#aie 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,IA9 ,MC,KAY 

,TEXT 3 

,?IS ,JANU>Y M>K$ ! #a? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#e4 ,! REVOLT />T$ ON ,JANU>Y #bb :5 A PEACEFUL1 MILDLY RE=MI/1 PROTE/ M>* 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG WAS %OOT AT BY TROOPS ) MORE ?AN #a1 KILL$ OR 9JUR$4 ,?IS DAY BECAME KN[N AS 0,BLOODY ,SUNDAY40 ,RA!R ?AN SQUEL* ! PROTE/S1 ! REPRESSION FANN$ ! FLAMES ( REBELLION4 

,ALL ACROSS ,RUSSIA1 DIFF]5T SECTIONS ( ! PEOPLE MOV$ 9TO ACTIVE PROTE/4 ,! PEASANTS & WORK]S JO9$ ) ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 9TELLIG5TSIA & 7M9ORITY7 NATIONAL GR\PS AGA9/ ! ABSOLUTISM & OPPRESSION ( ! ,CZ>I/ MON>*Y4 ,EA* CLASS HAD DIFF]5T AIMS H[EV]4 ,H[EV]1 ! TWO =CES :I* PLAY$ ! LEAD+ P>T 9 ! REVOLUTION W]E ! WORK]S & PEASANTS1 :O RAIS$ ECONOMIC & POLITICAL DEM&S :ILE ! MIDDLE-CLASSES S\<T MO/LY ! LATT]4 

,UNRE/ WAS SPREAD AS ! YE> PROGRESS$1 REA*+ PEAKS 9 E>LY SUMM] & AUTUMN BE=E CLIMAX+ 9 ,OCTOB]4 ,!RE W]E NAVAL MUT9IES AT ,SEVA/OPOL1 ,VLADIVO/OK & ,KRON/ADT1 PEAK+ 9 ,JUNE1 ) ! MUT9Y ABO>D ! ,BATTLE%IP ,POTEMK94 ,/RIKES TOOK PLACE ALL OV] ! C\NTRY & ! UNIV]SITIES CLOS$ D[N :5 ! :OLE /UD5T BODY COMPLA9$ AB\T ! LACK ( CIVIL LIB]TIES BY /AG+ A WALK\T4 ,LAWY]S1 DOCTOR1 5G9E]S1 & O!R MIDDLE-CLASS WORK]S E/ABLI%$ ! ,UNION ( ,UNIONS & DEM&$ A CON/ITU5T ASSEMBLY4 

,9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 !RE W]E L&-SEIZURES BY ! PEASANTRY 79CLUD+ ! LOOT+ ! L>G] E/ATES7 & A NATION-WIDE ,PEASANT ,UNION WAS CREAT$4 ,9 ! T[NS1 ! WORK]S ACT ( RESI/ANCE WAS ! /RIKE4 ,!RE WAS A G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG IMM$IATELY AFT] ,BLOODY ,SUNDAY4 ,OV] #d1 WORK]S W]E 9VOLV$ BY ! 5D ( ,JANU>Y4 ,! /RIKES SPREAD ACROSS ! C\NTRY & CONT9U$ ?R\<\T ! YE>4 ,9 ! PROCESS NEW =MS ( WORK+ CLASS SELF-ORGANIZATION W]E CREAT$4 ,!SE W]E C\NCILS MADE UP ( WORK]S DELEGATE1 ! FAM\S 0SOVIETS40 

,:ILE ! SOVIETS W]E CREAT$ BY WORK]S TO SOLVE !IR IMM$IATE PROBLEMS 7= EXAMPLE W9N+ ! /RIKE1 ! EI<T-H\R DAY1 WORK+ CONDITIONS7 !IR ROLE *ANG$4 ,!Y QUICKLY EVOLV$ 9TO AN ORGAN ( ! G5]AL & POLITICAL REPRES5TATION ( WORK]S1 RAIS+ POLITICAL DEM&S4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 !IR POT5TIAL AS A BASE = POLITICAL AGITATION W]E IMM$IATELY RECOGNIZ$ BE REVOLUTION>IES1 & AL?\< !Y W]E NOT 9VOLV$ 9 ! E>LY /AGES BO? ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,M5%EVIKS ATTEMPT$ TO GA9 9FLU5CE 9 !M4 ,H[EV]1 AS ,KROPOTK9 PUT IT1 ! G5]AL /RIKE WAS ! KEY DEVELOPM5T AS 0! WORK+ M5 AGA9 ?REW ! WEI<T ( !IR WILL 9TO ! CONTE/ & GAVE QUITE A NEW TURN TO ! MOVEM5T4 ,A /RIKE ( BAK]S BROKE \T AT ,MOSC[ 9 ,OCTOB]1 & !Y W]E JO9$ 9 !IR /RIKE BY ! PR9T]S4 ,?IS WAS NOT ! WORK ( ANY REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION4 ,IT WAS 5TIRELY A WORK+ M5'S AFFAIR1 BUT SUDD5LY :AT WAS MEANT TO BE A SIMPLE MANIFE/ATION ( ECONOMICAL DISCONT5T GREW UP1 9VAD$ ALL TRADES1 SPREAD TO ,/4 ,PET]SBURG1 !N ALL OV] ,RUSSIA1 & TOOK ! *>ACT] ( SU* AN IMPOS+ REVOLUTION>Y MANIFE/ATION ?AT AUTOCRACY HAD TO CAPITULATE BE=E IT40 

