZAPATISMO'S REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE )9 ,*IAPAS ?AT IS ! REAL 9SPIRATION = ! REBEL AGA9/ CAPITALISM4 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,P>T #c -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/