,! FIR/ SOVIET 7:I* IS ,RUSSIAN = C\NCIL7 WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 ,IVANOVNA-,VOZNES5SK DUR+ ! #aie ,TEXTILE ,/RIKE4 ,IT BEGAN AS A /RIKE COMMITTEE BUT DEVELOP$ 9TO AN ELECT$ BODY ( ! T[N'S WORK]S4 ,OV] ! NEXT FEW MON?S ,SOVIETS ( ,WORK]S ,DEPUTIES W]E E/ABLI%$ 9 >\ND #f DIFF]5T T[NS4 ,ON ,OCTOB] #a#c?1 ! MORE FAM\S ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ,SOVIET ( ,WORK]S' ,DEPUTIES WAS CREAT$ \T ( ! ',GREAT ,OCTOB] ,/RIKE' ON ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! PR9T]S' /RIKE COMMITTEE 9 ORD] TO BETT] CO-ORD9ATE ! /RIKE4 

,?IS WAS ,RUSSIA'S FIR/ POLITICAL G5]AL /RIKE1 LA/+ FROM ,SEPTEMB] TO ,OCTOB] #c?4 ,AL?\< /RIKES HAD BE5 COMMON 9 ,RUSSIA 9 ! YE>S LEAD+ UP TO #a#i#e1 ?IS P[]FUL WEAPON ( DIRECT ACTION EFFECTIVELY P>ALYZ$ ! :OLE C\NTRY4 ,! ,OCTOB] /RIKE />T$ 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG & QUICKLY SPREAD TO ,MOSC[ & SOON ! RAILWAYM5 /RIKE P>ALYZ$ ! :OLE ,RUSSIAN RAILWAY NETWORK4 0,A NEW WEAPON1 MORE T]RIBLE ?AN /REET W>F>E1 HAD ?US BE5 TE/$ & PROV$ TO WORK ADMIRABLY10 OBS]V$ ,KROPOTK94 

,! SOVIETS HAD *ALL5G$ ! P[] ( ,NI*OLAS ,I,I & ! G5]AL /RIKE =C$ HIM TO ISSUE ! ,OCTOB] ,MANIFE/O1 ) ITS P>LIAM5T1 FRE$OM ( ! PRESS1 ASSEMBLY & ASSOCIATION4 ,!Y FAIL$ TO REMOVE HIM FROM P[] & HE QUICKLY R5EG$ ON HIS PROMISES4 ,BY ,DECEMB]1 ,TROTSKY & ! RE/ ( ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ( ! ,/4 ,PET]SBURG ,SOVIET W]E >RE/$ 7A ,BOL%EVIK PUTS* 9 ,MOSC[ ?AT MON? FAIL$ AS IT WAS DISORGANIZ$ & UNCOORD9AT$74 ,! REVOLT WAS OV]4 ,CZ>ISM WAS TO REMA9 9 P[] UNTIL ,FEBRU>Y #aiag :5 A SIMIL> WAVE ( MASS PROTE/S F9ALLY DROVE IT FROM P[]4 

,AN>*ISM1 ,M>XISM & #aie 

,ON ! FACE ( IT1 ! #aie ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS A /RIK+ CONFIRMATION ( KEY AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,! USE ( DIRECT ACTION1 ! G5]AL /RIKE1 ! CREATION ( ORGANS ( WORK+ CLASS SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 ! =M ( SOVIETS W]E ALL PRACTICAL EXAMPLES ( :AT AN>*I/S HAD BE5 >GU+ = DECADES4 ,:ILE ! ACTUAL NUMB]S ( AN>*I/S 9VOLV$ WAS SMALL1 ! EV5TS !MSELVES W]E A SPONTANE\S CONFIRMATION ( AN>*I/ !ORY4 

,UNSURPRIS+LY1 ,M>XI/S DISAGREE4 ,RA!R ?AN CONFIRM AN>*I/ IDEAS1 !Y /RESS ! OPPOSITE4 ,TO SEE :E!R ?IS IS TRUE OR NOT1 WE NE$ TO LOOK AT :AT AN>*I/S HAD TO SAY AB\T ! G5]AL /RIKE & ! SOVIETS4 ,ONCE WE DO1 WE DISCOV] ?AT #aie HAD F> MORE 9 COMMON ) AN>*ISM ?AN ,M>XISM4 ,MOREOV]1 AS WELL AS CONFIRM+ AN>*I/ IDEAS IT WAS ONLY ! AN>*I/S :O DREW ! CORRECT CONCLUSIONS FROM IT1 CONCLUSIONS :I* ,M>XI/S ONLY CAME TO 9 #a#i#a#g4 

,! ,G5]AL ,/RIKE 

,! AN>*I/S EMBRAC$ ! G5]AL /RIKES 9 ,RUSSIA AS A CONFIRMATION ( !IR LONG HELD IDEAS ON REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE4 ,M>XI/S HAD A H>D] TASK AS SU* IDEAS W]E ALI5 TO MA9/REAM ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,YET FAC$ ) ! SUCCESS & P[] ( A G5]AL /RIKE1 ! MORE RADICAL ,M>XI/S 7LIKE ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG7 HAD TO 9CORPORATE IT 9TO !IR POLITICS4 

,YET !Y FAC$ A PROBLEM4 ,! G5]AL /RIKE WAS 9DELIBLY L9K$ ) SU* HE>SAYS AS AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM4 ,HAD NOT ,5GELS HIMSELF PROCLAIM$ ! NONS5SE ( ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 HIS 7DIATRIBE7 0,! ,BAKUN9I/S AT WORK08 ,HAD HIS WORDS NOT BE5 REPEAT$ AD 9F9ITUM AGA9/ AN>*I/S 7& RADICAL SOCIALI/S7 :O QUE/ION$ ! WISDOM ( SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC TACTICS1 ITS RE=MISM & BUREAUCRATIC 9]TIA8 

,! ,M>XI/ RADICALS KNEW ?AT ,5GELS W\LD AGA9 BE 9VOK$ TO ?R[ COLD WAT] OV] ANY ATTEMPT TO ADJU/ ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY POLITICS TO ! ECONOMIC P[] ( ! MASSES AS EXPRESS$ 9 MASS /RIKES4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC HI]>*Y W\LD SIMPLY DISMISS !M AS 0AN>*I/S40 ,?IS MEANT ?AT ,LUXEMBURG WAS FAC$ ) ! PROBLEM ( PROV+ ,5GELS WAS RI<T1 EV5 :5 HE WAS WRONG4 

,%E DID SO 9 AN +5I\S WAY4 ,LIKE ,5GELS HIMSELF1 %E SIMPLY DI/ORT$ :AT ! AN>*I/S ?\<T AB\T ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 ORD] TO MAKE IT ACCEPTABLE TO ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,H] >GUM5T WAS SIMPLE4 ,YES1 ,5GELS HAD BE5 RI<T TO DISMISS ! 0G5]AL /RIKE0 IDEA ( ! AN>*I/S 9 ! #a#h#gS4 ,BUT TODAY1 ?IRTY YE>S LAT]1 ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS %\LD SUPPORT ! G5]AL /RIKE 7OR MASS /RIKE1 AS %E CALL$ IT7 BECAUSE ! CONCEPTS W]E DIFF]5T4 ,! AN>*I/ 0G5]AL /RIKE0 WAS UTOPIAN4 ,! ,M>XI/ 0MASS /RIKE0 WAS PRACTICAL4 

,TO DISCOV] :Y1 WE NE$ TO SEE :AT ,5GELS HAD >GU$ 9 ! #a#h#gS4 ,5GELS1 MOCK$ ! AN>*I/S 7OR 0,BAKUN9I/S07 = ?9K+ ?AT 0A G5]AL /RIKE IS ! LEV] EMPLOY$ BY :I* ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS />T$40 ,HE ACCUS+ !M ( IMAG9+ ?AT 0ONE F9E MORN+1 ALL ! WORK]S 9 ALL ! 9DU/RIES ( A C\NTRY1 OR EV5 ( ! :OLE WORLD1 /OP WORK1 ?US =C+ ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES EI!R HUMBLY TO SUBMIT )9 F\R WEEKS AT MO/1 OR TO ATTACK ! WORK]S1 :O W\LD !N HAVE ! RI<T TO DEF5D !MSELVES & USE ! OPPORTUNITY TO PULL D[N ! 5TIRE OLD SOCIETY40 

,HE /AT$ ?AT AT ! ,SEPTEMB] #a #ahgc ,G5EVA CONGRESS ( ! AN>*I/ ,ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 IT WAS 0UNIV]SALLY ADMITT$ ?AT TO C>RY \T ! G5]AL /RIKE /RATEGY1 !RE HAD TO BE A P]FECT ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS & A PL5TIFUL FUNDS40 ,HE NOT$ ?AT ?AT WAS 0! RUB0 AS NO GOV]NM5T W\LD /& BY & 0ALL[ ! ORGANIZATION OR FUNDS ( ! WORK]S TO REA* SU* A LEVEL40 ,MOREOV]1 ! REVOLUTION W\LD HAPP5 LONG BE=E 0SU* AN IDEAL ORGANIZATION0 WAS SET UP & IF !Y HAD BE5 0!RE W\LD BE NO NE$ TO USE ! R\NDAB\T WAY ( A G5]AL /RIKE0 TO A*IEVE ! GOAL4 

,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG REPEAT$ ,5GELS >GUM5TS 9 H] ESSAY 0,! ,MASS ,/RIKE0 9 ORD] TO %[ H[ H] SUPPORT = ! G5]AL /RIKE WAS 9 NO WAY CONTR>Y TO ,M>XISM4 ,H] 0MASS /RIKE0 WAS DIFF]5T FROM ! AN>*I/ 0G5]AL /RIKE0 AS MOCK$ BY ,5GELS AS IT WAS DYNAMIC PROCESS & C\LD NOT BE SE5 AS 0ONE ACT1 ONE ISOLAT$ ACTION0 :I* OV]?R[S ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,RA!R1 ! MASS /RIKE TO ! PRODUCT ( ! EV]YDAY CLASS /RUGGLE )9 SOCIETY1 LEADS TO A DIRECT CONFRONTATION ) ! CAPITALI/ /ATE & SO IT WAS 09SEP>ABLE FROM ! REVOLUTION40 

,! ONLY PROBLEM ) ALL ?IS IS ?AT ! AN>*I/S DID NOT ACTUALLY >GUE ALONG ! L9ES ,5GELS & ,LUXEMBURG CLAIM$4 ,TAKE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,BAKUN9 :O SAW ! G5]AL /RIKE AS A DYNAMIC PROCESS = AS 0/RIKES SPREAD FROM ONE PLACE TO ANO!R1 !Y COME CLOSE TO TURN+ 9TO A G5]AL /RIKE4 ,& ) ! IDEAS ( EMANCIPATION ?AT N[ HOLD SWAY OV] ! PROLET>IAT1 A G5]AL /RIKE CAN RESULT ONLY 9 A GREAT CATACLYSM :I* =CES SOCIETY TO %$ ITS OLD SK940 ,HE RAIS$ ! POSSIBILITY ?AT ?IS C\LD 0>RIVE BE=E ! PROLET>IAT IS SUFFICI5TLY ORGANIZ$0 & DISMISS$ IT BECAUSE ! /RIKES EXPRESS$ ! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S = ! 0NECESSITIES ( ! /RUGGLE IMPEL ! WORK]S TO SUPPORT ONE ANO!R0 & ! 0MORE ACTIVE ! /RUGGLE BECOMES 444 ! /RONG] & MORE EXT5SIVE ?IS F$]ATION ( PROLET>IANS MU/ BECOME40 ,& SO /RIKES 09DICATE A C]TA9 COLLECTIVE /R5G? ALREADY0 & 0EA* /RIKE BECOMES ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = ! =MATION ( NEW GR\PS40 

,BAKUN9 ALSO REJECT$ ! IDEA ?AT A REVOLUTION C\LD BE 0>BITR>ILY0 MADE BY 0! MO/ P[]FUL ASSOCIATIONS40 ,RA!R !Y W]E PRODUC$ BY 0! =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES40 ,NOR DID HE ?9K ?AT ALL WORK]S NE$$ TO BE ORGANIZ$1 >GU+ ?AT A M9ORITY 7P]HAPS 0ONE WORK] 9 T507 NE$$ TO BE ORGANIZ$ & !Y W\LD 9FLU5CE ! RE/ SO 5SUR+ 0AT CRITICAL MOM5TS0 ! MAJORITY W\LD 0FOLL[ ! ,9T]NATIONAL'S LEAD40 

,:I* IS :AT HAPP5$ 9 #a#i#e4 ,CLE>LY ,BAKUN9'S IDEAS >E TOTALLY AT ODDS ) ,5GELS ASS]TIONS ON :AT AN>*I/ IDEAS ON ! G5]AL /RIKE W]E AB\T4 

,BUT :AT ( ! 0,BAKUN9I/S08 ,AGA91 ,5GELS ACC\NT IS FALSE4 ,RA!R ?AN ! ,SEPTEMB] #ahgc ,G5EVA CONGRESS BE+1 AS HE CLAIM$1 ( ! 7DISB&$7 ,ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 IT WAS 79 FACT7 A MEET+ ( ! NON-,M>XI/ F$]ATIONS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,CONTRA ,5GELS1 AN>*I/S DID NOT SEE ! G5]AL /RIKE AS REQUIR+ ALL WORK]S TO BE P]FECTLY ORGANIZ$ & !N PASSIVELY FOLD+ >MS 0ONE F9E MORN+40 ,! ,BELGIAN LIB]T>IANS :O PROPOS$ ! IDEA AT ! CONGRESS SAW IT AS A TACTIC :I* C\LD MOBILIZE WORK]S = REVOLUTION1 0A MEANS ( BR++ A MOVEM5T ONTO ! /REET & LEAD+ ! WORK]S TO ! B>RICADES40 ,MOREOV]1 AN>*I/S REJECT$ ! IDEA ?AT IT HAD 0TO BREAK \T EV]Y:]E AT AN APPO9T$ DAY & H\R0 ) A RES\ND+ 0,NO60 ,9 FACT1 !Y DID 0NOT EV5 NE$ TO BR+ UP ?IS QUE/ION & SUPPOSE ?+S C\LD BE LIKE ?IS4 ,SU* A SUPPOSITION C\LD LEAD TO FATAL MI/AKES4 ,! REVOLUTION HAS TO BE CONTAGI\S40 

,P]HAPS ?IS IS :Y ,5GELS DID NOT BO!R TO QUOTE A S+LE AN>*I/ :5 REC\NT+ !ORY ON ?IS MATT] 7AS 9 SO MANY O!RS678 ,! REAL QUE/ION MU/ BE :5 WILL ,M>XI/S REALIZE ?AT QUOT+ ,5GELS DOES NOT MAKE IT TRUE8 

,CLE>LY1 ! 0AN>*I/0 /RATEGY ( OV]?R[+ ! B\RGEOISIE ) ONE BIG G5]AL /RIKE EXI/S ONLY 9 ,M>XI/ HEADS1 NO:]E ELSE4 ,ONCE WE REMOVE ! DI/ORTIONS PROMULGAT$ BY ,5GELS & REPEAT$ BY ,LUXEMBURG1 WE SEE ?AT ! #aie REVOLUTION & 0HI/ORICAL DIALECTICS0 DID NOT1 AS ,LUXEMBURG CLAIM1 VALIDATE ,5GELS & DISPROVE AN>*ISM4 ,QUITE ! REV]SE AS ! G5]AL /RIKES 9 ,RUSSIA FOLL[$ ! AN>*I/ IDEAS ( A :AT A G5]AL /RIKE W\LD BE LIKE QUITE CLOSELY4 

,LITTLE WOND]1 !N1 ?AT ,KROPOTK9 >GU$ ?AT ! #aie G5]AL /RIKE 0DEMON/RAT$0 ?AT ! ,LAT9 WORK]S :O HAD BE5 ADVOCAT+ ! G5]AL /RIKE 0AS A WEAPON :I* W\LD IRRESI/IBLE 9 ! H&S ( LABOR = IMPOS+ ITS WILL0 HAD BE5 0RI<T40 ,H[EV]1 )\T BECOM+ AN 9SURRECTION1 ! LIMITS ( ! G5]AL /RIKE W]E EXPOS$ 9 #a#i#e4 ,UNLIKE ! SOME ( ! SYNDICALI/S 9 ! #a#h#iS & #a#iS1 ?IS LIMITATION WAS UND]/OOD BY ! E>LIE/ AN>*I/S4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !Y SAW ! G5]AL /RIKE AS ! />T ( A REVOLUTION & NOT AS ! REVOLUTION ITSELF4 ,?US ,KROPOTK9 RECOGNIZ$ ! G5]AL /RIKE AS 0A P[]FUL WEAPON ( /RUGGLE0 AB\T ALSO /RESS$ ! NE$ = ! SOVIETS TO FUNCTION AS 0BATTLE ORGANIZATIONS0 RALLY+ ! WORK]S & PEASANTS = 0! 9SURRECTION>Y G5]AL /RIKE40 

,! ,SOVIETS 

,! SOVIETS W]E ! O!R KEY DEVELOPM5T 9 ! #aie REVOLUTION4 ,!Y W]E COMPOS$ ( DEMOCRATICALLY ELECT$ WORK]S FROM FACTORIES1 SUBJECT TO 9/ANT RECALL IF !Y DID NOT C>RY \T !IR M&AT$ TASKS4 ,!Y W]E BORN FROM ! MOM5TUM ( ! /RUGGLE ITSELF & PLAY$ A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 EXT5D+ & DEVELOP+ ! /RIKE WAVE4 ,AL?\< MO/ SOVIETS ONLY FUNCTION$ = A %ORT P]IOD1 !IR IMPORTANCE %\LD NOT BE UND]E/IMAT$4 ,CREAT$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 !Y W]E !IR FIR/ TA/E ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY & SELF-GOV]NM5T4 ,! B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY ( ! ,DUMA PAL$ 9 COMP>ISON TO !M4 

,?IS ASPECT ( ! REVOLUTION ALSO CONFIRM$ AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,S9CE ! #a#h#fS ,BAKUN9 HAD >GU$ ?AT 0! ,ALLIANCE ( ALL LABOR ASSOCIATIONS0 W\LD 0CON/ITUTE ! ,COMMUNE40 ,! 0,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL0 W\LD BE MADE UP ( 0DELEGATES 444 9VE/$ WILL B9D+ M&ATES & ACC\NTABLE & REVOCABLE AT ALL TIMES40 ,!SE W\LD F$]ATE BY 0DELEGAT.<+.> DEPUTIES TO AN AGRE$ PLACE ( ASSEMBLY 7ALL 444 9VE/$ WILL B9D+ M&AT$ & ACC\NTABLE & SUBJECT TO RECALL71 9 ORD] TO F\ND ! F$]ATION ( 9SURG5T ASSOCIATIONS1 COMMUNES & PROV9CES40 ,9 O!R WORDS A SY/EM ( WORK]S' C\NCILS CREAT$ BY ! REVOLUTION ITSELF WAS AT ! CORE ( ,BAKUN9'S AN>*ISM4 

,UNSURPRIS+LY1 ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S GREET$ ! SOVIETS ) 5?USIASM AS NONP>TY1 NON-IDEOLOGICAL BATTLE ORGANIZATIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,KROPOTK9 >GU$ ?AT AN>*I/S %\LD TAKE P>T 9 ! SOVIETS AS LONG AS !Y 0>E ORGANS ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE & ! /ATE1 & NOT ORGANS ( AU?ORITY40 ,9 ?IS1 !Y %>$ COMMON GR\ND ) MANY ,M>XI/S :O ALSO SAW !M AS ORGANS ( /RUGGLE4 

,H[EV]1 UNLIKE ,M>XI/S1 AN>*I/S :5 FUR!R & SAW !SE ORGANIZATIONS CREAT$ BY ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ OPPRESSION AS BE+ ! FRAMEWORK ( A FREE SOCIETY4 ,ONE AN>*I/ GR\P LIK5$ !M1 AS NONP>TY MASS ORGANIZATIONS1 TO ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4 ,ANO!R RELAT$ 0! 9/ITUTION ( ! ,SOVIET TO ! ORGANIZATION ( ! 'REVOLUTION>Y COMMUNE' AS ! AN>*I/S P]CEIV$ IT40 ,ANO!R GR\P CONCLUD$ 9 #aig ?AT ! REVOLUTION REQUIR$ 0! PROCLAMATION 9 VILLAGES & T[NS ( WORK]S' COMMITTEES ) SOVIETS ( WORK]S' DEPUTIES 444 AT !IR HEAD40 ,CLE>LY ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S SAW ! SOVIETS AS A CONCRETE EXAMPLE ( ,BAKUN9'S REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS & HAD NO HESITATION 9 PLAC+ !M AT ! HE>T ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y VISION4 

,M>XI/S1 ON ! O!R H&1 HAD A DIFFICULT TIME GRASP+ ! SOVIET'S WID] SIGNIFICANCE4 ,NO?+ LIKE ! SOVIETS C\LD BE F\ND 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,OR?ODOX ,M>XISM LOOK$ AT ! CONQUE/ ( /ATE P[] BY MEANS ( A B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE4 ,AT BE/1 ,M>XI/S >GU$ ?AT AN 9SURRECTION TO CREATE A REPUBLIC WAS ACCEPTABLE4 ,FAC$ ) ! SOVIETS1 :ILE SEE+ !M AS SOME SORT ( TRADE UNION BODY1 NO ,M>XI/ !ORETICIAN >GU$ ?AT !Y C\LD PROVIDE ! FRAMEWORK ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 

,?IS CAN BE SE5 FROM ,L594 ,:5 ! AN>*I/S APPLI$ TO ,NOVEMB] #aie TO ! ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,SOVIET TO BE REPRES5T$ ALONG ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 !Y W]E REJECT$4 ,! ,E,C >GU$ ?AT 09 ! :OLE ( 9T]NATIONAL PRACTICE1 CONGRESSES & SOCIALI/ CONF]5CES HAVE NEV] 9CLUD$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! AN>*I/S1 S9CE !Y DO NOT RECOGNIZE ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE AS A MEANS = ! A*IEVEM5T ( !IR IDEALS0 & BECAUSE 0ONLY P>TIES CAN BE REPRES5T$1 & ! AN>*I/S >E NOT A P>TY40 ,L59 CONSID]$ ?IS 0TO BE 9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE CORRECT40 ,H[EV]1 0IF WE W]E TO REG>D ! ,SOVIET ( ,WORK]S' ,DEPUTIES AS A WORK]S' P>LIAM5T OR AS AN ORGAN ( PROLET>IAN SELF-GOV]NM5T1 !N ( C\RSE IT W\LD HAVE BE5 WRONG TO REJECT ! APPLICATION ( ! AN>*I/S40 ,= ,L591 ! SOVIET 0IS NOT A LABOR P>LIAM5T & NOT AN ORGAN ( PROLET>IAN SELF-GOV]NM5T1 NOR AN ORGAN ( SELF-GOV]NM5T AT ALL1 BUT A FI<T+ ORGANIZATION = ! A*IEVEM5T ( DEF9ITE AIMS40 

,CLE>LY1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOVIETS W]E A /RIK+ CONFIRMATION ( AN>*I/ !ORY ON REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS TWELVE YE>S LAT] ?AT ,M>XI/S CAME TO ! SAME CONCLUSION AN>*I/S HAD REA*$ 9 ! #a#h#fS & HAD SE5 CONFIRM$ BY ! #aie ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION -- BUT ) SIGNIFICANT 7& FATAL7 DIFF]5CES4 ,RA!R ?AN SEE !M AS ORGANS ( POPUL> DEMOCRACY1 ! ,M>XI/S SAW !M SIMPLY AS A /EPP+ /ONE TO P>TY P[]4 ,?IS P]SPECTIVE WAS EVID5T 9 #a#i#e4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS 

,:ILE ,L59I/S HAVE BE5 ANALYZ+ ! #aie REVOLUTION1 ITS SOVIETS & G5]AL /RIKE 9 SOME DETAIL1 ONE ASPECT ( ! REVOLUTION FAILS TO BE DISCUSS$ 9 SU* DETAIL4 ,?IS IS ! ,BOL%EVIK HO/ILITY TO ! SOVIETS & ! FACT ?AT IT WAS ! ,M5%EVIKS :O TOOK ! LEAD 9 SUPPORT+ !M &1 ULTIMATELY1 GA9$ ! UPP] H& 9 !M4 

,9DE$1 IF ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD GOT !IR WAY ! SOVIETS ( #aie W\LD HAVE BE5 A M]E BLIP 9 ! /RUGGLE4 ,OPPOS+ !M BECAUSE ! SOVIETS PU%$ ASIDE ! P>TY COMMITTEE & ?US L$ TO ! 0SUBORD9ATION ( CONSCI\SNESS TO SPONTANEITY10 ! ,BOL%EVIKS >GU$ ?AT 0ONLY A /RONG P>TY ALONG CLASS L9ES CAN GUIDE ! PROLET>IAN POLITICAL MOVEM5T & PRES]VE ! 9TEGRITY ( ITS PROGRAM1 RA!R ?AN A POLITICAL MIXTURE ( ?IS K9D1 AN 9DET]M9ATE & VACILLAT+ POLITICAL ORGANIZATION SU* AS ! WORK]S C\NCIL REPRES5TS & CANNOT HELP BUT REPRES5T40 ,?US ! SOVIETS C\LD NOT REFLECT WORK]S' 9T]E/S BECAUSE !Y W]E ELECT$ BY ! WORK]S6 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS GAVE ! SOVIETS AN ULTIMATUM3 ACCEPT ! PROGRAM & LEAD]%IP ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS & !N DISB& AS BE+ IRRELEVANT6 ,! SOVIETS IGNOR$ !M4 ,?IS ,BOL%EVIK ASSAULT ON ! SOVIETS OCCURR$ ACROSS ! C\NTRY4 ,?US ! UND]LY+ LOGIC ( ,L59'S VANGU>DISM 5SUR$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS PLAY$ A NEGATIVE ROLE ) REG>DS ! SOVIETS :I*1 COMB9$ ) 0DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM0 5SUR$ ?AT IT WAS SPREAD F> & WIDE4 ,ONLY BY IGNOR+ !IR [N P>TY'S PR9CIPLES & /AY+ 9 ! ,SOVIET DID RANK & FILE ,BOL%EVIKS PLAY A POSITIVE ROLE 9 ! REVOLUTION4 ,?IS DIV]G5CE ( TOP & BOTTOM W\LD BE REPEAT$ 9 #a#i#a#g4 

,L591 TO HIS CR$IT1 OPPOS$ ?IS ONCE HE RETURN$ FROM EXILE4 ,H[EV]1 HE DID SO ONLY TO GA9 9FLU5CE = HIS P>TY4 ,9 #aig HE CONCLUD$ ?AT :ILE ! P>TY C\LD 0UTILIZE0 ! SOVIETS 0= ! PURPOSE ( DEVELOP+ ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC MOVEM5T10 ! P>TY 0MU/ BE> 9 M9D ?AT IF ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ACTIVITIES AMONG ! PROLET>IAN MASSES >E PROP]LY1 EFFECTIVELY & WIDELY ORGANIZ$1 SU* 9/ITUTIONS MAY ACTUALLY BECOME SUP]FLU\S40 

,UNSURPRIS+LY1 FEW ,L59I/S M5TION ! ,BOL%EVIK HO/ILITY TO ! SOVIETS 7AT BE/1 ONLY 9 PASS+74 ,P]HAPS BECAUSE ! FUNDAM5TALLY ANTI-DEMOCRATIC & ELITI/ P]SPECTIVE IT PORTRAY$ CAME TO ! =E AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD SEIZ$ P[] 9 #aiag =1 9 #a#i#a#h1 ! 0/RONG P>TY0 DID 9DE$ MAKE ! SOVIETS 0SUP]FLU\S0 -- BY SY/EMATICALLY DISB&+ ANY SOVIET ELECT$ ) A NON-,BOL%EVIK MAJORITY4 

,CONCLUSION 

,GIV5 ! ,BOL%EVIK FAILURE 9 #a#i#e1 P]HAPS IT IS UNSURPRIS+ ?AT ,L59I/S REWRITE ! HI/ORY ON IT4 ,TROTSKY1 = EXAMPLE :ILE ADMITT+ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS 0ADJU/$ !MSELVES MORE SL[LY TO ! SWEEP ( ! MOVEM5T0 & ?AT ! ,M5%EVIKS 0W]E PREPOND]ANT 9 ! ,SOVIET10 TRIES TO SAVE VANGU>DISM BY ASS]T+ ?AT 0! G5]AL DIRECTION ( ! ,SOVIET'S POLICY PROCE$$ 9 ! MA9 ALONG ,BOL%EVIK L9ES40 ,IRONICALLY HE MOCKS ! CLAIMS ( ,/AL9I/S ?AT ,/AL9 HAD 0ISOLAT$ ! ,M5%EVIKS FROM ! MASSES0 BY NOT+ ?AT ! 0FIGURES H>DLY BE> .<! CLAIMS.> \T40 

,= ALL ! ,L59I/ ACC\NTS ( ! #aie REVOLUTION CLAIM+ IT = !IR IDEOLOGY1 ! FACTS SUGGE/ ?AT IT WAS AN>*ISM1 NOT ,M>XISM1 :I* WAS V9DICAT$ BY IT4 ,LUXEMBURG WAS WRONG4 ,! 0L& ( ,BAKUN9'S BIR?0 PROVID$ AN UNSURPASS$ EXAMPLE ( H[ TO MAKE A REVOLUTION PRECISELY BECAUSE IT APPLI$ 7& CONFIRM$7 AN>*I/ IDEAS ON ! G5]AL /RIKE & WORK]S' C\NCILS4 ,M>XI/S 7:O HAD PREVI\SLY QUOT$ ,5GELS TO DISMISS SU* ?+S7 F\ND !MSELVES REPUDIAT+ ASPECT UPON ASPECT ( !IR DOGMA TO REMA9 RELEVANT4 ,:5 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG TRI$ TO LE>N ! LESSONS ( ! REVOLT1 H] MORE OR?ODOX OPPON5TS SIMPLY QUOT$ ,5GELS BACK4 ,?IS REQUIR$ H]1 LIKE ,5GELS1 TO GROSSLY DI/ORT AN>*I/ IDEAS TO MAKE ACCEPTABLE TO ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY4 ,9 #a#i#a#g1 ,L59 DID ! SAME 9 0,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION40 

,TODAY'S ,M>XI/S1 LIKE ,LUXEMBURG1 SIMPLY REGURGITATE ,5GELS' 9ACCURATE DIATRIBE )\T BO!R+ TO SEE :AT AN>*ISM ACTUALLY >GUES =4 ,P]HAPS UNSURPRIS+LY1 GIV5 ?AT ! #aie REVOLUTION CONFIRM$ AN>*I/ !ORY JU/ AS MU* AS1 SAY1 ! ONE 9 #aiag OR ! DESC5T ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 9TO RE=MISM4 ,& P]HAPS IT IS ! FACT ?AT ! AN>*I/ ANALYSIS HAS BE5 CONFIRM$ TIME & AGA9 7USUALLY AT ! EXP5SE ( ,M>XISM7 IS :Y ,M>XI/S SO REGUL>LY DI/ORT \R IDEAS8 

,ONE LA/ ?+4 ,! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S W]E BADLY ORGANIZ$ & SIMPLY NOT UP TO ! TASK ( 9FLU5C+ ! MASS /RIKE MOVEM5T 9 #a#i#e4 ,9/EAD ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES 7PRIM>ILY ! ,M5%EVIKS7 TOOK ! LEAD &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 LUMB]$ ! MOVEM5T ) ,M>XI/ DOGMAS 7LIKE ! IDEA ?AT ! WORK]S HAD TO AID ! B\RGEOIS 9 CREAT+ A CAPITALI/ REPUBLIC OR ?AT POLITICAL ACTION WAS ! MEANS ( EMANCIPATION74 ,IT IS FAIR TO SAY ?AT FAC$ ) A MASS PROTE/ MOVEM5T TODAY1 ! ,BRITI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T W\LD BE H>D PRESS$ TO 9FLU5CE IT EV5 AS IT WAS APPLY+ LIB]T>IAN IDEAS 9 PRACTICE4 ,?AT SITUATION NE$S TO *ANGE4 ,!RE IS LITTLE PO9T 9 BE+ !ORETICALLY RI<T :5 Y\ CANNOT APPLY ?OSE IDEAS 9 PRACTICE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bba 3 #aie -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 #aie -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/